Sir Francis Bacon and ' the Baconian Method'

Francis Bacon, Viscount St. Albans

Born: Jan. 22, 1561, London, England
Died: April 9, 1626, London
Reference: britannica.com
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-Bacon-Viscount-Saint-Alban

 He is a British statesman and philosopher, father of modern scientific

method.
 He studied at Cambridge and at Gray’s Inn.
 A supporter of the Earl of Essex, Bacon turned against him when
Essex was tried for treason. Under James I he rose steadily, becoming
successively solicitor general (1607), attorney general (1613), and lord
chancellor (1618).
 He attempted to put natural science on a firm empirical foundation in
the Novum Organum (1620), which sets forth his scientific method.
His elaborate classification of the sciences inspired the 18th-century
French Encyclopedists (see Encyclopédie), and his empiricism inspired
19th-century British philosophers of science.
 His other works include The Advancement of
Learning (1605), History of Henry VII (1622), and several important
legal and constitutional works.
10 MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF SIR FRANCIS BACON
Reference: https://learnodo-newtonic.com/francis-bacon-accomplishments

#1 HE SERVED AS LORD CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND FROM 1618

TO 1621
#2 SIR FRANCIS BACON WAS KNIGHTED IN 1603 AND CREATED 1ST
VISCOUNT ST. ALBAN IN 1621

#3 HE WAS A PROLIFIC WRITER WHO WROTE ON A VARIETY OF

SUBJECTS
#4 FRANCIS BACON IS CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF THE
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

#5 HIS WORK LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR THE SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION
#6 AMONG HIS MOST INFLUENTIAL WORKS IS THE
ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING

#7 HIS PROPOSED LEGAL REFORMS PARTLY INFLUENCED THE

NAPOLEONIC CODE
#8 HIS WORK NEW ATLANTIS INFLUENCED THE FORMATION OF
THE ROYAL SOCIETY
#9 HE PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN THE CREATION OF ENGLISH
COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA

#10 FRANCIS BACON IS CREDITED WITH STARTING A NEW

INTELLECTUAL ERA
Galileo Galilei's Contributions
Galileo, in full Galileo Galilei
Born: February 15, 1564, Pisa [Italy]
Died: January 8, 1642, Arcetri, near Florence
Reference: britannica.com
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei

 He is Italian natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who

made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy,
and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific
method.
 His formulation of (circular) inertia, the law of falling bodies,
and parabolic trajectories marked the beginning of a fundamental
change in the study of motion.
 His insistence that the book of nature was written in the language
of mathematics changed natural philosophy from a verbal, qualitative
account to a mathematical one in which experimentation became a
recognized method for discovering the facts of nature.
 Finally, his discoveries with the telescope revolutionized astronomy
and paved the way for the acceptance of the Copernican heliocentric
system, but his advocacy of that system eventually resulted in
an Inquisition process against him.
 He is best known for his astronomical observations, which included the
features of the Moon, the phases of Venus, four of Jupiter’s moons, and
Sunspots, as well as for the then radical theories that flowed logically
from those observations.
10 MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF GALILEO GALILEI
Reference: https://learnodo-newtonic.com/galileo-galilei-accomplishments

#1 HE INVENTED A HYDROSTATIC BALANCE

#2 GALILEO INVENTED A FORERUNNER TO THE MODERN

THERMOMETER

A thermoscope is a device that shows changes in temperature.

#3 HE IS CREDITED WITH THE INVENTION OF AN IMPROVED
MILITARY COMPASS
#4 GALILEO DISCOVERED THAT PENDULUMS WERE
ISOCHRONOUS
#5 HE IS CONSIDERED AS THE FATHER OF OBSERVATIONAL
ASTRONOMY
#6 GALILEO PROVED THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL THROUGH HIS
DISCOVERY OF THE PHASES OF VENUS
#7 HE DISCOVERED THE FOUR LARGEST MOONS OF JUPITER

#8 HIS BOOK THE ASSAYER IS CONSIDERED A PIONEERING WORK

OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
#9 GALILEO STATED THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY

#10 HE IS CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF MODERN SCIENCE

Johannes Kepler: Laws of Planetary Motion

Johannes Kepler

Born: December 27, 1571, Weil der Stadt, Württemberg [Germany]

Died: November 15, 1630, Regensburg

Reference: britannica.com

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Kepler

 He is a German astronomer who discovered three major laws of

planetary motion
 Designated as follows: (1) the planets move in elliptical orbits with
the Sun at one focus; (2) the time necessary to traverse any arc of a
planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the
central body and that arc (the “area law”); and (3) there is an exact
relationship between the squares of the planets’ periodic times and
the cubes of the radii of their orbits (the “harmonic law”).
 Kepler himself did not call these discoveries “laws,” as would
become customary after Isaac Newton derived them from a new and
quite different set of general physical principles. He regarded them as
celestial harmonies that reflected God’s design for the universe.
 Kepler’s discoveries turned Nicolaus Copernicus’s Sun-centred
system into a dynamic universe, with the Sun actively pushing the
planets around in noncircular orbits. And it was Kepler’s notion of a
physical astronomy that fixed a new problematic for other important
17th-century world-system builders, the most famous of whom was
Newton.
JOHANNES KEPLER’S 10 MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO SCIENCE
Reference: https://learnodo-newtonic.com/johannes-kepler-contributions

#1 HE WAS THE FIRST TO PUBLISH A DEFENSE OF THE

HELIOCENTRIC MODEL OF COPERNICUS
#2 HE DISCOVERED THAT A PLANET MOVED AT DIFFERENT
SPEEDS ACCORDING TO ITS DISTANCE FROM THE SUN
#3 JOHANNES KEPLER DISCOVERED THAT PLANETS MOVE IN
ELLIPTICAL ORBITS AROUND THE SUN.

#4 HIS WORK ASTRONOMIA NOVA IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE

MOST IMPORTANT BOOKS IN ASTRONOMY
#5 HE DISCOVERED HIS THIRD LAW OF PLANETARY MOTION
WHILE WRITING HARMONICES MUNDI
#6 HIS BOOK EPITOME BECAME A HIGHLY INFLUENTIAL WORK IN
ASTRONOMY

.
#7 HE LAID THE FOUNDATION OF MODERN OPTICS
#8 KEPLER WAS THE FIRST TO CORRECTLY EXPLAIN THE
WORKING OF A HUMAN EYE
#9 HE INVENTED THE KEPLERIAN TELESCOPE, AN IMPROVED
REFRACTING TELESCOPE

#10 JOHANNES KEPLER WAS A KEY FIGURE OF THE SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION