Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Factors Affecting the Gable Roof to be

Ripped in 4-Storey Buildings of

Surigao del Norte National

High School

A Mathematical Investigatory Project Submitted

To the Faculty of Surigao del Norte National High School

Senior High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Researchers:

Lourdes B. Bailo

Edwina E. Bosito

Imee Rose S. Cortes

Research Consultants:

Engr. Bernpaul B. Arejola

Ar. Raul L. Preciados

Ar. Donjie Emerald B. Zerda

June 2023

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ABSTRACT

This study aims to identify the factors that affects the gable roof design in

4-storey buildings during windstorms at Surigao del Norte National High

School. The study focuses on the factors affecting the gable roof to be

ripped in 4-Storey Buildings located at Peñaranda Street. The researchers

concluded that the force was responsible for the gable roof being torn-off

by a windstorm. Given the surface area of the Surigao del Norte National

High School's 4-storey buildings, the researchers intended to gain a

thorough knowledge of the concentrated force responsible for the

building's gable roof be torn-off. This investigation was carried out using

Bernoulli's equation. The results revealed that the gable roof was ripped

with a force of 2,317,785 N or 236,508 kg. Therefore, the researchers

concluded that the factors affecting the gable roof design to be ripped in

4-storey buildings of SNNHS were surface area of the gable roof design,

wind speed, pressure difference, and force.

Key terms: windstorms, affect, gable roof, torn-off, force, Bernoulli's

equation

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their appreciation to the

individuals whose contributions and full-time support made this study in

any way possible.

God is worthy of praise and gratitude for His many blessings

throughout our research and its successful completion.

To our cherished adviser and approachable mentor, Mrs. Rochelle

R. Ylaran, for her continuous contribution in addressing our

requirements, for her continuous support of this study, and for all her

assistance, enthusiasm, and encouragement.

To our beloved mentor, Mr. Kenny James A. Cubero, for guiding

and instructing us in the creation of our research paper.

To our research consultants Mr. Bernpaul B. Arejola, CE, Mr.

Donjie Emerald B. Zerda, Ar, and Mr Raul L. Preciados, Ar, for paper

consultations and validations.

Ms. Erika Creencia, for her assistance in creating the 3D model

design for our study.

To the researchers' beloved siblings, a tremendous and genuine

appreciation for their continuous support and understanding when

undertaking our research. Thanks for the moral as well as emotional

encouragement.

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To our dearest parents for their thoughtful financial consideration

and unwavering support during the research study's development. In

addition, we appreciate the encouraging remarks during the many late

nights we spent conducting the research.

The researchers are grateful to all who are not mentioned but

contributed to this study's completion in one way or another.

Lourdes B. Bailo
Researcher

Edwina E. Bosito
Researcher

Imee Rose S. Cortes

Researcher

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................. i

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ iv

Chapter 1 – THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………………… 2

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………………………. 4

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………………………. 5

Hypothesis ………………………………………………………………………………………... 5

Scope and Delimitation ………………………………………………………………………. 6

Significance of the Study …………………………………………………………………….. 6

Definition of Terms ……………………………………………………………………………. 8

Chapter 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………………………………. 9

Chapter 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design …………………………………………………………………………….. 14

Research Environment ……………………………………………………………………. 14

Research Instrument ………………………………………………………………………. 15

Ethics and Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………………………….. 15

Data Collection ………………………………………………………………………………. 16

Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………. 16

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Chapter 4 – INTERPRETATION, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results and Discussions ………………………………………………………….…………. 18

Chapter 5 - SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings ………………………………………………………………..……….. 26

Conclusions …………………………………………………………………………..………….. 26

Recommendations ………………………………………………………………..…………… 28

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………..….…………. 30

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 34

A. Letter of Approval ……………………………………………………………………. 34

B. Data Approval …………………………………………………………………………. 35

C. Blueprint ………………………………………………………………………………… 39

D. Perspective of the building ……………………………………………………….. 39

E. Documentation ……………………………………………………………………….. 40

CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………………………….…….. 43

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Chapter 1

This chapter presents the problem and its background, theoretical

framework, conceptual framework, statement of the problem, objective of

the study, scope and limitation of the study, significance of the study, and

definition of terms.

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

A cyclone is an atmospheric disturbance that swirls in low- pressure

areas. It happens in warm oceans and is accompanied by strong winds.

The bulk of the structures sustains significant damage during a typhoon

for the reason that they were not built with typhoon resilience in mind. In

reality, the Philippines is considered to be among the most susceptible

nations globally to tropical cyclones. Roof structures are frequently ripped

during typhoons with moderate to high wind gusts. This is due to the

archipelago's vulnerability to natural disasters, reliance on climate-

sensitive natural resources, and long coastline (Gray et al. 2022, 100234).

