BSD - Group 6

CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

Estimate of Woodworks with
Scaffolding and Forms
GROUP6
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

GROUP6
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

GROUP6
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

GROUP6
CIEN 305 Reporters
Group Members
Group 6 Members
Bernabe, Diola, John errer,

F
Angelica Q. Cedrick Humphrey
Jualo, Ann Christine

Group Leader
Carreon, ulano,
M Opalla, John
James Cedric Marc Reniel Kyle
CIEN 305 Reporters Contents
Presentation Content
Presentation Contents
01 Wood as a Material 06 Organisms that Degrade Wood
02 Kinds of Wood 07 Wood Storage and Defects
03 Wood Structure and Composition 08 Mechanical Testing
04 Different Properties of Wood 09 Wood Products and Joining Methods

05 Wood Production 10 Wood Estimation
Title Page Reporters Contents Wood as a material
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
WOOD AS A
MATERIAL
FERRER, HUMPHREY A.
Title Page Reporters Introduction Wood as a material
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Definition
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
WOOD
is a renewable
resource that can help
to ensure the
construction industry's
long-term viability.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Purpose
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Wood has been a main

building material for
decades, renowned for
its natural beauty and
versatility.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Wood is the raw

material for wood-
based panels, pulp and
paper, and many
chemical products, in
addition to well-known
items such as lumber,
furniture, and plywood.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Wooden formworks are

widely utilized in
construction due to their
ease of usage. Formwork
is a necessity for a
temporary construction
element in the
construction of structures.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
It is used to make
furniture, structural
framing, doors, and
floors.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Wood, when properly

treated, may be a
dependable building
material with a long
service life.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Technological Advancement
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Wood may be used in

a variety of non-
residential, multi-story,
and long-span
structures because to
advancements in
building technology.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
The term "wood plastic

composite" refers to a
panel or timber
product manufactured
from recycled plastic
with small wood
particles or fibers.
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Cross Laminated
Timber (CLT) is made
by composed of sawn,
glued, and layered
timber planks, with
each layer positioned
perpendicular to the
previous plank.
Mactan Cebu International Airport (2018)
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
WOOD AS A MATERIAL
Clark International Airport New Terminal (2020)

Title Page Reporters Contents Wood as a material Kinds of woods
KINDS OF WOODS
KINDS OF WOOD
OPALLA, JOHN KYLE
KINDS OF WOODS
Overview
Hard Wood Soft Wood
Oak wood Cedar

Cherry wood Apitong
Rose Wood
Walnut Wood
Alder
Maple Wood Gmelina
Mahogany Wood Pine
Ash Wood Taun
Beech Wood Falcata
Elm Wood
Teak Wood
KINDS OF WOODS
Hard Wood
KINDS OF WOODS
Oak Wood Cherry Wood

Color:Light brown/beige – can have golden/reddish hues
Color:Light-pink toned/brown-red with golden hues
Grain:Straight-grained, uneven texture
Grain:Straight-grained, fine smooth texture
PROS CONS PROS CONS
Long-lasting Heavy Stunning colors Changes color when
Durable Amazing exposed to excessive
Water, insect, and fungi-resistant flexibility
sunlight
Charming appearance Requires a lot of
Strong maintenance
Not prone to warping and bending Shock, rot, and Not water-resistant
decay-resistant Expensive
KINDS OF WOODS
Oak Wood Cherry Wood

Color:Light brown/beige – can have golden/reddish hues
Color:Light-pink toned/brown-red with golden hues
Grain:Straight-grained, uneven texture
Grain:Straight-grained, fine smooth texture
PROS CONS PROS CONS
Long-lasting Heavy Stunning colors Changes color when
Durable Amazing exposed to excessive
Water, insect, and fungi-resistant flexibility
sunlight
Charming appearance Requires a lot of
Strong maintenance
Not prone to warping and bending Shock, rot, and Not water-resistant
decay-resistant Expensive
KINDS OF WOODS
Maple Wood Mahogany Wood

Color:Creamy white with reddish and brown hues Color:Deep red/reddish-brown with burgundy hues
Grain:Straight-grained, uniform texture Grain:Straight-grained CONS
PROS Changes color
PROS CONS Unique color
when exposed to
Impressive Can cause Not prone to warping
sunlight
durability allergic and bending
Can be difficult to
reactions Dense
Strength Rot, decay, and water- find
Easy to work with resistant Pricey
KINDS OF WOODS
Ash Wood Beech Wood

Color:Light brown/beige Color:Light brown/reddish-brown
Grain:Straight-grained Grain:Straight-grained/fine-even texture
PROS
Durable
CONS PROS
Strong Not insect Good workability CONS
Not prone to scratches and fungi- Interesting usage Cannot bear
and dents resistant Eco-friendly weather changes
Lightweight Flammable and moisture
Hard Not for outdoor use
Shock-resistant
KINDS OF WOODS
Elm Wood Teak Wood

Color:Grayish-white/light-reddish Color:Honey brown-golden/silver-gray patina
Grain:Straight-grained/ grain can be interlocked
Grain:Interlocked grain/uneven texture
or wavy occasionally
PROS CONS PROS CONS
Strong and high- Not durable Durable Expensive
quality Not for outdoor Water, termite, and
Lightweight usage decay-resistant
Good workability Not-water resistant Good workability
KINDS OF WOODS
Soft Wood
KINDS OF WOODS
Cedar Wood Apitong Wood

•Outer bark smooth to lenticellate
•Cones/needles remain all when young
year round •Hard and heavy timbers
•Cedar wood tends to be •ENVIRONMENT SERVICES: Windbreaks
used for its natural beauty. and good for soil erosion control.
KINDS OF WOODS
Cedar Wood Apitong Wood

•Outer bark smooth to lenticellate
•Cones/needles remain all when young
year round •Hard and heavy timbers
•Cedar wood tends to be •ENVIRONMENT SERVICES: Windbreaks
used for its natural beauty. and good for soil erosion control.
KINDS OF WOODS
Alder Wood Gmelina Wood

•Remains stunted on dry, sandy or poor
•Is almost white when freshly cut, but soils; drought also reduces it to a
quickly changes with exposure to air shrubby form
•Advanced age and there is no visible •Pale yellow on the outside and white
boundary between sap and heartwood inside.
KINDS OF WOODS
Pine Wood Taun Wood Falcata Wood

•Fast-growing
•Pink to reddish brown •Fast-growing tree species
softwoods
•Moderately durable •Cream flowers in early
•Brown heartwood and
winter
sapwood white - yellow
color.
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WOOD
STRUCTURE AND
COMPOSITION
BERNABE, ANGELICA
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Wood Structure and...
Wood Structure and Compositiom
lassifications of
C
Trees
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Physical Property of Wood
Classification of Trees
Exogenous
also known as Dicotyledonous

it exhibits outward growth through the addition of new
layers of wood each year
its vascular bundles are arranged in a ring forming a
distinct cambium layer between xylem and phloem
it gives more predictable engineering properties
Exogenous
Exogenous Trees
Oak Tree Mahogany
Maple Tree
Endogenous
Also known as monocotylodenous

Endogenous trees grow by adding new tissues within the
existing stem, without distinct annual rings.
Its vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem, lacking
a clear cambium layer.
It is very strong and light weight but not generally used for
engineering applications.
Endogenous
Exogenous Trees
Palm Tree Dracaena
Bamboo
Exogenous Endogenous
hy does exogenous
W
trees are more frequently
used for engineering
properties?
Structure of
Woods
Wood Structure and Composition
HEARTWOOD
A sapwood that has been clogged
PITH OR MEDULLA with resin and got harder to support
a tree is called hardwood.
The innermost central portion that It is the annual rings that surround
contains the entire cellular tissue the pith area.
This portion is dark in color and
does not take part in the growth of a
tree.
This part forms the strongest and
most durable part of a tree.
SAPWOOD CAMBIUM LAYER

The few outer annual rings are The thin layer between the bark
called sapwood. and sapwood is known as
This part of the tree is active in cambium layer.
growth. This layer contains sap which is
It is an active part that takes yet to be converted into
nutrients from the roots to the sapwood or it is the
leaves, stores them, and supports reproductive layer that results in
the tree new tissue formation.
MEDULLARY RAYS PHLOEM

These are vertical layers of cellular It is a thin spongy layer that
tissues and are thin radial lines from serves the function of carrying
the plinth to the cambium layer. dissolved sugar and growth
hormones from the leaves to
other parts of a tree
BARK Inner Bark
It is also known as CORTEX

It is the outermost cover or skin of a it is the layer covering the cambium
tree layer
It is further divided into inner bark
and outer bark
Outer Bark
It insulates the tree against
temperature exposure and saves
sapwood and phloem from drying it is the protective layer of the tree
out.
Structure of Woods
PITH OR MEDULLA
HEARTWOOD
SAPWOOD
CAMBIUM LAYER
MEDULLARY RAYS
PHLOEM
BARKS
hemical
C
Composition of
Woods
Cellulose
long linear molecule with over 7,000 glucoses linked end-

A
to-end.
Bundles of cellulose molecules fasciculate laterally by
hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils.
Microfibrils are the framework ofnthe cell and are
responsible for the strength of the wood
Makes up to 40-50% of wood's dry weight.
Cellulose
Hemicelluloses
re a group of compounds made up of 60 to 200 units of different

A
sugars including glucose.
Softwood hemicelluloses are different from hardwood
hemicelluloses.
It is an ingredient of natural glue in plant materials.
It constitutes 20-30% of the dry wood's weight.
Hemicelluloses
Softwood Hardwood
Hemicelluloses Hemicelluloses
Lignin
three dimensional molecule, formed by linking 15 to 18 phenolic units

A
called phenylpropanes.
It contributes to the rigidity of wood
Lignin together with hemicelluloses form the matrix system in the wall;
they are also the natural glue to hold cells together
Accounts for 25-30% of wood's dry weight
Lignin
Extractives
re defined as compounds in plant materials and wood that can be

A
extracted with various solvents.
Extractive includes turpentine, fatty acids, tannins, etc. that give wood
odors and colors.
Some extractives are responsible foe durability of wood against fungi
decay and insect injuries; some extractives have medicine value.
Can be vary significantly among different wood species.
OISTURE CONTENT
M
OF WOODS
Understanding the Moisture Content

of Woods
How does moisture affect wood?
ood is hygroscopic. It gains or loses water moisture as the surrowmding air's
W
relative humidity changes.
These varying humidity levels of the surrounding air cause wood to not only
gain or lose water moisture but expand or shrink.
As the moisture content increases and the humidity increases, it will cause
expansion to the wood.
As the moisture content decreases and the humidity also decreases, it will
cause shrinkage to the wood.

of Woods
How does moisture affect wood?
When wood neither absorbs nor loses moisture, we say it has reached its
equilibrium moisture content (EMC).
MOISTURE CONTENT CHART

Corresponding MC the
Humidity of the in- EMC of the in-use
wood will attain at this
uselocation location
location
19-25% 5% 5%
26-32% 6% 6%
33-39% 7% 7%
40-46% 8% 8%
47-52% 9% 9%

of Woods
How to calculate moisture content of wood?
The dry weight method is an easy way to determine the average moisture
content of wood.
A moisture meter can also be used.
The resistance should have some hammer electrodes and shielded probes if
you're using a meter.

