Thesis of Deffence

WOLLO UNIVERSITY
KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
POWER STREAM
POWER SYSTEMSTABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING SERIES COMPENSATION
GROUP NAME IDNO
1. ZIYAD JEMAL ………………………………………… 2359/10
2. WUSMAN HUSSEN ……………………………………………222O/10
3. YEHYA AHMED ……………………………………………4663/09
4. MASTEWAL DEMELACHEW …………………………….1621/10
A Thesis Submitted to Wollo University, kombolcha Institute of Technology, Faculty of

Electrical and Computer Engineering In partial fulfillment of Requirement for Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering (Electrical Power Engineering).
ADVISOR: Mr. SHEGAW MELAK
Submission date :11/012015

Kombolcha, Ethiopia
POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ENHANCEMENT BY USING SSSC 11/01/2015
Declaration
We declare that the work contained in this thesis is ours and this work has not been submitted
to obtain another degree or professional qualification. And all sources of materials used for the
thesis have been fully acknowledged.
Group Name IDNO Signature

1. Ziyad Jemal 2359/10 _________
2. Wusman Hussen 2220/10 _________
3. Yehya Ahmed 4663/09 _________
4. Mastewal Demelachew 1621/10 _________
This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a
university advisor
Advisor: Mr.Shegaw Melak Signature:_______________

Date: ___________________
Approval by Board of Examiners

Chair person Signture
________________ ______________
Project Examiner 1 Signture
________________ _______________
Project Examiner 2 Signture
_______________ ________________
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Acknowledgment
First and foremost, we would like the whole praise to almighty God for His guidance throughout
our studies at the university and the completion of this thesis. Next, we would like to thank
Wollo university kombolcha institute of technology for giving us this opportunity in doing a
final year project to overcome practical problems. And also we would like to thank the faculty
of electrical and computer engineering for providing us with sufficient knowledge to perform
this thesis. Finally, our deepest thank goes to our advisor Mr. Shegaw Melak and Mr. Awol
for his guidance, advice, and helping us in correcting various problem with great attention and
care.
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Table of Contents
Declaration .............................................................................................................................................................. ii
Acknowledgment .....................................................................................................................................................iii
List of Figure ...........................................................................................................................................................vi
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................... vii
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER ONE...................................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background.................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problem .................................................................................................................................... 2
Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.2.1 General Objective ................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Specific Objective................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Scope of the Project ....................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance of the Project ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Limitation of the project ................................................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 4
2.1 Theoretical Background ................................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.2 Classification of Stability ....................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Swing equation ............................................................................................................................................ 10
2.3 FACTS Devices ....................................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1Types of FACTS devices ....................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.1.2 Advantages of Utilizing FACTS Devices .......................................................................................... 16
2.4 Literature Review ....................................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................................... 20
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Block Diagram............................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2 System Components and Operation............................................................................................................. 21
3.2.1 Generation ................................................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.2 Transmission Line ................................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.4 Coupling Transformer .......................................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Transmission Line Parameter .................................................................................................................. 22
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3.5 Control Mode of SSSC ................................................................................................................................ 24

3.6. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) ....................................................................................... 25
3.6.1 Principle Operation of SSSC ................................................................................................................ 26
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................................. 28
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 28
4.1 SSSC Matlab Model Design ........................................................................................................................ 28
4.1.1 Circuit Description ............................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.2 SSSC Operation .................................................................................................................................... 30
4.1.2.2 Inductive and Capacitive Mode (POD On) ........................................................................................ 31
4.1.3 Real and Reactive Power Flow for Both Modes ................................................................................... 32
4.1.4 Voltage Profile at SSSC Connected Bus 2 ........................................................................................... 33
4.1.5 Gain Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 34
4.1.6 Analysis of SSSC Rating ...................................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................... 41
CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION ................................................................................................ 41
5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Recommendation ......................................................................................................................................... 41
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................... 44
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List of Figure
Figure 1 Classification of Stability ............................................................................................. 5

Figure 2 mechanical and electrical power applied system ........................................................ 6
Figure 3 Type of Rotor Angle Stability ...................................................................................... 7
Figure 4 Transient stability ......................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.5 Angular Position of rotor with respect to reference axis......................................... 10
Figure 6 Equal Area Criterion and Swing Curve .................................................................... 14
Figure 7 types of FACTS devices........................................................................................... 16
Figure 8 Block diagram of the system ...................................................................................... 21
Figure 9 Control Scheme of SSSC .......................................................................................... 24
Figure 10 Schematic diagram of SSSC .................................................................................... 26
Figure 11 Basic two machine system with SSSC .................................................................... 26
Figure 13 Matlab Design Used To Study SSSC Behavior ....................................................... 29
Figure 14 Power Flow through Buses (SSSC Closed and Pod Off) ......................................... 30
Figure 15 SSSC Inductive and Capacitive Mode without POD ............................................... 31
Figure 16 SSSC Capacitive and Inductive Operation with POD On ....................................... 32
Figure 17 Real power and voltages Flow through the Bus2 (POD ON) ................................. 33
Figure 18 Voltage Profile at Bus 2 ........................................................................................... 33
Figure 19 POD Gain =0.08 ...................................................................................................... 34
Figure 20 Figure 4.8 POD Gain 0.05........................................................................................ 36
Figure 21 POD Gain =1.5 Unwanted Oscillations ................................................................... 37
Figure 22 SSSC Rating Reduced to 5MVA ............................................................................ 38
Figure 23 voltage injection = 0.1pu ......................................................................................... 39
Figure 24 Injected Voltage Setting = 0.05pu ............................................................................ 40
TABLE
Table 1 Data Information ...................................................................................................................................... 29
Table 2 Bus system results without SSSC ............................................................................................................. 40
Table 3 bus system result with sssc ....................................................................................................................... 40
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Acronyms
C= Capacitance
EHV = extra high voltage
FACTS = Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System
GTO = gate turn-off thyristor
HTG = Hydraulic Turbine and Governor
I=Current
IEEE = institute of electrical and electronics engineers
IGBT = insulated-gate bipolar transistor
L=inductance
SIL = Surge Impedance loading
P=Real power
POD = Power Oscillation Damping
PSS = Power System Stabilizer
PWM = Pulse width modulation
Q=reactive power
SSSC= Static synchronous series compensator
STATCOM= Static Synchronous Compensator
SVC=Static VAR compensator
TCR=Thyristor control reactor
TSC=thyristor switch capacitor
UPFC=unified power flow controller
VAR = volt-Amps reactive
V=Voltage
VSC = voltage source converter
X=reactance
Y=Admittance
Z=Impendence
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Abstract
With the increase in electrical equipment worldwide, the electric supply industry is undergoing
a remarkable transformation. Transmission systems are becoming more highly loaded, and they
are being operated in ways they were not designed for. Transmission systems must be flexible
to react to more diverse generation and load patterns. Economic usage of transmission assets is
required for industrialized countries to compete, whereas optimum utilization of these assets is
required for developing countries like Ethiopia to satisfy the rapid increase in generation
demand. Increased demand for generation requires an increased power transfer across lines,
which is limited by the voltage and stability of lines. One alternative solution is to build new
lines, but this requires a high system cost, protection system complexity, time requirements,
environmental concerns, and so on. Because of the constraints on the construction of new
transmission lines power system designers have been forced to look for other ways to improve
power system stability and effectively transmit power through the transmission lines. All of
these issues of environmental and regulatory concerns, as well as issues of reliability and
stability, are addressed by a new class of power electronics devices known as Flexible AC
Transmission systems which leads us to the second option which is the use of FACTS devices.
Although there is another option to use the traditional compensation techniques but FACTS
provides a more feasible solution to the encountered problems by providing the most efficient
use of existing transmission assets while maintaining reliability and stability as will be
concluded in the thesis. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the power transfer capability of
transmission lines and to maintain the power flow over designated routes. The achievement of
these two basic objectives significantly increases the utilization of existing and new
transmission assets, and plays a major role in facilitating deregulation. This thesis presents
simulation and modeling of SSSC in Matlab Simulink to maintain transient stability and power
transfer capability enhancement in order to improve power system stability. From our
simulation, we have seen the impact of SSSC in maintaining system stability by changing POD
gain, SSSC rating, and injecting voltage and we have also analyzed the power enhancement
capability of SSSC. Generally, the improved transient stability of the electric power network
and capability enhancement is realized by using SSSC.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
A great opportunity to regulate the transmission of alternating current (AC), is offered by

FACTS controller by increasing or decreasing the power flow in specific lines and responding
almost instantaneously to the stability problems. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
System (FACTS) is static equipment used for the AC transmission of electrical energy. As
transmission network approach their limitation of stability, the main focus on the power quality
delivery increases significantly. Increased transmission demands, a lack of long-term planning,
and the need to provide open access to generating companies and customers have all contributed
to a decreases in supply quality and [1]. The use of the transmission systems framework in a
more effective and measured manner is critical for both operational reliability and economic
profitability. FACTS technology is critical for overcoming some of these challenges by
allowing utilities to get the most out of their transmission facilities while also enhancing grid
reliability [2]. FACTS Controllers' capacity to control the associated parameters that regulate
the operation of transmission systems, such as -series impedance, shunt impedance, current,
voltage, phase angle, and oscillation damping at various frequencies below the rated frequency
[1]. The FACTS technology consists of a set of high-power controllers that can be used
separately or in combination with others to manage one or more of the connected system
parameters [3]. In this thesis, a study of series FACTS device TCSC (Thyristor control series
compensator) and SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Capacitor) is been carried out and its effect
on fault compensation on a considered system is been observed. A Power Oscillation Damping
(POD) controller with a conventional structure is installed on the SSSC to improve the system's
dynamic behavior. The damping of power oscillations by static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC) based damping controllers. This technique has the advantage of being able to handle
nonlinearities while also being faster than other conventional controllers and improving the
system's reactive power. Simulation studies are carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment to
evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) based
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on the POD controller. The proposed SSSC based damping controllers improve the damping
performance of the system in the event of a major disturbance.
1.2 Statement of Problem
As the population increases a load demand which includes industrial, residential and others is
going to increase. To overcome this problem design a large amount of electric power and then
transmit this to the consumer site through a transmission network. For increasing the amount of
power, to install a new power houses at the remote location, but transmitting this large amount
of power can create a huge problem for transmission system. This problems needs a huge
amount of investment. So proposed the other possible solution to this problem with the help of
FACTS devices which are used to increase the transfer capability of the already present
transmission network.
Objectives
1.2.1 General Objective
To design and model series FACTS devices SSSC to improve power system stability.
1.2.2 Specific Objective
The study in this thesis will address the following specific objectives:-
 Study of Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS).
 To model FACTS devices SSSC for power oscillation damping.
 To model a power system model for enhancement of power capability of line with and
without SSSC.
 To analyze the impact of SSSC on power systems.
 To analyze the impact of SSSC by giving different value of gain and power.
1.3 Scope of the Project
The aim of this thesis is all about improving the power system stability by using the series
FACTS device Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). Different types of simulations
on a power system network model with the application of FACTS devices and their impact on

the performance of the system are observed. Also, we have designed a Matlab model to analyze
power system enhancement by using SSSC.
1.4 Significance of the Project
 Used to increase the capability of the transmission line.

 Used to enhance the power system.
 To increase the reliability and security of the power system.
 To maintain the stability of the power system.
 To supply uninterrupted power to the consumers.
 Used to minimize the cost of the new transmission line.
1.5 Limitation of the project
Our project has certain limitations and a list of such is mentioned below:
 The time given is not sufficient to do it well.
 Due to lack of data information it is not worked on specific place.

CHAPTER TWO
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Background
Power System Stability Stability is the ability of a power system to remain in synchronous
equilibrium under steady-state operating conditions and to regain a state of equilibrium after a
disturbance has occurred. When AC generators were run by generators a major problem faced
was hunting or oscillations of the turbine generator shaft. These torque oscillations caused
variations in voltage and frequency of motors attached to the machines and ultimately lead to
loss of synchronism [4]. Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for the generation
of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all machines
remain in synchronism. However, instability can also occur without loss of synchronism. For
example, a system consisting of synchronous generators feeding induction motor through
transmission line can become unstable because of loss of load voltage. Therefore synchronism
is not an issue here rather the problem is voltage stability and control. The power system is a
dynamic entity with constantly changing loads, generator outputs, and other parameters.
Stability studies that evaluate the impact of these disturbances on the electro-mechanical
dynamic behavior of power systems are generally classified into two types.
 Steady-state
 Transient state
A power system is in a steady-state operating condition if all the physical quantities describing
the operating condition of the system can be considered constant for the purpose of analysis,
when operating in a steady-state condition, if a sudden change or sequence of changes occurs
in one or more of the parameter of the system or in one or more of it operating quantities, we
say that system has undergone a disturbance from its steady-state operating conditions. This
disturbance can be large or small depending on its origin [5]. Small disturbances in the form of
load changes occur continually, and the system adjusts to the changing conditions. The system
must be able to operate satisfactorily under these conditions and successfully meet the load
demand. It must also be able to survive numerous disturbances of a severe nature, such as a

short circuit on a transmission line or the loss of a large generator. Power system dynamics such
as short circuits, auto-enclosures, line switching, or fluctuations due to significant variations in
load cause the system’s generators to adjust to the new conditions in the network. These large
disturbances may cause generators in one part of the system to accelerate, while generators in
another part of the system decelerate, thereby creating a condition where the two parts of the
system are likely to separate due to loss of synchronism. The power system returns to the same
steady-state condition of operation after a particular time when a small disturbance occurs,
however, if the system undergoing a large disturbance a significantly different but acceptable
steady-state operating condition is obtained, we say that system is transiently stable.
2.1.2 Classification of Stability
1) Rotor angle stability

2) Voltage stability
3) Frequency stability
Power system
stability
Rotor angle Frequency

stability stability Voltage
stabilit
Small Transien
signal t Large Small
stability stability disturbance disturbanc
e
Shor Long
t term
term
Short
Short Long
term
term term
Figure 1 Classification of Stability

2.1.2.1 Rotor Angle Stability
Rotor angle stability is concerned with the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a
power system to remain in synchronism under normal operating conditions and after being
subjected to a disturbance. It depends on the ability to maintain and restore equilibrium between
the electromagnetic torque (Te) and mechanical torque (Tm) of each synchronous machine in
the system. The instability that may result occurs in the form of increasing angular swings of
some generators leading to their loss of synchronism with other generators.
Te
T G
TM ꙍ
Figure 2 mechanical and electrical power applied system
Where TM =Mechanical torque

Ꙍ = speed
Te= Electrical torque
Under normal steady-state conditions, the input mechanical torque and the output electrical
torque are in equilibrium with each other and the speed remains constant. If the system is
disturbed the equilibrium is affected which results in acceleration or deceleration of rotor
masses. If the disturbance reduces the electrical torque or power then the rotor accelerates and
similarly if electrical torque or power suddenly reduces the rotor decelerates. This motion is
governed by the law of rotating masses. Similarly in an interconnected system, if one generator
runs faster than the other then a relative angular difference increases causing a transfer of part
of the load from a slower machine to a faster machine depending upon the power angle
relationship. This tends to reduce the speed difference and hence the angular separation. Beyond
a certain limit, an increase in angular separation is accompanied by a decrease in power transfer;
this increases the angular separation further and leads to instability. For any given situation, the
stability of the system depends on whether or not the deviations in angular positions of the
rotors result in sufficient restoring torques. It should be noted that loss of synchronism can occur
between one machine and the rest of the system, or between groups of machines, possibly with
synchronism maintained within each group after separating from each other

Rotor
angle
stability
Small
Transient
signal
stability
stability
Figure 3 Type of Rotor Angle Stability
Small signal Stability

Small signal Stability is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under a small
disturbance. A small signal instability may be due to
a) A steady increase in rotor angle due to a lack of sufficient synchronizing torque .
b) Rotor oscillations of increasing amplitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque. For a
generator connected to a radial power system, an absence of an automatic voltage regulator can
cause instability due to a lack of synchronizing torque. Similarly, for an automatic control
system in service, instability is normally the result of a lack of damping torque. In present
power systems, oscillations are a result of insufficient damping torque and are the result of the
following reasons.
Local Modes: swinging of units in a generating station with respect to the whole power system.
The term local represents localized oscillations of the power system.
Inter-area Modes: swinging of many machines in one part of the system with machines in other
parts.
Control modes: these are associated with generating units and other controls due to poor tuning
of control devices.
Torsional modes: these are the result of turbine generator shaft system rotational components.
Transient Stability
Transient stability is the result of the power system maintaining synchronism after a severe
transient disturbance. The powerful capability of series line compensation to control the
transmitted power can be utilized much more effectively to increase the transient stability limit
and to provide power oscillation damping. The equal area criterion, to investigate the capability
of the series compensator to improve the transient stability, is used again here to assess the
relative increase of the transient stability margin attainable by series capacitive compensation.
Usually, the system is altered so that the post-disturbance system differs from that prior to the
system.

Case 1 represents a transiently stable system that returns to the stable state after the disturbance
and the rotor angle oscillations damp out with time.
Case 2 represents a system that becomes unstable after the transient disturbance.
Case 3 represents a system that is stable for the first swing but becomes unstable for the next
swing because the system may be small signal unstable for the post-fault conditions.
Case 2
Case 3
Case 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Time in second
Figure 4 Transient stability
2.1.2.2Voltage Stability
Voltage stability is concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at
all buses in the system under normal operating conditions, and after being subjected to a
disturbance. The possible outcome of voltage instability is loss of load in the area where voltage
reaches unacceptably low values or a loss of integrity of the power system. The main factor
contributing to voltage instability is usually the voltage drop that occurs when active and
reactive power flows through inductive reactance associated with the transmission network;
limiting the capability of the transmission network for power transfer. The most common drop
in voltage instability is low voltage instability. However over-voltage instability may result in
EHV systems when they are loaded below surge impedance loading. As in the case of rotor
angle stability, it is useful to classify voltage stability into the following subcategories:
1) Large disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a system’s ability to control voltages
following large disturbances such as system faults, loss of generation, or circuit contingencies.
2) Small disturbance voltage stability is concerned with a system’s ability to control voltages
following small perturbations such as incremental changes in system load. A criterion for small
disturbance voltage stability is that, at a given operating condition for every bus in the system,
the bus voltage magnitude increases as the reactive power injection at the same bus is increased.
Frequency Stability Frequency stability is concerned with the ability of a power system to

maintain steady frequency within a nominal range following a severe system upset resulting in
a significant imbalance between generation and load. It depends on the ability to restore the
balance between system generation and load, with minimum loss of load. Severe system upsets
generally result in large excursions of frequency, power flows, voltage, and other system
variables, thereby invoking the actions of processes, controls, and protections that are not
modeled in conventional transient stability or voltage stability studies. These processes may be
very slow, such as boiler dynamics, or only triggered for extreme system conditions, such as
volts per hertz protection tripping generators. Generally, frequency stability problems are
associated with inadequacies in equipment responses, poor coordination of control and
protection equipment, or insufficient generation reserve.
2.1.2.3 Frequency Stability
Frequency stability is concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency
within a nominal range following a severe system upset resulting in a significant imbalance
between generation and load. It depends on the ability to restore the balance between system
generation and load, with minimum loss of load. Severe system upsets generally result in large
excursions of frequency, power flows, voltage, and other system variables, thereby invoking
the actions of processes, controls, and protections that are not modeled in conventional transient
stability or voltage stability studies. These processes may be very slow, such as boiler dynamics,
or only triggered for extreme system conditions, such as volts per hertz protection tripping
generators. Generally, frequency stability problems are associated with inadequacies in
equipment responses, poor coordination of control and protection equipment, or insufficient
generation reserve.

2.2 Swing equation
The Swing Equation of generator describes the relative motion between the rotor axis and the
synchronously rotating stator filed axis with respect to time. This equation is very helpful
in analyzing the stability of connected machines (machine here means generator).
The operating condition of the machine now becomes unstable and the rotor is now said to be
swinging w.r.t the stator field and the equation we so obtain giving the relative motion of the
load angle δ w.r.t the stator magnetic field is known as the swing equation for transient stability
of a power system.
The transient stability of the system can be determined by the help of the swing equation. Let
θ be the angular position of the rotor at any instant t.
θ is continuously changing with time, and it is convenient to measure it with respect to the
reference axis shown in the figure below. The angular position of the rotor is given by the
equation.
Figure 2.5 Angular Position of rotor with respect to reference axis
θ =𝜔𝑠 t + δ ……………………….equ(1)
Where,
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θ – angle between rotor field and a reference axis

ws – synchronous speed
δ – angular displacement. Or The angle δ is the angle of the internal EMF of the generator and
it dictates the amount of power that can be transferred. This angle is therefore called the load
angle.
Differentiation of equation (1) gives
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝛿
= 𝜔𝑠 + 𝑑𝑡 ……………… equ(2)
𝑑𝑡
Differentiation of equation (2) gives
𝑑2 𝜃 𝑑2 𝛿
= ……………..equ(3)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
Angular acceleration of rotor
𝑑2 𝜃 𝑑2 𝛿 𝑑2 𝛿
𝛼= = = elect.rad/𝑠 2 ………..equ(4)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2
Power flow in the synchronous generator is shown in the diagram below. If the damping is
neglected the accelerating torques, Ta in a synchronous generator is equal to the difference of
mechanical input shaft and the electromagnetic output torque, i.e.,
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑒 ………………..equ(5)
Where,