As stated in the study conducted by Cantillas et al. (2023, 52-62),

Super Typhoon Odette, also known as Goni, slammed the Philippines in

2021 and was the most powerful tropical storm at landfall in history, with

313.82 km/h. The typhoon's strong winds torn-off roofs and toppled

buildings. Other countries have suffered the same fate, according to Gan

et al. (2021, 102608). In Bangladesh, many roofs were torn-off by the

Amphan cyclone’s 165 km/h gusts. In the same year that Typhoon

Amphan slammed Bangladesh, Typhoon Molave with

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three-minute sustained wind gusts of 170 mph destroyed about 6,200

buildings in districts in Vietnam. This circumstance prompted various

empirical studies that have been conducted to use computational fluid

dynamics (CFD) to determine the best building orientation and roof angle

for the structures. However, no one has investigated how force might be

involved in these damages.

The researchers were then led to believe that the force was a

contributor in the roof being torn-off by this phenomenon. Therefore, in

consideration to the surface area of the Surigao del Norte National High

School's 4-storey buildings, the researchers wanted to have an in-depth

understanding towards the concentrated force responsible for the

building’s gable roof detachment.

Theoretical Framework

A study conducted by Amini et al. (2021) employed computational

fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis to examine the influence of wind angle and

house elevation on the magnitude of mean negative or positive style

pressures. This variable is considered crucial as it affects the vulnerability

of the structural system. However, Liu et al. (2022) derived the

corresponding time history of wind pressure using Bernoulli's theorem.

They applied the resulting random wind load to a finite element model in

order to assess the practicability and effectiveness of the new vibration

reduction system. Furthermore, as per the wind cold effect and Bernoulli's

principle, the velocity of wind, which in turn affects the efficacy of wind

turbines, is influenced by air temperature

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and pressure (Sahin et al. 2020, 556). Moreover, in order to precisely

assess the wind-induced stresses on roofing structure, it is imperative

to obtain an accurate estimation of the layer pressure. As a result, the

researchers utilized a Bernoulli equation-based computational model to

address this issue (Uematsu et al. 2021, 50).

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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Force/Wind • Performance
Pressure of the
building
• Gable Roof

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram

Figure 1 shows the relationship between the variables in the

study wherein it consists of two variables: the independent and

dependent variables.

In Figure 1, the force/wind pressure variable was the independent

variable for the damage that afflicted the four-storey Surigao del Norte

National High School building.

The dependent variable represents the influence of the independent

variable on the performance of the building and gable roof design of Surigao

del Norte National High School (SNNHS).

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Statement of the Problem

This study aims to identify the concentrated force or wind pressure that

affect the gable roof design and 4-storey buildings during windstorms at

Surigao del Norte National High School:

1. What is the the surface area of the gable roof in 4-storey buildings

at SNNHS?

2. What is the wind speed of typhoon Odette in meters per second?

3. How much was the pressure difference in Pascal (Pa or kPa)

between the outside and the inside of the building?

4. How would Bernoulli’s equation help identify the force in

Newton(N) that torn-off the gable roof design of the 4-storey

building in SNNHS and would eventually identify its mass in

kilogram (kg)?

Hypothesis

In this study, we aim to determine the impact of concentrated force or

wind pressure on the gable roof design and 4-storey structure at Surigao

del Norte National High School during windstorms.

1. The Bernoulli’s equation could not help identify the force in Newton(N)

that torn-off the gable roof design of the 4-storey building in SNNHS

and would eventually identify it’s mass in kilogram (kg).

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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The study focuses on the force contributors which affect the gable

roof to be ripped in a 4-Storey Building of Surigao del Norte National High

School located at Peñaranda St. Surigao City as the area of the study. In

order to know the concentrated force or wind pressure that impacts the

gable roof designs and 4-storey structure at Surigao del Norte National

High School during windstorms.

Additionally, the researchers would calculate how the force/wind

pressure variable as an independent variable affects the 4-storey building

and gable roof design of Surigao del Norte National High School

(SNNHS). Furthermore, the researchers transact with the Department of

Public Works and Highways on Capitol Road, Surigao City, to obtain a

copy of the blueprint of the DepEd standardized four-storey school

structure, which would serve as the basis for collecting pertinent

information regarding the study.

Significance of the Study

This investigation aims to identify the concentrated force or wind

pressure that affects the gable roof design in 4-storey buildings during

windstorms at Surigao del Norte National High School, thereby providing

significant benefits to the school community.

Government. It would be beneficial to the government knowing the

wind pressure that affect the gable roof design in 4-storey buildings

during windstorms because it can assist them in developing building

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codes to assure safety and stability, as well as in planning disaster

preparedness and response measures to reduce the impact of windstorms.

DepEd-SDN. This study would be advantageous to the Department of

Education-Surigao del Norte, as it would provide a means to enhance their

school infrastructure designs to become more resilient to calamities.

DPWH. It would aid the Department of Public Works in designing and

constructing school structures that can withstand high wind speeds. This

would contribute to the protection of learners and teachers during

windstorms.

School Administration. It would assist the School Administration in

making informed decisions regarding the safety and maintenance of their

school structures. This would aid in ensuring the safety of students and

staff during windstorms and could reduce repair expenses.

