SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Selecting Relevant Literature

1
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Selecting Relevant Literature
First Edition, 2020

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What I Need to Know

Now that you are done identifying your angle of inquiry through
your statement of the problem, the next step is to write your literature
review. It is an integral part in the research process because it
establishes the existing body of knowledge on your topic.
As a researcher, it is your task to carefully evaluate your relevant
literature since this will verify the gap on the current status of your
research topic. Proving that there is more to tackle in your research
topic shows the need to conduct your research.

After this module, you are expected to:

1. determine the goals of a literature review; and
2. distinguish the five basic criteria for evaluating literature.

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 What I Know
Using the clues given below, arrange the scrambled letters to form
a word associated with literature review. Write your answers on your
notebook.

AUCACYRC 1. The reliability and correctness of information

CYCUNRER 2. The state of being commonly known or accepted
AIRUHTOY 3. The qualifications of the author to write on the
topic
R E EE LNVCA 4. The degree to which the information is useful or
related to another
STHEYNISS 5. Putting together materials from different sources
into an integrated whole
C L I I Y T I D E R B 6. The extent to which a research account is
believable and appropriate
LKINE GA 7. Forming of connections between the prior and the
existing body of knowledge
G PA 8. A topic or area for which missing or insufficient
information limits the ability to reach a conclusion
for a question
O C J I V I Y T E B T 9. The fact of being based on facts and not influenced
by personal beliefs or feelings
CAVO R E E G 10. The extent to which literature meets the needs
and depth of the research topic

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 Lesson
Selecting Relevant Literature
1
Selecting relevant literature will help you to segregate the known
and the unknown information in a topic. Some research undertakings
are conducted to disprove, redefine or even replicate what is already
established. Others seek to explore an unfamiliar concept or idea.
Thus, doing a literature review clarifies your research focus within the
context of your field.
Some people mistook this part for a mere record of who wrote,
what and when of information connected to the study. However, the
presence of literature review demonstrates the soundness of the
research while highlights what this new research can address.
This module will make you understand the goals of writing a
literature review. In addition, your higher order thinking skills will be
improved as you become critical of what you include in your research
paper.

What’s In
Draw a happy face ☺ if the statement describes the goal of literature
review and a sad face  if otherwise. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. Stimulates new ideas
2. Suggests hypotheses for replication
3. Establishes the credibility of research
4. Generalizes the context of the research
5. Delinks the current to the prior research
6. Integrates what is known in an area or field
7. Summarizes what is known in an area or field
8. Makes a connection between the research and the existing body of
knowledge

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 9. Decreases a reader’s confidence in the researcher’s professional
competence
10. Points out areas where prior studies agree, disagree and where
major questions remain

What’s New
Recall the moment when you were about to choose your strand
for senior high school. Share the things you considered in your
decision-making process. Make your story meaningful and interesting
by taking us into the exact moment you knew you have made up your
mind. Write your answers in three to ten sentences on your notebook.
(10 points)

What is It
Just like the process you underwent when you were choosing your
strand, selecting the literature to be included in your research needs a
lot of critical thinking. You aspire to be successful someday through
your chosen strand that is why you made sure to come up with the
right decision. You may have considered your intellectual ability,
talent, interest, opportunities in the field and the like. The same is true
in choosing literature for your study. Careful evaluation must be done
in order for you to identify what new information you can give to the
existing pool of knowledge. As discussed in your previous research
subjects, one of the purposes of conducting a research is to generate
new knowledge in an attempt to better our lives.
Literature, in the context of research, refers to a collection of
published information or materials on a particular area of research or
topic, such as books and journal articles of academic value.
On the other hand, a literature review is a process of studying what
has already been written on a particular topic. The process involves
identifying, locating, and analyzing documents that contain
information related to a researcher’s research topic (Avilla, 2016).

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Likewise, Aveyard (2010) defined it as a "comprehensive study and
interpretation of literature that addresses a specific topic."
Prieto, et. al (2017) listed down the purposes for which literature
review is done:
GOALS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and
establish credibility. A good review increases a reader’s confidence
in the researcher’s professional competence, ability and background.
2. To show the path of prior research and how a current project is
linked to it. A good review places a research project in a context and
demonstrates its relevance by making connections to a body of
knowledge.
3. To integrate and summarize what is known in an area. A good
review points out areas where prior studies agree, where they
disagree and where major questions remain. It also indicates the
directions for future research.
4. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas. A good review
identifies blind alleys and suggests hypotheses for replication and
gain new insights.
Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria G. Naval and Teresita G. Carey,
Practical Research 2 for Senior High School Quezon City: Lorimar
Publishing, Inc., 2017, 56.
As you look for literature to incorporate in your review, you have to
eye the most valuable and pertinent information to your study. Hence,
you do not list everything you find especially resources that are not
collected by an academic library.
The following are the five basic criteria for evaluating information
from any sources:
CRITERIA QUESTIONS TO ASK
• Is the information reliable?
• Is the information error-free?
• Is the information based on proven facts?
Accuracy • Can the information be verified against other

