Topic:- WOOD

By:- Umang Sharma

Course:- HDID
Academy of Applied Arts
• It’s common knowledge that wood comes from trees.
• Wood is an organic material.
• It is a hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or
branches of a tree or shrub, used for fuel or timber.
• As a tree grows, lower branches often die, and their bases may become
overgrown and enclosed by subsequent layers of trunk wood, forming a
type of imperfection known as a knot.
• A distinction that can be made between types of wood is the label
of hardwood or softwood.
• Wood is used for Various Purposes such as Making Timber, Construction
Materials, Fuel, Tools, Furniture, Utensils, Houses etc.
• Words that describes wood are Hard, rough, Strong, textured, Flexible,
Natural, fibrous,
Hardwood Tree Hardwood Trunk Hardwood Texture

Softwood Tree Softwood Trunk Softwood Texture

 Wood
The hard fibrous material that forms the
main substance of the trunk or branches
of a tree or shrub is Termed as Wood.
Solid wood is normal wood that is used
for various purposes such as Tools, Fuel,
Houses, Utensils, Art crafts etc.
Wood also mediates the transfer of water
and nutrients to the leaves and other
growing tissues.
Wood may also refer to other plant
materials with comparable properties,
and to material engineered from wood,
or wood chips or fiber.
Dominant uses of wood is for furniture
and building construction.
Timber
It is referred to any stage of the wood
after the tree has been cut down.
Timber is wood that is used only for
engineering , construction & industrial
purposes .
Timber is also known as Lumbar that is
sawed wood meant for construction in
the Form of Boards.
Timber can be either rough or finished.
The rough timber is the raw material,
which can be processed and then used
for a variety of functions.
It usually require additional cutting and
shaping before it can be used.
A Fresh timber which is obtained From Trees contains about 30%-40% sap or
moisture. This Sap is very harmful for the life of timber. Therefore it is very Imp. To
remove the sap by applying some special Methods. All the methods which are used
to remove the Sap from timber is termed as Seasoning of Timber.

Advantages Of Seasoned Timber :-

It has Reduced weight,
It is strong and durable,
It has resistance to decay and rot,
It takes high polish ,
It is easier to work,
It has more life.
The main types of Timber Seasoning are as follows:-
Natural Seasoning
Artificial Seasoning
Water Seasoning

Natural Artificial Water

Natural Seasoning:-
In this seasoning , timber is dried by direct action of wind, air and sun . In
this process timber logs are arranged one over the other, keeping some
distance between them for air circulation of fresh air.
This type of seasoning requires few months to over a year.
Artificial Seasoning:-
a. Kiln Seasoning
b. Chemical Seasoning
c. Electric Seasoning

A. KILN Seasoning:-
Under this process timber is placed in a chamber with some special heating
arrangement. It is important to keep heating system in control other wise
timber will crack or wrap.
The time Required for this seasoning s 3-12 days.
B. Chemical Seasoning:-
Under this process Carbon dioxide , ammonium carbonate or urea are used
as an agents for seasoning . In this process inner surface of timber dries
First than the outer side.
The time Required for this seasoning s 30-40 days.
C. Electric Seasoning:-
In this type of seasoning , electric current is passed through the timber Logs.
The time Required for this seasoning s 05-08 Hours.
Water Seasoning:-
In this type of seasoning, timber logs are kept immersed whole in the flowing
water . The sap present in the timber is washed away, after that logs are
taken out of water and are kept in open air so that the water can be dried up
by air.
The time Required for this seasoning is 02-04 Weeks
Most Common defects in Timber are:-
1. Shakes
2. Bow
3. Twist
4. Split
5. Knotholes
6. Wane
7. Cup
8. Checks
9. Crook
 Wood are of two types:-

NATURAL
WOOD ENGINEERED
WOOD
 Natural wood

HARD
WOOD SOFT
WOOD
 Hard Wood Soft Wood
Hard wood have more complex structure Soft wood have less complex structure
Dark in colour Light in colour
Slow Growth rate Faster rate of growth
Higher Density Lower Density

Hard in structure Softer than Hardwood

Heavy in weight Light in weight
Fire Resistant Poor Fire resistant
Strong in compression and tension Strength in tension but week in sheer
Angiosperms Conifers
Mahogany Cherry Maple

Oak Rubber
Ash Red

Cedar Pine
It is also known as Man made wood.
It includes a range of wood products which are manufactured by binding or fixing the
strands, particles, fibres, veneers, boards of wood etc together with adhesive to form
composite materials.

Engineered wood products are used in variety of applications from home construction,
industrial products to commercial buildings.

Typically, engineered wood products are made from the hardwoods and softwoods used to
manufacture lumber.
Veneer Block Board Plywood

MDF/HDF Laminate Particle Board

Plywood is a wood structural panel which is manufactured from sheets of cross-laminated
veneer and bonded under heat and pressure with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. By
alternating the grain direction of the veneers from layer to layer in both directions are
maximized.