Teachers. It would help teachers understand the safety measures

implemented in their schools. This would aid them in making well- informed

decisions regarding the safety of their pupils during windstorms and may

also aid them in preparing for such events.

Students. It would support students in comprehending the safety

measures in their schools. This would enable them to make well- informed

judgments regarding their safety during windstorms and assist them in

preparing for such events.

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Future researchers. It would help future researchers who are

interested in this study. It would serve as the basis and background for

their research.

Definition of Terms

The study intended to understand better the concentrated force

or wind pressure that affect the gable roof design and 4-storey buildings

during windstorms, notably at Surigao del Norte National High School

using operationalized definitions.

Bernoulli's equation. A fluid dynamics principle that explains

windstorm roof blow-offs. Understanding this theory can help build roofs

and prevent roof separation during severe winds.

Force/Wind Pressure. This phenomenon has the potential to

result in the tearing of the roof.

Four-storey building. Situated within the premises of Surigao del

Norte National High School.

Torn-off/Ripped. The term utilized to describe the separation of

a roof from its supporting structure.

Gable Roof Design. Susceptible to the influence of wind pressure.

Windstorm. A severe weather event characterized by strong

winds that result in structural damage to buildings.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section provides the concepts, writings, and findings of experts

which are relevant to the present study. Cited literature and studies are

synthesized to point out links, provide insights, and establish

relationships, between and among the variables under investigation.

The Gable Roof Design in a Typhoon-Prone Country

The majority of typhoon-induced economic losses resulted from the

destruction of structures (Wang et al. 2018, 143-157). Moreover, the gable

roof is one of the components of low-rise structures that is most

susceptible to wind damage. According to Wang et al. (2019, 367),

typhoons are one of the most destructive weather phenomena that

affect China, and they are extremely destructive and calamitous. In fact,

the study conducted by Huang et al. (2018, 300-317) found that gable

roofs with overhanging beams on the southeastern coast of China were

vulnerable to typhoons based on past experience. Consequently, gable

roofs are subject to substantial wind uplift forces during high winds, such

as roof detachment.

Effects of Gable Roof Design in the Philippines

When it made landfall in the Philippines in 2013, Typhoon Haiyan

caused widespread loss of life and devastation of property. Strong winds

caused extensive damage to the roofs of the majority of detached

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structures (Pantua et al. 2019). The internal pressure coefficient (Cpi) of

standard structures without dominant openings is close to the spatial

average of the external pressure coefficients on all building surfaces.

Moreover, gable roof was likely to occur first for the majority of designs at

wind velocities equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane (Signal 3 typhoon)

that damages school buildings and long-span roof structures. If the

structure of the roof frames is insufficient, the steel truss beams on the

roof will be unable to resist atmospheric forces (Venable et al. 2021).

In addition, school facilities sustained damage to the upper portion of the

building's windward gable end wall. Some buildings escaped virtually

unscathed, while others sustained minor damage due to detritus at the

gable end. The upwind building caused significant damage to the roof near

the leading edge, whereas the downwind building left only a minimal

impression on the roof, likely due to debris generated by the upwind

building (Yang et al. 2018).

The Impact of Force or Wind Pressure on Gable Roof Designs

A full-scale wind testing facility known as the Wall of Wind (WOW)

was used to examine wind-generated internal and external pressures and

pressure coefficients on the eaves of hip roofs, which were found to be

significantly lower than gable roofs (Roy et al. 2021, 232-233). Using CFD

modeling and simulation method for determination of wind pressure

coefficients and wind flow phenomena around buildings (Singh 2021, 89-

93), a similar study of three different roof shapes, i.e. gable, hip, and

pyramidal roof, found that a gable roof has the highest

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probability of uplift during a cyclone. Furthermore, The wind pressure

distributions on gable roofs of low-rise buildings are investigated by a

series of wind tunnel tests, the results of which provide the worst negative

pressure coefficients on each roof zone for the building envelope (HUANG

2018, 15), and the worst net pressure coefficient at the eaves of the gable

roof was found to be significantly greater than the eaves of the hip roof

(Tecle et al. 2020, 21).

The Significance of the Area on the Performance of the Building

The simulation was used to determine the internal pressure probe

positions, and the mean values were computed in accordance with the

simulation results. As exemplified by the flow patterns depicted in

diagrams showcasing various opening configurations around buildings,

air flow towards a building can either circumvent or exceed the structure.

As a consequence of the combined effect of external and internal

pressures, the incorporation of openings causes an increase in the net

pressure experienced by the roof. According to the research of Xing (2018,

38-39), the combined impact can have significant repercussions,

especially in the flow separation regions of the roof. This is because

external vacuum pressures are exceptionally high in these regions. The

study determined that the regions of the roof with the highest suction are

concentrated near the leading margins of the windward wall. According to

Sadeghi (2020, 17), the roof area is typically more influential than the

wall area.