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 reliable sources?
• Who is the author?
• Does he or she have the qualifications to speak or
Authority write on that topic?
• Is the author affiliated with a reputable university
or organization in this subject field?
• What is the intended purpose of the information?
• Is the information facts or opinions?
Objectivity
• Is the information biased?
• When was the information published?
• Is the information current or outdated?
Currency
• Does currency matter in this topic?
• Does the information covered meet your
information needs?
Coverage
• Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage?
Source: “Literature Review - Finding the Resources,” University of
Hong Kong, last modified January 22, 2021,
https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/lit review/evaluating-sources.
If most of the questions above garnered a positive response then most
probably, your information source at hand is adequate to support your
research topic.

What’s More
A. Give the criteria in evaluating literature employed in the
following statements. Choose you answers from the box below. Write
your answers on your notebook.

accuracy authority objectivity currency coverage

1. “This paper is a little too outdated. This won’t do.”

2. “This does not go along with my research topic. I won’t need this.”
3. “This paper has just been conducted last year. This suits my study.”
4. “This paper went through a peer evaluation. This must be a
thorough research.”

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5. “Upon reading the title, I thought it is relevant to my study, but as I
read on, it is not.”
6. “I have read the qualifications of this author and he is a doctor. I
will include this.”
7. “The results of this research were also proven in the previous
research I read. I will include this.”
8. “I wonder why the conclusion of this research was not congruent to
his results. I will discard this.”
9. “This study was conducted in the late 90s. This does no longer
apply in today’s world. I will look for another.”
10. “Oh, this education-related research was conducted by a professor
emeritus from Harvard University. This shall go on my list.”

B. Supply the missing information in the concept map below to

illustrate your understanding about the goals of literature review.
Write your answers on your notebook.

11.______________________ Literature review

a collection of published 12. ______________________
information or materials __________________________
on a particular area of __________________________
research or topic

GOALS OF LITERATURE
REVIEW

To 15.________
13.__________ 14._________
demonstrate ___________
_____________ ____________
a familiarity ___________
_____________ ____________
with a body ___________
_____________ ____________
of knowledge ___________
_____________ ____________
and ___________
_____________ ____________
establish ___________
_____________ ____________
credibility _

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 What I Have Learned
Reflect on your learnings and answer each question in three or more
sentences. Write your answers on your notebook. (10 points each)

1. Do you think a research is complete without a review of relevant

literature? Why?

2. Why is there a need to evaluate a source of information before

including it in your literature review?

What I Can Do
Evaluate the research abstract below by filling out the needed
information in the table below. Write your answers on your notebook.

Research Title: Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the

Philippines

Abstract:
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses
a threat to societies’ mental health. This study examined the
prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and identified the factors
contributing to psychological impact in the Philippines. A total
of 1879 completed online surveys were gathered from March
28-April 12, 2020. Collected data included socio-
demographics, health status, contact history, COVID-19
knowledge and concerns, precautionary measures, information
needs, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21)
and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) ratings. The
IES-R mean score was 19.57 (SD=13.12) while the DASS-21
mean score was 25.94 (SD=20.59). In total, 16.3% of
respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as
moderate-to-severe; 16.9% reported moderate-to-severe
depressive symptoms; 28.8% had moderate-to-severe anxiety

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levels; and 13.4% had moderate-to-severe stress levels. Female
gender; youth age; single status; students; specific symptoms;
recent imposed quarantine; prolonged home-stay; and reports of
poor health status, unnecessary worry, concerns for family
members, and discrimination were significantly associated with
greater psychological impact of the pandemic and higher levels
of stress, anxiety and depression (p<0.05). Adequate health
information, having grown-up children, perception of good
health status and confidence in doctors’ abilities were
significantly associated with lesser psychological impact of the
pandemic and lower levels of stress, anxiety and depression
(p<0.05). An English online survey was used. During the early
phase of the pandemic in the Philippines, one-fourth of
respondents reported moderate-to-severe anxiety and one-sixth
reported moderate-to-severe depression and psychological
impact. The factors identified can be used to devise effective
psychological support strategies.

Source: Michael L. Tee, et. al, “Psychological impact of COVID-19

pandemic in the Philippines,” Journal of Affective Disorders 227
2020: 379-391, accessed February 2, 2021, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043

ANSWERS JUSTIFICATIONS
QUESTIONS (YES or (Explain your
NO) answer briefly.)
Is the information
accurate?
Do the authors have the
authority to write on this topic?
Is the information
objective?
Is the information current or
outdated?

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Does it provide basic or in-
depth information?
Based on your evaluation, can
you recommend this literature?

