NAGA COLLEGE FOUNDATION, INC.

MT. VILLANUEVA AVE, NAGA CITY

BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

FOURTH QUARTER PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION

21ST
CENTURY LITERATURE FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
REVIEWER

POST COLONIAL PERIOD

POST COLONIALISM
o Impact of imperialism and colonialism
PHILIPPINES DURING MARTIAL LAW PERIOD
o Ferdinand E. Marcos took office for presidency in 1965 who got re-
elected in 1969 making him the first to win two presidential terms.
o He declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972, and led the country
into what he calls "The New Society" against lawlessness which incited
a lot of opposition.
 o EDSA People Power Revolution (bloodless revolution) through the
initiative of Maria Corazon C. Aquino and her supporters erupted which
marked a significant national event.
o LITERARY WORKS DURING THE MARTIAL LAW ERA
▪ Protest literature
- “Revolutionary Literature”
- works that express distaste, disagreement, or transgression
to the present government, applicable to the current political,
social, and/or economic conditions of the country.
- Social Realism in Protest Literature, works that aimed to effect
social change through portraying the truths of society,
everyday happenings, current events, and interaction and
disparity of social classes are classified as depicting social
realism.
- Amado Hernandez, Jose “Pete” Lacaba
▪ Proletarian literature
- literary works written by working-class authors about the
working class
- shows the experiences and struggles of the working class.
- Arturo B. Rotor, Hernando Ocampo
▪ Prison literature
- literary works produced by authors who are incarcerated or
confined in a secluded area such as a prison cell.
- During martial law, the government arrested not only political
and media dissidents but also writers and scholars such as
Bienvenido Lumbera, Ninotchka Rosca, Ricardo Lee, and Jose
Ma. Sison
▪ Circumvention literature
- literary works that express social and political transgression
through metaphors, allegories, symbolisms, etc.
- Writers of this type of literature used subtle codes and symbols
so that the Marcos regime’s censors and inspectors do not
notice the subversive message in the works.
- Nicanor Tiongson
21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
o “Contemporary Literature”
o Literary piece or diverse postmillennial texts that have been produced
since 2000 or 2001 up to the present.
o The shift from paper to the screen first took place in this type of
literature and the use of technology for human expression such as e-
book, blog, digi-fiction, etc. has been very common (emergence of new
genres which complemented dependence on the internet and the
gadgets).
o LITERARY GENRES:
▪ Blog
- known as web log or a website containing short articles called
posts that are changed regularly.
- written by one person containing their own opinions, interests
and experiences.
▪ Chick Lit
- addresses issues of modern womanhood, often humorously
and light-heartedly
▪ Creative Nonfiction
- known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction
 - uses literary styles and techniques to create factually accurate
narratives
▪ Flash Fiction
- characterized with a style of fictional literature or fiction of
extreme brevity.
- There is no widely accepted definition of the length of the
category.
▪ Hyperpoetry
- a form of digital poetry that uses links using hypertext mark-
up
- a very visual form, and is related to hypertext fiction and
visual arts
- The links mean that a hypertext poem has no set order, the
poem moving or being generated in response to the links that
the reader/user chooses. It can either involve set words,
phrases, lines, etc. that are presented in variable order but sit
on the page much as traditional poetry does, or it can contain
parts of the poem that move and / or mutate.
▪ Mobile Phone Text Tula
- A particular example of this poem is a tanaga, a type of Filipino
poem, consisting of four lines with seven syllables each with
the same rhyme at the end of each line - that is to say a 7-7-
7-7 syllabic verse, with an AABB rhyme scheme.
▪ Speculative Fiction
- an umbrella term encompassing the more fantastical fiction
genres, specifically science fiction, fantasy, horror, weird
fiction, supernatural fiction, superhero fiction, utopian and
dystopian fiction, apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, and
alternate history in literature as well as related static, motion,
and virtual arts.
o CHARACTERISTICS OF 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE:
▪ written by contemporary authors within the last decade
▪ deals with current issues and themes
▪ reflects technological culture
▪ literature of emerging genres
▪ often breaks traditional writing
o Fliptop
▪ Modern counterpart of Balagtasan
o COMMON THEMES
▪ Social issues

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ACROSS REGIONS

COMMON LITERARY GENRES

o Etiological Legends
- explain how things came to be or why things are as they are
- passed down through oral tradition
o Epics
- narrate the adventures of tribal heroes
- The tribal heroes possess traits and values considered ideal by
the tribe of origin.
o Folktales/Folklore
- traditional stories passed down through oral tradition
 - include fables, riddles, proverbs, folk songs, and sometimes
superstitious beliefs.
o Myths
- stories that involve the native pantheon of gods/goddesses
- explain a belief, custom, or strange natural phenomenon.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
o LUZON
▪ BIAG NI LAM-ANG (ILOCOS REGION)
▪ ” THE LEGEND OF MAGAT RIVER” (CAGAYAN VALLEY)
▪ ALIGUYON (CAR)
▪ “FOOTNOTE TO YOUTH” (NCR)
▪ IBALON OR IBALONG (BICOL REGION)
▪ “ATIN CU PUNG SINGSING” (CENTRAL LUZON)
▪ TAGBANUA MYTH (MIMAROPA)
o VISAYAS
▪ WESTERN VISAYAS
- HINILAWOD
- THE FALL OF POLOBULAC
▪ EASTERN VISAYAS
- BOWAON AND TOTOON
- SI AMOMONGO AT SI IPUT-IPUT
▪ CENTRAL VISAYAS
- SICALAC AND SICAVAY
- CATALINA OF DUMAGUETE
o MINDANAO
▪ THE ORIGIN OF DAVAO (DAVAO REGION)
▪ AG TOBIG NOG KEBOKLAGAN (ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA)
▪ HOW CAGAYAN DE ORO GOT ITS NAME (NORTHERN MINDANAO)
▪ ULAHINGAN (SOCCSKSARGEN)
▪ THE MAGUINDANAO TALE OF THE FAITHFUL WIFE (ARMM)
▪ TULALANG (CARAGA REGION)