Experiment no 10

To study the cut model of 4-stroke Diesel Engine and

describe its parts and working

10.2.1 Apparatus:
 Fuel Injector
 Top dead centre (TDC)
 Bottom dead centre (BDC)
 Air Inlet Valve
 Exhaust Valve
 Intake ports
 Outtake ports
 Fly wheels
 Rings
 Piston
 Cylinder
 Cylinder head
 Connecting rods
 Crank shaft
 Oil sump

Figure 10.1 Four-stroke Diesel Engine

10.2.2 Theory:
10.2.3 Four stroke petrol engine:
A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which
the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the
full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.

10.2.4 Apparatus and its explanation:

A four-stroke Diesel engine is made up following parts

Inject nozzle:
The inject nozzle supplies the fuel that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can
occur.

Figure 10.2 Inject nozzle

Valves
The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out
exhaust.

Figure 10.3 Valves

Piston
A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

Figure 10.4 Piston

Piston Rings
Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of
the cylinder. They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from
leaking into the sump during compression and combustion. They keep oil in the sump from
leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost.

Figure 10.5 Piston Rings

Connecting rod
The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both
ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

Figure 10.6 Connecting Rods

Crankshaft
The crankshaft turns the piston's up-and-down motion into circular motion just like a crank
on a jack-in-the-box does.

Figure 10.7 Crankshaft

Sump:
The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the
bottom of the sump (the oil pan).
10.2.5 Working of four stroke diesel engine:
Suction stroke:

In the suction stroke of diesel engine the piston start moves from Top Dead
Centre (TDC) of the cylinder to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) of the cylinder and
simultaneously inlet valve opens. At this time air at atmospheric pressure drawn
inside the cylinder through the inlet valve due to the suction created. The inlet
valve remains open until the piston reaches the BDC of cylinder (not practically
but theoretically.).

Figure 10.8 Suction stroke

Compression stroke:

After the piston passes BDC of the cylinder, it starts moving up. Both valves are
closed and hence the cylinder is sealed. The piston moves upward. This
movement of piston compresses the air into a small space between the piston
and TDC of cylinder. The air is compressed into 1/22 (compression ratio: 22,
varies from engine to engine) or less of its original volume. Due to this
compression a high pressure and temperature is generated inside the cylinder.

Figure 10.9 Compression stroke

Power stroke:

At the end of the compression stroke when the piston is at TDC a pre metered
quantity of diesel is injected into the cylinder by the injector. The temperature
inside the cylinder is very high which is sufficient to ignite the fuel injected and
this generates tremendous energy which is in the form of high pressure which
pushes down the piston. The connection rod carries this force to the crankshaft
which turns to move the vehicle. At the end of power stroke the piston reaches
the BDC.

Figure 10.10 Power stroke

Exhaust stroke:

When the piston reaches the BDC after the power stroke, the exhaust valve
opens. The pressure of the burnt gases is higher than atmospheric pressure. This
pressure difference allows burnt gases to escape through the exhaust port and
the piston move through the TDC. At the end of exhaust all burn gases escape
(theoretically) and exhaust valve is closed.

Figure 10.11 Exhaust stroke

10.2.6 ADVANTAGES OF 4 STROKE ENGINE:

1. More torque: In general, 4 stroke engines always make extra torque

than 2 stroke engine at low RPM. Although 2 stroked ones give
higher torque at higher RPM but it has a lot to do with fuel
efficiency.
2. More fuel effi ciency:  4 stroke engines have greater fuel efficiency than
2 stroke ones because fuel is consumed once every 4 strokes.
3. Less polluti on: As power is generated once every 4 strokes & also as
no oil or lubricant is added to the fuel; 4 stroke engine
4. More durability:  We all know that more the engine runs, quicker it
wears out.
5. Stroke engines are designed for high RPM. If an engine can go for
10000 rpm’s before it wears out; a 4 stroke engine with 100 rpm
will run for 100 minutes than the other 2 stroke engine which has a
higher rpm of 500 & will run for only 20 minutes.
6. No extra additi on of oil:  Only the moving parts need lubrication
intermediately. No extra oil or lubricant is added to fuel.

10.2.7 DISADVANTAGES OF 4 STROKE ENGINE:

1. Complicated design:  A
4 stroke engine has complex valve
mechanisms operated & controlled by gears & chain. Also there
are many parts to worry about which makes it harder  to
troubleshoot.
2. Less powerful: As power gets delivered once every 2 rotations of
crankshaft (4 strokes), hence 4 stroke is less powerful.
3. Expensive: A four stroke engine has much more parts than 2
stroke engine. So they often require repair which leads to greater
expense.