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The nature of the influence of pressure on the Performance of the

Building of the Building

It is imperative to take into account the impact of internal

pressure on the overall pressure exerted on structural elements. The

examination of failure modes in low-rise structures with elevated

porosity levels is of particular significance in this investigation. This is

due to the fact that the incorporation of internal pressure has an impact

on the temporal patterns of the net pressures, as noted by Razavi (2018,

p. 11). Within the realm of engineering, it is necessary to determine the

distance influence between objects in order to accurately assess the

pressure distribution on buildings' walls. The flow pattern of this

pressure distribution can vary significantly as the angle of inflow

increases, ultimately impacting the pressure distributions and wind-

induced pressure loads of objects. The findings indicate that the flow

structure in the vicinity of objects experiences a gradual loss of

symmetry for flow angles other than 0°.

The author proposes that utilizing a solitary pressure dataset to

depict a typical building in an urban locality is unsuitable due to the

significant impact of actual building orientation, neighborhood density,

and height on the facade pressures (Gough 2019, 31). Historically,

researchers tended to concentrate on the impact of interference effects on

building responses. The study at hand has revealed that the primary

factors contributing to interference effects are contingent upon wind-

induced phenomena. The leeward roof experienced higher frequency

energy fluctuations as a result of the amplified input from small-scale

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turbulence generated by the building. According to Li (2019), a linear

relationship was observed between the nonconventional pressure

coefficients and the elevation angles in the case of quartering winds.

The phenomenon of induced shielding caused by upstream building

has resulted in a reduction of the average wind load experienced by the

downstream building. The findings derived from this investigation will be

advantageous to professionals in the field of building design or urban

planning, as they can utilize them to anticipate the impact of wind-

induced loads on edifices (Gnatowska 2018, 17).

Synthesis. The literature reviewed on Factor Affecting the Gable

Roof to be Ripped in 4-Storey Buildings of Surigao del Norte National

High School which were related with the present studies. It shows certain

similarities that contribute to the primary objective of the research.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

In this study, the researchers would use an experimental research

design to figure out the force that caused the structure to detach by

applying an appropriate formula.

Materials used

⮚ Blueprint of the 4-Storey building in SNNHS

Research Environment

The researchers ensure that the type of environment they have

chosen would surely contribute to the study. Hence, the locale of this study

is Surigao del Norte National High School, located at Barangay

Washington, Peñaranda Street, Surigao City. The said campus can cater

to more than a thousand aspiring students, the 4-Storey Buildings of

Surigao del Norte National High School (SNNHS) would be the

representative of the entirety since they were the most affected

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buildings in particular to its roofing after the landfall of Super Typhoon

Odette in Surigao City. Therefore, they selected the environment because

it qualifies the researcher's requirement for the conduct of the study.

Research Instrument

The researchers would base their data collection on a blueprint

from the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) officials

provided. A blueprint is a contact print reproduction of a technical or

engineering drawing on a light-sensitive sheet of paper. Furthermore, a

formula would be used to determine what caused the roof design to be

torn-off. The outcomes of such treatments would be gathered from these.

These would be used to determine the outcomes of such treatments.

Ethics and Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers had allotted their time, effort, and cooperation. But

beforehand, the researchers asked first the permission of their teacher

before they requested a letter to the office of DPWH located at Capitol Road,

Surigao City, requesting for a blueprint digital copy of the DepEd

standardized 4-storey school buildings. On October 10, 2022, they had

received the aforementioned request. After that, they selected the 4-Storey

Buildings of SNNHS as the fittest candidate for their study. And upon the

time that they would conduct the experiment using the instruments, the

researchers would surely record and take notes of the

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results. By then, the researchers' gathered data would certainly draw

conclusions about their study.

Collection Procedure of Data

The data would be collected at the location of Surigao City in

SNNHS. Each 4-Storey building of SNNHS would be used as the subject

in collecting the data. Nonetheless, the 4-Storey Buildings would be the

primary focus of the research. In addition, the Department of Public

Works and Highways (DPWH) creates a digital copy of the 4-story DepEd-

standard school building blueprint in order to collect accurate data. In

order to obtain specific data, the researchers would use a formula,

specifically Bernoulli's Equation, that is applicable for their research.

Data Analysis

◆ Surface area of the gable roof. To calculate the force, it was necessary

to determine the surface area of the gable roof in order to figure out the

force or wind pressure exerted on the four-story SNNHS building.

◆ Wind speed of typhoon Odette. The wind speed of Super Typhoon

Odette was required to convert kilometers per hour to meters per

second so that they can be utilized later on. It would then be used to

determine the pressure difference.

◆ Pressure difference. To calculate the force, it was necessary to

identify the pressure difference between the exterior and interior.

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◆ Force. It was necessary to calculate the force that would be applied

to the roof in order for it to be ripped.

GIVEN:

A = 498.02 m2

Vwind= 313.82 kph = 87.17 m/s

ρ = 1.225 kg/m³

Formula:

Solution:

F = (4,654 N/m2)(498.02 m2)

F = 2,317,785 N or 236,508 kg

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Chapter 4

INTERPRETATION, RESULTS, AND DISCUSSION

The information obtained during this research investigation is

presented, analyzed, and interpreted in this chapter. The findings were

discussed and explained in accordance with the results. Additionally, it

provided detailed solutions to the issues raised in the previous chapter.

Bernoulli’s Equation

Bernoulli's theorem states that when the velocity of the wind is

great enough, the air pressure above the surface is lower compared to the

underneath which can cause the roof to detached. Furthermore, by using

Bernoulli's equation and calculating the pressure difference, the force

acting on the roof can be determined.

Given:

ρ = 1.225 kg/m³

Air density, denoted by the Greek letter rho (ρ), is the mass per unit

volume of Earth's atmosphere. Its properties exhibit alterations in

response to fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, temperature, and

humidity. At standard atmospheric pressure and temperature, air exhibits

a density of roughly 1.225 kg/m3 (0.0765 lb/cu ft), as per the

International Standard Atmosphere (ISA). The difference in air density

could be due to changes in these factors.

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A = 498.02 m²

According to the blueprint provided by the DPWH, the gable roof

in Surigao del Norte National High School has a king post of 2.50 meters

and tie beam of 6.25 meters. In addition, half of the roof frame (area

a) has 27 meters and the other half (area b) has 37 meters. Find the area

of the gable roof.

In order to calculate the surface area of the gable roof, we must first

determine the diagonal length of the gable roof's slope (c2):

Calculating the diagonal length of the gable roof’s slope:

Formula: c2=a2+b2

Given:

King post (B): 2.50 m

Tie beam (A): 6.25 m

Solution: c2=a2+b2

c2=

C2=6.73 m

❖ Diagonal length of the A=6.25 m

gable roof’s slope is 6.73 m

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Calculate the surface area:

Formula:

AreaA = (c2)(area a)

AreaB = (c2)(area b)

Total area: A+B

A B

37 m 37 m
Given:

AreaA = 37 m

AreaB = 37 m

c2 = 6.73 m

Solution:

AreaA = (6.73 m)(37 m) = 249.01 m2

AreaB = (6.73 m)(37 m) = 249.01 m2

Total Area:

A+B= 249.01 m2 + 249.01 m2

A+B= 498.02 m2

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Vwind = 313.82 kph = 87.17 m/s

Conversion (kph to m/s):

1 km = 1000 m and 1 hr = 3600 s

So, 1 kph = 1000 m / 3600 s = 0.27778 m/s

Therefore, 313.82 kph = 313.82 x 0.27778 m/s ≈ 87.17 m/s

Formula:

ρ = air density, denoted by the Greek letter rho (ρ), is the mass per unit

volume of Earth's atmosphere. Its properties exhibit alterations in response

to fluctuations in atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity. At

standard atmospheric pressure and temperature, air exhibits a density of

roughly 1.225 kg/m3 (0.0765 lb/cu ft), as per the International Standard

Atmosphere (ISA). The difference in air density could be due to changes in

these factors.

g = acceleration due to gravity

P1 = pressure at elevation 1

V1 = velocity at elevation 1

H1 = height of elevation 1

P2 = pressure at elevation 2

V2 = velocity at elevation 2
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H2 = height at elevation 2

Derivation of the formula to be used:

First, you need to know the pressure difference between the outside and

the inside and for that, we need Bernoulli's equation. P1 is outside

pressure and P2 is the inside pressure.

We could cancel these two terms because they are essentially the same

on both sides of the equation:

If the winds are close and the air is stationary inside the house, we can

assume that there is no air flow, so we can call that zero (and cancel):

The only term remaining in Bernoulli's equation is:

Since we need to determine the difference between p1 and p2, and since

p2 will be greater than p1, we will move p1 here so that we can then say:

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would be the difference between the pressure outside and inside

assuming that p2 is bigger than P1 one moving that maybe just turn the

equation around so we have:

So, we can say that the force will be the difference in the pressure times

the area:

Substituting the final equations:

As per the data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration (NOAA), the value of atmospheric pressure (P atm) is

equivalent to 101,325 pascals (Pa). Hence, it can be asserted with

accuracy that there is not a significant pressure difference. So, this is just

a little bit over four percent the atmospheric pressure. Although a 4%

variance may seem insignificant, it has a notable impact. To illustrate, we

can compute the force and apply the aforementioned formula:

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 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Substitute:

F = (4,654 N/m2)(498.02 m2)

F = 2,317,785 N or 236,508 kg (many individuals may not possess a

comprehensive understanding of Newton's principles. Therefore, it is

possible to convert the information into a more accessible format, which

is the kilograms).

As the velocity increases, a decrease in pressure occurs, leading to a

pressure differential between the interior and exterior of the building.