Assessment
A. Read the questions on evaluating literature carefully and choose
the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. Which criterion is observed when your chosen information
provides your research needs?
A. coverage
B. authority
C. credibility
D. objectivity
2. Which criterion is observed when your chosen information was
interpreted without any bias?
A. accuracy
B. authority
C. credibility
D. objectivity
3. Which criterion is observed when your chosen information is
still commonly known, in use or accepted?
A. currency
B. coverage
C. accuracy
D. objectivity
4. Which criterion is observed when you chose information based
on its reliability and correctness?
A. coverage
B. accuracy
C. credibility

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 D. objectivity
5. Which criterion is observed when the author of your chosen
information has the qualifications to write on that specific topic?
A. accuracy
B. authority
C. credibility
D. objectivity
B. Explain the goals of writing the literature review using the five
words that you will choose from the word cloud below. Answer in
three to five sentences. Write your answers on your notebook.

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 Additional Activities
Consider the following guidelines in evaluating literature and look
for at least two literature relevant to your chosen research topic in the
previous modules. Write your answers on your notebook.
Research Title:
Influence of Internet Based Marketing
Activities on Digital Consumer’s Mind
Title of the Literature Gist
(Give the title of your selected (Give the most important
book, journal, article, magazine, information in your selected source
newspaper or any published that is relevant to your topic.)
source of information.)
For example: Social media platforms shape the
“Relationship Marketing: minds of their readers.
bringing quality customer
service and marketing
together”
1.

2.

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Rubric for What’s New
5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstanding Improvement

Quality of The answer The answer The answer

answer demonstrates shows shows little
full adequate understanding
understanding understanding of the task with
of the task with no detail or
of the task
few details or elaboration
elaboration
Sentence Sentences are Sentences are Sentences are
fluency complete and complete and incomplete or
they connect to able to be too long and
one another understood not easily
easily understood

Rubric for What I Have Learned and Assessment B

5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstanding Improvement

Quality of The answer The answer The answer

answer demonstratesshows adequate shows little
full knowledge of knowledge of
concept with
understanding the concept
few details or with no detail
of the concept
elaboration or elaboration
Sentence fluency Sentences are Sentences are Sentences are
complete and complete and incomplete or
they connect to able to be too long and
one another understood not easily
easily understood

Rubric for Additional Activity

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 5 3 1
Criteria/ Excellent/ Satisfactory Needs
Indicators Outstanding Improvement

Appropriateness The elements The elements are The elements are

of elements are exactly appropriate to inappropriate to
appropriate to what is being what is being
what is being asked with few asked with many
asked misplaced details misplaced details

Specificity of The elements The elements The elements

elements clarify the point slightly clarify the make the point of
of the inquiry of point of the the inquiry of the
the research inquiry of the research vague
research and broad

References

Avilla, Ruel A. Practical Research 1. Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc, 2016,
40.
Baraceo, Ester L. Practical Research 1. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store, 2016.
“Literature Review - Finding the Resources,” University of Hong Kong, last modified January 22, 2021, https://libguides.library.cityu.edu.hk/litreview/evalua ting-sources.

Malvika, Tomar, “Influence of Internet Based Marketing Activities on Digital Consumer’s Mind,” International Journal of Management 11 2020: 1, accessed January 24, 2020, doi:
10.34218/IJM.11.6.2020.111

Meaning of Currency, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cu- rrency

Meaning of Objectivity, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/ objectivity

Prieto, Nelia G., Naval, Victoria C. and Carey, Teresita G. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Metro Manila, Philippines: Lorimar Publishing, Inc, 2017,
56.

Tee, Michael L., et. al, “Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines,” Journal of Affective Disorders 227 2020: 379-391, accessed February 2, 2021, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.043

Word Cloud created at WordItOut.com, https://worditout.com/word cloud/4558144/private/8434f83cf977150b 7962bd4b4629efba

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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Inquiries, Investigations
and Immersion
Quarter 3 – Module 4 :
Citation of Review of Related
Literature

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the nature of Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course.
This is comprised of two different lessons that are congruent to one another.
These are the following:
Lesson 1 – Definition, Importance, and Styles of Citation; and
Lesson 2- The American Psychological Association Format of Referencing.
At the end of the lessons, you are expected to:
1. define what citation is;
2. enumerate importance of citation in Review of Related Literature (RRL);
3. differentiate each of the styles of citation with one another; and
4. craft the RRL Chapter following the formatting guidelines for citation
and referencing page using the American Psychological Association (APA)

style.

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What I Know
In the previous module, you have experienced to choose correctly
your Review of Related Literature. Also, using the previous module,
you have gathered different facts, ideas, and concepts that will
strengthen the need to study of your research paper.
Answer the following questions in order for you to be ready on the
content of this module.
Read each question carefully and choose the correct letter of the
best answer. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. If the researcher failed to cite the source of the information
he/she have put on her manuscript, the researcher will be charged
of ______
a. Citation
c. Ethical Considerations
b. Referencing d. Plagiarism
2. In the field of education, business, and communication, what
citation style will they use?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago
Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style
3. This is where the researcher tells to her target readers that the
information that are in his manuscript came from another author or
another source.
a. Citation c. Ethical Considerations
b. Referencing d. Plagiarism
4. What citation style can we use if we belong in the field of
Humanities?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style
5. In what citation style, do the notes and bibliography style
belong?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style

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Lesson
Definition, Importance, and Styles of Citation
1
As a researcher, everyone is responsible in taking into
consideration different aspects of crafting her academic paper. A
student-researcher must take into mind that ethical considerations must
be done in order to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is unethical practice of
using words or ideas (either planned and accidental) of another author/
researcher or your own previous works without proper
acknowledgement.
This lesson will help you avoid the so called plagiarism. Below are the
activities and discussions that will enable you to develop your citation
and referencing skills while dealing with your academic paper.

What’s In

Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise. Write

your answers on your notebook.
1. A good literature review may consist of simply a summary of key
sources.
2. A literature review has an organizational pattern and commonly
combines the summary and synthesis often within the specific
conceptual categories.
3. A literature review is plainly included on your thesis or research
paper as to make your manuscript bulky.
4. A literature review is designed for you to provide an overview of
sources you have explored while researching a particular topic.
5. A good literature review in your study provides your readers how
your research fits within a larger field of study.

What’s New

Using the puzzle, find out the answer on each item. Write your
answers on your notebook.

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1. This pertains to the reliability and correctness of information used
by the researcher.
2. It refers to the facts that are applied by the researcher that are not
influenced by personal beliefs or feelings.
3. This is the extent of a reference material used by the researcher
which meet the needs and depth of the research topic.
4. It is the degree to which the information gathered by the researcher
is useful or related to one another.
5. This refers to the process of putting together all the materials from
different sources into an integrated whole.
A C C U R A C Y U R S W
B N U M A G O A A C O A
S O B J E C T I V I T Y
S Y N T H E S I S A R T
T V R E L E V A N C E C
R E E R S Y N T H E Y H
A Y N L Y C W H T M A E
C O V E R A G E G O Q R

What is It

What is citation?
A citation are set of rules on how to cite sources in an academic
writing. Whenever you refer to someone else’s work, a citation is
required in order to avoid plagiarism (Swaen,2015). In addition, citation
is referred to as, the way you tell your readers that a certain material in
your work came from another source. It will give the readers the
information necessary to find that source again (Turnitin, 2017).

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 As you are writing your study’s review of related literature
chapter, it is just and right to give credits to the original author/authors
in order for you to avoid plagiarism.
Below are the other reasons that you need to bear in mind while
crafting and completing your Chapter II.
The Importance of Citation
1. It is helpful for anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas
and where they came from.
2. Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done.
3. Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to
your ideas.
4. It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study.
5. It ensures the ethical and academic honesty of someone’s work.
6. It reveals the sources of information and knowledge.
7. It served as a legal basis in crafting the body of your study.
Those are some of the importance of citing sources while you are
working and crafting your Review of Related Literature Chapter.

Remember!
A simple mention of other’s work, or even a part of their work
may be paraphrased or may directly copied on the body of your
academic paper is very important.
Moreover, as a student-researcher develops his/her capacity in
choosing relevant Review of Related Literature (RRL), it is right for
them to know the different styles of citing sources.
Below are the different styles of citation in a research paper that are
commonly used for citing sources on your Review of Related
Literature.
Styles of Citation used in an Academic Paper
1. Modern Language Association (MLA)

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  It is widely used in the Humanities such as in the fields of English,
Literatures, Arts, and Philosophy. It uses brief parenthetical citations
in the text that refers to an alphabetical list of work cited appearing at
the end of the work.
These are the examples of MLA Style of Citation when it comes to a
Book as a source of the researcher’s Review of Related Literature.
1.1 When the author’s name and his work is cited in the
paragraph, the citation using MLA style is this:
According to Gullans in his book Poetic Form, the importance of structure…(23).

Author’s Name Title of His Work Page Number

1.2 When the author’s work needs to be identified in the paragraph,

see the example below.

… i n the book entitled, Poetic Form , importance of structure…(Gullans 23).

Title of His Work
Author’s Name Page Number

1.3 When the author’s work is not identified and not

revealed in the text, this is its citation format in MLA:
… importance of structure… (Gullans, Poetic Form 23).
Page Number
Author’s Name
Title of His Work

2. American Psychological Association (APA)

 This citation style uses an author-date system. It is widely used in the
Social Sciences field such as Anthropology, Business, Communication,
Education, Political Science, and Psychology. It uses in-text citation in
the text that refer to an alphabetical list of references appearing the end
of the work.

The following are the examples of citation in APA style:

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 2.1 Place the author’s name and year of publication in
parentheses and separate it using a comma.

