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🍇 CHAPTER 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK

⭑𓂃 HAZARDS AND RISKS

What is a hazard?
⭑𓂃 Difference
a natural event that can harm
the economy, society, and HAZARD
ecology, including both natural • anything that has potential to harm you.
and human-related factors.
RISK
the origins of disasters
• the chance of a hazard to cause harm.
harms human progress and
threaten the world's
sustainability.

What is a disaster?
Serious disruption of community or society functioning

Involves widespread losses and impacts human, material, economic, or

environmental

Can be a direct or indirect result of hazards.

Nature of Disasters
Categorized into:

Natural Disasters

Result from Earth's

natural processes.
Their impacts can
sometimes be
anticipated, allowing for
preparedness
measures. These
include geological,
hydrological,
atmospheric, and
biological disasters.

Man-Made Disasters

Caused by human Effects of Disasters

activities, these can

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 range from structural Primary Effects: Direct
failures due to neglect, outcomes of the disaster, like
to chemical spills, and damage from floods or
acts of terrorism. They earthquakes.
highlight the unintended
Secondary Effects: Indirect
consequences of
consequences, such as fires
industrialization and
following an earthquake or
human error.
flooding due to landslides.
Hybrid Disasters
Tertiary Effects: Long-term
Disasters that are both repercussions, like community
natural and man-made, displacement.
such as pandemics
influenced by human
interaction with wildlife
or disasters
exacerbated by human
activities like mining.

⭑𓂃 DISASTER AND ⭑𓂃 CHARACTERISTICS OF

DISASTER RISK
DISASTER RISK
Distinct traits of Disaster Risk
What is a disaster risk?
a combination of hazard Predicts possible future
Forward losses in lives,
severity and frequency,
Looking properties, and
exposed population, and
resources.
vulnerability to damage
Risk levels change
(UNISDR, 2015)
Dynamic based on our success in
Potential losses in lives, reducing vulnerability.
health, livelihoods, assets, Beyond the threat of
and services. major events, it includes
Invisible frequent, minor incidents
could occur to a particular
that are often
community or a society overlooked.
over some specified future
While hazards are
time period global, risk patterns
Unevenly
Result of complex reflect varying social
Distributed
vulnerabilities across
interactions between
regions.
development processes
which includes exposure, New, interconnected
Emergent and risks arise from factors
vulnerability, and hazard
Complex like climate change and
conditions
economic globalization.

⭑𓂃 KEY CONCEPTS
events that can cause
Hazard
harm

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 composed of physical,
social and
environmental/economic
Vulnerability
factors that increases
the vulnerability of a
community to a hazard

involves the people or

properties that are
Exposure
directly affected by
disasters

⭑𓂃 Effective Strategies
⭑𓂃 Coping Reducing Exposure:
Capacity
Relocating communities from high-risk
The ability to manage areas.
and recover from
Implementing zoning laws to prevent
disasters, which can be
construction in hazard-prone zones.
improved through
education, policy Decreasing Vulnerability:
development, and Educating individuals on disaster
governance. preparedness.

Community-based mitigation efforts to

make infrastructures more resilient.

Enhancing Coping Capacity:

Improving education to foster a

culture of preparedness.

Strengthening policy and governance

frameworks for efficient disaster
response.

Fostering better governance and

infrastructure to ensure quick
recovery.

Why does disaster risk World Risk Index

matter? Assessment Tool
Increased Risk Evaluates disaster risks
Global trends in using indicators of
development and exposure, vulnerability, and
environment could elevate coping capacities.
disaster risks to dangerous Annual Reports
levels.
Rank countries based on
Historical Impact risk levels, with the

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 Since 1980, disasters have Philippines consistently
killed 1.6 billion people, showing very high risk.
highlighting the urgency of
disaster risk management.

Economic Loss

Projected global losses

could reach $415 billion
annually by 2030.
Categories of Disaster Risk Factors
⭑𓂃 Disaster Risk Physical Factors:
Factors Relate to infrastructure and objects.
Encompass physical,
Psychological Factors:
psychological, socio-
cultural, economic, Concern mental health and capacity.
political, and biological Socio-cultural Factors:
aspects that can
influence a community's Involve societal and cultural aspects.
disaster response and Economic Factors:
recovery.
Pertain to financial conditions.

Political Factors:

“Disasters threaten Related to governance and diplomacy.

development, just Biological Factors:

as development Deal with living organisms and health.
creates disaster
risk.”

🍇 CHAPTER 2: EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY

Why does it matter?

⭑𓂃 Exposure
about people, buildings, and stuff
in places prone to disasters. If a
hazard happens where nobody
How to Measure Exposure?
and nothing is, there's no risk.
What drives Exposure?
Driving Forces:
Population Dynamics:
Concentration of people in
Exposure is a critical
component of disaster risk
assessment.
Counting people and assets in
risky areas helps estimate the
potential hazard risks.
Combining this with
vulnerability and capacity
specifics provides insights into

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 hazard-prone areas due to
population growth and
migration.
Urbanization and Economic
Development: Attraction of
economic activities to
vulnerable zones.
Historical Disasters:
Previous disasters
displacing communities to
less safe areas.
Attractive Hazard-Prone
Areas:
Coastlines, Volcanic Slopes,
Flood Plains: Economic
benefits and cultural
significance lure
development.
Consequences of Exposure
Increase:
Risk Concentration: More
people and assets in
vulnerable zones heighten
disaster risk.
Global Trends: Rising global
exposure escalates overall
disaster risk.
Vulnerability Uplift:
Impact on Vulnerable
Populations: Increasing
exposure often correlates
with a surge in vulnerable
populations.
Cautionary Note: Continued
global exposure trend might
lead to perilous levels of
disaster risk, urging strategic
planning and risk mitigation
measures.
⭑𓂃 Vulnerability
Characteristics that make
individuals, communities, or
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quantitative risks. Exposure
modeling is another tool to
assess the risk to the
population or properties.
How to Minimize Exposure?
1. Map Hazards:
Identify risks in community
areas.
Use tools like NOAH hazard
maps for insights.
2. Consult Stakeholders:
Conduct meetings to
address exposure and
vulnerability concerns.
3. Enforce Laws:
Create and enforce laws for
effective disaster risk
reduction.
4. Educate the Public:
Inform the public about
natural hazards and their
consequences.
Provide education on
mitigation plans and
preparedness.
5. Government Role:
Enforce strict zoning laws
for construction.
Plan careful relocations for
exposed communities.
Implement forced
evacuations before severe
weather events.
Strengthen laws for
environmental conservation
and resource protection.
Why does it matter?
It reveals that severity alone
doesn't define risk. It's about
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 systems more prone to harm from
hazards, shaped by physical,
social, economic, and
environmental factors. Coping
capacity, related to how well a
community can handle disasters, is
intertwined with vulnerability.
Factors that Affect
Vulnerability
Physical Factors
Vulnerability?
Poor building design and
construction, unregulated
land use planning.
Social Factors
Poverty, inequality,
marginalization, social
exclusion, discrimination by
gender, social status,
disability, and age.
Economic Factors
Uninsured informal sector,
vulnerable rural livelihoods,
dependence on single
industries, globalization of
business and supply chains.
Environmental Factors
Poor environmental
management,
overconsumption of natural
resources, decline of risk-
regulating ecosystem
services, climate change.
How to Reduce Vulnerability?
1. Implementing Building Codes: Enforcing regulations for safe construction
practices.
2. Insurance and Social Protection: Providing financial coverage and support
systems for affected communities.
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how susceptible people and
assets are to loss and damage.
Vulnerability explains why less
severe events can lead to major
impacts and why some groups
are more at risk. Reducing
vulnerability is key to lowering
overall disaster risk.
How to Measure
Ideally, a comprehensive
approach considering all facets
is best, but in reality, methods
often focus on two aspects:
Physical Vulnerability
Examining how
structures respond to
potential hazards like
earthquakes or
cyclones, requiring
knowledge of
construction materials
and engineering
practices.
Socio-economic
Vulnerability
Assessing vulnerability
based on social and
economic factors such
as poverty, education,
and economic status.
Quantifying social
vulnerability is
challenging but involves
using indicators and
indices in disaster risk
assessments.
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 3. Promoting Economic Diversity and Resilient Livelihoods: Encouraging
varied economic activities and robust livelihoods.

4. Knowledge and Awareness Building: Educating the public about potential

risks and necessary precautions.

5. Preparedness Measures: Taking proactive steps to anticipate and respond

to potential disasters.

⭑𓂃 Resilience
Community Resilience
is the ability of a community or its constituent parts to bounce back from
the harmful impacts of disasters. A community is considered resilient if they
are able to:

Resist or absorb the impacts (deaths, damage, losses, etc.) of natural

hazards;

Rapidly recover from those impacts; and

Reduce future vulnerabilities through adaptive strategies.

🍇 CHAPTER 3: BASIC CONCEPTS OF HAZARDS

What is a Hazard? Why does it matter?

a natural event that can harm the Understanding hazards is
economy, society, and ecology, crucial for effective
including both natural and human- disaster risk reduction.
related factors.
We need to be proactive
may be natural, anthropogenic or since many potential
socio-natural in origin. disasters haven't
happened yet.
How do you Classify hazards?
How to Measure
two types: hazards caused by Hazards?
natural factors and hazards Identification of Relevant
caused by human factors that Hazards
are associated with natural Identify the hazards
environments. pertinent to the area of
concern.
Natural hazards Collection of Hazard-
caused by naturally occurring Related Data
physical phenomena and is
Gather essential data
beyond human control
related to identified
can be rapid or slow onset hazards.
events.

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 only termed hazards when they Creation of Hazard
have the potential to harm people Catalogue
or cause property damage,
Compile spatial,
social and economic disruption.
intensity, and temporal
Examples
characteristics of
historical events in a
earthquakes,
hazard catalogue.
geophysical landslides,
events tsunamis, volcanic Deterministic or
activity Probabilistic Analysis
hydrological
avalanches, floods Use hazard catalogues
events
with risk models in
extreme
climatological deterministic or
temperatures,
incidents probabilistic analyses.
drought, wildfires
Characteristics of
meteorological cyclones, storms,
phenomena wave surges
Hazards
disease epidemics, Magnitude or Intensity
biological
insect/animal
incidents Hazards vary in their
plagues
strength or magnitude.
Man-made hazards
Speed of Onset
hazards are caused by human
Hazards differ in how
activities and considered more
quickly they happen.
manageable
Duration
occurs in or close to human
settlements. The time span of
hazards varies.
change can influence the
occurrence and intensity of Coverage Area
natural hazards, known as risk Hazards can affect
drivers. small or large
geographical areas.

How to Reduce Hazards?

Mitigation measures like strong buildings and policies lessen natural
hazard impacts.

Hazard assessments help anticipate events through analysis and real-time

monitoring.

Effective early warning systems include detection, risk analysis, timely

warnings, and response plans.

Coordination among agencies is vital for successful early warning

systems.

Awareness and strict building codes mitigate earthquake impacts.

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 Precursors aid volcanic eruption warnings, while landslides rely on triggers
like heavy rainfall.

🍇 CHAPTER 4: CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM)

⭑𓂃 DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK

Concept of Disaster Risk?
Misunderstood as an independent
event, disasters are often seen as a
cause rather than an effect.
There's no "natural disaster," only
Importance of Disaster
Risk Reduction?
Disaster risk reduction
involves government-led
efforts to educate the

"natural hazards." The country's public, enforce no-build

exposure to typhoons, volcanic zones, relocate people
eruptions, and earthquakes results when necessary, and

from its location. collaborate with scientists,

Hazards transform into disasters due
to misinformation and lack of
preparation, emphasizing the role of
human negligence.
aiming to make
communities more resilient
to hazards and save lives.

⭑𓂃 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT PLAN

Key Principles of DRRM Plan?