This differential causes an upward force on the roof, resulting in its

displacement. In the event that the internal pressure exceeds the external

pressure, a resultant force will be exerted upon the roof in an outward

direction, potentially resulting in its roof detachment. Utilizing Bernoulli's

equation, a force of 2,317,785 N or 236,508 kg was exerted to torn-off

the gable roof from the 4-storey buildings of SNNHS.

The surface area of the gable roof has been calculated to be

498.02 m². While the wind speed impacted on the structure is 87.17 m/s,

it is prominent that the wind triggered by Super Typhoon Odette navigates

at a rapid pace every meter per second. Given this, the pressure difference

between the inside and outside, that could prove helpful to the calculation

of the force running on the roof to be ripped, totals 4,654 Pa or 4%. Despite

a 4% distinction sounds insignificant, it has a massive impact. As an

illustration, the force imparted on the structure can now be calculated.

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 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Therefore, as the velocity increases, a decrease in pressure occurs,

leading to a pressure differential between the interior and exterior of the

building. This differential causes an upward force on the roof, resulting

in its displacement. In the event that the internal pressure exceeds the

external pressure, a resultant force will be exerted upon the roof in an

outward direction, potentially resulting in its roof detachment. Utilizing

Bernoulli's equation, a force of 2,317,785 N or 236,508 kg was exerted

to torn-off the gable roof from the 4-storey buildings of SNNHS.

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 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the findings, conclusions and

recommendations. These conclusions are based on data analysis. The

recommendations set forth in the present chapter provide information as

well as guidance to conduct further research concerning the same field or

issue.

Summary of Findings

1. The surface area of the gable roof in 4-storey buildings at SNNHS is

498.02 m2.

2. The wind speed of typhoon Odette in meters per second is 87.17 m/s.

3. The pressure difference in Pascal (Pa or kPa) between the outside and

the inside of the building is 4,654 Pa or 4.654 kPa.

4. The Bernoulli’s equation help identify the force of 2,317,785 N that

torn-off the gable roof design of the 4-storey building in SNNHS and

would eventually identify its mass in 236,508 kg.

Conclusions

The researchers collected data using Bernoulli's Equation, also

known as Bernoulli's Theorem, to determine the wind pressure of the

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building and how the wind speed of a particular typhoon affected it. Based

on this data, the made inferences:

1. The surface area of the gable roof was necessary to determine what to

be used later on in Bernoulli's equation to figure out the Force or wind

exerted on the four-story SNNHS building.

2. The wind speed of Super Typhoon Odette was required to be converted

from kilometers per hour (kph) to meters per second (m/s) to

determine the pressure difference.

3. It was necessary to find the pressure difference between the gable

roof's exterior and interior surface area.

Moreover, lastly, it was essential to identify the Force acting on the

roof and the pressure differential using the theorem as mentioned earlier

since it was the primary factor that resulted in the roof being torn-off.

Therefore, the findings suggest that the factors causing the gable roof

design to tear in the four-story buildings of SNNHS are the following,

according to the researchers' conclusion.: Surface area of the gable roof

design, which is 498.02 m2; Wind speed, which is 87.17 m/s; Pressure

difference in Pascal (Pa or kPa) is 4,654 Pa or 4.654 kPa between

the outside and the inside; and more specifically, the Force exerted to

torn-off the roof design of the structure is 2,317,785 N or 236,508

kg. The results above indicate that the pressure lowers when the velocity

increases, resulting in lower pressure outside the building than inside,

forcing the roof upward.

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Recommendations

This study would help the Government, DepEd-SDN, DPWH,

School Administration, Teachers, Students, and Future Researchers, to be

aware of the influence of the force applied to tear off the roof from the

structure.

1. The Government must hold the principal responsible for creating

and enforcing the rules of a society, wherein they should develop

building codes to assure safety and stability, as well as disaster

preparedness and response measures to reduce the impact of

windstorms.

2. The Department of Education-Surigao del Norte (DepEd-SDN)

should firmly establish authentic and durable buildings to enhance

their school infrastructure designs and for the good of the

majority.

3. The DPWH is required to have a prior understanding of how to

construct a school structure that can endure an intense tropical

hurricane. They must implement the latest technical knowledge on

building design, construction, occupancy, maintenance, and use.

4. The School Administration should be responsible for providing

instructional leadership and developing, implementing, and

evaluating school systems and policies to ensure the safety of

students and teachers during windstorms.

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5. The teachers must guide their pupils by understanding the safety

measures, and they must encourage the students to be aware of any

precautions during windstorms.

6. It is best for students to have a comprehensive mind regarding their

safety during windstorms. The students should be prepared and be

observant of their surroundings, particularly if a strong wind

occurs.

