ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC & HYDROPOWER
ENGINEERING
MSc THESIS PROPOSAL
ON

DEVELOPING AND EVALUATION OF LOAD FORECASTING

, POWER DEMAND SUPPLY ALLOCATION SYSTEMS IN
ETHIOPIA & CONTRIBUTION OF BLUE NILE BASIN
(BORDER DAM)

PREPARED BY: YOHANNES HAGOS

ADVISOR: DR.SELESHI BEKELE

September, 2009
 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

Table of contents
S.No Title Page no
1. Introduction and back ground…………………………………… 3
1.1 Introduction………………………………………………….. 3
1.2 Background…………………………………………………. 3
1.3 Description of the study area……………………………… 3
2. statement of the problem……………………………………….. 5
3. Objectives of the study…………………………………………. 5
3.1 General objective of the study ………………………….. 5
3.2 Specific objective of the study…………………………… 5
4. Literature review………………………………………………… 6
5. Methodology……………………………………………………… 6
5.1 Data source & collection process……………………….. 13
6. General procedure………………………………………………. 14
7. Significance of the study……………………………………….. 15
8. Expected output…………………………………………………. 15
9. Activity schedule………………………………………………… 16
10. Financial requirements………………………………………… 16
11. References……………………………………………………... 18

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

1. Introduction and Background

1.1 Introduction
The demands for electrical energy can vary greatly from minute to minute, day to day
and moth to month.Inorder to provide sufficient contingency to assure that an
adequate supply of electrical energy will be available in the future, combinations of
past supply & demand events are examined, and rules are formulated that would
give a high degree of assurance of dependable supplies. Hydroelectric generation is
particularly useful in meeting the sudden, short term demands for power because
hydroelectric units can be placed, “on-line” with little or no preparation, provided that
the capacity of the hydro electric installation is large enough to meet the demands,
and provided that water is available in a sufficient quantity to meet the energy
requirements associated with this demands.
The load duration information is used in the allocation of the system power
demands to determine the contribution that each project must make to meet the
system demands.Infact,hydrologic conditions do not permit the generation of
hydroelectric energy in exact conformance with the seasonal variations in power
demands particularly during periods of adverse stream flow conditions. The stream
flow data will help us to prepare flow duration curve & power duration curve of the
specific site since power is directly proportional to the discharge & head. A load
duration curve specifies the nature of electrical demand in any system. Load
forecasts can be divided into three categories: short-term forecasts which are usually
from one hour to one week, medium forecasts which are usually from a week to a
year, and long-term forecasts which are longer than a year. However, the long-term
forecasts should incorporate economic and population dynamic forecasts as input
parameters The development and improvements of appropriate mathematical tools
will lead to the development of more accurate load forecasting techniques. The
accuracy of load forecasting depends not only on the load forecasting techniques,
but also on the accuracy of forecasted weather scenarios.
1.2 Background
The Blue Nile River is the principal tributary of the Nile river, providing about 62% of
the flow reaching Aswan dam (48-52.5km3/yr) in Egypt. Ethiopia currently utilizes
very little of the water, less than 1km 3.In contrast,sudan & Egypt use significant
volumes for irrigation, hydropower and other uses. The right for development is a
basic human right, and there is no possible development without power supply. It is
evident that the covariability of annual stream flows and hydropower production in
our country is a function of rainfall variability.so,inorder to forecast the electrical load
from the inflow ,it is better to collect data from the past observed rainfall variability
patterns. Monthly daily average and peak hour power demands are also sensitive to
climatic variations.In this document, ‘peak demand’ represents the highest electrical
demand over a certain period of time. Knowing when the peak demand may occur is

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

important for planning purposes since electricity cannot be economically produced

and stored for use during times of maximum consumption.

1.3 Description of the study area

The border project site is located between 110N and 120 N and between 350 E &
360 E on the Blue Nile (Abay river ) basin some 30km down stream of its confluence
With the Beles river and 20km upstream of the Ethiopia and sudan border.The
catchment’s area for the border project comprises some 176,918km2 of the Blue Nile
river basin. The topography of the project area is mainly composed of mountainous
and valleys. The valleys are narrow to a steep sided gorge. Much of the upper part
of the basin comprises the high land Plato.

Fig. Location of Abay sub basin

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

Fig. Location map of Blue Nile basin along with Border Project.
2.Statement of the problem
Ethiopia has a number of rivers flowing through highlands which provides greater
head for the development of hydropower.But,there is mismatching between power
supply and Power demand.so,it is good practice to analyse load forecasting such as
short term, intermediate & long term forecasting techniques.And, we have also some
problems on Peak, average & base loads.
3.objectives of the study
3.1 General objective of the study
-Analyze & improve load forecasting, energy demand & supply in Ethiopia.
3.2 Specific objective of the study
-To develop appropriate load forecasting and power demand allocation systems from
the load data & evaluating the applicability of the systems in Ethiopia.
-To improve forecasting systems for short, intermediate & long term loads.
-To identify variances that could impact the current forecast & the supply and
demand.

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

- Evaluate the roles & contributions of specific hydropower site ,considering

Blue Nile Border dam.

4. Literature review
Load forecasting, or demand forecasting, is the process of predicting the amount of
electricity demand across a region and/or a transmission network over a specified
period of time. Srinivasan and Lee (1995) classified load forecasting in terms of the
planning horizon’s duration: up to 1 day for short-term load forecasting(STLF), 1 day
to 1 year for medium-term load forecasting (MTLF), and 1-10 years for long-term
load forecasting (LTLF). To forecast load precisely throughout a year, different
seasonal factors that effect load differently in different seasons are considered.
A wide variety of models, varying in the complexity of functional form and
estimation procedures, has been proposed for the improvement of load forecasting
accuracy. Matthewman and Nicholson (1968) conducted an early survey of electric
load forecasting techniques. Abu El-Magd and Sinha (1982) , Bunn and Farmer
(1985), and Gross and Galiana (1987) also reviewed load demand modelling and
forecasting. Recently, Moghram and Rahman (1989) surveyed electric load
forecasting techniques. The first procedure of STLF using Box-Jenkins model is to
verify that the time series of the past hourly peak load is either stationary or non-
stationary. If the past hourly peak loads are non-stationary then it should be
transformed to a stationary time series. The time series of the past hourly peak load
is said to be stationary if the time series fluctuate with a constant variation around a
constant mean, μ. A neural network is a powerful data modeling tool that is able to
capture and represent complex input/output relationships. Neural networks resemble
the human brain in the following two ways:
i- A neural network acquires knowledge through learning.
ii- A neural network's knowledge is stored within inter-neuron connection strengths
known as synaptic weights.
Based on these models we will compare the predicted loads and select the
suitable model depending on the results.
5. Methodology
There are several methodologies employed in the process of load forecasting and
power demand estimation in hydropower projects. The more prevalent approaches
include econometric top-down modeling, system-wide customer segment
projections, and bottom up’ regional’ approaches. Econometric approach is used to
estimate future demand and electricity usage. This methodology provides a
consistent approach to load forecasting through the use of a combination of fitted
statistical models, historical data, third-party economic forecasts, and customer-
specific information. Methodologies of load forecasts can be divided into various
categories that include short-term forecasts, medium-term forecasts, and long-term
forecasts. Short-term forecasting which gives a forecast of electric load one hour
ahead of time. Such forecast can help to make decisions aimed at preventing
imbalance in the power generation and load demand, thus leading to greater network
reliability and power quality.
 Analysis tools include:

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

- Load duration curve: specifies the nature of electrical demand in any

system
- Technology screening curve: compares the technologies available to
meet that demand.
- Production cost model : A computer model to perform the task of the
LDC + Screening curve.
By Combining these tools helps planners determine the best “technology mix”.
The models to be included in the load forecasting process are :
 Artificial Neural Network Model(ANNM)
 Weather sensitive demand model: Analyzing temperature rise or fall for
certain months on the effect of peak demand.
 Extrapolation model: extrapolating energy demand using a number of
mathematical functions.
 Autoregressive Box-Jenkins model: The AR Box-Jenkins model was
selected based on the behaviors of the sample autocorrelation (SAC) and
sample partial autocorrelation (SPAC) functions of the time series. It is
able to forecast the hourly peak loads that are relatively similar to the
actual values.
 Time series analysis: extrapolating energy demand on the basis of past
observation.
 ARMA and ARIMA (autoregressive moving average & autoregressive
integrated moving average) use the time and load as the only input
parameters.
 Artificial Neural Network Model
 The following data are selected as network inputs:
- The load of the previous hour
-The load of the previous day
-The load of the previous week
-The day of the week
-The hour of the day etc..

Hour
Hourly load of the day
24Hour
Minimum temperature Artificial Neural Hour
Maximum temperature Network Model Forecasted load
Average temperature at hours
Humidity 24Hour
Wind speed
Day of the week
Season (month)

Fig. 1 Input-output schematic of the system( world academy of science 2007)

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

Fig 2. Structure of a neuron of an artificial neural network

Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)
ANNs are characterized in principle by a network topology ,a connection pattern,
neural activation properties, train strategy and ability to process data. The most
common neural network model is the multilayer perceptron.

