Energy Conversion

ELP 181

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Saeed

 Thermal Power Stations
‫اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ‬

Steam , Gas, Nuclear, Combined Cycle

Steam Power Station
Steam Power Stations
‫ﺗﻌرﯾف اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎرﯾﺔ‬
 It is a generating station which converts heat energy of
any fuel (coal, oil, or natural gas) into electrical energy

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Steam Power Stations

‫ﻧظرﯾﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎرﯾﺔ‬

 Steam is produced in the boiler by utilizing the heat of
the fuel.
 The steam is then expanded in the prime mover (i.e.,
steam turbine) and
 The steam turbine drives the generator which converts
mechanical energy of the turbine into electricity.
 The steam is condensed in a condenser to be fed into the
boiler again and the cycle is continued.

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Disadvantages ‫ﻋﯾوب اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎرﯾﺔ‬
 It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of
large amount of smoke and fumes.

 It must be installed near to a water source.

 It has a Low efficiency.

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Advantages ‫ﻣﻣﯾزات اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت اﻟﺑﺧﺎرﯾﺔ‬
 Less initial cost as compared to other stations.
 It can be installed at any place irrespective of the
existence of fuel, since the fuel can be easily transported
 Cost of generation and maintenance are lesser than that
of other plants.
 It requires less space as compared to the hydroelectric
power station.
 It can be used for water desalination in some countries.
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Equipment of Steam Power Station
The main components of a steam power station are:
1. Boiler
2. Furnace
3. Steam turbine
4. Condenser
5.Alternator
6. Chimney
7. Auxiliaries
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1. Steam generating equipment
 It composed of (i) Boiler and (ii) Boiler furnace

(i) Boiler
 A boiler is a closed vessel in which water is converted
into steam by utilizing the heat of fuel combustion.

 It is classified into the following two types:

(a) Water tube boilers (b) Fire tube boilers

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Water tube boiler:
 water flows through the tubes and the hot gases of
combustion flow over these tubes

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Fire tube boiler
 the hot products of combustion pass through the tubes
surrounded by water

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Comparison
 Water tube boilers have several advantages over fire tube
boilers:
 It require less space,
 smaller size of tubes and drum,
 high working pressure due to small drum, less liable to
explosion etc.

 Therefore, the use of water tube boilers has become

universal in large capacity steam power stations.

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(ii) Boiler furnace.
 A boiler furnace is a chamber in which fuel is burnt to
liberate the heat energy ‫ﻏرﻓﺔ ﻟﺣرق اﻟوﻗود وﺗﺣرﯾر اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﮫ‬
 The boiler furnace walls are made of a material that
resist change of shape, weight or physical properties at
high temperatures. refractory materials such as fire clay
‫طﯾن ﺣرارى‬, silica … etc.
 The shape and type of the furnace differ according to the
type of fuel used.

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2. Steam turbine
 The heat energy of steam when passing over the blades
of turbine is converted into mechanical energy.

 In a steam turbine the steam expands in the fixed blades,

in doing so, the steam attains a high velocity and impinges
against the moving blades.

 This results in impulsive force on the moving blades

which sets the rotor rotating

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3. Condensers
 A device which condenses the steam at the exhaust of
turbine.
 The condensed steam can be used as feed water to the
boiler.
 There are two types of condensers, namely:
 Jet condenser: It requires less quantity of circulating water.
 Surface condenser: It requires large quantity of circulating
water.

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3. Condensers
 It consists of a bank of horizontal tubes enclosed in a cast

iron shell. The cooling water flows through the tubes and

exhausted steam over the surface of the tubes. The steam

gives up its heat to water and is itself condensed.

‫ وﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺑﺧﺎر اﻟﻣﺎء‬،‫ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌض اﻟدول ﺗﻘﺎم ھذه اﻟﻣﺣطﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن اﻟﺑﺣر‬

‫اﻟذى ﯾﺗم ﺗﻛﺛﯾﻔﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻌود إﻟﻰ اﻟﻐﻼﯾﺎت وﻟﻛن ﯾﺗم ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﮫ داﺧل ﺧزاﻧﺎت ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﺑﮫ‬

.‫ﻛﻣﺎء ﻋذب )ﺗﺣﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺑﺣر( وھو ﻣﺎ ﯾﺣدث ﺣﺎﻟﯾﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌض دول اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺞ‬

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4. Alternator (Generator)
 The alternator is coupled to a steam turbine and converts
mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical energy.

 The alternator may be hydrogen or air cooled.

 The necessary excitation ‫ ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﺎل اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﻰ‬is

provided by means of main and pilot exciters directly
coupled to the alternator shaft.

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5. Chimney
 A chimney is a structure to provide ventilation ‫ﺗﮭوﯾﺔ‬

for hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, furnace to the

outside atmosphere.
 Chimneys are typically vertical, to ensure that the gases
flow smoothly outside
 The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer
flue gases to the external environment via stack effect.
‫ﻟو زاد طوﻟﮭﺎ ﺑدرﺟﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺗﻘل ﻗدرﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺣب اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻟﻌوادم ﻟﻠﺧﺎرج‬
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6. Auxiliaries
 The auxiliaries include many equipments and devices that
help to complete the work in the power plants such as:
 Fuel preparation system,
 Generator cooling system,
 Pumps and circulating water system,
 Monitoring and alarm system,
 Protection and metering, and control devices.
 These systems are required to make it possible for the
major equipment to perform its function with the highest
efficiency.

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 Thank You
And
Any Question?

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