Disaster follows a natural hazard, and its severity depends

on the impact that it has on society and the environment.

1. Focus on sustainable development by reducing vulnerability to hazards.

2. Prioritize the protection of at-risk individuals and essential community

systems and resources.

3. Cultivate a culture of prevention, encouraging citizens to safeguard their

properties.

4. Integrate DRRM into development policies to make it an integral part of

planning.

5. Ensure equal, consistent, and predictable assistance to disaster areas,

regardless of factors like location or economic circumstances.

6. Involve and educate the community, emphasizing their roles and

responsibilities in reducing disaster risk.

7. Enforce disaster risk reduction at all levels of government for efficient and
effective response.

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 8. Ensure transparency in decision-making, considering the input of
stakeholders.

9. Adapt DRRM plans to local community conditions.

10. Recognize entities responsible for implementing DRRM programs.

11. Maintain flexibility and adaptability to changes in the community and new
threats.

12. Be results-driven, avoiding complacency in disaster management efforts.

13. Allocate sufficient funds for effective DRRM implementation.

14. Prioritize DRRM plans in disaster-prone areas like the Philippines.

15. Adopt a multidisciplinary approach considering physical, economic, social,

environmental, and public administration aspects of disasters.
Community-based Disaster
Risk Reduction Management
involves actions
developed by the
community members
themselves to enhance
preparedness, mitigation,
and response capabilities,
considering their unique
needs, capacity, and
perception of risks.
A well-developed community-
based DRRM plan includes the
following:
1. An understanding of the real
life situation of the community
2. A community that participates
in disaster risk assessment
3. A community that participates
in the actual DRRM planning
4. A community that is able to
manage the implementation of
the DRRM plan

5. A community that is vigilant in

To understand a community effectively, the monitoring and evaluation
engage diverse stakeholders like political
of the DRRM plan
or religious leaders, local response teams,
and business leaders. Encouraging
collaboration ensures all ideas are
considered, resulting in a tailored disaster
risk reduction and management (DRRM)
plan that meets the community's specific
needs.

⭑𓂃 EMERGENCY PLAN
Emergency Plan
It emphasizes the reality that
emergencies can occur
unpredictably and anywhere.
Despite government
preparations at various levels,
the text stresses the
Our own local government units
can prepare their own localities by
doing the following:
Conduct hazards analysis in
their areas of responsibility
Consult with communities
regarding identified hazards

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 importance of individual and Develop and enforce new
family preparations. zoning rules as needed

It highlights the benefits of Make arrangements for

preparedness, including families displaced due to
reduced impact and quicker disaster risk reduction efforts
recovery, allowing individuals to
Assign designated evacuation
think clearly and maintain
centers
control during emergencies.
Hold consultative meetings
The overall theme emphasizes
with industry stakeholders,
the cost-effectiveness of
guiding them in preparations
proactive planning compared to
and continuity of operations
reactive responses.
plan
A good Coordinate with other
emergency plan government agencies in
Preparation for an advance for swift rescue and
emergency and relief efforts
First Part
making the family
ready Conduct drills at all levels and
provide immediate feedback
Details on what to
do during the Continuously monitor and
emergency to evaluate the local disaster risk
Second Part ensure family
reduction and management
safety and
(DRRM) plan
minimize the
impact
• Involve the whole family in making
Instructions on an emergency plan.
post-emergency • Conduct regular home drills and
actions, including discuss outcomes.
Third Part getting help, • Share the plan with relatives,
recovery, and colleagues, or friends.
returning to • Inclusion of information on
normal living accessing bulletins and advisories
during emergencies
• Inclusion of contact details for
seeking help when needed

MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

EVALUATION Early warning systems are
Emergency plans need regular important for a good disaster
checks and evaluations. plan.

Evaluations help adjust plans They need people and

for future incidents. equipment to work well.

Continuous monitoring is Advanced systems helped

essential for effective disaster during Typhoon Haiyan.
management. Monitoring active volcanoes
gives vital information.