7. For future researchers, it is advised to have licensed software like

Simscale, Revit, Sketchup, and more as well as an in-depth

knowledge of these in order to investigate all the intricacies of the

findings in this study. It is highly recommended to use wind tunnel

testing to conduct an experiment in accordance with the elements

influencing the roof uplift, such as the geographical location of the

structure, to determine the wind-induced load experienced in a

specific area. Moreover, to have more accurate and trustworthy data

for the topic at hand, it is best to conduct additional research on the

use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

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Peñaranda St., Surigao City

REFERENCES

Cantillas, Roteza Gloria B., and Marecon C. Viray. "Public Administration

and Disaster Management: Assessment on the Prevention,

Preparedness, Response, and Recovery efforts of the Cebu City

Government to Typhoon Odette." International Journal of

Scientific and Management Research (2023): 52-62

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/MareconViray/publication

/368823930_Public_Administration_and_Disaster_Management_

Assessment_on_the_Prevention_Preparedness_Response_and_Rec

overy_efforts_of_the_Cebu_City_Government_to_Typhoon_Odette/l

inks/63fb7f815749505945470137/Public-Administration-and-

Disaster-Management-Assessment-on-the-Prevention-

Preparedness-Response-and-Recovery-efforts-of-the-Cebu-City-

Government-to-Typhoon-Odette.pdf.

Gan, Connie Cai Ru, Rina Suryani Oktari, Huong Xuan Nguyen, Lixia

Yuan, Xiuzhi Yu, K. C. Alisha, Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh et al. "A scoping

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adaptation measures." International Journal of Disaster Risk

Reduction 66 (2021): 102608. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-

5309/13/1/107.

Gnatowska, Renata. “Wind-Induced Pressure Loads on Buildings in

Tandem Arrangement in Urban Environment - Environmental

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Fluid Mechanics.” SpringerLink, November 10, 2018.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10652-018-9646-0.

Gough, H, and Bakó-Biró, Z. “Influence of Neighbouring Structures on

Building Façade Pressures: Comparison between Full-Scale, Wind-

Tunnel, CFD and Practitioner Guidelines.” Journal of Wind

Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, March 26, 2019.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016761

0518311206.

Gray, Jasmine, Sophie Lloyd, Sarah Healey, and Aaron Opdyke. "Urban

and rural patterns of typhoon mortality in the Philippines."

Progress in disaster science 14 (2022): 100234.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S259006172

2000217.

Li, Qiu-Sheng, Jian-Cheng Li, and Shang-Yu Hu. 2019. “Monitoring of

Near-Surface Winds and Wind Pressures on an Instrumented Low-

Rise Building during Super Typhoon Rammasun.” Ascelibrary.

2019.

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29ST.1943

-541X.0002260.

Liu, Jinghua, Ziming Li, Wenwu Liu, Changsheng Hu, and Chunhua

Zhang. “Design and Characteristics Analysis of a New Vibration

Reduction System for in Service Long Span Transmission Tower.”

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 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Nature News, July 5, 2022.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-15659-9.

Razavi, Alireza, D. Natarajan, Z. Liu, J. Case, M.C. Jischke, A.R. Mishra,

et al. “Tornado-Induced Wind Loads on a Low-Rise Building:

Influence of Swirl Ratio, Translation Speed and Building

Parameters.” Engineering Structures, April 7, 2018.

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9617324227.

Tecle, Amanuel, Bitsuamlak, Girma, and Chowdhury, Arindam. "Opening

and Compartmentalization Effects of Internal Pressure in Low-Rise

Buildings with Gable and Hip roofs". ASCE Library | Civil

Engineering and its practical applications. (2020): 21.

Accessed June 5, 2023. https://ascelibrary.org/.

Thermodynamic analysis of wind energy - wiley online library. Accessed

June 5, 2023.

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Uematsu, Yasushi, Tetsuo Yambe, Tomoyuki Watanabe, and Hirokazu

Ikeda. “The Benefit of Horizontal Photovoltaic Panels in Reducing

Wind Loads on a Membrane Roofing System on a Flat Roof.” MDPI,

November 9, 2021. https://www.mdpi.com/2674-032X/1/1/3.

Venable, Casie, Abbie B. Liel, Tracy Kijewski-Correa, and Amy

Javernick-Will. 2021. “Wind Performance Assessment of

Postdisaster Housing in the Philippines.” Ascelibrary. June 17,

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2021.

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/full/10.1061/%28ASCE%29NH.1527-

6996.0000491.

Wang, X. J., Q. S. Li, B. W. Yan, and J. C. Li. "Field measurements of wind

effects on a low-rise building with roof overhang during typhoons."

Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 176

(2018): 143-157.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016761051

730301X. Huang, Peng, Ling Tao, Ming Gu, and Yong Quan.

"Experimental study of wind loads on gable roofs of low-rise

buildings with overhangs." Frontiers of Structural and Civil

Engineering 12 (2018): 300-317.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11709-018-0449-7.

Wind loads on roof of low-rise buildings - researchgate. Accessed June 5,

2023. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jagbir-Singh-

4/publication/351282969_Wind_loads_on_roof_of_low-

rise_buildings/links/608fd154458515d315f12a2e/Wind-loads-

on-roof-of-low-rise-buildings.pdf.