Fig.3 Neural network architecture for short term load forecasting

For a neuron either in the hidden or in the output layer, each received input yi is
transformed to its output yout by the mathematical transfer function

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

(∑ )
m
Y out = f wi y i + wo
i=1 =f (Ynet) is the neuron net input,

Where f( ) denotes the transfer function, wi are the input connection pathway
weights, m is the total number of inputs (which equals the number of neurons in the
preceding layer), and wo is the neuron threshold (or bias).
The non-linear transfer function adopted for the neurons of the hidden and output
layers is the widely used logistic/sigmoid function

( )
m
1
f ∑ w i y i +w o =
(∑ )
m
i =1 −σ wi y i +w o
i =1
1+ e
bounded in the range [0, 1]. The neuron weights wi, the threshold wo and ó can all
be interpreted as parameters of the network configuration
If ‘l’ is the total number of neurons in the input layer and ‘m’ is the total number of
neurons in the hidden layer, then the total number of weights to be estimated for the
ANN model is (l+1)m + (m+1). The Simplex method is used for automatic
optimization of the weights.
-Weather sensitive demand model: Weather conditions influence the load. In fact,
forecasted weather parameters are the most important factors in short-term load
forecasts. Temperature & humidity are the most commonly used load predictors.
The models that appeared to offer the most consistent and high quality regressions
were based on cooling degree hours (CDH, derived from temperature) and hourly
demand. To allow exploration of the impact of temperature on the daily load profile,
one regression was performed for each hourly time-slice (e.g.5 to 6pm) in each
month. This gave 24 regressions for each month, each of the form:
D=1+CDH (CDH) + 
where D is the demand in each time-slice (1 am to 12 am), β1 is the intercept of the
regression line on the demand axis, βCDH is the slope of the regression line giving the
sensitivity of demand to cooling degree hours (in MW/CDH) and ε is the random
error. The use of cooling degree hours (or degree days) is relatively common in
demand modeling as it attempts to account for human comfort by defining a
threshold temperature above which air-conditioning is required and below which it is
not as such temperature changes that serve to raise the temperature beyond the
threshold will have the greatest impact on electricity demand.

The cooling degree hour is given by:

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

∑ ( T h−T bh )
N

CDH (Th) = h=0 , for T≥Tb

0 , Otherwise

where N is the number of cooling degree hours in the period of interest and T is
the air temperature and Tb is the threshold temperature.
The relative sensitivity of demand to temperature level is consistent with the higher
temperatures during the working day requiring cooling of workplaces .
-Extrapolation model :The extrapolation of energy demand may be carried out using
a number of mathematical functions.
i. Linear extrapolation: yt=a+bt
ii. Parabola yt=a+bt+ct2
iii. Exponential yt=aebt
iv. First order autoregressive trend model: yt=a+by t-1
V.Logarithmic autoregressive trend model: logyt=a+blogy t-1
Where “a” & “b” are the parameters to be estimated.
In linear extrapolation, the variable to be forecasted yt is linearly plotted against
time (t) and the resulting plot is extrapolated in to reasonable future time spans. The
parameter ‘b’ gives the rate of change (slope) of the line, and dividing the rate of
change coefficient by the average value of yt gives an average (arithmetic) growth
rate per unit.
-AR Box-Jenkins model : it is used to perform the short-term load forecasting
(STLF) for the next 24 hours. The sample autocorrelation (SAC) function defined
as rk can be calculated by using equation

∑ ( z t − z )( z t + k− z )
n−b

r k=
t =b
n−k
∑( z −z )
t
t =b
n
∑ zt
b
z=
Where ( n−b+1 )
b : the beginning value of t. b = 1 when the stationary of past hourly peak loads is
used. If the first or second differences of the time series is used then b = 2 or b= 3,
respectively. This shows that the stationary of past hourly peak loads, first
differences and second differences begins with the time series of y1, z2 and
z3, respectively.k : lag time interval which is 1, 2,…., n-K.
K : used to specify the distance between two time intervals for k.
If the past hourly peak loads are stationary then the zt and z that used in equation
above are replaced by yt and y , respectively. The SAC or rk given in the equation is
used to measure linear relationship between the two time series separated by a lag
of k time unit. The results of rk should always be in the range between -1 and 1.
The first differences of the inherent time series is given by
z=y −y
t t t−1
where, y : hourly peak load.

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Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

t : time interval which begins with 2, 3,…, n.

n : total time intervals.
The second differences of the time series can be obtained by
z =( y − y )−( y
t t t−1 t−1 − y t−2 )

z = y −2 y + y
t t t−1 t−2

Where t : time interval which begins with 3, 4,…., n.

The SPAC function is defined as rkk and it is given as

r k , if k=1

k−1

r −∑ r r
k
j−1
k−1 , j k−1

r k=
1−∑ r k−1 , j j
, if k=2,3,--------,n-k-1

Where , r kj=r k−1 , j −r kk r k −1 , k − j , if j=1,2.----------,k-1

The procedure of STLF using Box-Jenkins model is briefly described in terms of
flowchart shown below.

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

Start

Collect the time series data of the

Past hourly peak load

Perform the
verify whether the time series is first difference
Stationery or non stationery non of the time
Stationery series

Calculate the SAC & SPAC using Perform the

equations shown above Second differ
ence of the
time series if
it is still gives
Analyze the behavior of SAC & SPAC non stationery
to select the Box Jenkins model result

perform the STLF using the selected

Box Jenkins model

End

Fig.4 Flowchart of STLF using Box-Jenkins model (source International journal of

Power,energy & artificial intelligence, March 2009)
Forecasting Performance Measures
 How good is the forecast?
- Mean Forecast Error (MFE or Bias): Measures average deviation of
forecast from actuals. n
1
MFE= ∑ ( A −F t )
n t =1 t

-Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD): Measures average absolute deviation

forecast from actuals.
n
1
MAD= ∑ |A t −Ft|
n t=1
-Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE): Measures absolute error as a

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

percentage of the forecast.

100
n A t −F t
MAPE= ∑ |
n t=1 At
|

-MEAN Standard Squared Error (MSE): Measures variance of forecast error

n
1
MSE= ∑ ( A −F t )2
n t=1 t
Where A t is the actual load on day t and Ft is predicted or forecast value of
the load on that day. Where n represents the total number of data (hours).
The smaller the error, the better & more reliable forecast.
Load Forecast Methodology Flow Diagram

Typical load
shape for each
Historical sales (mp-ID)
-Industrial & comm
-Residential
Forecast
sales growth
Analysis Forecast Analysis Analysis
by customer
Models segment
Historical demographic
& commodity data
Forecast
New large mp- ID
Industrial hourly load
load forecast shapes
bymmp- ID

Operations
provides Aggregate
transmission
losses
Note: MP_ID refers to metering points
Forecast
Project load
shapes

Fig .5 Load forecast methodology flow diagram (source, Future demand & energy
Outlook,2007-2027)

5.1 Data source & collection process

1.Data collection
I .primary data collection
-Field survey
-Daily consumption data
-Historical demographic & commodity data

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

-Residential,commercial & industrial demand

Ii .Secondary data
-Hydrological data
-Metrological data
-Topographic map
-Load characteristics
-Actual hourly electrical load data
-GDP growth of the country (Economic growth)
-Population growth rate
-Social, cultural & economic information
6 .General procedure
1. Data collection.
2. Collecting relevant information and data from different documents.
3. Data processing and analysis
 Topographical map
-1:50,000 and 1:250,000 topographic are essential for
the assessment of the sites.
-Arial photos are helpful.
-Site investigation will be done based on the study of
topography sheets on 1:250,000 scales and 1:50,000
scale maps wherever available.
-Longitudinal profile of the river will be done
 Identify the available power supply & power demand for the
proposed scheme.
 Geological maps which shows
 Faults and joints zones
 Active zone
 Types of rocks
 Hydrological data
 Hydrological data on rainfall and runoff are essential in order to
assess the availability of water quantity. Hydropower potential
also depends on the available discharge.
 Daily, Weekly or monthly power demand over a period of long
years.
 Typical load curves, to assess the peak, average or base
demands.
 Data processing and analysis for the proposed
 Data quality checking
 Estimating energy requirement
 Data record extension
 Identify the available load demand
 Forecast energy
 Residential energy forecast
Res.Energy yt= (popt)*(customer%t)*(AUCt)
Where pop=population
Customer %=customer % is the number of electricity customers as
a percentage of population
AUC=the average annual consumption

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

 Commercial & Industrial Energy forecast

CommInd dt=(GDPt) +(commindt-1) + t
Where commInd=commercial & industrial energy
consumption
,=unknown parameters
GDP=GDP of the population
εt =is an independent and identically distributed disturbance term
7. Significance of the study
-To identify which method of load forecasting & power demand supply allocation
system is advisable from the economic point of view.
-To examine the variance between the actual peak load and the forecasted
Peak load.
-To develop load forecasting & power demand allocation systems in Ethiopia
which in turn evaluate and compare the methods.
-To identify the contribution of the hydropower site (Border dam) in Ethiopia.
8. EXPECTED OUTPUTS
The expected out puts of this thesis are:
1.To help good understanding of the uses of load forecasting techniques which
enable us to design appropriate.
2. To select best load forecasting and power demand allocation systems for the
study area.
3.To standardize energy forecast for residential, commercial and industrial.
4.To develop a model which is applicable for the specific catchment
5.To identify daily, seasonal & annual variation of the demand curve and to establish
the correct load demand ( peak,average & base).