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 Projects and programs must
follow schedules and maintain
quality.
Regular programs like
information sharing and drills
need consistent monitoring.
Governments should invest in
tools like seismographs.
Community-based monitoring,
like watching river levels, helps
local warnings.

Without proper checks, the

disaster plan may be forgotten
or not fully integrated into
people's lives.

⭑𓂃 SURVIVAL KITS AND MATERIALS

An emergency plan is
incomplete without the
provision for survival
kits

Survival Kit
Survival kits, also known as go bags or grab bags, are for emergencies.

They are designed for individual use before rescue or relief arrives.

Kits should contain enough supplies for at least 72 hours or 3 days.

The components may vary based on the intended purpose.

Prepare a waterproof backpack for a hands-free survival kit with essential

items:

Water: One gallon per person per day, purification methods like iodine
or bleach, and water purification tablets.

Food: Nonperishable, easy-to-prepare items, considering comfort and

familiarity. Can openers for canned food, waterproof matches, and
high-energy foods.

Signaling instruments: Flashlight, whistles, mirrors, glowsticks, AM/FM

radio with extra batteries, and solar-powered alternatives.

First aid kits: Complete with infection control precautions, medications

for at least seven days, and training in first aid and basic life support.

Important documents: Copies of personal documents, medication list,

proof of address, passports, birth certificates, insurance policies,
stored digitally or in a waterproof container.

Multipurpose tool: Swiss knife, emergency blanket or sleeping bag,

sturdy rope, and duct tape.

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 Clothing: Sanitation and personal hygiene items, including extra
clothing to stay clean.

Keys: Duplicate keys, pen and paper in a waterproof container, and a

copy of the family emergency plan.

Pets and games: Provisions for pets, vaccination/registration proof,

carry cages, and board games/toys for children.

Map: A map of the area, including evacuation sites, relatives' houses,

routes, and alternative routes.

Training: Time spent on learning how to use the contents of the

survival kit, and survivalist suggestions for weekend camps without
modern comforts for experiential learning.

🍇 CHAPTER 5: THE PHILIPPINE DRRM LAWS

⭑𓂃 The Philippine Red Cross

a key organization in disaster response and recovery in the Philippines.

World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day is celebrated globally to honor this
legacy.

Henry Dunant, born in 1828

wrote "In Memory of Solferino" after experiencing war.

Dunant's efforts led to the creation of the International Committee for

Relief of the Wounded, a precursor to the International Committee of the
Red Cross.

Henry Dunant received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 for his contributions
to humanitarian work.

The legacy of Henry Dunant lives on through the International Committee

of the Red Cross.

⭑𓂃 Implementing Rules and Regulations

Republic Act 10121 - Philippine The NDRRMP consists of four
DRRM Law thematic areas, namely:

Also known as the Philippine Disaster Prevention and

Disaster Risk Reduction and Mitigation Oversight
Management (DRRM) Law
Disaster Preparedness
signed on May 27, 2010,
Disaster Response
replacing the previous
Presidential Decree 1566 of Disaster Rehabilitation and
1978. Recovery

Key Provisions

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 underwent a comprehensive Development of a
process, from the approval of comprehensive NDRRM Plan
its Implementing Rules and
Emphasizing governance
Regulations (IRR) on
September 27, 2010 Risk assessment

to the signing of the new Early warning

framework for the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management (NDRRM) on
June 16, 2011
the subsequent approval of the
NDRRM Plan on February 7,
2012.
Preparedness.
• The plan focuses on prevention,
preparedness, response, and recovery,
structured under the NDRRMC.
• The law sets objectives and outcomes
to be achieved by 2028, aligning with the
National Climate Change Action Plan.

The Philippine DRRM Law (RA 10121) aims

to cover all aspects of disaster risk
reduction and management.

⭑𓂃 Information and Resources from the Government

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) in the
Philippines, established through Republic Act 10121, outlines a comprehensive
strategy for disaster risk reduction and management. The plan covers the
short-term period from 2011 to 2013 and involves various projects, initiatives,
and institutional measures.