Sizes available are:-

6’x3’
6’x4’
7’x3’
7’x4’
8’x3’
8’x4’
Thickness available are:-
3mm-35mm
A compound wood board consisting of nearly square strips of softwood placed side by side
and sandwiched between veneer panels, often of hardwood.

It can also be defined as a plywood board in which veneer layers used in the core are
replaced by blocks of wood, the direction of grain of the blocks running at right angles to
that of the adjacent veneer

Sizes available are:-

6’x3’
6’x4’
7’x3’
7’x4’
8’x3’
8’x4’
Thickness available are:-
16mm, 19mm, 25mm
Medium-density fiber board, is made by breaking down hardwood or softwood residuals
into wood fibers, combining it with wax and a resin binder, and forming panels by applying
high temperature and pressure.
MDF is generally denser than plywood. It is made up of separated fibers, but can be used as
a building material similar in application to plywood.

Sizes available are:-

8’x4’
Thickness available are:-
4mm,6mm,12mm,18mm,
25mm
Hardboard, also called high-density fiberboard (HDF), is a type of fiberboard.
It is similar to particle board and medium-density fiberboard, but is denser and
much stronger and harder because it is made out of exploded wood fibers that
have been highly compressed. Unlike particle board, it will not split or crack.

Sizes available are:-

8’x4’
Thickness available are:-
8mm,12mm,16mm,18mm
,25mm,35mm
Particle board is manufactured from wood chips, sawmill shavings, or even
sawdust, and a synthetic resin or other suitable binder, which is pressed and
extruded. Particle board is cheaper, denser and more uniform than conventional
wood and plywood and is substituted for them when cost is more important than
strength and appearance.

Sizes available are:-

6’x3’
6’x4’
7’x3’
7’x4’
8’x3’
8’x4’
8’x6’
Thickness available are:-
9mm, 12mm, 18mm,
25mm
Veneer is produced by bonding thin wood Grained veneers together in a large
billet. The grain of all veneers in the billet is parallel to the long direction. It is
mainly used for decorative purposes.

Sizes available are:-

6’x3’
6’x4’
7’x3’
7’x4’
8’x3’
8’x4’
Thickness available are:-
4mm, 6mm, 9mm, 12mm,
16mm, 19mm
A wood laminate is a thin sheet of material used to cover the core of a wood
project in order to change the appearance of the material. Laminates may be any
material.

Sizes available are:-

8’x4’
Thickness available are:-
0.6mm-2mm
Wood substitutes are building products that are not graded as lumber .
Substitute of wood contain wooden fibers and a mixture of plastic (Wood-plastic
composites-WPC) or cement, glue and other materials required.

Different types of wood substitutes are as follows:-

1. Hemp
2. Bamboo
3. Wood composites
4. Plastic
5. Cork
6. Cardboard
7. Newspaper
8. Straw
1. Hemp:- It is a fast-growing and sustainable crop that generates more
construction-grade fiber than most trees and other crops. It can be used in
place of lumber and a wide range of other materials. It is also used in
insulation process.
2. Bamboo:- It is often considered a wood, but this grass is really a wood
alternative. It has been called the world’s most useful . Bamboo is fast-growing
but at least as strong as some slow-growth woods.. It is also used in furniture
and a wide variety of other construction materials. .
3. Wood Composites:- As the name suggests, composite materials combines
wood with recycled plastics or other components. Composites are more
sustainable way to use trees. Wood Composite products also have other
advantages over hardwood. They require virtually no finishing, staining or
maintenance, and are very durable.
4. Plastic wood :- Another growing segment of the market is basically the plastic
composites without any wood fibers. Like composite decking, plastic wood requires
no maintenance. Of course, it’s hard to make plastic look exactly like wood, so it’s
not a perfect aesthetic substitute. However, in many other ways, composites and
plastic wood are good hardwood alternatives.
5. Cork:- Cork is made with bark rather than the core of a tree. That means it re-
grows faster and is more sustainable in some ways than many traditional wood
products. It is a popular flooring material, and is growing into other areas of
construction and remodeling.
6. Cardboard :- Cardboard construction isn’t just for kids. A couple of plywood
substitutes on the market are made primarily with recycled cardboard. It can be
used as a packaging box as well.
7. Newspaper:- Recycled newspaper is being used to create fiberboard products
for roof decking and much more. Recycle Of Newspaper is done up to 850 tons
each day into construction materials.
8. Straw:- Look closely at plywood. The fibers look a lot like straw, so it’s no stretch
to imagine particleboard from a variety of straw varieties, including wheat, oat and
flax straw. All these are available and useful alternatives to traditional pressed
wood products.
These are Different types of woods used for making Furniture as per the desired
Finish and quality.

1. ASH (WHITE ASH)

2. BEECH
3. CHERRY
4. MAHOGANY
5. MAPLE
6. OAK
7. PINE
8. POPLAR
9. REDWOOD
10. ROSEWOOD
11. SATINWOOD
12. TEAK
13. CEDAR
14. WALNUT
1. ASH (WHITE ASH)
Ash is a durable hardwood known fundamentally for its fabulous
flexible capacities ,it is utilized for bent woods and in making bent
furniture parts needing quality strength.

