~ GIAO DI~C NUde NGOAI - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
IY IY ?' l'lf' A A"
SO SANH CAC CHI SO LIEN QUAN DEN GlAD DVC
Gl VI~T NAM VOl CAC NUlJC THEN THE GIIJI
1.eatvan de
Chl ~6 lien quan den giao dye gam cac thanh
phan khac nhau trong tfnh toan, trong d6 c6 giao
dye. Hi~n nay, chung ta thuong chu y den ba chi
so lien quan den giao dye Ia: Chi so phat trien con
nguoi (Human Development Index - HDI), chi so bat
blnh d~ng gioi (Gender Inequality Index- Gil) va chi so
ngheo nhieu chieu (Multidimensional Poverty Index-
MPI). TU hem 20 nam nay, cong thuc tfnh toan cac chl
so d6 da c6 nhung thay doi nhung thanh phan chfnh
cua HDI van nhu truoc, con cua Gil va MPI thay doi
nhieu.
Chl so phat trien con nguoi HDI co ba thanh
phan Ia giao dye, tuoi th9 va thu nh~p. Chi so nay
truoc den nay gan nhu khong thay doi.
Chi so phat trien lien quan den gioi (Gender
related Development Index - GDI) xuat hi~n nam 1995,
da G3i tien dan tU djnh nghia, cac thanh phan va each
tfnh den nam 2010 thanh chi so bat blnh d~ng gioi
Gil. Ba thanh phan cua chi s6 nay Ia: Sue khoe tai
t90 (Reproductive Health), quyen h,tc (Empowerment)
va st,t tham gia th! truong lao d¢ng (Labor Market
Participation). Quyen lt,tc c6 hai phan Ia st,t tham gia
vao nghj Vi~n hay quae hQi va giao dye 09i hQC (the
hi~n bang Sy' 09t trlnh OQ tren trung hQC) cua phy nu.
Chi so ngheo cua con nguoi (Human Poverty Index
- HPI) xuat hi~n nam 1997, aen nam 2010 cai tien ve
thanh phan va each tfnh aoi thanh chi s6 ngheo nhieu
chieu MPI; gam ba thanh phan Ia giao dyc(Education),
sue khoe (Health) va muc song (Living Standard).
Cac Bao cao Phat trien Con nguoi cua UNDP c6
day au thong tin chi tiet giai thfch va neu each tfnh
ba chi so tren.
Trang khuon kho bai viet nay, chung t6i neu st,t
so sanh ba chi so lien quan den giao d~;~c HDI, Gil va
MPI giua Vi~t Nam hi~n nay voi cac nuoc c6 trl so va
thu h9ng cao nhat va thap nhat, truoc het trong tieu
vung Song Mekong, roi den khoi cac nuoc ASEAN va
cu6i cung Ia tren toan the gioi. Thea nhu mon Giao
due so sanh ma Michael Sadler nam 1900 da neu Ia:
Nghien cuu giao dye nc1i khac de nang cao hieu biet
ve giao dye noi mlnh (The study of education elsewhere
enhances understanding of education at home)[1 ].
2. So sanh ba chi so lien quan den giao dl:lc
cua cac:: m.iO'c
Chi s6 lien quan den giao dye cua cac nuoc duqc
so sanh aph~m vi tU nho den lon: Truoc het trong khu
vt,tc 6 nuoc tieu vung Song Mekong, sau den 1o nuoc
ASEAN va cu6i cung tren toan the gioi. Ket qua so sanh
moi chi s6 duqc the hi~n tren bieu do tUng khu vt,tc,
trong d6 deu c6 Vi~t Nam va nuoc c6 thanh tt,tu, gia trl
KHOAH(}C
I
PGS.TS. NGUYEN liEN Dl;lT
hay tr! so cao va thap nhat d9t auqc cua chi s6. Ket qua
nay dt,ta tren so li~u cua Bao cao Phat trien Con nguoi
cua Chuong trlnh Phat trien Lien Hqp Qu6c nam 2013
a
[2]. moi bieu do, thanh tt,tu, gia tr! hay tr! so cua chi
so ghi bang so th~p phan toi phan nghln tren ainh c<?t
cua nuoc c6 ten duoi day c¢t. Vi~t Nam thuong dung
a giua, ntJoc cao nhat va thap nhat dung d hai ben, chi
c6 m¢t truong hqp Vi~t Nam d~t tr! so thap nhat dung
C1 ben trai. Thu h~ng cua chi so cac nuoc so sanh tren
Ca the gioi ghi d khoang giua moi CQt.
2.1. So sanh chl so phdt trien con ngliiti
Chi so phat trien con nguoi HDI cua cac nuoc neu
a Bieu ao 1.
tu Bieu do 1: So sdnh chi so phdt tri€n con ngu&i HOI
giUa Vi?t Nom vai cdc nliac c6 thimh tl/u coo vo thifp nhift
d
Cac m.r&c 0.943
CA acEAn~&c 0.866
0.9
1 Cac mr&c
Tiilu vUng
: 5 n tren thA gi&i
o.s ! sOng M0k6ng
o., I 0.687
' 93
3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Bieu do tren cho chung ta thay, ba c(>t c6 d~ng
giong nhu nhau C1 cac khu vl,(c va Vi~t Nam d9t duqc
chi so 0,593, c6 thanh tt,tu d muc trung blnh giCia hai
nuoc cao nhat va thap nhat Ia: Trung Qu6c, Myanmar
trong tieu vung Song Mekong; Singapore, Myanmar d
cac nuoc ASEAN va Na Uy, Congo Dan chu c(>ng hoa
tren toan the gioi. Nhung trong khoang each giua hai
nuoc cao va thap nhat Ia 100%, Vi~t Nam c6 khoang
each tren trung blnh so voi nuoc c6 thanh tt,tu thap
nhat trong tieu vung Song Mekong (Myanmar) Ia
54%, c6 khoang each duoi trung blnh so voi ntJoc d6
d khoi ASEAN Ia 29% va voi nuoc thap nhat tren the
gioi (Congo Dan chu c¢ng hoa) Ia 45,5%.
N6i tom l9i, d tieu vung Song Mekong, Vi~t Nam c6
khoang each ve chi so HDI It hon so voi nuoc cao nhat,
nguqc l9i nhieu hem so voi cac nuoc tren the gioi va d~c
bi~t kha nhieu so voi cck nuoc trong khoi ASEAN.
2.2. So sanh chi so bat blnh dang giui
Chi s6 bat blnh a~ng gioi Gil cua cac nuoc neu C1
Bieu ao 2.
Bieu do 2 cho chung ta thay, Vi~t Nam a~t auqc
 Bieu a6 2: So sdnh chi s6 bCit binh aang giai Gil
giua Vi¢t Nam vai cdc m.lac c6 gid tri cao va thap nhat
a Wng khu vf/c
0.747
cacm.r&c cacm.rCrc
ASEAN tren th~ gi&i
0.494
chi s6 0,299, co thimh wu 6 muc trung blnh giua hai
mfoc cao va thap nhat Ia: Trung Qu6c, Myanmar trong
tieu vung Song Mekong; Singapore, Indonesia cua
ASEAN va ba mtoc cao nhat (Belarus, Slovenia, Ti~p) va
m9t mtoc thap nhat (Afghanistan) tren toan the gioi.
Nhung trong khoimg each 100% giua hai nuoc cao va
thap nhat, Vi~t Nam co khoimg each so voi nuoc co gia
tr! thap nhat trong tieu vung Song Mekong (Myanmar)
Ia 62%, co khoimg each gan trung blnh voi nuoc co
gia tr! thap nhat cua ASEAN (Indonesia) Ia 49,6% va
nhieu hem so voi nuoc co gia tr! thap nhat tren the
gioi (Afghanistan) Ia 64%. Voi chi s6 HDI, c9t cang cao
trong bieu do thl thanh wu cang cao, con voi chi s6 Gil
c9t cang cao khi gia tr! cang thap.
Noi tom l9i, 6 tieu vung Song Mekong, Vi~t Nam
co khoimg each ve chi s6 Gil co gia tr! it hem so voi
nuoc cao nhat, nghia Ia cao hO'n muc trung blnh, xap
xi trung blnh 6 kh6i ASEAN va thap hO'n muc trung
blnh tren the gioi.
2.3.Sosdnh
Chi s6 ngheo nhieu chieu MPI cua cac nuoc neu
a Bieu do 3.
Chi s6 ngheo nhieu chieu MPI xuat hi~n tU nam
201 o coy nghia khong con h~p nhu chi s6 ngheo cua
con nguO'i HPI nhu truoc, khong chi chua nhieu n9i
dung ngheo ve v~t chat ma con chua nhieu hO'n n9i
dung ngheo ve tinh than trong giao d!,JC, Vi~C lam va
vi tri trong xa h9i. Chi s6 nay co tr! s6 cang cao thl
cEmg ngheo nhieu va cang thap thl cang it ngheo.
Ket qua hi~n nay cua chi s6 nay lay tu hai cu¢c
dieu tra cua UNDP: Lan I tU nam 2002 den nam 2006
va Ian II tU nam 2007 den nam 2010. Giua cac cot tren
bieu do ghi ba thu h<:Jng cua s61i~u tren dlnh c¢t: f>ieu
tra lan I danh dau *, lan II danh dau ** va t~p hqp thu
h<:Jng hai lan dieu tra (j hang duoi khong danh dau.
