WOODSHOP

Woodshop is the room where we made items from wood, and includes cabinet making
(Cabinetry and Furniture), wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning. A shop in which
woodworking is carried on.

Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and
other woody plants. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are
strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression.

Uses of wood:

Wood to be used for construction work is commonly known as lumber in North America.

Elsewhere, lumber usually refers to felled trees, and the word for sawn planks ready for use is
timber. In Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls,
doors, and floors. The chips and sawdust are made into wood pulp for paper and other products.
Bark is used for landscaping, and to generate electricity for paper and lumber mill. Since this
time timber has been an integral Part of human life. not only has timber be used for
building and furniture but it was also critical in the exploration of world(carts , sleds , and
wooden ship) ;it was fundamental in the development of railways (sleeper and bridges) ;
and it is fundamental in culture of societies (musical instrument for example). As
processing technologies have developed , the range of timber products has increased ,
as has our ability to alter the properties of timber to meet a range of environmental
situations

 In homes:

It is used for construction and now a days it is also used as a floor in paper we use wood more
over in daily life we use wood crockery and furniture and the doors windows are also made of
wood. Wood has always been used extensively for furniture, such as chairs and beds. It is also
used for tool handles and cutlery, such as chopsticks, toothpicks, and other utensils, like
the wooden spoon and pencil.

 Commercial and large scale of wood: Wood has a long history of being used as

fuel, which continues to this day, mostly in rural areas of the world. Hardwood is
 preferred over softwood because it creates less smoke and burns longer. Adding a
woodstove or fireplace to a home is often felt to add ambiance and warmth.  As scientists
and engineers further learn and develop new techniques to extract various components
from wood, or alternatively to modify wood, for example by adding components to wood,
new more advanced Wood has long been used as an artistic medium. It has been used to
make sculptures and carvings for millennia. Examples include the totem poles carved by
North American indigenous people from conifer trunks, products will appear on the
marketplace. Moisture content electronic monitoring can also enhance next generation
wood protection.

Sources of wood:

They are generally comes from forest but sometimes they also comes from urban areas
Hardwoods, such as oak or beech, come from deciduous trees. These lose their leaves each
winter. They tend to grow slower than softwoods. Wood is time consuming to process and only
comes in relatively narrow widths, due to the sizes of tree trunks. Wood fuel arises from
multiple sources including forest plantations . other wooded land and trees outsides forests
by products from wood processing , demolition wood and processed wood based fuels. In
forest the major resources are :

Fire wood:

Logging residues( branches , top , stem, ) from final felling Small dimension trees from
cleaning and thinning;

Stumps:

Using logging residues and stumps make up forest fuels called energy wood. Most often
forest fuels arise in clear cuts done by harvester. Fuel as whole tree . as roughly delimbed
tree parts (energy wood ) and in combination with pulpwood can also obtained in thinning
young dense stands. Small scale use of stumps is tested by a couple of companies , but
there is still a need for researches and development to secure sustainable forest
management and reduce the cost.
Types of tree:
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and
leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only
woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified
height. Trees may be broadly grouped into exogenous and endogenous trees according to the
way in which their stem diameter increases.

 Exogenous trees
 Endogenous trees

Exogenous trees:

They are trees with outward growth (such as

additions of annual-seasonal rings), like Conifers
(narrow leaves) (pine, fir), Deciduous trees (broad
leaves) (teak, rose). These are used as engineering
timbers. Exogenous trees are subdivided into
two main classis:

Board leaved tree.

Needle leaved tree or conifers.

Board leaved wood generally contain no resins, and the density or weight is greater.
They are usually hard , and due to their irregular structure , nett yield is lower.

Board leave:

The trees which have board leave or wide leave . or is the type of exogenous tree.

Needle leave:

These types of trees have needle like or long in size leave or these are also a kind of
exogenous tree.
Endogenous: 

They are trees with inward growth, and have longitudinal fibers such as canes, bamboo, palms
etc. Typically it is not possible to see any growth rings in this set of trees.
 Endogenous trees or endogens or grow inward from a
hard exterior shell or, more commonly, end-wise by the
acquisition of a new joint. Timber from these trees has
very limited engineering applications. Examples of
endogenous trees are Palms, bamboos, canes, etc. These
are not broadly useful for furniture or construction work,
yet have their specific advantages and uses.

Timber:
Timber is the middle part of the wood which
take part to grow of the tree.
Lumber (American English; used only in North
America) or timber (used in the rest of the English
speaking world) is a type of wood that has been
processed into beams and planks, a stage in the
process of wood production. Lumber may be
supplied either rough-sawn, or surfaced on one or
more of its faces.