In the beginning stages… (Jenkin, 2003).

Author’s Name Year Publication

2.2 If the name of the author appears in the text, cite only the
year in parentheses.
Jenkins (2003) described the beginning stages …

Author’s Name Year of Publication

2.3 If both author and the publication year appeared on the text,
don’t include a parenthetical citation.

In his influential 2003 study, Jenkins described.

Year of Publication Author’s Name

2.4 If there are two authors, cite both names every time.

Based on the findings of Sun and Cheng (2016) appeared that

Author’s Name Year of Publication

2.5 If the source of your Review of Related Literature has three

(3) or more authors, cite only one author’s name plus “et.al.” and its
publication year.
As mentioned in the study of Cavanaugh et.al. (2009) that there are
newly emerging standards for a K-12 online learning …
Note: “et.al” came from the Latin word“et alia” which refers to “and others”.

Author’s Name Year of Publication

2.6 For citing a direct quotation (rather than paraphrase), provide a

page number in the citation in addition to the author and date.

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 But in the words of the inimitable Winnie: “Rivers know this: there is
no hurry.
We shall get there some day” (Milne, 1926, p. 79).
Page Number
Author’s Name
Year of
Publication

2.7 For citing secondary sources, find the primary source and cite it
directly rather than citing the secondary source. If the year of the
publication is present for the primary source is known include it in
text. Meanwhile, if the publication year of the primary source is
unknown omit it in the in-text citation.

Rabbit 1982, as cited in Lyon et.al. (2014) it was described as the….

Note: For more examples of an APA style of citation: refer to his link
https://aut.ac.nz.libguides.com/APA6th/articles#s-lg-box-14147466

Author’s Name written Author’s Name written

on the secondary source on the secondary source

Year of Publication of the Year of Publication of

primary source written on the secondary source
the secondary source

3. Chicago
 It is a citation style that was introduced and published by the
Chicago University. This style supports two styles: 3.1 Notes and
Bibliography; and
3.2 Author-Date.
Note that there are various citation styles used by each of a specific
academic journal.

Remember!
For every in-text citation in your academic paper, there must
be a corresponding entry in your reference list.

25
Here is a diagram in which you may use in order for you to
organize your information, concepts and ideas using your Research
Working Title.

Citation (APA):
Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective
formative assessment can foster a learner and
assessment-centered focus through formative
feedback and enhanced learner engagement with
The Online valuable learning experiences.
Distance
Learning: Its Citation (MLA):
Impact to As mentioned by Sarasin (1998) that professors
should be willing to change their techniques and
the
strategies to foster appreciation of variety of
Academic students learning styles (Diaz and
Performance Cartnal,2012,131).
of Students

Citation (APA):
According to Sarasin (1998) mentioned in
the study of Diaz and Cartnal (2012) that
professors should be willing to change their
teaching strategies and techniques based on
appreciation of variety of students learning style.

What’s More

Below are given set of citation styles that are usually used
by researcher. Identify whether the given citation is an APA, MLA, or
CHICAGO. Write your answers on your notebook.

26
1. According to Volery and Lord (2000) they stated that there are three
different success factors in an online learning delivery, namely:
technology, the instructor, and the previous use of technology from a
student’s perspective.
2. As per the research paper entitled, “Online Formative Assessment in
Higher Education: A Review of the Literature” noted that “effective
online formative assessment can foster a learner and assessment-
centered focus through formative feedback and enhanced learner
engagement with valuable learning experiences”(Gikandi,
Morrow,Davis 1).
3. Gikandi et.al.(2011) stated that an effective formative assessment can
foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative
feedback and enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning
experiences.
4. It was noted in the study that there are three different success factors
in an online delivery which comprises of the following: technology,
the instructor, and the previous use of technology from student’s
perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).
5. In the study entitled, “Integrating Computer-Based and Teacher-
Based Scaffolds in Science Inquiry”, appeared that students who
used continuous computer-based procedural scaffolding with early
teacher-based metacognitive scaffolding performed best in acquiring
scientific inquiry skills (Wu & Pedersen, 2011).

What I Have Learned

Fill in the blank the correct word that will best fit in the sentence.
Write your answers on your notebook.

27
 A (1) _______ are set of rules on how to cite sources in an academic
writing.
Whenever you refer to (2)____________, a citation is required in order
to avoid (3)___________(Swaen,2015). Plagiarism is (4) _________
practice of using words or ideas (either (5) _______ and (6)________ of
another author/ researcher or your own previous works without proper
acknowledgement.
Citations in an academic paper are important because it is (7)_______
for anyone who find out more about your ideas and where they came
from. Citing sources (8)______ the (9)________ of research you’ve
done. Citing sources (10)___________ your work by lending outside
support to your ideas. It is a basis of (11)__________ of one’s study. It
ensures the (12)_________ and academic (13)________ of someone’s
work. It (14)________ the sources of information and knowledge. It
served as a (15)___________basis in crafting the body of your study.

