TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Ayala Blvd., Ermita Manila, 1000, Philippines

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

CRISTOBAL, ROWELA D. FEBRUARY 25, 2021

BTVTED-COMPROG 3B DR. EMELITA NUYDA

RESEARCH WORK 1

CARPENTRY AND MASONRY

Woodworking - is a productive craft that involves cutting, shaping, and joining wood to create
decorative and/or useful things. It’s a hobby that will challenge your skill and includes
everything from rustic green woodworking to intricate and precise cabinet-making. good
woodworker knows how to get the best out of different materials, from natural timber to
plywood or strandboard and having design and planning.

 Carpentry - can be defined as the art of working with timber in order to construct and maintain
buildings, furniture and other objects. An art and trad of cutting and joining timber.

Masonry - the art and craft of building and fabricating in stone, clay, brick, or concrete block.
Construction of poured concrete, reinforced or unreinforced, is often also considered masonry.

Enumerate Cement and Hardware Materials

CEMENT MATERIALS HARDWARE MATERIALS

Cement – adhesive substance of all kinds, the Hardware -

binding materials used in building and
engineering construction. It is a finely ground
powder when mixed with water, set to a hard
mass.
Differentiate Wood from Lumber
WOOD
Wood, on the other hand, is used to describe the fibrous substance that makes up a tree; the very
thing that supports it when it’s in the ground, allowing growth and stability. Wood is easily
understood as the structure that makes up a tree. Also, people often use the word wood loosely to
refer to both lumber and timber; or even more generally to refer to things like ‘wood flooring’,
‘wood cladding’.
LUMBER
Lumber is used to describe felled trees. Lumber will still have its bark. An easy way to
understand the broad difference between timber and lumber is that lumber is less processed than
timber. The word ‘lumber’, on the other hand, is used to describe processed wood products used
for furniture making, home construction

Philippines lumber group

(1) Lauan

- Is a loose term that applies to a number of wood species coming from southeast Asia.
Another common name is Meranti while the name Lauan is commonly used when
referring to plywood. This type of wood It’s also called Philippine Mahogany that soften
members of the dipterocarp family. Red lauan, true red lauan, which constitute the dark-
red Philippine mahogany, white lauans include the real white lauans which constitute the
light-red Philippine mahogany ans the red and white lauans are moderately heavy and
durable for interior work when used without sapwood.

(2) Apitong

- Is the most abundant of the heavier and stronger structural timbers of the dipterocarp
family. It lasts for a long time when used without sapwood, not exposed to the weather or
in contact with the ground. The most important framework wood used in wooden
construction.

(3) Guijos
 - Similar to apitong in many respects, especially in color. Apitong, however, has larger
pores and is inclined to be more resinous. The wood of guijo is strong, relatively easy to
work and has good wearing qualities. It is best suited for beams and joists, for automobile
and truck framing, and for other vehicles. For flooring it appeals to lovers of reddish-
brown colors. Like apitong, the wood "moves" in process of seasoning and should be
properly dried if the best service is to be expected.

(4) Yakals

- Usually harder and heavier than apitong and resembles guijo. This type of wood has a
yellow to golden-red tones, yakal can handle harsh hot and cold weather.

(5) Dipterocarps

- Any of a family (Dipterocarpaceae) of tall hardwood tropical trees chiefly of

southeastern Asia that have a 2-winged fruit and are the source of valuable timber,
aromatic oils, and resins. Dipterocarpaceae comprises 16 genera and roughly 700 species

(6) Kamagong

- known as Philippine Ebony, kamagong is a wood unique to the country. With a black
heartwood (inner region) and gray sapwood, this produces really dramatic, dark timber
hence the name. The grain is often grayish and has strong, dark brown streaks.

Lumber is generally sized according to thickness, as in the case of rough sawn lumber,
or in specific widths, thicknesses and/or lengths as in the case of dimensional lumber.

Materials in basic wood technology and masonry

WOOD TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS
Wood joints

Butt Joint. A simple joining of two pieces of wood, either at a corner or edge to
edge. Make it stronger with glue blocks or screws.

Dado Joint. You'll see this joint on bookcase shelves. A dado cut in one piece
receives the end of the other.
Dowel Joint. Drill aligning holes in each piece of wood, then glue dowels in place
for a tight joint. Perfection requires a centering tool.
Lap Joint. Add gluing surface and strength to a butt joint by cutting a rabbet in
the overlapping piece.
Miter Joint. Create this corner joint by sawing one end of each piece to 450. It
demands accurate cutting.
Mortise-and-Tenon Joint. A strong, traditional joint that can be made even
tougher by adding a peg. Not all mortises go all the way through.
Through-Dovetail Joint. There's not a better-looking joint, nor one that requires
more patience and accuracy to cut. The interlocking feature makes it really strong,
but adds visual interest.

Tongue-and-Groove Joint. This joint allows for wood shrinkage. Cut a groove in

the edge of one piece and a tongue on the other to fit into the groove.
Cross-lap Joinery
If the joint forms in the middle of both boards, it is called a cross lap joint
instead.

Biscuit Joint
Woodworkers use this technique to create a more robust version of the butt joint
using tongue and groove principles. Both ends of the timber get a slot cut into
them to hold a small wafer that acts as a connection. When the glue gets added
to the insert, it starts swelling until the entire carved-out area gets filled.

Half-Blind Dovetail
Most drawers use this joint design because it features a trapezoid design for the
pins that fit together at the end of the timber. Woodworkers use it to avoid
having the connection visible from the front of the piece without compromising
their work’s strength.
A. Handheld Power Tools
Electric Drill
Jig Saw
Handheld Electric Plane
Nail Gun
Handheld Sanders
Router

B. Stationary Machines
Table Saw
Wood Lathe
Jointer
Bandsaw