Parts of timber:

Pith: It is the inner most part of the tree and hence the oldest part of exogenous tree
when the plant becomes old, the pith dies and becomes fibrous and dark. It varies in
size and shape.
Heartwood: This is the portion surrounding pith. It is dark in color and strong. This
portion is useful for various engineering purpose. This is dead part of wood . it consists
of several annular rings.

Sapwood: It is the next layer to the heartwood . it denotes recent growth and contains
sap. It takes active part in the growth of trees by allowing sap to move in upward
direction. The annual rings of sap wood are less sharply divided and are light in colour .
the sapwood is also known as alburnum.

Cambium layer: It is a thin layer of fresh sap lying between sapwood and inner bark.
It contains sap which is not yet converted into sap wood. If the bark is removed and
cambium layer is exposed to the atmosphere , cell cease to be active and tree dies.

Inner bark: it is a inner skin of the tree protected the cambium layer. It gives
protection to cambium layer.

Outer bark : it is the outer skin of the tree and consists of wood fibers. Sometimes it
contains fissures a d cracks.

Medullar rags: These are thin radial fibers extending from pith to cambium layer. They
hold annular rings together . in some of trees they are broken and some other they may
not be prominent.
Defects of timber:

A defect is an irregularity or abnormality occurring or on wood which is responsible for

its: Strength reproduction .Lowering of durability. Lowering of utility. Poor appearance
Decay.

Natural defects: Present in a growing tree, such as growth defects, grain irregularity, shakes

and knots.

Artificial defects: Caused by careless handling,

incorrect conversion and seasoning techniques and
inadequate protection of timber.

Knots:
These are the bases of branches which are
broken from the tree. The portion from which
the branch is removed receives nourishment from the stem for a pretty long time and it
ultimately results In formation of dark hard rings which are known as knot. As continuity
of wood fiber are broken by knots they form a source of weakness. Knots can be caused by a
branch or limb being cut through the process of sawing up the log. Knots are classified in two
groups: live knot and dead knot. Live knot is left by a branch when the tree is felled.
Shakes:

These are longitudinal separation in wood between the annual

rings. These are cracks which partly or completely
separate fibers of wood . The separations make the
wood undesirable when appearance is important. Shake
is called a partial or complete separation between
adjoining layers of wood, due initially to causes other
than drying. The three types are Heart shake, Cup shake
and Star shake.

Upsets: These indicate wood fibers which are injured by crushing of compression. The
upsets are mainly due to improper felling of tree and exposure of tree in its young age to
fast blowing to wind.

Burls: They are particularly formed when a tree receives shocks or injury in its young
age. Growth of tree is completely upset sand irregular projection appear on the body of
timber.

Seasoning:

Seasoning is a process of removing the moisture

content from the wood to minimize structural
problems when used in construction or provide less
smoke and more uniform combustion when used as fire
wood . dried wood , although lighter than the green wood , which still contains moisture, is
stronger less likely to wrap or mold and is easier to finish with paint or varnish . the
length of the process depends on the type of wood used along with relative humidity in
the area where the wood is seasoned.

Types of wood seasoning:

Natural seasoning: The seasoning which can be done due to the natural process is
called natural seasoning.

There are two types of natural seasoning.

 Air seasoning
 water seasoning

Air seasoning:

The traditional method for drying wood , air seasoning is also longest, taking six to nine
month. To air season wood stack logs or planks outside on pallets in such a manner that
air can circulate vertically and horizontally through the timbers. The raised pallets also
keep wood away from vegetation and damp ground . plank and log ends often wrapped or
sealed to prevent excessive moisture loss through these areas. Protect the are drying
wood from the elements with an overhead canopy.

Water seasoning: On the account of the time required to season timber in the
natural way various method have been tried to effect the same purpose in a short times.
One the best of these is to immerse the timber in water as soon as it is cut down ,
and after it has remained about a fortnight in water , but not more , to take it out
and dry it is an airy situation. Evelyn directs , to “ lay your boards a fortnight in
wate and then setting them upright in the sun and wind , so as it may pass freely
through them , turning them daily ;
and , thus treated , even newly- sawn
boards will floor far better than
those of a many years dry
seasoning , as they call it : and he
adds , “ I the often insist on this water
seasoning , not only as a remedy against
the worm , but for its efficacy against
warping and distortions of timber , whether used with in or exposed to the air. That the
timber of the joiner’s use is the best put in water for sometimes and afterward dried ;
as it renders the timber less liable to warp and cracks in drying; “ where strength is
required it ought not to be put in water. . The sap wood of oak is materially
improved by it. The timber of wood put in the water it must be sunk so as to be
completely under water , as nothing is more destructive than partial immersion. Salt
water is considered best for ship timber , but for timber to be employed in the
construction of dwelling houses fresh water is better.