What I Can Do

Using your Research Working Title, fill in the map with the necessary
information. Cite sources using the given citation styles in the box.
Write your answers on your notebook. (Use the rubrics found on this
module.)

Write 28
your
working
 Example:
Gikandi et.al. (2011) stated that an effective
formative assessment can foster a learner and
assessment – centered focus through formative
feedback and enhanced learner engagement with
valuable learning experiences.

Citation (MLA):

Citation (APA):

Citation (APA):

Citation (APA):

Assessment
Read and answer the questions below. Choose the letter of the best
answer. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. This refers to unethical practice of using words or ideas (either
planned or accidental) of another author/ researcher or your own
previous works without proper acknowledgement.
A. Citation C. Ethical Consideration
B. Referencing D. Plagiarism
2. This is the process by which a researcher will tell to her target
that a certain material in his work came from another source.
A. Citation C. Ethical Consideration
B. Referencing D. Plagiarism
3. What citation style is commonly used in the field of
Humanities?

29
 A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago
Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
4. What style of citation is widely used in the field of education,
businesses, and communication?
A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
5. What style of citation does the given example on the box show?
According to Wu and Pederson in their research Integrating Computer-
based and Teacher-Based Scaffolds in Science Inquiry, that there are
three …(1).

A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago Style

B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
6. What is the citation style characterized by the given example
below?

As noted in the study that there are three different success factors
in an online delivery which comprises of the following: technology,
the instructor, and the previous use of technology from student’s
perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).

A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago

Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
7. What citation style supports two other styles of citation such as
notes and bibliography?
A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
8. What style of citation was used on this given example below?
In his influential 2003 study, Jenkins described…
A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
9. “APA” stands for_________.
30
 A. Alaskan Physiological Association
B. American Psychological Association
C. Australian Philosophy Association
D. Arabian Psychological Association
10. “MLA” means ________.
A. Modern Language Association
B. Maritime Linguistics Association
C. Medium Language Asociation
D. Minimum Linguistics Association

Additional Activities
Write five (5) sources of Review of Related Literature of your
study which uses an APA citation style. Remember to
always choose the most relevant and helpful source for
your working title. Write your answer on your notebook.
(Use the rubrics found on last part of this module.)

Lesson The American Psychological

2 Association (APA) Format of
Referencing
This lesson is the continuation of the previously discussed topic
named, Definition, Importance, and Styles of Citation. In this

31
juncture, you will be able to craft the list of your references using
the APA format of referencing.

What I Know

Tell whether the given phrase is an APA Style or MLA Style of Citation.
Write your answer on your notebook.
1. According to Abedin, et.al. (2011) posited that…,
2. As noted in the research paper of Abedin, Daneshgar, and D’ambra
entitled Enhancing Non-Task Sociability of Asynchronous CSCL
Environments …(12),
3. In accordance to the study of Reyes (2019) noted that…,
4. In lieu of the research of the research conducted by Magsaysay and
Arroyo (2013) they described the …
5. As gleaned on the findings of their study that …
(Abedin,Daneshgar,D’ambra, Enhancing non-Task Sociability of
Asynchronous CSCL Environments 12)...

What’s In
Analyze and answer following questions below. Write your answers on
your notebook.
1. As a researcher what will happen to you if you fail to cite the
sources of information that you have put on your review of related
literature? (3pts)
2. How does citation be important in crafting your research paper?
(3pts)
3. Have you tried posting an article or a picture of yours in your
social media account and it gathered many reactions like “heart”
and “like”? Then, someone copied it and as if they are owning it
as theirs. What would you feel? (4pts)

32
 What’s New

Using the descriptions given in Column A, match it with the essential

elements of citation found in Column B. Write your answers on your
notebook.
Column A Column B
1. This refers to someone a. and others
who wrote and conducted
the given cited study by
the researcher.
2. This noted the place where the b. Year of publication
study was printed.
3. It also allows the researcher to c. Name of the
know when was the study was Publication
conducted.
4. “et.al.” refers to ____. d. Author
5. This refers to the e. Relevance
integration of different
sources coming from f. Synthesis
different references in
order to make a
meaningful whole of
ideas in a study.

What is It
After knowing the format of citing a source for your research
paper using an American Psychological Association (APA) style. You
are now ready to learn the lesson about APA Referencing. In crafting
your research paper, you are going to follow the APA format of
referencing and citation because you are in the education sector and
you are under the umbrella of Field of Social Sciences. The referencing
always go together whenever you cited new sources of ideas, facts, and
concepts on your research paper.

33
 Read and observe the given example below where the researcher cited
two different studies about, The Online Distance Learning: An Impact
to Students Performance.
According to Panigrahi et.al. (2018) proposed that the integration of
virtual communities to online learning platforms may cause a better
outcome and engagement. Also, Picciano (2002) found out in his
study that the success of many online course is dependent upon the
nature of student to student and
student to faculty interaction. Moreover, in the study of Salamat et.al.
(2018) they highlighted that e-learning provides time flexibility to the
students and it motivates students to do their work without the help of
others. Furthermore,
through their study they have found out that the students feel more
comfortable when they are using the internet. Salamat et.al (2018)
concluded the e-learning system in education is effective for students.
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows some citations that are in the American Psychological
Association (APA) style. There are three different sources that were
included in the manuscript which entitled, The Online Distance
Learning: An Impact to Students Performance.
Always be reminded that citation and reference list always go together.
Below is Figure 2, where you will able to see the list of references that
the researcher used in Figure 1.
Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning:
adaptation, continuance, and learning outcome. International
Journal of Information
43,1-14.doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005
Picciano, A.G. (2002). Beyond students’ perception: issues of
interaction, presence and performance in an online course.
Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,
6(1),33.doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007

34
 Salamat, L., Ahmad,G., Bakht,I., & Saifi,I.L. (2018). Effects of e-
learning on students’ academic learning at university level. Asian
Innovative Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(2),1-12.
Figure 2
After reading and observing the information noted in Figure 1 and
Figure 2, it shows that the arrangement of the list of references in
Figure 2 follows the author-date citations found at Figure 1. For
example, in Figure 1 it is noticeable that Panighari et.al. (2018) was the
first source of the researcher. Then, it was followed by Picciano (2002)
and lastly, Salamat et.al. (2018). Moreover, as it is gleaned on Figure 2
that the entries in the list of references follows the arrangement on how
the researcher of The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students
Performance cited all of her sources.
What is an American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing?
APA is the style of documentation of sources used by the American
Psychological Association. This form of writing research papers is used
mainly in the social sciences, like psychology, anthropology, sociology,
as well as education and other fields.
This style of referencing is used often whenever you summarize,
paraphrase, or quote information from another source, such as: passages
from books, or articles in an academic journal.
What is a reference page and a bibliography?
The reference page lists all the sources you have cited in your paper or
manuscript. It is commonly has its four main components such as: the
author’s name, date, title, and source. It also allows the researcher
recognized the contribution of other writers and researchers in your
manuscript.
Meanwhile, a bibliography helps the researcher keep track of the sources
they consulted or cited for their written material and gives readers a
framework of how the writer’s arguments were formed.
How will I craft my list of references using the APA style of referencing?

35
Below are the various ways on how you will craft the reference list of
your research paper.
1.Books. This is the pattern that the researcher may follow. Pattern:

Author’s last name, Initial of First Name (Year of Publication).Book

Title. City of Publication: Name of Publication.

Example:
Allen, T. (1974).Vanishing Wildlife of North America.
Washichton,D.C.: National Geographic Society.

2.Encyclopedia and Dictionary. Below is the pattern and example of

how will you reference a source coming from this.
Pattern:

Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name (Year of

Publication).Title of the Article.Title of Encyclopedia (volume,
pages). City of Publication. Name of Publication.
Example:
Bergmann,P.G.(1993). Relativity. In the New Encyclopedia
Britannica (v.26,pp.501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia
Britannica.

Example:
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). (1993).
Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster’s.
3.Magazines and Newspaper Articles. Below is the given pattern of
referencing for a source that may came from here.
Pattern:

36
 Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name. (Year of
Publication). Article title. Periodical title, volume
number (issue number if available).inclusive pages.

Note: Do not enclose the title with quotation marks and put a perios
after the title. If a periodical includes a volume number, italized it and
then give the page range (in regular type) without “pp.” . If the
periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use “p.” or
“pp.” for page numbers.

Example:
Harlow,H.F. (1983). Fundamentals of preparing psychology
journal articles. Journal of Physiological ad Psychology,
55.893-896.

4. Website or Webpage. The standard pattern for it are written below.

Pattern for an Online Periodical:

Author’s Name (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of

periodical, volume number, Retrieved month day, year, from
full URL.

Example:
Devitt, T. (2001,August 2). Lightning injuries for at music
festival. The Why/Files. Retrieved January 23, 2002, from
http://whyfiles.org./137 lightning /index.html

Pattern for an Online Document:

Author’s Name. (Date of Publication). Title of Work. Retrieved

Month day, year from full URL.

37
 Examples:
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Arts
Center. Retrieved June 19, 1998 from Alderman Library,
University of Virginia.
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html.

Fredrickson, B.L. (2000,March 7). Cultivating positive

emotions to optimize health and well-being. Preventions
and treatment,3. Article 0001a. Retrieved November
20,2000, from http://journals.apa.org
/prevention/volume3 /pre003000Ia .html.