of Woods
Average Moisture content of Wood
Wood has a typical moisture content of 8% to 25% by weight.
The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood is proportional to the ambient
temperature and relative moisture.

of Woods
Why is wood moisture content so important?
Moisture content is important in wood because it causes it to shrink and then
expand.
There will always be seasonal changes, but picking a wood with a high moisture
content will ensure that you obtain the greatest results in no time.
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
MULANO, MARC RENIEL
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview
Different Properties of Wood
Overview
Physical Property Mechanical Property Thermal Property
Thermal Conductivity
Wood Color Interal Stresses Stiffness Toughness
Thermal Expansion
Wood Texture Swelling Elasticity Hardness
Electrical Conductivity
Wood Grain Wood Warping Tensile Strength Cleavability
Sound Conductivity
Luster Specific Gravitiy Compression or
Macro-Structure Crushing Strength
Odor Shearing Strength
Moisture Transverse or
Shrinkage Bending Strength
Different properties of Wood
Physical Properties of Wood

Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Physical Property of wood
Wood Color
Wood of different breeds have different color - from white - aspen, spruce to
black - ebony. Tannins, resin, and pigments, founded in cells cavities, make wood
more colorful. The unique color of the wood species is determined by the
chemical extractives embedded in the cell walls.
Other Factors Affecting Wood Colors

Wood Finish
Age
Photosensitivity
Wood Texture
Wood texture is a peculiar pattern formed by the medullary rays,
fibers, and yearly layers of wood in different contexts. In the most
basic terms, the wood texture describes how wood feels.
Coarse Texture - Soft and Rough texture. Fine Texture - Very smooth and glassy
Wood Grain
Wood grain is the longitudinal arrangement of wood fibers or the
pattern resulting from such an arrangement. When the vessel
elements in hardwoods are sliced open, they create depressions
called pores.
Grain Pattern
Grain Pattern or Grain Direction - A tree species can grow in several
grain directions. The normal orientation of the longitudinal cells
determines a species’ characteristic grain pattern.
Different Grain Pattern

Straight Grain - the longitudinal cells grow straight and Wavy Grain - this grain pattern indicates when
parallel to the axis of the trunk. Straight-grained woods are the grain of the wood grows in a wavy fashion.
generally easiest to work and machine with minimal This pattern is most clearly seen in flatsawn
complications.
sections of wood.
Irregular grain - This is a more ambiguous catch-all term that Spiral Grain - Some tree species grow with the
describes wood grain that swirls or twists in an abnormal grain at a slight incline, with a spiral-like pattern
way. (Irregular grain can be due to several factors, such as
circling the trunk.
knots, burls, large branches separating from the trunk (called
“crotch” wood).)
Interlocked Grain - Taking spiral grain a step further, Diagonal Grain – the result of when an
interlocked grain occurs when spiral-grained trees change otherwise straight-grained log is not sawn along
directions, and spiral back and forth throughout the trunk, its vertical axis.
alternating between right-hand and left-hand spirals. This
produces ribbon figure.
Different Grain Patterns

Luster
A wood's luster, often known as sheen, is a measurement
of how much light it will reflect. The density, size, and
placement of medullary rays—which pointwise reflect
light rays and cause the radial to shine—all play a role.
Macro-Structure
The general content and shape of a tree is
referred to as its macrostructure. The
breadth of yearly rings, or the quantity of
rings per 1 cm of segment, is a measure of
the macrostructure's radial direction in
cross section.
Odor
Essential oils, resins, tannins and other substances, found in certain tree
species, give them a smell.
Moisture
One of the most noticeable properties of wood is that it is a hygroscopic material,
meaning that it tends to absorb moisture from the air depending on the humidity of
its surroundings.
Shrinkage
Shrinkage s a reduction of linear measurements and wood volume during
drying. Shrinkage occurs only during connected water evaporation.
Shrinkage in the tangential direction is 6 - 10% in the radial 3 - 5% and along
the grain 0.1 - 0.3%.
Internal Stresses
Internal stresses are stresses in the wood - round carving wood and sawn
timber without an application of external forces. Its reason - is an inequality
of moisture distribution along section of drying wood.
Swelling
Wood swelling is the term used to describe the expansion of wood's
dimensions (usually in width) because of moisture or water absorption.
Because wood is a porous substance, moisture and humidity are
absorbed by the wood's cellular structure, which leads to the expansion
of the wood fibers.
Wood Warping
Wood warping is deformity in wood occurs when the moisture content of
different parts of a piece of wood changes unevenly.
Specific Gravity
The specific gravity (SG) of a substance is the ratio between the
density of the specific substance and the density of a reference
substance provided which occupies the same volume. If
moisture content is neglected or minimized, the more rings that a
tree has within a given space, the denser it is, meaning its
specific gravity is higher
Mechanical Properties of Wood

Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Mechanical Property of wood
Stiffness
The ability of a body to resist deformation or maintain its natural size and
shape in the face of external forces is known as stiffness. Therefore, a
material that is hard to bend or otherwise deform is stiff, whereas a
material that bends or deforms easily is flexible.
Elasticity
When an object is subjected to progressively greater weights and then
released, it is discovered that the object, or body, is elastic since it initially
returns entirely to its previous shape.
Tensile Strength
When a pulling force is applied
to a body's opposite ends,
tension is created. The strength
of the fibers determines the
tensile strength of wood
parallel to the grain, which is
influenced by the arrangement
of the wood parts in addition to
their size and composition.
Compressive or Crushing Strength

It is very closely related to hardness and transverse shear. There are two methods that
this type of stress can be applied to wood: (1) where the load is applied across the
entire specimen, and (2) when the force is applied to a specific location.