2. BEECH :-
This is another hardwood which is quite flexible, though not as
appealing as Ash. Beech is usually utilized in combination with more
costly woods, essentially in subtle spots Like table and chair legs,
drawer bottoms, cabinet backs and sides.

3. CEDAR :
The Cedar wood is a softwood, utilized essentially as a part of
wardrobes and chest drawers; it possesses a particular fragrance,
and is viable as a deterrent to insects. The wood is light red in color,
with light stripes and loops; the grain is entirely satisfying.
4. CHERRY (BLACK CHERRY):
A standout amongst the most esteemed hardwoods, it is utilized
in making beautiful cabinets and furniture pieces. It has a light
brown to dark reddish brown color range, and it possesses an
exceptionally alluring and unmistakable grain.

5. MAHOGANY:
The mahogany hardwood is a conventional choice for making fine
furniture, a standout amongst the most valued furniture woods on
the planet. It’s likewise utilized widely in veneers.

6. MAPLE:
Maple is a solid, thick, appealing hardwood, utilized as part of
furniture and in making butcher blocks. It has a light brown color
with a rosy cast, the grain is typically parallel, but sometimes
has bird’s-eye pattern, wavy, or curly designs.
7. OAK:
This copious hardwood has dependably been favored due to its
quality and appealing grain; It is utilized broadly for durable furniture
pieces as well as in modern wood furniture, for veneers.

8. PINE:
This is a broadly used softwood for making Colonial furniture, and it is
also one of the essential woods for modern furniture making; it’s
utilized as a part of a wide range of furniture pieces, and is the major
wood utilized for uncompleted furniture.

9. POPLAR:
Poplar is a modestly mild hardwood, utilized mainly for making
economical furniture and together with more costly woods.
The wood has a brownish yellow color, with an unmistakable
green shade, the grain is repressed.
10. REDWOOD:
This particular softwood is utilized essentially for open air furniture,
it is impervious to insects and rot, and is hardly finished. The wood
has a deep rosy brown color with all around stamped growth rings.

11.ROSEWOOD:
Similar to mahogany, this hardwood is one of the best and most
esteemed furniture woods; it’s likewise utilized for veneers. Rosewood
ranges from dull brown to dark purple in color, with rich, firmly
stamped dark stripes.

12. SATINWOOD:
Satinwood has usually been favored due to its fine hardwood veneers
as well as for use in enhancing trims and marquetry. Its shading
differs from a brilliant yellow to a darker yellowish brown.
13. TEAK:
This is an expensive furniture hardwoods, and has customarily
been utilized for durable furniture pieces as well as veneers.
Teak ranges from rich brilliant yellow to dull brown in color, with
dark and light stripes.

14. WALNUT:
Walnut has customarily been utilized in making fine furniture,
it is still sought after today, and is often utilized in making veneers
as well. Walnut is chocolate brown in color, and in some cases with
dull or purplish stripes. Its grain is exceptionally striking and alluring.
1. APPERANCE:- A freshly cut surface of timber should exhibit hard and should
have a shining appearance.
2. COLOR:- Color should preferably dark.
3. DEFECTS:- A good timber should be free from series defects such as knots,
flaws, shakes etc.
4. DURABILITY:- A good timber should be durable and capable of resisting the
action of fungi, insects, chemicals etc.
5. ELASTICITY:- The timber should return to its original shape when load causing
deformation is removed.
6. FIBRES:- The timber should have straight fibres .
7. FIRE RESISTANCE:- A dense wood offers good resistance to fire.
8. HARDNESS:- A good Timber should be Hard.
9. SHAPE:- A good timber should be capable of retaining its shape during
conversion or seasoning.
10. SMELL:- A good timber should have a sweet smell. Unpleasant smell indicates
decayed timber.
11. SOUND:- A good timber should have a clear ringing sound when struck
togheter.
12. STRENGTH:- A good timber should be sufficiently strong for working as a
structural member such as joints, beam, rafter etc.
13. STRUCTURE:- The structure should be uniform .
14. TOUGHNESS:- A good timber should be tough i.e. capable of offering resistance
to shocks due to vibration.
15. WEATHRING EFFECTS:- A good timber should withstand all the weather effects
(wet, dry, cold, hot)
 Veneer
Veneer is a natural material.
It is a thin layer of real wood and can easily
be scratched and catch fire.
Requires high Maintenance.
It requires a lot of time and efforts to
produce laminate products.
Expensive
True wood grains can easily be seen and
gives a natural affect.
Colour options are limited
Gives a much Richer look in comparison to
Laminate.
Limited Finish options are available.
Laminate
Laminate is a man-made product.
It is stronger and it tends to be heat and
scratch resistant.
Requires less Maintenance.
It is much easier to produce laminate
products.
Economical to Expensive.
It will not give the natural look and true
wood grains.
High Variety of colour options are available.
Gives a modernised classy look if used wisely.
Can give a cheaper look Sometimes.
Many types of finish options are available .