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey.(n.d.). Retrieved August 8,2000,

from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-
10.
Note: When citing an internet source, refer to the specific website of
the document. If the document is undated, use “n.d.” (for no date)
immediately after the document title. Break a lengthy URL that goes to
another line after a slash or before a period. Continually, check your
references to online documents. There is NO PERIOD following the
URL. Also, if you cannot find any of the information given above, cite
an information that are readily available on the document you are
citing. Consequently, if the document is contained within a large and
complex website (such as for the university or a government agency),
just identify the host organization and the relevant program or
department before giving the URL for the document itself.
What’s More
Create a reference list following the APA referencing guidelines. Write
your answers on your notebook. (5points each)
1. Name of the Book: Research Methods and Thesis Writing (2 nd
Edition)
Authors: Lauretina Paler-Calmorin and Melchor A. Calmorin

38
Copyright: 2007
Name of Publication: REX Bookstore
Place of Publication: Manila,Philippines
2. Name of Website: Mendeley
Name of Article: APA Format Citation Guide
Copyright: 2020 Mendeley Ltd
Name of Publication: RELX Group
Date of Retrieval: January 24,2020
Website: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide
3. Authors: Johanna Nieuwoudt
Title of the Research Article: Exploring online interaction and
online learner participation in an
online science subject through the
lens of the interaction equivalence
theorem
Volume number: Nine
Name of Publication: Student Success
Date of Publication: December,2018
Issue number: Four
Page numbers: 53-62
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5204/ssj.v9i4.424

What I Have Learned

Write DEAL if the item given is essential in referencing and NO DEAL
if otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.
1. It is important to know the different useful information on the book,
website, or even on the article that you are reading.
2. Having a notes about the information of the materials cited on the
researcher’s manuscript is essential.
3. It is not right to get all the necessary information on a material that
you would like to cite such the author’s name, date of publication,

39
 title of the article or of the book, city of publication, name of the
publication, and website.
4. Citation and referencing in APA format always not go together in a
researcher’s manuscript.
5. Referencing and Bibliography are a fundamental factors in order for
the researcher track down and list down all of their references.
6. Referencing gives the readers the idea that not all the contents of
your manuscript came from your own but instead a collection of
ideas from various sources.
7. Writing a reference list on a researcher’s study is crucial and
necessary.
8. It is not essential that a researcher must know the correct pattern of
writing a reference and bibliography on his own manuscript.
9. The researcher don’t need a relevant and accurate reference for his
study.
10.The researcher must look for a literature that is objective in nature.

What I Can Do
Using your prepared cited articles in Lesson 1 of this module, craft your
reference list and bibliography and write it on your notebook. (Note:
Follow the pattern that you have learned from this lesson.)

Assessment
A. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE, if otherwise.
Write your answers on your notebook.
1.APA stands for American Psychological Association.

40
2.The reference list and bibliography on a research paper is
important for the researcher.
3.The citation and the reference list always go together whenever
you are writing an academic paper or even a research paper.
4.A bibliography helps the researcher keep track of the sources
they consulted or cited for their written material and gives
readers a framework of how the writer’s arguments were formed.
5.The citation and the reference list are not appropriate for the
researcher to put it on their manuscript.

B. Arrange the following into its proper order for you to craft a
reference and bibliography using the American Psychological
Association (APA) format of referencing. (5pts each item)
1. Author’s Name: Graciano Pepe
Title of the Book Tips in Constructing Research Problem
Name of the Pag-asa Publishing
Publication:
Copyright: 2021
Place of Publication: Bataan, Philippines

2. Author’s Name: Jill Mask Simpson; Angela Benson; Doug

Barrett;
Elizabeth Fisher; Margaret Rice; Vivian
Wright
Title of the Research Student Perceptions of Quality and
Paper: Satisfaction in
Online Education
Retrieved Date: January 24,2021
Year of Publication: 2012
URL: http://ir.ua.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/15
71/file_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Additional Activities

41
Using your cited facts and concepts on your manuscript, craft the
reference list and bibliography. Follow the APA format. Write your
answer on your notebook.

Rubrics for What I Can Do and Additional Activities

Excellent Good Acceptable Unacceptable
Category (Exceeds (Occasionall (Meets the (Below
Standard) y Exceeds ) Standard) Standard)
APA style and No errors in Rare errors in Errors in APA Errors in APA
Communication APA style. APA style that style are style detract
Scholarly style. do not detract noticeable. substantially
Writing is from the paper. Word choice from the paper.
flowing and Scholarly style. occasionally Word choice is
easy to follow. Writing has informal in informal in
minimal tone. Writing tone. Writing is
awkward of has a few choppy, with
unclear awkward or many awkward or
passages. unclear unclear passages
passages.
Citations and All references One reference or Two references Reference and
Referencing and citations citations missing or citations citation errors
are correctly or missing or detract
written and
incorrectly incorrectly significantly from
present.
written. written. paper.

42