Artificial seasoning:

The seasoning which can done by artificial method is called artificial seasoning.

Types of artificial seasoning:

  kiln seasoning
 chemical seasoning
 Electric seasoning

Kiln seasoning:

The most common and effective commercial process for

drying wood in kiln seasoning , which accelerates the
process of removing moisture through the
use of external energy. Drying takes two
days to one weekend , depending on the type
of wood .

There are two types of kiln seasoning:

 Progressive seasoning:
 Compartmental seasoning:

Progressive seasoning:

Timber enters at one end and travels on a trolley through chambers with different air
condition to progressive dry wood. This method produces a constant flow of seasoned
timber.

Compartmental seasoning:

Wood via the compartmental process remains in a single building where it is subjected
to a program of varying conditions until the moisture contents removed. This process is
used for hard to dry or expensive wood.

Chemical seasoning:
In chemical seasoning carbon dioxide, ammonium carbonate or urea are used as agents
for seasoning ,those are applied in dry state , the inter surface of timber dries first then
outer side this ensures uniform seasoning the time required for this seasoning is 30 to 40
days.

Electric seasoning :

It is an established fact that a green timber offers less resistance to the flow of electric
current as compared to a dry timber .This is done by passing high frequency A.C Current
through the timber. The timber gets heated and dries out .This method result in uniform
seasoning of wood but the capital cost of equipments needed is more. It is a very rapid
method , this method is used in the manufacture of plywood.

Wood joint:

Joints can be designed to hold with out the use of glue are fasteners. A pinned mortise
and ten on is an example of this. Glue is highly effective for joining timber both
surfaces of the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong or stronger
than a single piece of wood.

Types of wood joint :

Butt joint:

There is no more basic wood joinery n that the butt joint

. A butt joint is nothing more than when one piece of
wood butt’s into another and is fastened using
mechanical fasteners. This type of joint is often used
in wall framing on construction sites etc.

Mitered butt joint:

Butt joint it mitered butt joint is nearly the some as the basic butt joint, except that two
boards are joined out an angle the advantage is that the mitered butt joint while not
show any and grain , and as such is a butt more aesthetically pleasing . however the
mitered butt joint is not all strong .

Half lap joint:

The half lap joint is where half of each of the two

boards being joint is removed , so that the two boards
join together flush with one and another b this type of
wood joinery can be weaken the strength of the two
adjoining boards but also is a stronger joint than butt
joint . there are a number of project desirable , in spite of
its drawbacks.

Mortise and tenon joint:

The moisture and tenon is a classic wood joinery method .

these joints have been used since the early times of wood
working , and still among the strongest and most elegant
methods for joining wood.

Rabbet joint:
Another common wood joint used in cabinetry
is the rabbet. A rabbet is essentially a dado
cut along edge of board. Rabbet are often
used at the back of

cabinets and other similar assemblies for

attaching the back two sides of the box
adding a considerable amount of strength to
the assembly.

Through dove tail joint:

Of all wood joinery method through dove tail may be most revered. A classic through
dove tail is beautiful and very strong and adds a touch of class to any piece there are a
new method to creating dove tail for hand cutting to machining with a joinery.

Method of wood working:

Planning:

A basic management achieve optimum balance of needs or demands with available

recourse the planning process: Identifies the goals or objective to achieve Formulates
strategies to achieve them Arranges or creates the means required implements direction
monitors all steps in their proper sequence.

Cutting:

Wood cutting is skill that involves chopping different types of trees and vegetation. It is
one of the most popular non combat skills for free to play user. For each type of tree, a
minimum wood cutting level and a hatchet are required to cut it. With each level up a
player will be able to cut trees faster then previously. Additionally for the improvement
in hatchet used from bronze to crystal one’s woodcutting speed increase. There are a
wide range of trees ranging from normal trees to magic trees as well as a few rarer
trees and other types of vegetation. The hatchet is more useful for cutting.

Assembling:

Assembly time refer the open and closed time of the adhesive. Open assembly is the
period between application of the adhesive to the bonding surface and the time when the
pieces must be bonded . closed assembly refers to the tome after the warning surface
have been joined during which the pieces can be repositioned.

Sanding & finishing:

Wood finishing refers to the process of the reefing are protecting a wooden surfaces,
especially in the production of furniture where typically it represents between 5 and 30%
of manufacturing cost . finishing is the final step of the manufacturing process that give
wood surface desirable characteristics including enhanced appearance and increased
resistance to moisture and other environmental agents. Finishing can also make wood
easier to clean and influence other wood properties, for example tonal qualities of musical
instruments and hardness of flooring. In addition, finishing provides a way of giving low-
value woods the appearance of ones that are expensive and difficult to obtain.