If the specimen lies on a flat surface and the load is applied to only a portion of the
upper area, the bearing plate indents the wood, crushing the upper fibres without
affecting the lower part.

As the load increases the projecting ends sometimes split horizontally. The irregularities in the load are
since the fibres collapse a few at a time, beginning with those with the thinnest walls. The projection of
the ends increases the strength of the material directly beneath the compressing weight by introducing a
beam action which helps support the load. This influence is exerted for a short distance only.
Compressive or Crushing
Strength
Shearing Strength
Whenever forces act upon a body in such a way that one portion tends to slide upon another adjacent to
it the action is called a shear. In wood this shearing action may be (1) along the grain, or (2) across the
grain.
In this figure the action of the wooden strut tends to shear off along the grain the portion AB of the
wooden tie rod, and it is essential that the length of this portion be great enough to guard against it.
Shearing Strength
This figure shows characteristic failures in
shear along the grain.
Shearing Strength
Transverse or Bending Strength

In order to cause a bar to bend, external pressures operating in the same plane at right angles to the
bar's axis result in the longitudinal fibers on the concave side shortening and the longitudinal fibers on the
convex side elongating.

The external forces acting to bend the bar also tend to rupture it at right angles to the
neutral plane by causing one transverse section to slip past another. This stress at any
point is equal to the resultant perpendicular to the axis of the forces acting at this point
and is termed the transverse shear (or in the case of beams, vertical shear).
In addition to this there is a shearing stress, tending to move the fibres past one
another in an axial direction, which is called longitudinal shear (or in the case of beams,
horizontal shear).

Failure in Timber Beams
Simple tension - where a tensile stress Splintering tension is a form of failure that
parallel to the grain causes a direct pulling results in a ragged or splintery break on
in of two of the wood on the underside of the underside of the beam. It is caused by
the beam. many little tension failures.
Cross-Grained Tension - when a tensile Brittle tension - a complete break through

force acting perpendicular to the grain the beam causes the beam to fail.
causes the fracture.
Toughness
The term "toughness" refers to a variety of wood properties. Thus, tough wood is defined as being
difficult to split. Once more, a tough wood is one that, when subjected to loads at or close to its
maximum strength, will not rupture until it has undergone significant deformation; alternatively, it is one
that, once ruptured, nevertheless remains intact and may be bent back and forth without shattering.
Torsion of a shaft
Toughness
Effect of torsion on different
grades of hickory.
Hardness
There are two meanings
associated with the term
hardness: (1) resistance to
indentation, and (2) resistance to
abrasion or scratches. Hardness
and toughness together determine
a wood's ability to withstand wear
and tear, which makes wood a
valuable material for flooring,
paving stones, rollers, and
bearings.
Cleavability
Cleavability is the term used to denote the
facility with which wood is split. A splitting
stress is one in which the forces act
normally like a wedge.
Cleavability
Working Stresses of Philippine Wood at 80% stress grade

Working Stresses of Philippine Wood at 80% stress grade

Thermal Properties of Wood

Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Thermal Property of wood
Thermal Conductivity
A material's capacity to conduct heat is known as its thermal

conductivity. It can vary from 0.01 to 0.2 watts per meter-kelvin
for wood, which is rather low given that it can reach over 400 for
copper. Wood's high porosity is the source of this. Because
thermal conductivity drops with decreasing density, the values
span a large range.
Thermal Expansion
Thermal Expansion is the tendency of matter to change its shape,

area, volume, and density in response to a change in
temperature. Wood may also maintain its original structure in hot
regions due to its relatively low thermal expansion.
Electrical Conductivity
Wood's ability to withstand the flow of electricity is what defines

its electrical conductivity. It depends upon the type of wood, its
grain, temperature, and humidity. Due to its low electrical
conductivity, dry wood can be used as an insulator for wall outlet
plugs and switches. Electrical resistance of wood decreases by a
million times when humidity rises from 0% to 30%.
Sound Conductivity
Sound Conductivity is a material property to conduct sound. It is
characterized by the speed of sound spreading in the material. Wood can
amplify or absorb sound waves coming from other bodies in addition to
producing sound (by direct striking). These characteristics make it a
special material for use in acoustic applications such as musical
instruments. The size, density, moisture content, and elasticity modulus of
the wood all have an impact on vibration frequency, which determines
sound pitch. Sounds with a higher pitch are produced by smaller
dimensions, less moisture, and greater density and flexibility.
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WOOD
PRODUCTION
JUALO, ANN CHRISTINE B.
CIEN 305 Reporters Introduction Overview
Joining Methods
PRODUCTION STEPS
Harvesting Sawing
Seasoning Surfacing
Grading
Wood Production
Harvesting
CIEN 305 Reporters Introduction
Production Steps
Harvesting
Wood harvesting is the preparation of logs
in a forest or tree plantation according to
the requirements of a user, and delivery of
logs to a consumer. It includes the cutting
of trees, their conversion into logs,
extraction and long distance transport to a
consumer or processing plant.
topic
Different Operations
Tree Felling Delimbing Debarking
Extraction Bucking Scaling
Temporary Storage Loading

Tree Felling
It is simply severing a tree from

the stump and bringing it down.
Topping and
Debranching
It is cutting off the unusable tree
crown and the branches.
Debarking
It is removing the bark from

the stem.
Extraction
It’s moving the stems or
logs from the stump to a
place close to a forest
road where they can be
sorted, piled and often
stored temporarily.
Bucking
It is cutting the stem to the length

specified by the intended use of
the log.
Scaling
It is determining the quantity of

logs produced, usually by
measuring volume .
Sorting, Piling and

Temporary Storage
The logs are usually of variable
dimensions and quality, and are
therefore classified into assortments
according to their potential use, and
piled until a full load, usually a
truckload, has been assembled.
Loading
It is simply moving the logs onto

the transport medium, typically a
truck, and attaching the load.
Loading
It is simply moving the logs onto

the transport medium, typically a
truck, and attaching the load.
Wood Production
Sawing
Sawing
WOOD SAWING METHODS
Plain Sawn Quarter Sawn
Rift Sawn
Wood Sawing Method
Plain Sawn
The plain sawing method is the
most common. It consists of
sawing boards off the log in strips
parallel to the pith. These boards
are then sawn lengthwise again.
Wood Sawing Method
Quarter Sawn
As the name implies, the quarter
sawing method starts by sawing
the log into quarters. Boards are
then sawn off the top parts of the
faces of each quarter, cutting
through the growth rings at about
a 90 degree angle.
Wood Sawing Method
Rift Sawn
If we continue sawing boards off
the faces of the quartered log, we
get rift sawn boards, which are
differentiated by the fact that the
growth rings on the outer edge of
the log are different from those
nearer the pith.
Wood Production
Seasoning
Natural Seasoning
Seasoning (Drying Wood)

Seasoning of timber is the
process of reducing the moisture
content of freshly cut lumber to a
level where it can be used without
fear of distortion or cracking.
Seasoning
METHODS OF SEASONING
Natural Artificial
Natural Seasoning
Water Seasoning
Water seasoning is the process in
which timber is immersed in water
flow which helps to remove the
sap present in the timber. It will
take 2 to 4 weeks of time and
after that the timber is allowed to
dry.
Natural Seasoning
Air Seasoning
In the process of air seasoning timber logs are arranged in layers in a
shed. The arrangement is done by maintaining some gap with the
ground. So, platform is built on ground at 300mm height from ground.
Seasoning
METHODS OF SEASONING
Natural Artificial
Natural Seasoning
Seasoning by Boiling
Seasoning by boiling wood
logs in hot water is called
seasoning by boiling. Drying is
done after proper boiling. For a
large amount of wood, it is
done in an enclosed place
where hot steam is passed.
Natural Seasoning
Chemical Seasoning
The reduction of moisture using
a salt solution is called
chemical seasoning. After the
absorption of water by the
solution logs are let to dry.
Natural Seasoning
Kiln Seasoning
Seasoning of wood by
using a large chamber or
oven where there is an
exemplary process for the
circulation of hot air.
Natural Seasoning
Electrical Seasoning
Dry wood is a non-conductor of
electricity while green timber is
a conductor, so, can pass
alternating current. Thus in this
method alternating current is
used for drying the wood cells
by creating heat.
Wood Production
Surfacing
Natural Seasoning
Surfacing (Planning)
The purpose of planning is to
make the wood smooth and
even. This is done by running
the wood through a planer,
which removes small amounts
of wood at a time.
Wood Production
Grading
Wood Production
Lumber Grades for Common Lumber

GRADE DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION TYPICAL USES
No. 1 Construction Contains moderate number of tight knots. Paints well. Siding, shelving, paneling
Contains larger and more numerous knots. Will accept paint

No. 2 Standard Similar uses to No. 1
fairly well.
Sheathing, subflooring,
No. 3 Utility Contains splits and knotholes. Will not accept paint well.
crate construction
Sheathing, subflooring,
Contains numerous splits, knotholes and similar defects,
No. 4 Economy creation of forms for
which large areas of waste wood. Will not paint well.
concrete work
Contains the largest amount of waste areas and courser

No. 5 Economy Similar uses to No. 4
defects.
Wood Production
Lumber Grades for Select and Common Appearance Lumber
GRADE DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
A Select Does not exhibit knots, splits or visible defects.
B Select A few small visible defects.
C Select Small knots, but one side may be completely clear of defects.
D Select May contain pin knots and other small blemishes.
Contains small knots that give an overall knotty appearance as with knotty pine boards.
1 Common
Knots are tight and are unlikely to fall out.
2 Common Have tight knots but larger in size than the No. 1 Common.
Wood Production
Lumber Grades for Hardwoods

GRADE NAME ABBREVIATION MINIMUM BOARD SIZE MINIMUM YIELD
First and Seconds FAS 6 in. x 8 ft. 83-1/3%
FAS One Face F1F 6 in. x 8 ft. 83-1/3%
Select SEL 4 in. x 6 ft. 83-1/3%
#1 Common No. 1 C 3 in. x 4 ft. 66-2/3%
#2A Common No. 2 AC 3 in. x 4 ft. 50%

CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
ORGANISMS THAT
DEGRADE WOOD
DIOLA, JOHN CEDRICK
Organisms that Degrade Wood
Organisms that Degrade

Wood
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Mechanical Wood Testing
Fungi colonize wood and degrade cell wall components to

form brown, soft, or white rot.
Bacteria can directly attack wood to cause erosion, cavitation,
and tunneling patterns of deterioration. Bacteria may have a
syngeristic or antagonistic effect on other microorganisms
that inhabit wood.
Many insects feed on wood and excavate it for shelter in their
life cycles. Insects that affect wood collections include
beetles, termites, carpenter bees and many more.
Rodents usually do not eat the wood but rather gnaw through
it to get to the food on the other side. They can also cause
extensive damage to collections, through feeding (gnawing on
materials) and through stains from their droppings. Birds,
mainly woodpeckers, are a threat to outdoor wooden objects.
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WOOD DEFECTS
AND STORAGE
OPALLA, JOHN KYLE
Wood Defets and Storage
Preservative treating
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Preservative treating
Preservative treating
Natural Wood growth A. Knots

Seasoning to fast B. Shakes
Wood diseases C. Wanes
Animal parasites D. Checks
Faulty processing E. Bowing
F. Crooking
G. Cupping
H. Twisting
I. Pitch pockets
J. Bark pockets
K. Mechine burn
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
MECHANICAL
WOOD TESTING
DIOLA, JOHN CEDRICK
Mechanical Wood Testing
Overview
Mechanical Wood
Testing
Bending
Static Bending
Compression
Shear
Torsion
Water Content
Bending Test
Bending Test
The objective of a bending test on a wooden beam is to study
the bending or flexural behavior of the wooden beam and to
determine the Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture of
the wood. Bend testing a material allows for the determination of
that material's ductility, bend strength, fracture strength and
resistance to fracture. Bending tests are conducted by placing a
length of material across a span and pushing down along the
span to bend the material until failure.

Static Bending Test

Static Bending Test

A static bend test calls for the use of bearing plates on
articulating knife edge support rollers. The bearing plate
reduces the risk of load concentrations that could deform and
damage the specimen, while the articulating knife edge
supports allow the plate to accommodate slight twisting in the
wood specimen. It is required that the distance from the support
point to the wood specimen mid-plane must not be greater than
the specimen depth.

Compression Test
Compression Test
Compression tests are performed on brittle materials

as these materials fail in shear. It is seen that the shear
develops along a diagonal plane which is maximum on a
plane inclined at 45° from the direction of compression
load. In compression loading, the fracture of the specimen
takes place due to bulging action.

Shear Test
Shear Test
The most common use of a shear test is to determine the

shear strength, which is the maximum shear stress that the
material can withstand before failure occurs of a material. In-
plane shear tests help to determine the strength of bulk wood
products and supplement tensile tests in characterizing the bond
strength between wood fibers or particles and resin binder. Glue-
line shear tests are useful to determine adhesive strength and
bonding strength between the adhesive and wood product.

Torsion Test
Torsion Test
A torsion test measures the strength of any material

against maximum twisting forces. Failure testing involves
twisting the material until it breaks. Proof testing observes
whether a material can bear a certain amount of torque
load over a given period of time. Operational testing tests
specific products to confirm their elastic limit before
going on the market.

Water Content Testing

Water Content Testing
The moisture content (MC) of a piece of wood can

affect that wood’s shape and size. heavier and denser
wood types handle more moisture or ambient humidity
better since they’re more resistant to warping or breaking
over time. Lighter woods need to be checked more often
since they’re more vulnerable to significant weight and
shape changes as their MC adjusts.
Oven Dry Testing
The wood sample being tested is dried in a special

oven or kiln and its weight periodically checked. Once the
wood sample’s weight stops changing, its weight is
compared to what it was before the drying process
began. This weight difference is then used to calculate
the wood’s original moisture content.
Moisture Meter Testing
The fastest way to test the moisture content of wood is

to use a moisture meter. Pin-type meters use penetrating
electrodes and measure the wood’s moisture content
using electrical resistance. Pin-less meters are non-
penetrating and read the moisture content via a non-
damaging electromagnetic sensor that scans the wood.

CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WOOD PRODUCTS
FOR CONSTRUCTION
CARREON, JAMES CEDRIC
Wood Products for Construction
Overview
Wood that typically use in
Philippines to make Wood
Products
Engineered Wood
Products
Wood that typically use in

Philippines to make Wood
Products
Molave wood
Kamagong wood
Narra wood
Yakal wood
Tanguile wood
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Molave Wood
Molave Wood
Molave wood is known for its durability,
strength, and resistance to decay,
making it a popular choice for various
woodworking applications. Here are
some common products that can be
made from molave wood
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Molave wood
Example Product
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Kamagong Wood
Kamagong Wood
Kamagong wood refers to the timber
obtained from the kamagong tree, which
is native to the Philippines, The
kamagong tree is also known by various
other names, including mabolo or
Philippine ebony.
Example Product
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Narra Wood
Narra Wood
Narra wood refers to wood that is
harvested from the Pterocarpus indicus,
scientifically known as the narra tree.
Native to Southeast Asia, narra is a
hardwood species that is most well-
known in the Philippines, where it is the
national tree.
Example Product
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Yakal Wood
Yakal Wood
Yakal wood is a hardwood species native
to the Philippines. It is known for its
durability, strength, and resistance to
decay, making it suitable for
construction, furniture, and outdoor
applications.
Example Product
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Tanguile Wood
Tanguile Wood
Tanguile wood is known for its straight
grain, moderate durability, and light to
medium reddish-brown color.
Example Product
Engineered Wood Products
AC Plywood Laminated veneer

CDX Plywood lumber (LVL)
Medium-density Oriented strand
fiberboard (MDF) board (OSB)
High-density
fiberboard (HDF)
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process AC Plywood
AC Plywood
AC plywood is made from thin sheets of

wood pressed tightly together to create
a durable and strong piece of plywood.
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process CDX Plywood
CDX Plywood
CDX plywood is a type of plywood that
has a C-grade side, a D-grade side, and
an "X" indicating that it is suitable for
exterior use. The C and D grades refer to
the quality of the surfaces, with C being
a better grade than D.
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)

Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF) is an
engineered wood product made from
wood fibers, wax, and resin, typically
formed into panels using heat and
pressure. MDF is known for its smooth
and uniform surface, density, and
versatility. It has become a popular
material in the construction and
woodworking industries for various
applications.
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process High-density fiberrboard
High-density fiberboard (HDF)

High-density fiberboard is an engineered
wood product that is made from wood
fibers, wax, and resin. It is created by
compressing wood fibers under high
pressure and heat, resulting in a dense and
uniform panel with a smooth surface. HDF is
similar to Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF)
but is denser and has different properties.
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is an
engineered wood product that belongs
to the family of structural composite
lumber. It is made by bonding together
thin layers of wood veneers with
adhesives under high heat and pressure.
The resulting LVL product has enhanced
structural properties, making it strong,
stable, and versatile for various
construction applications
Oriented strand board (OSB)

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is an
engineered wood product made from
strands or flakes of wood that are
oriented in layers and bonded together
with resin adhesives under heat and
pressure. OSB is widely used in the
construction industry for various
applications due to its strength,
versatility, and cost-effectiveness.
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
JOINING
METHODS
CARREON, JAMES CEDRIC
Joining Methods
4 MAIN WAYS TO JOIN A WOOD
Adhesive Joints
Nails Screws
Joining Methods
Types of Adhesive
PVA Glue (Polyvinyl Acetate) Cyanoacrylate (CA) Glue

Aliphatic Resin Glue (Yellow Hide Glue
Glue) Resorcinol Formaldehyde
Polyurethane Glue Glue
Epoxy Resin Hot Melt Glue
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Types of Adhesive
Types of Adhesive
PVA Glue (Polyvinyl Acetate) Aliphatic Resin Glue (Yellow Glue)
is a type of adhesive commonly used in

Aliphatic resin glue, commonly known as
woodworking, crafting, and various other
yellow glue, is a type of adhesive used in
applications. It is a water-based glue and one
of the most popular types of wood glue. woodworking and carpentry.
Types of Adhesive
Polyurethane Glue Epoxy Resin
Polyurethane glue, often referred to as PU glue This type of glue is known for its exceptional
or simply polyurethane adhesive, is a versatile strength, versatility, and resistance to various
and high-performance adhesive known for its environmental conditions.
strong bond and flexibility
Types of Adhesive
Cyanoacrylate (CA) Glue Hide Glue
Cyanoacrylate (CA) glue, commonly known as super Hide glue for wood glue is a type of adhesive
glue or instant glue, is a fast-bonding adhesive that made from the collagen-rich tissues of animals,
belongs to the family of acrylic resins. It is typically hides and bones.
renowned for its quick curing time and strong bond.
Types of Adhesive
Resorcinol Formaldehyde Glue Hot Melt Glue
Resorcinol formaldehyde glue is a type of

The glue is typically heated in a glue gun, which
synthetic adhesive known for its exceptional
melts the solid adhesive and allows it to be
durability and resistance to water, heat, and
applied in a liquid form.
chemicals.
Joining Methods
Types of Joints
Butt Joint Tongue and Groove Joint

Miter Joint Half-Lap Joint
Dovetail Joint Bridle Joint
Finger Joint Mortise and Tenon Joint
Rabbet Joint Pocket Hole Joint
Dado Joint
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Types of joints
Types of joints
Butt Joint Miter Joint
The simplest joint where two pieces of Both ends of the pieces are cut at an
wood are joined at their ends or edges. angle, usually 45 degrees, and joined to
form a corner.
Types of joints
Dovetail Joint Finger Joint (Box Joint)
Interlocking joint with flared, fan-shaped pins Series of interlocking fingers cut into the
and tails for a strong and decorative ends of two pieces, creating a strong
connection. bond.
Types of joints
Rabbet Joint Dado Joint
One piece of wood has an edge or groove A groove is cut across the grain of one
removed to allow the other piece to fit into it. piece, allowing another piece to fit into it.
Types of joints
Tongue and Groove Joint Half-Lap Joint
One piece has a protruding tongue that Both pieces have material removed so
fits into a groove on the other piece for a
they can overlap each other.
snug fit.
Types of joints
Bridle Joint Mortise and Tenon Joint Pocket Hole Joint
Similar to a mortise and A tenon on one piece fits Holes are drilled at an angle, and
tenon joint but with both into a corresponding mortise screws are used to join pieces
pieces having a tenon. on the other. together, often with the help of a
pocket hole jig.
Joining Methods
Types of Nails
Common Nails Roofing Nails

Finish Nails Spiral or Twist Nails
Brad Nails Ring Shank Nails
Casing Nails Coil Nails
Duplex Nails Joist Hanger Nails
Box Nails Masonry Nails
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Types of Nails
Types of Nails
Common Nails Finish Nails
Traditional, cylindrical Smaller diameter nails with a small

nails with a flat head head, often used for finishing work
Types of Nails
Brad Nails Casing Nails
Thin-gauge nails with a small Similar to finish nails but

head, suitable for delicate longer, with a larger
work diameter.
Types of Nails
Duplex Nails Box Nails
Nails with two heads, used for Similar to common nails but
temporary applications where easy with a thinner shank.
removal is required.
Types of Nails
Roofing Nails Spiral or Twist Nails
Nails with a large, flat head and a short Nails with a twisted shank for
shank, designed for securing roofing increased holding power
materials.
Types of Nails
Ring Shank Nails Coil Nails
Nails with annular rings along Nails wound in coils for

the shank for improved grip and use with pneumatic nail
holding power. guns.
Types of Nails
Joist Hanger Nails Masonry Nails
Short, heavy-duty nails specifically Nails with fluted or ribbed

designed for attaching joist shanks for better grip in
hangers to wooden structures. masonry or concrete.
Joining Methods
Types of Screws
Wood Screws Pocket Hole Screws

