READING AND WRITING

SKILLS

Quarter Module 1:
3 Reading and Thinking
Strategies across Text
Lesson
Use of strategies in
1
selecting and organizing
information
 The following are some techniques that aid in
selection, organization, and retention of concepts
and their relations.

1. BRAINSTORMING
is a technique to generate ideas within a group or individual
setting. It provides a quick means for tapping the ideas and
concepts of an individual or of a group then helps establish patterns
and develop relationship among these concepts.
 Tools in brainstorming:

a. Idea list - Start by listing down broad topics

then go on by identifying related, narrower topics.
b. Concept map
– Begin by writing the main concept at the middle and
then adding more branches for its subtopics. Explore
more topics by adding more branches.
2. OUTLINING

 Outlines serve as a road map or blueprint

when writing. It helps organize the ideas
as it shows the hierarchical relationship or
logical ordering of information.
 There are two ways to write your outline:

a. Topic outline – uses words or phrases

as headings, without punctuation

b. Sentence outline – uses full

sentences
 There are four principles in creating an
effective outline:

a. Parallelism
– putting the words in the same
grammatical order (parallel grammatical
structure)

 Example:
 I like to jog, bake, paint, and watch
movies.
 I like jogging, baking, painting,
and watching movies.

 The participants in the workshop learned

how to communicate, negotiate, and work
collaboratively for the most effective
outcome.

 Her main duties were answering phone

calls, filing records, and conducting visitor
surveys.
b. Coordination – arranging ideas according
to their value or importance; ideas of the of
the same relevance or value are labeled in
the same way;
c. Subordination – arranging ideas in
levels of significance: major and minor
d. Division – separating the kinds of points
you are making by using a consistent basis
of division and distinction.
3. USING GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS

Graphic organizers are visual and graphic

displays that show the relationships among
concepts or ideas. There are many different
kinds of graphic organizers depending on
the type of information being organized.
 Some are given below:
Lesson 2
Patterns of
Development in Writing
 Patterns of Development in Writing

 As a writer, it is important to arrange your

ideas in a text according to your purpose in
writing. Are you narrating an event, showing
cause and effect, defining a term or
comparing or contrasting items? Your
purpose suggests a method of
organization or logical arrangement
known as the pattern of development. It
could be a way of logically organizing the
whole text or a just an individual paragraph.
 There are different patterns by which
ideas are developed.

1. Narration – refers to a sequential

telling of a story or recounting of a
series of events.
2. Definition - Explains an idea, term or
phrase using distinguishing
characteristics or synonyms. It is used to
set working generalizations that help
control the meaning and scope of
important terms or ideas (Perelman, et
al., n.d.)
3. Description
 similar with narration for having many
specific details, description “emphasizes
the senses by painting a picture of how
something looks, sounds, smells, tastes,
or feels. Description is often used to
establish a mood or atmosphere”
(Bedford, Freeman and Worth, 2019, p.2).
4. Comparison and contrast

– compares two things to highlight their

subtle similarities and differences. The
author's intent is to describe a connection
between two things by showing their
distinguishing and shared attributes
(Bohaty, 2015).
5. Sequence

– describes steps, events, processes, or

procedures. There are three types of
Sequence: steps, timeline, and cycle.
Regardless of the type, the author is
putting information in an order
6. Cause and effect

– shows the linkage of causation – how

events are influenced or caused by another.
“The author's intent is to tell us how an
event always leads to an outcome. The
event is the cause and the outcome is the
result. The relationship is between the
cause and the effect” (Bohaty, 2015, p.
40).
 Examples:
 Betty completed each task perfectly, so she was
promoted.
 I had to get the mop since I spilled my juice.
 Fred was driving 75 m.p.h. in a 35 mile per hour
zone, so he got a speeding ticket.
 Maria didn’t follow the recipe correctly, so the
cake did not come out as expected.
 The weather forecast called for rain, so he took
his umbrella.
7. Problem and Solution

- divides information into two main

sections, one that describes a problem and
one that describes a solution. Here, the
author’s intent is to discuss or propose a
solution to a problem. The relationship
between the problem and the solution is
explored (Bohaty, 2015).