12.2.

2 Compression Ratio:
The compression ratio (CR) is defined as the ratio of
the volume of the cylinder and its head space (including the pre-combustion
chamber, if present) when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to the volume of
the head space when the piston is at the top of its travel (‘top dead center’, tdc).

12.2.3 Swept Volume:

Swept volume is defined as the volume of oil that is swept
or displaced by the actuator piston during an opening or closing cycle. Swept volume
is the displacement of one cylinder. It is the volume between top dead center (TDC)
and bottom dead center (BDC).

12.2.4 Clearance Volume:

This is the total volume remaining in the cylinder at
the end of the piston stroke. This consists of the volume between the end of the
piston and the cylinder head, in the valve ports and the volume in the suction valve
guards and the discharge valve seats [26].

12.2.5 Efficiency of Diesel Engine:

The diesel engine has a theoretical
system efficiency of between 55-60%. For reference, the best power stations operate
at 50-55% efficiency, and fuel cells are also around 50%+ efficient so diesel engines
can be incredible efficient.

12.2.6 Top Dead Center (TDC):

Top dead center is the position of an engine's
piston when it is at the very top of its stroke. The piston has moved up towards the
top dead center. The piston is said to be at top dead center when it has moved to a
position where the cylinder volume is a minimum.

12.2.7 Bottom Dead Center (BDC):

Bottom dead center is the point at which
the piston of an engine is nearest to the axis of the crankshaft. On a vertical engine,
this is the lowest point that the piston reaches. When the piston reaches bottom
dead center, it starts to move upwards. During the compression stroke, the piston
moves up from bottom dead center
12.3 Apparatus Explanation:

12.3.1 Inlet Port:

Intake ports are the final part of an engine's air induction

system. They connect the intake manifold with the combustion chamber and are
opened and closed with the intake valves. The valve is operated pneumatically. Air is
applied to a control port pressurizing a piston.

(Fig 12.2) Inlet Port

12.3.2 Exhaust Port:

The one through which the spent gases escape is the
exhaust valve. They are designed to open and close at precise moments; to allow the
engine to run efficiently at all speeds.

(Fig 12.3 Exhaust port)

12.3.3 Injector:
Fuel injectors are small electrical components that are used to
deliver fuel via a spray directly into the intake manifold in front of the intake valve in
a diesel engine.

(Fig 12.4) Injector

12.3.4 Fly Wheel:

Flywheel, heavy wheel attached to a rotating shaft so as to
smooth out delivery of power from a motor to a machine. The inertia of the flywheel
opposes and moderates fluctuations in the speed of the engine and stores the excess
energy for intermittent use.

(Fig 12.5) Fly Wheel

12.3.5 Piston:
A piston is a moving disk enclosed in a cylinder which is made gas-tight by
piston rings. The disk moves inside the cylinder as a liquid or gas inside the cylinder expands
and contracts.

(Fig 12.6) Piston

12.3.6 Cylinder:
A cylinder is a crucial part of the engine where fuel is combusted and
power is generated. It consists of a piston, an inlet, and exhaust valves at the top.

(Fig 12.7) Cylinder

12.3.7 Connecting Rod:

The connecting rod is mounted on the crank pin of the
crankshaft with a plain bearing. The connecting rod bearing cap is bolted to the big end. In
most cases the connecting rod is hollow or provided with an internal cast oil duct to supply
the gudgeon pin with lubricant.

(Fig 11.8) Connecting Rod

12.3.8 Cylinder Head:
The cylinder head sits at the top of the engine. Its
purpose is to seal the top of the cylinder to create the combustion chamber. The
head also forms the housing for the valve gear and spark plugs.

(Fig 12.9) Cylinder Head

12.3.9 Rings of Piston:

Most modern 4-stroke engines are usually fitted with
three piston rings per cylinder. The first ring holds back the combustion gases. The
second ring helps to hold back combustion gases and also scrapes the oil downward.
The third ring holds the oil where it needs to be.

(Fig 12.10) Rings of

Piston
12.3.12 Transfer Ports:
The transfer port is located inside the engine it is
used for transferring the charge from the crankcase to the cylinder head portion
through the descending piston. Generally, this port is uncovered 50 deg before
BDC and covered 50 deg after BDC. Ports are holes in the cylinder wall that are
opened when the piston drops low enough to uncover the ports.

(Fig 12.13) Transfer Port

12.4 Working of Engine:

12.4.1 Suction and Compression Stroke:

The intake valve (on the top left of
each image) is open and as the piston travels downward, this suction pulls the air into the
cylinder. Compression stroke: Both valves are now closed and the piston compresses the
air fuel into a much smaller volume, preparing the mixture for ignition. The stroke in the
cycle of an internal-combustion engine in which the gases are compressed before
firing. The intake valve closes and the piston starts up on the compression stroke.

(Fig 12.14) Suction and Compression Stroke

12.3.10 Crank Case:
The crankcase is formed by the portion of the cylinder block
below the cylinder bores and the stamped or cast metal oil pan that forms the
lower enclosure of the engine and also serves as a lubricating oil reservoir, or
sump.

(Fig 12.11) Crank Case

12.3.11 Crank Shaft:

A crankshaft is a rotating shaft which (in conjunction with
the connecting rods) converts reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotational
motion. Crankshafts are commonly used in internal combustion engines and
consist of a series of cranks and crankpins to which the connecting rods are
attached.

(Fig 12.12) Crank

Shaft
12.4.2 Power and Exhaust Stroke:
The power stroke is an engine
operation Stroke in which hot expanding gases forces the piston head away from the
cylinder head. Piston force and subsequent motion are transferred through the
connecting rod to apply torque to the crankshaft. The torque applied initiates
crankshaft rotation. During the exhaust stroke, the inlet valve remains closed whilst
the exhaust valve opens. The moving piston pushes the burned fumes through the
now open exhaust port and another intake stroke starts again. During one cycle, the
piston makes two round trips and the crankshaft revolves twice.

(Fig 12.15) Power and Exhaust Stroke

 EXPERIMENT NO.12
To Study the Cut Model of 2-Stroke Diesel Engine and
Describe Its Different Parts and Working
12.1 Apparatus:
Cylinder
Piston
Cylinder head
Connecting rod
Rings
Crank shaft
Crank case
Inlet and Exhaust port
Transfer port
Flywheel
Fuel injection

(Fig 12.1) 2-Stroke Diesel Engine

12.2 Theory:

12.2.1 2-Stroke Diesel Engine:

A two-stroke diesel engine is an internal
combustion engine that uses compression ignition, with a two-stroke combustion cycle. It
was invented by Hugo Guldner in 1899.In compression ignition, air is first compressed and
heated; fuel is then injected into the cylinder, causing it to self-ignite. The two stroke cycle
ignites the fuel to deliver a power stroke each time the piston rises and falls in the cylinder,
without any need for the additional exhaust and induction strokes of the four-stroke cycle.
Two-stroke Diesel engine is most commonly seen in applications demanding a large power
output, such as ships and electric generation plants. Two-stroke Diesel engine is most
commonly seen in applications demanding a large power output, such as ships and electric
generation plants.