Deck Screws Self-Drilling Screws
Drywall Screws Wood-to-Metal Screws
Particleboard Screws Lag Screws
Cabinet Screws Euro Screws
Trim Screws Multi-Material Screws
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Types of Screws
Types of Screws
Wood Screws Deck Screws
Traditional screws with a Coated screws designed for

tapered head and coarse outdoor use with enhanced
threads. corrosion resistance.
Types of Screws
Drywall Screws Particleboard Screws
Fine-threaded screws with a Coarse-threaded screws designed

bugle head, designed for for use with particleboard and other
fastening drywall to wood studs. engineered wood products.
Types of Screws
Cabinet Screws Trim Screws
Coarse-threaded screws with

Screws with a smaller
a washer head, commonly
head designed for finishing
used in cabinetry.
work.
Types of Screws
Pocket Hole Screws Self-Drilling Screws
Specialized screws designed Screws with a drill-like point for

for use with pocket hole easy penetration without pre-
joinery systems drilling.
Types of Screws
Wood-to-Metal Screws Lag Screws
Screws designed to Large, heavy-duty screws with

fasten wood to metal coarse threads and a hex
surfaces. head.
Types of Screws
Euro Screws (Confirmat Screws) Multi-Material Screws
: Coarse-threaded screws with a flat Screws designed for joining different

head, designed for use in materials, such as wood to metal or
particleboard and MDF. wood to plastic.
CIEN 305
DCVET 2-1 & 2-2
WOOD ESTIMATION
FOR SCAFFOLDING
AND FORMS
FERRER, HUMPHREY A.
WOOD ESTIMATION FOR SCAFFOLDING AND FORMS
ESTIMATION
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Estimation
Timber Lumber



Thank you for

listening!
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Conclusion References
Insert your topic here
References
https://www.britannica.com/science/wood-plant-tissue
https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/wood-a-sustainable-construction-
material#:~:text=Wood%20is%20a%20versatile%20organic,with%20a%20long%20service%20life.
https://blogs.iadb.org/ciudades-sostenibles/en/wood-as-a-housing-construction-material-which-are-its-
benefits/#:~:text=Great%20flexibility%20and%20low%20weight,400%20times%20more%20than%20steel
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1705.pdf
https://www.fao.org/3/s2850E/s2850e04.htm
https://business.inquirer.net/315043/are-we-ready-for-timber-buildings
Title Page Reporters Introduction Overview Plan Process Conclusion References
Insert your topic here
References
https://www.britannica.com/science/wood-plant-tissue
https://www.ny-engineers.com/blog/wood-a-sustainable-construction-
material#:~:text=Wood%20is%20a%20versatile%20organic,with%20a%20long%20service%20life.
https://blogs.iadb.org/ciudades-sostenibles/en/wood-as-a-housing-construction-material-which-are-its-
benefits/#:~:text=Great%20flexibility%20and%20low%20weight,400%20times%20more%20than%20steel
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1705.pdf
https://www.fao.org/3/s2850E/s2850e04.htm
https://business.inquirer.net/315043/are-we-ready-for-timber-buildings

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CIEN 305

DCVET 2-1 & 2-2

WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

DCVET 2-1 & 2-2

WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

DCVET 2-1 & 2-2

WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

DCVET 2-1 & 2-2

WEEK 12 & 13: Wood

Bernabe, Diola, John ﻿ errer,

﻿Jualo, Ann Christine

02 Kinds of Wood 07 Wood Storage and Defects

03 Wood Structure and Composition 08 Mechanical Testing

04 Different Properties of Wood 09 Wood Products and Joining Methods

Wood has been a main

Wood is the raw

Wooden formworks are

Wood, when properly

Wood may be used in

The term "wood plastic

Clark International Airport New Terminal (2020)

Oak wood Cedar

Oak Wood Cherry Wood

Oak Wood Cherry Wood

Maple Wood Mahogany Wood

Ash Wood Beech Wood

Elm Wood Teak Wood

Cedar Wood Apitong Wood

Cedar Wood Apitong Wood

Alder Wood Gmelina Wood

Pine Wood Taun Wood Falcata Wood

DCVET 2-1 & 2-2

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Wood Structure and Compositiom

also known as Dicotyledonous

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Oak Tree Mahogany

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Also known as monocotylodenous

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Palm Tree Dracaena

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Wood Structure and Compositiom

Wood Structure and Composition

Wood Structure and Composition

SAPWOOD ﻿CAMBIUM LAYER

Wood Structure and Composition

﻿MEDULLARY RAYS ﻿PHLOEM

Wood Structure and Composition

BARK ﻿Inner Bark

It is also known as CORTEX

Wood Structure and Composition

Wood Structure and Composition

Wood Structure and Composition

﻿ long linear molecule with over 7,000 glucoses linked end-

Wood Structure and Composition

Wood Structure and Composition

﻿ re a group of compounds made up of 60 to 200 units of different

Wood Structure and Composition

Wood Structure and Composition

Bernabe, Diola, John errer,

Jualo, Ann Christine

SAPWOOD CAMBIUM LAYER

MEDULLARY RAYS PHLOEM

BARK Inner Bark

long linear molecule with over 7,000 glucoses linked end-

re a group of compounds made up of 60 to 200 units of different

three dimensional molecule, formed by linking 15 to 18 phenolic units

re defined as compounds in plant materials and wood that can be

Understanding the Moisture Content

Understanding the Moisture Content

Understanding the Moisture Content

Understanding the Moisture Content

Understanding the Moisture Content