Review of key aspects of the Projects Implementation

NDRRMP:
Project NOAH, ARKO, and
1. Development of Plans Project READY showcase the
practical application of the
2. Information, Education, and
NDRRMP.
Communication (IEC)
Project NOAH leverages
3. Tools and Guidelines
technology for accurate
4. Establishment of Early Warning disaster assessment
Systems
ARKO utilizes mobile
5. Local DRRM Councils and applications for real-time
Offices information dissemination
6. Budget Allocation and Hazard Project READY focuses on
Mapping building resilience in the
7. Institutional Capability Program Greater Metro Manila Area.

8. Mainstreaming DRRM and CCA

9. Post-Disaster Needs
Assessment

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 10. Review and Amendments

⭑𓂃 Philippine Laws on Disaster Risk Reduction

1. Climate Change Act of 2009 (Republic Act 9729):

Mainstreams climate change into government policies.

Establishes the Climate Change Commission for coordination.

Aligns with UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Philippine

Agenda 21.

Mandate: Address vulnerability, especially for the poor, women, and

children.

Emphasizes stakeholder participation.

Recognizes the integration of climate change and disaster risk reduction

(DRRM) programs.

2. Climate Change Commission:

Lead policy-making body for climate change-related programs.

Coordinates and monitors national agencies' climate change programs.

Formulates the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change and

National Climate Change Action Plan.

Strengthens local government units for effective climate change response.

3. People's Survival Fund Act (Republic Act 10174):

Amends the Climate Change Act of 2009.

Establishes the People's Survival Fund Board under the Secretary of

Finance.

Aims to strengthen the Climate Change Act by providing funds for climate
change adaptation programs.

People's Survival Fund sourced directly from the National Treasury.

Funds may be augmented through grants, donations, and contributions.

4. Integration of DRRM and Climate Change:

Recognizes the interconnectedness of disaster risk reduction and climate

change.

Ensures the implementation of programs and projects for a disaster-

resilient citizenry.

Focuses on both preparing for and lessening the impact of climate

change-related disasters on lives and the economy.

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 ⭑𓂃 The Incident
Command System

Incident Command System (ICS) Overview:

A. Addressing Coordination Challenges

I. Introduction B. Origin in the U.S. to Tackle Wildfires
C. Initial Problems Faced

A. Transition to National Interagency Incident

Management System (1980)
II. Evolution into ICS
B. Standardized On-Scene Incident Management
C. Flexibility Across Jurisdictional Boundaries

A. Five Essential Functions

1. Command
2. Operations
III. Core Components 3. Planning
4. Logistics
5. Finance and Administration
B. Expandable Structure for Varied Incidents

A. Incident Commander (IC)

1. Immediate Priorities
2. Stabilizing the Incident
3. Determining Objectives and Strategies
4. Ensuring Health and Safety Measures
B. Command Staff
1. Information Officer
IV. Key Roles and Responsibilities
2. Liaison Officer
3. Safety Officer
C. General Staff
1. Operations
2. Planning
3. Logistics
4. Finance and Administration

A. Scaling Efforts as per Incident Demands

V. Modular Organization B. No Fixed Rules for Expansion
C. Multi-Jurisdictional Incidents

A. Varying Roles Based on Incident Needs

VI. ICS Participants and Staffing B. Dynamic Structure Based on Incident Size
C. IC's Responsibility Until Command Transfer

VII. Planning Cycle and Incident A. Development by IC and Planning Section

Action Plan (IAP) Chief
B. Focus on Highest Priorities and Objectives

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 C. Identifying Critical Shortfalls for Each
Operational Period

A. Clear Command Hierarchy

B. Proper Coordination and Resource Utilization
VIII. Application Benefits C. Potential for Resource Exchange from
Different Areas
D. Accountability and Future Incident Planning

A. Enhanced Incident Management through ICS

B. Improved Coordination and Accountability
IX. Conclusion
C. Valuable for Future Planning and Strategy
Development

the structure or hierarchy of the five aforementioned functions

the structure of an expanded ICS

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