Yang, Qingshan, Rong Gao, Fan Bai, Tian Li, and Yukio Tamura. “Damage

to Buildings and Structures Due to Recent Devastating Wind

Hazards in East Asia - Natural Hazards.” SpringerLink, April

4, 2018.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-018-3253-8

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APPENDICES

This section consists of photographs, blueprint, and letter of approval

that provides details, evidence, and resources to back up the primary

narrative.

Appendix A: Letter of Approval

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Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Appendix B: Data Approval

35
Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

36
Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

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Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

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 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Appendix C: Blueprint

Appendix D: Perspective of the building

39
 Surigao del Norte National High School
Appendix E: Documentation
Just a few days after our
defense was over, we
visited the DPWH to learn
more concerning our
research.
The chapter 1 and 2 were
rewritten throughout the
allotted time. However, it
was challenging for us to
move on to chapter 3.
It took us several weeks to
realize that in order to
alter the materials
required, the 2D modeling
must first be converted to
a 3D.
Peñaranda St., Surigao City
After some time, we moved
on to the Office of the City
Engineers to make
additional inquiries so that,
before we began the
revision, we would have a
thorough understanding of
the study we had selected.
We had a researched on
how to simulate using
Simscale as this software is
recommended to us for
computational fluid
dynamics.
Our attempts to follow the
online instructions ended in
this.
40
We spoke on the parts we
would start revising
during a call we
conducted over
messenger.
We were directed to a
confusing array of
technical information
that we found difficult to
comprehend.
We decided to look for
someone who could help
us after having a group
discussion.
 Surigao del Norte National High School
Few weeks had elapsed,
we finally found a helping
hand. But the file format
causes another issue.
Then, just when we
thought we had it, this
happened. The licensed
has to be activated.
We tried many times, but
nothing changed. We also
had a conversation with
engineering students and
an experienced engineer,
but neither of them had a
Revit.
We came up with the
notion of changing the
objective of our study.
Thus, we may now
Peñaranda St., Surigao City
We had a meeting again to
discuss the next plan. We
recently learned that
Simscale does not support
the skp format. It needs to
be in rvt.
We kindly requested Mr.
Elcullada’s expertise to
activate the license.
We also attempted to have
the City Engineers convert
the file, but they do not
have a Revit too. The goal of
changing skp to rvt has long
been overdue.
Making the final two
chapters, finishing them,
and polishing the whole
thing.
41
Downloading a Revit
software is required to
accomplish this. Getting
it took us some time.
The license was
activated, but it only
functions for a short
period of time.
We have no hope of
making it. So we asked
the chief panelist if we
could collect the data in
the same way as before.
Thankfully, it’s a yes.
Finally, all chapters are
completed and the data
were also approved by
our research consultant.
 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

conduct the investigation

utilizing Bernoulli's
equation.

Searching for the In the process of doing the

modeling materials we modeling as a product of
needed. our research study.
The final output of the
four-storey school
building.

42
CURRICULUM VITAE

Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

LOURDES B. BAILO
Researcher/Student

Personal Information

Age: 18 years old

DN
ataemoe:f Birth: NE
ovde
wminba eEr. 2B9o,s2it0o04

PlDaacte
e ooff BBirirthth
:: Su
Mriagya2o0C
, 2it0y05
Address: Bonotan, Rizal St, Brgy. Washington, Surigao City
Place of Birth: Caridad, Pilar, Surigao del Norte
Civil Status: Single

RA
eldig
drio
esns:: RP
o-m
5 aBnrgCya
. tChaonlilcanipa, Surigao City

Father’s Name: Mr. Baltazar M. Bailo

Civil Status: Single
Mother’s Name: Mrs. Josephine B. Bailo

Educational Background

Senior High School: Surigao del Norte National High School

JuEndiuocraH
tioignhalSBcahco
kgorl:ound Surigao del Norte National High School

Elementary: C.V. Diez Memorial Central Elementary School

Elementary Mariano Espina Memorial Central Elementary

School

43
CURRICULUM VITAE

Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

EDWINA E. BOSITO
Researcher/Student

Personal Information

Age: 18 years old

Date of Birth: May 20, 2005

Place of Birth: Caridad, Pilar

Address: P-5 Brgy. Canlanipa, Surigao City

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Born Again Christian

Father’s Name: : Mr. Edito A. Bosito

Mother’s Name: Mrs. Carolina E. Bosito

Educational Background

Senior High School: Surigao del Norte National High School

Junior High School: Surigao del Norte National High School

Elementary: Mariano Espina Memorial Central Elementary School

44
CURRICULUM VITAE

Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City
IMEE ROSE S. CORTES
Researcher/Student

Personal Information

Age: 18 years old

Date of Birth: August 6, 2004

Place of Birth: Caraga Regional Hospital

Address: P-4, Brgy. Silop, Surigao City

Civil Status: Single

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Mr. Peter B. Cortes

Mother’s Name: Mrs. Estela S. Cortes

Educational Background

Senior High School: Surigao del Norte National High School

Junior High School: Surigao del Norte National High School

Elementary: Roxas Elementary School

45
Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City