Ta – accelerating torque
Ts – shaft torque
Te – electromagnetic torque
Angular momentum of the rotor is expressed by the equation
M = JꞶ……. ……………equ(6)
Where,
w- the synchronous speed of the rotor

J – moment of inertia of the rotor
M – angular momentum of the rotor
Multiplying both the sides of equation (5) by w we get
𝜔𝑇𝑎 = 𝜔𝑇𝑠 −𝜔𝑇𝑒 …………… (6)
𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑒 …………………….(7)
Where,
Ps – mechanical power input

Pe – electrical power output
Pa – accelerating power
But,
𝑑2 𝛿
J =𝑇𝑎
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝜃
J = 𝑇𝑎
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑑2 𝛿
𝜔𝐽 = 𝜔𝑇𝑎 M =𝑃𝑎 = 𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑒 ……….. equ(7)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2

Where Pm is the shaft power input to the machine less rotational losses. Pe is the electrical power
crossing its air gap, and Pa is accelerating power which accounts for any unbalance between Pm
and Pe.
The coefficient J is the angular momentum of the rotor; at synchronous speed ω, it is denoted
by M and called the inertia constant of the machine.
Equation (7) gives the relation between the accelerating power and angular acceleration. It is
called the swing equation. Swing equation describes the rotor dynamics of the synchronous
machines and it helps in stabilizing the system.
Equal Area Criterion
By combining the dynamic behavior of the generator as defined by the swing equation, with
the power–angle relationship, it is possible to illustrate the concept of transient stability using
the equal area criterion. Consider a system that is operating under steady-state conditions;
Pm1=Pm0 and δ=δ0. A sudden mechanical increase to Pm1 causes a relative motion between
stator and rotor. Here
Pm is greater than Pe, and Pe cannot change instantaneously due to rotor inertia. The rotor
angle hence changes gradually. At δ=δ1 the mechanical and electrical power become equal
but the rotor does not stop due to inertia and overshoots δ1. For δ>δ1 the input is less than
the output and at δmax rotor starts to decelerate. The rotor continues to oscillate around δ1
but these oscillations damp out and the rotor acquires a new equilibrium value at δ1. The
maximum swing of the rotor depends upon the sudden increase in Pm. If this sudden increase
causes the rotor to accelerate beyond δmax
then stability will be lost.
P Pe=Pmax*sin δ
δ max c
A2
A1
δ1 b
Pm1
δ0 Pm0 a
t0 t δ
δ0 δ1δm δL

Figure 6 Equal Area Criterion and Swing Curve

For a stable system, the area under the function Pm- Pe plotted against δ must be zero which
requires Area 1 to be equal to Area 2. Area 1 represents the energy gained by the rotor during
acceleration and Area 2 represents energy lost during deceleration. If
A1<A2 system stable
A1=A2 critically stable
A1>A2 unstable
The equal area criterion is a useful tool for predicting the stability of the system. It is a graphical
tool for analyzing whether the machine will remain stable following a disturbance such as a
load change or fault by examining the energy stored in the rotor during acceleration with the
energy dissipated back as it oscillates around its equilibrium point. Equal area criterion requires
these two energies to be equal. This method is however only applicable to a single machine
connected to an infinite bus or two machine systems. Consider a synchronous machine
connected to an infinite bus. We will be deriving rotor relative speed using the swing equation
with damping neglected as given [5].
𝐻 𝑑2 𝑠
=Pm-Pe =Pa ……………………………………………….. 2.1
𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑑𝑡 2
Where pa is acceleration power

Solving the above equation results in
𝑑𝑠 2𝜋𝜋𝑜 𝑠
𝑑𝑡
=√ 𝐻
∫𝑠𝑜(𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒)𝑑𝑠 …………………………………………………… 2.2
This equation gives us the relative speed of the machine to synchronous revolving
reference. For stability maintaining the speed should be zero after some disturbance.
Stability criteria therefore will be
………………….……………………………2.3
Now for stability analysis consider a machine operating at the equilibrium point ⸹o to the
mechanical power input Pmo = Peo as shown. Consider now a step increase in input power

represented by Pmi. Since Pm1>P the power which is accelerating one, on the rotor is
positive and the power angle ⸹ increases. The excess energy stored in the rotor is [7]
𝛿1
∫𝛿0 (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 )d𝛿 = area abc = area A1 ………………… 2.4
With the increase in ⸹, the electrical power will be increasing, and when ⸹ =⸹1 The electrical
power matches the new input power Pm1. ⸹ And electrical power Pe will continue to
increase.
Now if Pm<Pe cause the rotor to reduce the synchronous speed until ⸹ =⸹max.
The rotor must swing past point b until an equal amount of energy is given by the rotating
masses. The energy given up by the rotor when it decelerates back to synchronous speed is
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
∫𝛿1 (𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃𝑒 )d𝛿 = area bde = area A2 ………………… 2.5
Which requires |𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴1| = |𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴2|
2.3 FACTS Devices
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is a power electronic based system and other
static equipment that provided control for one or more AC transmission system parameters to
enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.
2.3.1Types of FACTS devices
There are many types of FACTS devices
FACTS
Device
Series shunt
series Shunt
TCSC SSSC STATCOM SVC UPFC GUPFC IPFC

Figure 7 types of FACTS devices
2.3.1.1 Series FACTS Devices
 These devices inject voltage in series with the line.

 These devices deal with supplying and absorbing reactive power.
 These devices can be implemented in the form of variable capacitance and inductance.
Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
TCSC controllers use a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) in parallel with capacitor segments
of a series capacitor bank. The combination of TCR and capacitor allow the capacitive
reactance to be smoothly controlled over a wide range and switched upon command to a
condition where the bidirectional thyristor pairs conduct continuously and insert an inductive
reactance into the line. TCSC is an effective and economical means of solving problems of
transient stability, dynamic stability, steady-state stability, and voltage stability in long
transmission lines. TCSC, the first generation of FACTS, can control the line impedance
through the introduction of a thyristor controlled capacitor in series with the transmission line.
A TCSC is a series controlled capacitive reactance that can provide continuous control of
power on the ac line over a wide range. The functioning of TCSC can be comprehended by
analyzing the behavior of a variable inductor connected in series with a fixed capacitor.
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
It has a voltage source converter serially connected to a transmission line through a transformer.
It is necessary an energy source to provide a continuous voltage through a condenser and to
compensate for the losses of the VSC. A SSSC is able to exchange active and reactive power
with the transmission system. But if our only aim is to balance the reactive power, the energy
source could be quite small. The injected voltage can be controlled in phase and magnitude if
we have an energy source that is big enough for the purpose. With reactive power compensation,
only the voltage is controllable, because the voltage vector forms 90º degrees with the line
intensity. In this case, the serial injected voltage can delay or advance the line current. This
means that the SSSC can be uniformly controlled in any value, in the VSC working slot.
2.3.1.2 Advantages of Utilizing FACTS Devices
 Increase the power transfer capability.

 Better utilization of existing transmission system assets.
 Increased transmission system reliability and availability.
 Increased dynamic and transient grid stability and reduction of loop flows.
 Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries.
 Increase System Security.
 Environmental benefits Better utilization of existing transmission system assets.
2.4 Literature Review
Waseem Aslam, Yonghai XU, Abubakar Siddique, and et.al [3] they have presented about
modeling and simulation of SSSC and TCSC in MATLAB/Simulink to maintain transient
stability. In their study, they have implemented series FACTS devices, namely, static series
synchronous compensator (SSSC) and thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), to
increase the power capacity flow in an electric power network. Their primary aim is to increase
the load capacity of the system to maintain system stability after a fault transient, in order to
reach their aim they have implemented a series of FACTS devices SSSC and TCSC to maintain
stability after a fault transient. Even if there are three types of stability they have considered
only transient stability which is not effective.
Anoop Singh Yadav and Shishir Dixit [4] they have presented work on the application of TCSC
and SSSC to improve Power System Stability. The paper presents a demonstration of the
FACTS device to increase the power capacity flow in an electric power network and the load
capability of the system to maintain system stability after a transient fault. The TCSC is linked
in series with transmission lines and provides series compensation for transmission line
impedance in a stable, manageable, and rapid way. SSSC is a voltage source converter (VSC)
linked in series with the power line. It can accurately control power transfer in a line through
this connection. The application of TCSC and SSSC improved the transient stability of the
electric power network but the paper does not consider steady-state stability and dynamic
stability.
Praveen Kumar, Sangeeta Debbarman, and Arun Shekhawat [8] their paper focus light on the
advantages of using FACTS devices to improve the operation of an electrical power system.
Comparison based on the performance of different FACTS controllers has been discussed. In
addition, some of the utility experience and semiconductor technology development have been
reviewed and summarized. Applications of FACTS to power system studies have also been
discussed.
Vishnu Prakash Sharma [9] in this paper the creator recommended that the transmission line
needs controllable pay for power stream control and voltage guideline. This can be achieved by

FACTS controllers. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is a series associated

FACTS controller, which is fit for giving reactive power remuneration to a powerful framework.
The FACTS gadgets can be utilized for power stream control, circle stream control, load
dividing between equal passageways, voltage guidelines, and improvement of transient security
and moderation of framework motions. A Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is
an individual from FACTS family which is associated in series with a power framework the
yield of a SSSC is series infused voltage, which leads or slacks line current by 90°, accordingly
copying a controllable inductive or capacitive reactance. SSSC can be utilized to decrease the
comparable line impedance and improve the active power move capacity of the line. In this
paper, series pay given by a SSSC is considered.
D. A. Ingole, Prof. Dr. V .N. Gohokar [10]The static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
is one of the FACTS device used to examine the effect of voltage stability. It consists of voltage
source converter and coupling transformer connected in series with the transmission line. For
the purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drops across the line. Its
output voltage is in quadrature with the line current. The SSSC can control the current and the
power flowing through the line by controlling the reactive power exchange between the SSSC
and the AC system. It can improve the voltages profile in the transient state. SSSC investigate
the effect on current, voltage, active and reactive power in real time . The problem of
controlling and modulating power flow in a transmission line using a SSSC is analysed. Which
include detailed techniques of twelve pulse and PWM controlled SSSC, are conducted and the
control circuits are presented. He is not consider the mode of SSSC and how to control SSSC.
Dharmendrasinh Chauhan,Mr.Ankit Gajjar ,ME Student, Assistant Professor [11] The power
system industry is a field where there are constant changes occurs. Economic and environmental
pressures force electric companies to enhance the power transfer capability of the existing
transmission lines instead of constructing new ones. Besides allowing a better utilization of
existing power systems capacity, FACTS controllers can control network parameters, such as
magnitude of sending-end and receiving-end voltage, and active-reactive power, to improve
both the transient stability performance of the system. In thesis work describe the Static
synchronous series compensator device, that controls the power flow of the transmission line
during sever disturbances. Basics of Static synchronous series compensator is that it does not
contains bulky component like reactor and inductor so this device is more economical compare
to conventional devices. And characteristic of Static synchronous series compensator is that
injects or absorbs the reactance in the system and control the power

Anu Rani Sam et al [12] Power systems are exposed to different kinds of aggravations which
cause the issue of losing soundness. The issue of transient solidness is an essential issue. SSSC
(Static Synchronous Series Compensator) can improve the transient steadiness of the
framework. Recreation of transient soundness without and with FACTS gadget was finished
utilizing MATLAB based program and the investigation is performed on IEEE 6 transport
framework. Generally, all of the previously revised projects have depend on only one specific
task like one stability type even if there are different types of stability and they did not analyze
power system contingency and enhancement. But we have integrated all of the above
parameters together and we have also improved the stability of the power system by analyzing
transient stability and enhancement.
Muawia Abdel Kafi Magzoub, Dr. Magdi S. Mahmoud [13] A Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC) is a member of FACTS family which is connected in series with a power
system. Primary purpose of a SSSC is to control power flow in steady state, it can also improve
transient stability of a power system. For stable system all interconnected system machine
should remain in synchronism i.e. they should remain operating in parallel and at the same
speed. The understanding of stability is greatly facilitated by the classification of stability
mainly into rotor angle stability, frequency stability and voltage stability.
M. Faridi, H. Maeiat and P. Farhadi [14] has developed SSSC model
equipped with a source of energy in the DC link which can supply or absorb the reactive and
active power to or from the line. Simulations have been done in MATLAB/SIMULINK
environment.
R. Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Verma [15] explain the system before and after evolution of
FACTS. The necessity, advantages and controller over the traditional
or conventional system is proposed.

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
Introduction
System of power system stability enhancement study is modeled by using series compensation
in matlab. system components are selected among general electrical devices such as
synchronous machine.
The system simulation is run by MATLAB software. Output data is collected. All output data
are gathered and all information were analysed and discussed The methodology flow carried
out in this work is summarized in figure 3.1.
Start
Devices/load component
selection
System model with sssc in

matlab simulink
Identify the error and
Correct it
No
Simulation
successful
Yes
Output data
Data collection
Analysis and finish

conclusion
discussion

3.1 Block Diagram
In this thesis, we use a type of FACTS devices called TCSC and SSSC to improve power system
stability in a long transmission line. Block diagram, the principle of operation, and mathematical
analysis of the system are discussed below.
Generation Coupling Distributio

SSSC/TCSC n station
station transformer
Controller
Figure 8 Block diagram of the system
3.2 System Components and Operation
3.2.1 Generation
This section is generally related to the production part of the power system which produces
electricity. The component used for it is known as generators. These generators are to be
connected in the three-phase system so these are three-phase generators. Generation can be done
in many ways from different stations namely hydro stations, nuclear stations, thermal stations,
and renewable stations.
3.2.2 Transmission Line
For safety and some other reasons generating station are much far away from the residential
area so for providing power to our devices we need such system that can transmit electric power
with much great efficiency. This system that can transmit power to a large distance is named as
transmission system. It consists of various transmission lines with different voltage capabilities.
For increasing the reliability of the power system, they also interconnect different generating
units so that if one the unit fails to produce electric energy, the other station can play its part
and the related load does not disturb. Various transmission lines are:

 HVTL (High Voltage Transmission Line)

 MVTL (Medium Voltage Transmission Line)
 LVTL (Low Voltage Transmission Line)
3.2.3 Transmission Line Parameter Resistance
The resistance of the transmission line conductor is the most reason for transmission line loss.
The resistance (R) of the conductor is given by
3.2.4 Coupling Transformer
Transformer coupling is frequently used to step up transmission line signals. Voltage signals
amplified in this ways are not constrained by local supply voltages,so the amplifier’s rated
current rather than its voltage swing usually limits the power delivered to the load.
Software materials
 MATLAB
Hardware materials
 MATLAB. Simulation
 Bus bar
 Transmissions line
 Coupled transformer
 Capacitor
 Control unit
 Static synchronous Series compensator
 Three -phase source
 TCR Converter: - used for conversion of one form to another.
3.3 Transmission Line Parameter
Resistance
The resistance of the transmission line conductor is the most reason for transmission line loss.
The resistance (R) of the conductor is given by

𝐿
R= …………………………………………………………….. 3.1
𝐴
= resistivity of the ACSR

L= length of conductor
A= cross-section area of the conductor
As the line current increase so do the power loss (𝐼 2 R) loss. When the current exceeds a certain
value the heat generated due to the loss starts to melt the conductor.
Inductance
Inductance in a simple language is flux linking with a conductor divided by the current
flowing in the conductor. For medium and long-distance transmission lines the inductance
(reactance) is more dominant than resistance. The value of current that flows in a
conductor is associated with the parameter inductance and it is known that magnetic field
is associated with current carrying conductor. In an AC transmission line current varies
sinusoidally this Couse or made the magnetic field vary sinusoidally; this varying
magnetic field induces an electromagnetic field (or induce voltage) in a conductor and the
induced electromagnetic field or induced voltage opposes the current flow on the line. For
a single circuit of a 3Ф transmission line, the inductance per phase per meter of the line
is given by
𝑫𝑴
L=2x𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝑫𝑺 DS = 0.7788r and DM= 𝟑√(𝒅𝟏𝒅𝟐𝒅𝟑) ………………….3.2
Where r=radius of the conductor
d1d2d3= the spacing between two conductor
Ds= self-distance
Dm=mutual distance between the phase of the Conductor
Capacitance
As the flow of the line, the current is associated with the inductance of the transmission
line as well as inductance with the magnetic field; the voltage difference between two
points is associated with capacitance which is associated with an electric field. The
capacitance of a three-phase transmission line is given by
2𝜋𝜀𝑜
C= 3
√(𝑑1𝑑2𝑑3)
………………………………………………………. 3.3
log𝑒
𝑟
Where: c= capacitance of transmission line per
km d1d2d3= the spacing distance

between each phase r= radius of the

conductor .
3.5 Control Mode of SSSC
Contorol system
Current
I
measurement
( Iq=0)
PLL Ɵ= ꙍ t
V1 voltage V1q Vq ref

Vq Vq conv
V1 measurement _
voltage
regulator
_
Vq
V2 voltage +
V2
measurement V2q
Vd ref Vd conv
Vdc
Vd voltage
DC voltage
c measurem regulator
Vdc
ent +
Ɵ
Vd conv
PMW
Vsc pulses modulator
Vq conv
Figure 9 Control Scheme of SSSC
In the control diagram shown above

 Vd_conv represents the series component of injected voltage Vd provides for the
losses of transformer and voltage source converter by charging the dc link capacitor.

 Vq_conv represents the quadrature component of the injected voltage. By

controlling the magnitude of this Vq compensation can be varied. VSC uses
GTO-based square-wave inverters. Typically four three-level inverters are used to build a 48-
step voltage waveform.
Special interconnection transformers. Special interconnection transformers are used to
neutralize harmonics contained in the square waves generated by individual inverters.
In this type of VSC, the fundamental component of voltage V_conv is proportional to the
voltage Vdc. Therefore Vdc has to vary for controlling the injected voltage.
The control system of SSSC shown in the diagram consists of:
 A phase-locked loop (PLL) The output of the PLL (angle ϴ=ωt) is used to
compute the direct-axis and quadrature-axis components of the AC three-phase
voltages and currents (labeled as Vd, Vq or Id, Iq on the diagram).
 The measurement system measures the components of AC voltage and DC
voltage Vdc.
 AC and DC voltage regulators calculate the Vd and Vq. By using these

components required DC voltage and Vqref is obtained. The Vq voltage regulator
is assisted by a feedforward type regulator which predicts the V_conv voltage
from the Id current measurement [12].
3.6. Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
The static synchronous series compensator is based on the voltage source converter (VSC). The
basic structure of SSSC is shown in fig. below. As the name suggesting it is connected in the
series in the transmission line via a transformer. The SSSC injects a balanced set of voltage at
the fundamental frequency that lags or lead behind the line current by 90 degree. This means
that SSSC can be controlled to provide a series capacitive or inductive compensation. SSSC has
no prohibited region so the series compensation can be changed from inductive to capacitive
and vice versa. If the SSSC is provided with a storage source then it can exchange real power
with the power system. With a proper control arrangement the SSSC can also be used to control
the flow of power. As the reactive compensator the SSSC has two magnitude nodes a).the
constant reactance mode and b).the constant Quadrature voltage mode .In the former the SSSC
voltage is function of line current while in the later the SSSC voltage is independent of line
current .

Figure 10 Schematic diagram of SSSC
3.6.1 Principle Operation of SSSC
Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) when coupled to an energy storage capacitor an
SSSC can only absorb or generate reactive power to and from the system. The SSSC is operated
as series compensator without an external energy source whose output voltage is controlled and
is in Quadrature with the line. The variable reactance influence the electric
power flow in the transmission line. A small component of the voltage which is in phase with
the line current provides for the losses in the inverter.
Figure 11 Basic two machine system with SSSC

1. Voltage source converter(VSC)-main component
2. Transformer-Couples the SSSC with transmission line.
3. Energy source-provides the voltage across DC capacitor and compensate the device
losses.
The compensating reactance Xq is defined to be negative when SSSC is operated in inductive
mode and when the compensating reactance is positive then the SSSC is operating in capacitive
mode. This compensating reactance effect the normalized power flow in transmission line.
When the emulated reactance is inductive the real and reactive power flow decrease and the
effective reactance increases as the reactive increases in the negative direction and when the
emulated reactance is capacitive the real and reactive power increase and the effective reactance
decrease as the reactive compensation increase in positive direction. The magnitude of inserted
voltage is fully controlled while the phase angle is maintained in quadrature with the line current.
Modes of Operation of SSSC

1. Normal mode of operation
2. Inductive mode of operation
3. Capacitive mode of operation
 When the mirror reactance is capacitive, the active power and voltage injection is
increases and reactive power is decrease and the active reactance reduces as the
reactance compensation increases in the positive direction.
 When the mirror reactance is inductive, the active power and voltage injection
decrease, reactive power is increases and the active reactance increases as the
reactance compensation increase in the negative direction.

CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
In this chapter different types of simulations are performed on the power system network
model using Series Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices,
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), and its influence on the system
performance is observed.
4.1 SSSC Matlab Model Design

Figure 12 Matlab Design Used To Study SSSC Behavior
4.1.1 Circuit Description
The Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), is one of the key FACTS devices, which
consists of a voltage-sourced converter and a transformer connected in series with a
transmission line. The SSSC simulates an inductive or capacitive reactance by injecting voltage
of changing magnitude in quadrature with the line current. The transmitted electric power can
be influenced by the simulated variable reactance in series with the line. The SSSC is utilized
in our design to dampen power oscillation on a power grid after the three-phase fault.
Parameter Description value

M1 Generation substation one 2100MVA
M2 Generation substation two 1400MVA
L1 Transmission lines one 280KM
L2-1 Transmission lines two-one 150KM
L2-2 Transmission lines two-two 150KM
L3 Transmission lines three 50KM
DL Dynamic load 2200MW
PB1 Power at bus one 1328MVA
PB2 Power at bus two 660MVA
PB3 Power at bus three 983MVA
PB4 Power at bus four 560MVA
SSSC Static synchronous series 100MVA
compensator rating
F System frequency 50Hz

Vdc DC nominal voltage 40KV
Ceq Equivalent capacitance 375μf
Zeq equivalent impedance 0.16pu
Table 1 Data Information

This SSSC is a phasors model of a typical three-level PWM SSSC. The impedance represents
the transformer leakage reactance and the phase reactor of the IGBT bridge of an actual PWM
SSSC. The voltage reference injected by the SSSC is generally set by a POD (power oscillation
Damping) controller whose output is connected to the Vqref input of the SSSC. An active power
measuring system, low-pass filter, washout high-pass filter, general gain, lead compensator, and
output limiter are consisted in the POD controller. The inputs to the POD controller are the bus
voltage at B2 and the current flowing in L1.
Figure 13 Power Flow through Buses (SSSC Closed and Pod Off)
4.1.2 SSSC Operation
4.1.2.1 Inductive and Capacitive Mode (POD Off)

SSSC is shifted to capacitive and inductive mode by providing step variations at the vref
input. With the power Oscillation damper off, it can be seen that although the device
efficiently follows the Vref, there are however oscillations in bus power.

Figure 14 SSSC Inductive and Capacitive Mode without POD
4.1.2.2 Inductive and Capacitive Mode (POD On)
When POD is turned on, the power oscillations are radically reduced. The settling time
although increases with POD in operation. The injected Vref from step input is summed
with the one generated by POD from bus voltage feedback with the end result that the
injected voltage is gradual too and hence the power increase or decrease is damped.

Figure 15 SSSC Capacitive and Inductive Operation with POD On
4.1.3 Real and Reactive Power Flow for Both Modes
At 4 sec we switch SSSC to inductive mode and at 6 sec to capacitive mode. This
enhancement in the real power capability of the transmission line is achieved by
providing reactive power from the SSSC to the system. SSSC injects voltage in phase
with the system voltage to increase it and hence real power flow increases through the
transmission line. In inductive mode, voltage is out of phase with system voltage by 180
degrees. Real power flow and system voltage decrease in inductive mode. Simulations
are shown for both POD status on and off and it can be easily seen that there is a
significant difference between the oscillation damping for both cases. SSSC operation
is, therefore, more efficient with a POD controller.

Figure 16 Real power and voltages Flow through the Bus2 (POD ON)
4.1.4 Voltage Profile at SSSC Connected Bus 2
At 6 sec SSSC is on in capacitive mode and it is going to supply reactive power to the
line. So the reactive power flow through the line will start to decrease. As we know that
reactive power and voltage have a direct relation so the voltage at bus 2 will decrease
due to a decrease in reactive power flow.
Figure 17 Voltage Profile at Bus 2

4.1.5 Gain Analysis
Gain = 0.08
All results are shown in the following sequence from top to bottom:
• Voltage injected,
• Real power flow
• Reactive power flow into the system by SSSC.
The real power flow is very smooth but the rate of rising is a bit slow.
Figure 18 POD Gain =0.08

Gain = 0.05
Now the gain is reduced from 0.08. All other parameters are kept constant. It can be
seen from the figures that a decrease in the gain of POD reduces the damping of
oscillations compared to previous cases. The response is almost the same but the slope
of power rise has increased and hence the time taken by real power to attain its steady-
state value has decreased. The response is still much smoother and is less prone to
instability.

Figure 19 Figure 4.8 POD Gain 0.05
Gain = 1.5
The following figure has the same content as in the previous case. The gain of POD is
increased to 1.5 and a very unwanted type of response is observed. Oscillations of a very
large magnitude are produced in the system on the application of POD. The rate of
rising of power is very high but it doesn’t attain a steady-state value and is thus useless
to have such a gain. This can harm system stability to a great extent and thus must be
avoided.

Figure 20 POD Gain =1.5 Unwanted Oscillations
4.1.6 Analysis of SSSC Rating
50% of Original Value

SSSC rating is reduced to 50% of the original value i.e; 50MVA. From the figure, we
can easily come to know that there is no big change in real and reactive power flow
through the line. So we can say that by reducing the MVA rating of SSSC to 50% (from

100 MVA to 50 MVA) in this particular system cannot affect the real and reactive
power flow much and the operation of SSSC with this change remains the same.
Reducing to 5MVA
When the SSSC rating is reduced to 5 MVA the power flow falls even below the normal
value which is 660 MW without the application of SSSC but now with the influence of
SSSC, it is reduced to 620 MW due to the overload condition of SSSC. The mode is set
to be capacitive but its measured injected voltage gets negative just like inductive mode.
It is observed from the above Figure that power flow is affected by the SSSC rating.
When the rating falls below a certain level the SSSC gets overloaded and its functioning
gets abnormal.
Figure 21 SSSC Rating Reduced to 5MVA
4.1.7 Analysis of Voltage Injection

Increased to 0.1pu
All previous results of capacitive and inductive mode operation were shown for
Vinj=0.08pu of system voltage and the power transfer for this particular setting was
766MW. When injected voltage is increased to 0.1pu of the system voltage the power
increases to 785 MW from 660 MW value is much greater than the value (766 MW)
which is obtained from 0.08pu voltage injection.

For this consider the following figure;
Figure 22 voltage injection = 0.1pu

Decreased to 0.05pu
When injected voltage is decreased to 0.05pu of the system voltage the power increases
to 726 MW from 660 MW but this 726 MW value is much less than the value (766
MW) which is obtained from 0.08pu voltage injection. For this consider the following
figure.