Vi?c ctieu tra chi s6 nay cua cac nuoc keo dai nhieu
nam va khong dO'n giim, vl v~y, hi~n nay moi co s6
Bieu a6 3: So sanh chi s6 ngheo nhieu chieu MPI git1a
Vi¢t Nam vai cdc ntrac c6 tri so cao va th6p nh6t
... ____ .. ______ tron_g tu!l.fL1511.YY\J'C -----~- _ __ ..
o.s I
0.734
07 I
cac mr&c tr€m th4
0.6
Cac mr&c ASEAN
0.5
CBc nU'&c Ti~u vUng
0.4
s_On_g MekOng_
0.3
0.212
0.2
0.1
li?u cua 46 nuoc Ian I, 41 nuoc Ian 11 va t~p hqp duqc
87 nuoc.
Bieu do tren cho chung ta thay Vi~t Nam d;;~t
duqc chi s6 0,017, Ia nuoc co tr! s6 nh6 nhat 6 cac
nuoc tieu vung Song Mekong. Vi~t Nam co v! tri gan
sat cac nuoc co thu h;;~ng cao nhat (Indonesia) cua
ASEAN va (Belarus, Slovenia, Ti~p) cua the gioi.
Noi tom l;;~i, chi so ngheo nhieu chieu cua Vi?t
Nam d;;~t duqc tuO'ng d6i cao trong ca ba khu vtj.c.
3. Ket lu~n va kien nghj
Ket qua so sanh cac chi s6 ke tren cho chung ta
thay, nuoc ta tu'O'ng d6i kha ve chi s6 ngheo nhieu
chieu nhung tuO'ng d6i kem ve chi s6 phat trien con
nguO'i va chi s6 bat blnh dang gioi. Phan dau de thu
h~p khoang each Ve cac chi SO lien quan den giao d!,.IC
giua nuoc ta voi cac nuoc d9t thanh wu va gia tr! cao
tren the gioi Ia m9t cong vi~c Iau dai, kho khan, can stj.
no ltj.c dong gop cua tat ca mQi nguO'i, cac nganh, cac
cap 6 nuoc ta. Nhu v~y qu6c sach hang dau cua giao
d!,.IC moi sam duqc thtj.C hi~n.
Vi?c nghien cuu so sanh cac chi s6 va til? giao
d!,.IC hay nhung van de lien quan den giao d!,.IC nen
duqc tien hanh thuO'ng xuyen va pho bien r¢ng rai 6
cac dan vi nha truO'ng va cO' quan quan li giao d1,.1c W
nho den ion hang nam. 56 li~U quoc te ve giao dl,!C
cung nhu cac van de lien quan thuO'ng duqc cong
b6 deu d~n vao cu6i cac nam tu nam 1990 trong Bao
cao Ph at trien Con nguO'i HDR cua UNDP. Cac cO' quan
quan If, nghien cuu giao d1,.1c va nha truong cua nuoc
ta can cung cap cac thong tin ve so sanh cac chi s6 va
ti I~ giao d!,.IC hay nhung van de lien quan (j cac nuoc,
giup cho mQi ngu'O'i biet duqc thanh ttj.U CUa cac chi
s6 va til~ giao d1,.1c cua cac nuoc so voi nuoc ta, nhat Ia
nuoc co thanh wu cao nhat tren the gioi.
THAM
[1]. Nguyen Tien f>9t, (2014), Gi6o d1,1c so sanh,
NXB f>~i hQc Qu6c gia Ha N¢i, Ha N¢i, tr.36.
1111- 512015 •
~ GIAO D~C NU'dC NGOAI
[2]. Published for the UNDP, (2013), Human Currently, we often pay attention to three indexes related
Development Report, New York/Oxford, Oxford to education: human development index (HOI), gender
University Press, 201, pp .. 144, 156, 160. inequality index (Gil) and multidimensional poverty
[3]. Nguyen Tien 8t;~t, (2014), Kinh nghi?m va thanh
index (MPI). The article refers to the comparison of these
ttju phdt trien gido dl)C va cfao tQO tren the giai, T~p II,
three indexes in Vietnam and foreign countries with
NXB 8t;~i hc;>c Quae gia Ha N<)i, Ha N<)i, tr.175-233.
the highest and lowest ranking and value, first those in
SUMMARY Mekong region, ASEAN countries and eventually nations
Index related to education consists of various worldwide.
components in calculation, including education. Keywords: Comparison, index, education.
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MDN TIENG MUNG THONG CHUO'NG TRINH GlAD DUC ... mep thea trang 61)
mt,~c cua s<:'ich ctuqc ct~t ten thea h~ thong ki nang: Luy?n TAl U~U THAM KHAO
cf9c; Luy?n dung tiJ; c1¢t cau; Luy?n t¢p lam van. [1]. Chtidng trinh khung m6n Tieng dan t¢c va
6. Ket h..1~n va khuyen nghj chtidng trinh chi tiet m6n Tieng M6ng thf/c nghi?m dqy
Thljc te qua trlnh thU' nghi~m eta cho chung ta h9c song ngu tren cd sa tieng m? cfe, Ha N(>i, tr.8.
thay, W mt,~c tieu, quan ctiem, nguyen tik bien so~;~n cten [2]. B9 Giao dt,~c va 8ao t<;~o, (2008), Sdch gido khoa
du true chlidng trlnh tieng Mong trong Giao dt,~c song Tieng M6ng (LOp 1), NXB Giao dt,~c Vi~t Nam.
ngu a a dam bilO aliqc slj thong nhat cao. Ben nam hc;>c [3]. B9 Giao dt,~c va Bao t<;~o, (2009), Sdch gido khoa
2014- 2015, lua HS thu hai cua Chlidng trlnh Giao dt,~c Tieng M6ng (LOp 2), NXB Giao dt,~c Vi~t Nam.
song ngu aa chuan b! ket thuc cap Tieu hc;>c, chuyen len [4]. B9 Giao dt,~c va 8ao t<;~o, (201 0), Sdch gido khoa
trung hc;>c cd s&. Chat luqng HS cua chudng trlnh qua Tieng Mong (Lap 3), NXB Giao dt,~c.
khao sat aanh gia cua B9 Giao dt,~c va Bao t<;~o (J lua HS [5]. B9 Giao dt,~c va Bao t<;~o, (2011 ), Sdch gido khoa
thu nhat (nam hc;>c 2013- 2014) cho thay, chudng trlnh Tieng Mong (Lap 4), NXB Giao dt,~c.
tieng Mong trong Chudng trlnh Giao dt,~ song ngu aa [6]. B9 Giao dt,~c va 8ao t<;~o, (2012), Sdch gido khoa
aap ung ctuqc mt,~c tieu chung cua chlidng trlnh; dong
Tieng M6ng (LOp 5), NXB Giao dt,~c.
thai aap ung duqc yeu cau nang cao chat luqng giao
dt,~c dan t(>c & Lao Cai trong nhung nam qua.
Thea chung toi, vai nhung ket qua aa d<;~t duqc,
SUMMARY
nhung n<;>i dung nay c6 the tham khi10 alia vao chinh In Research Programme: practice bilingual education
sU'a ho~c bien so<;~n mai chudng trlnh va tai li~u dt;~y basing on the mother tongue, the Mong language is one of
tieng Mong trong truong pho thong va cac trung tam three languages being tested in Lao Cai- a density resident
giao dt,~c thliong xuyen theo tinh than Ngh! dlnh 82 cua province of Mong people. In this article, the author briefly
Chfnh phu, ctap ung nhi~m Vl,l Nghl quyet H9i nghjlan presents her viewpoint on construction and development,
thu 8, Ban Chap hanh Trung udng kh6a XI (Ngh! quyet compilation rules, program structure of Mong language
so 29-NQ/TW) ve 8oi mai can ban, toan di~n giao dt,~c that belongs to Bilingual Education program basing on
va dao t<;~o, aap ung yeu cau cong nghi~p h6a- hi~n d<;~i mother tongue with the aim to catch a panorama view on
h6a trong aieu ki~n kinh te thl trliong dlnh huang xa this subject.
h9i chu nghia va h9i nh~p quae te. Keywords: Viewpoint, rule, structure.
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LOICAMON
Tat ca cac bai viet dang tren T<;JP chf Khoa h<;>c Giao d~,Jc s6 116 deu duqc phan bi~n kfn theo
m(>t quy trlnh rat ch~t che, khach quan.
Ben Ci;lnh Slf giup do cua H(>i dong Bien t~p~ Ti;!p chf Khoa h<;>c Giao d~,Jc xin trEtn tr<;>ng cam
on cac nha khoa h<;>c, cac chuyen gia thu(>c nhieu ITnh vlfc nghien cuu khoa h<;>c cua Vi~n Khoa
h<;>c Giao d~,Jc Vi~t Nam, bao gam: PGS. TS. Tran Huy Hoang; PGS. TS. Nguyen Dii'c Minh; PGS.
TS. Nguyen D;u:: Quang; PGS. TS. Ph an Van Nhan; PGS. TS. Nguyen Th! My Trinh; PGS. TS. Dao
Thai Lai; PGS. TS. Vucmg Thanh Hu'ong; TS. Luong Vi~t Thai; TS. Nguyen Thj Phuong Thdo; TS.
Nguyen Thj Hong Van da nhi~t tlnh giup dove m~t n(>i dung de Ti;!p chf Khoa h<;>c Giao d~,Jc xuat
ban thanh cong s6 bao nay.
Tran trc;mg!

• KHOA GIAO