Figure 23 Injected Voltage Setting = 0.05pu
Bus P(MVA) Q(MVar) V(pu)
1 1335 -291.2 1.009
2 718.5 -122.6 0.9995
3 988.5 -23.2 1.001
4 506.6 -25.5 1.017
Table 2 Bus system results without SSSC
Bus P(MVA) Q(MVar) V(pu)
1 1336 -317.4 1.011
2 747.5 -123.9 0.9945
3 994.7 -18.46 0.9996
4 489.7 -15.57 1.018
Table 3 bus system result with sssc

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMANDATION
5.1 Conclusion
For developing countries where the increasing demand for generation requires an
immediate expansion in generation and supply series FACTS devices can provide an
effective and flexible transmission system. This increased generation is limited by
constraints on the transmission lines which limit the total power transferred through them.
This thesis presents the design of series facts devices Static Synchronous Series Capacitor
(SSSC) Using Matlab Simulink models and its operation by varying their parameters and
analyzing their effects and also using a Simulink/MATLAB model, it present a power
system with numerous loads associated with distinct buses. Moreover, the effectiveness
of SSSC in characterizing machines for stability limit enhancement is verified by
comparing the outcomes before and after the implementation of considered controllers.
Distinct faults, namely, single-phase L-G fault, and three-phase fault have been
implemented at bus 1 to analyze the instability in the proposed system. The results show
that the transient stability of the power network is affected by SSSC. In our proposed
method the SSSC is capable of controlling the flow of power at a particular point in the
transmission line. Also it is observed that the SSSC to inject a fast changing active voltage
in series with the line irrespective of the phase and magnitude of the line current. In this
research SSSC is used to damp power oscillation on a grid power system. Thus, the
improved transient stability of the electric power network is realized by using SSSC. We
have also identified the enhancement capability of the power system with and without the
operation of SSSC on the transmission line.
5.2 Recommendation
The primary concern for the effective and economical operation of the power system is the
essential features of FACTS controllers and their potential to improve system stability. The
potential of this technology is based on the capacity to manage the path of power flow and

connect networks that are not adequately interconnected, allowing for energy trading between
distant agents. In future, we recommend to test the system using other simulation software like
PSCAD, POWERWORLD, and other simulation software. Also, test the system using other
FACTS controllers such as UPFC and STATCOM because different devices can show different
effects for stability improvement. Also, we like to recommend that more research should be
done by implementing the neuro-Fuzzy adaptive control approach-based FACTS devices SSSC
and TCSC controller by comparing their performance with the one proposed in this thesis for
better power quality improvements.
References
[1] G. Laszlo, E. Abded and E. Mircea, Advanced Solutions in Power Systems: HVDC,
FACTS, and Artificial Intelligence., Jony Wiley and Sons,Inc., 2017.
[2] N. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS Concepts and Technology of

Flexible AC Transmission Systems," in IEEE Press, New York, 2016.
[3] W. Aslam, X. Yonghai and S. Abubakar, "Implementation of series Facts devices

SSSC and TCSC to improve power system stability," in 13th IEEE Conference on
Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), Beijing, 2018.
[4] S. Anoop and D. Shishir, "Improving Power System Stability by Using Series
FACTS Devices," International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering,
Management & Applied Science (IJLTEMAS), vol. VII, no. 7, pp. 2278-2540, 2018.
[5] H. Saadat, Power System Analysis, NEw York : McGraw-Hill Companies, 1999.
[6] M. M and B. R, "Thyristor-Based FACTS Controllers for Electrical Transmission

Systems," IEEE Press series in Power Engineering, 2017.
[7] M. Alok and B. Amar, "power System Stability Improvement Using FACTS
Device," International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), vol. 1, no.
2, pp. 666-672, 2019.

[8] K. Praveen, D. Sangeeta, and A. Shekhawat, "Fact Devices Implementation in

Improvement of Power system stability," SSRG International Journal of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering (SSRGIJEEE), vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 117-120, 2017.
[9] P. Sharma, "Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC): An approach for

reactive power compensation for the transmission system," International Journal of
Innovative Research in Technology (IJIRT), vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 2349-60023, 2020.
[10] R. Majeed, I. Saber, and T. Saif, "IMPACT OF USING SSSC ON POWER SYSTEM
STABILITY," World Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (WJERT),
vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 238-251., 2020.
[11] 1Dharmendrasinh Chauhan, Mr.Ankit Gajjar ME Student, Assistant Professor "

Improvement of Power system transient stability using static synchronous series
compensator (IRJET), vol. 07, no. 09, pp. 23950072, 2020.
[12] R. Anu and p. Arul, "Transient Stability Enhancement of Multi-machine Power

System Using UPFC and SSSC," International Journal of Innovative Technology
and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 2278-3075, 2019.
[13] Muawia Abdel Kafi Magzoub, Dr. Magdi S. Mahmoud, “Power System Stabilizer
(PSS) for Single Machine Connected to Infinite Bus (SMIB) Based on Optimal
Control (OP) Techniques”, January 2010
[14] . Faridi, M.; Maeiiat, H.; Karimi, M.; Farhadi, P.; Mosleh, H., "Power system stability
enhancement using static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)," Computer
Research and Development (ICCRD), 2011 3rd International Conference on , vol.3,
no., pp.387,391, 11-13 March 2011.
[15] R. Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Verma, “Thyristor – based controllers for electrical
transmission systems”, Willey publication, New York, USA, 2002, pp: 1-13.

Appendix
Subsystem design of generation substation for SSSC
Subsystem design of turbine and regulator for generation substation M1&M2.

Subsystem design of voltage, real power and reactive power measurement for SSSC


Thesis of Deffence

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Thesis of Deffence

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WOLLO UNIVERSITY

KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A Thesis Submitted to Wollo University, kombolcha Institute of Technology, Faculty of

ADVISOR: Mr. SHEGAW MELAK

Submission date :11/012015

Group Name IDNO Signature

Advisor: Mr.Shegaw Melak Signature:_______________

Approval by Board of Examiners

ii | P a g e WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT

iii | P a g e WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT

iv | P a g e WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT

3.5 Control Mode of SSSC ................................................................................................................................ 24

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Figure 1 Classification of Stability ............................................................................................. 5

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vii | P a g e WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT

viii | P a g e WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT

A great opportunity to regulate the transmission of alternating current (AC), is offered by

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1.2 Statement of Problem

1.2.1 General Objective

1.2.2 Specific Objective

1.3 Scope of the Project

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1.4 Significance of the Project

 Used to increase the capability of the transmission line.

1.5 Limitation of the project

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THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Background

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2.1.2 Classification of Stability

1) Rotor angle stability

Rotor angle Frequency

Figure 1 Classification of Stability

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2.1.2.1 Rotor Angle Stability

Where TM =Mechanical torque

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Figure 3 Type of Rotor Angle Stability

Small signal Stability

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0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Figure 4 Transient stability

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2.1.2.3 Frequency Stability

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2.2 Swing equation

Figure 2.5 Angular Position of rotor with respect to reference axis

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θ – angle between rotor field and a reference axis

Differentiation of equation (1) gives

Differentiation of equation (2) gives

Angular acceleration of rotor

11 | P a g e WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT

Angular momentum of the rotor is expressed by the equation

w- the synchronous speed of the rotor

Multiplying both the sides of equation (5) by w we get

𝜔𝑇𝑎 = 𝜔𝑇𝑠 −𝜔𝑇𝑒 …………… (6)

Ps – mechanical power input

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Equal Area Criterion

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Figure 6 Equal Area Criterion and Swing Curve