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

9.ACTIVITY SCHEDULE
Month Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May

No
Activities weeks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

Data collection &

*  * *
preparing proposal

2 Literature review * * * *

Data preparation &

3 * * * * *
analysis

4 Development of models * * * * *

5 Evaluation of models * * * *

Selection of the best

6 * *
model

7 Result and discussion * * * *

8 Thesis report writing * * * *

Compiling and
9 * * *
submitting

10 Preparing power point *

10. FINANCIAL REQUIREMENT

S.NO ITEM DESCRIPTION SPECIFICATION UNIT QTY UNIT TOTAL

COST COST
(BIRR) (BIRR)
I. MATERIAL COST

1. Flush disk ,2GB Genx PCS 1 700 700

2. Photocopy paper ,80gm Nopatop Desta 5 40 200
3. Duplicating paper , 70gm Paperline Desta 2 25 50
4. Notebooks,200 pages and pens - - - - 75
5. CD rewriteable Sony Pack 1 200 200
6. CD non rewriteable Sony Pack 1 50 50
7. Topo maps study catch. Pcs 8 150 1200
8. Transparency , photocopy Atlas Desta 1 200 200

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 Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

9. Memory card for digital camera Roll 2 100 200

10. Millimeter paper Roll 1 20 20
11. High lighter, Germany Staedtler Pcs 3 8 24
12. Fixer pencil, 0.5 Rotring Pcs 1 25 25

13. Lead fixer 0.5 Rotring Pack 1 50 50

14. Fuel { 30lit/day} Lt 450 5 2250
15. Paper clips Pack 2 4 8
16. Clip Board Pcs 2 15 30
17. Hp Laser jet Toner Pcs 1 600 600
II.SERVICE COST
18. Internet and Telephone Serv. LS 600 600
19. Photocopying & scanning
(drawings and suppl. materials) LS 1500 1500
20 Thesis compiling (Printing,
Binding, & encoding of data) LS 1500 1500
Sub total 9,482
III. PERDIUM
PERDIUM TOTAL
S.NO PURPOSE OF TRAVEL PLACE DAYS (BIRR) (BIRR)

A. STUDENT /RESEARCHER
1. Reconnaissance study Project Area 10 130 1300
2. Primary Data collection Project Area 15 130 1560
3. Secondary data collection Project Area 30 130 3900
and literature review & other
4. Visiting Hydropower projects under operation 10 130 1300
5. Technician (2) Project Area 15 58 1740
6. Driver cost Project Area 15 58 870

B. ADVISOR /CO-ADVISOR
Supervision of research activity
7 with in the project area Project Area 15 150 2250

Sub total 12,920

VI .TRANSPORT EXPENSE

S.NO DESTINATION UNIT No. of travel Unit Cost Total

(Birr) COST (BIRR)

STUDENT/ ADVISOR/ CO ADVISOR

1 ARBA MINCH–A.A ROUND TRIP 7 70 490

2 ARBA MINCH – A.A- S-S ROUND TRIP 7 150 1050
3 ARBA MINCH – A.A- S-S ROUND TRIP 7 150 1050
4 ARBA MINCH-A.A-S ROUND TRIP 2 1200 2400
FOR ADVISOR/CO-ADVISOR (BY PLANE)

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Developing & Evaluation of Load forecasting , power demand supply allocation systems in Ethiopia &
contribution of Blue Nile Basin (border dam)

5 ARBA MINCH-A.A-S ROUND TRIP 5 140 700

SUB TOTAL 5,690
NB S MAY OR MAY NOT BE SITE. GROSS TOTAL 28,092

11. REFERENCES
1. International journal of power, energy & artificial intelligence, march
2009
2. Hydropower & the worlds Future
3. Future demand & energy requirement (2006-2027)
4. Forecasting demand for electricity, some methodological issues & analysis.
5. World academy of science, engineering 7 technology.
6 . “Water Power Development”, by EMIL MOSONYI, Dr.Techn., Dr.Eng.,
Academia Kiado Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Science.
7. “Hydraulic Structures” P.Novak, A.I.B. Moffat, C.Nalluri, R.Narayanan
8.“Basic hydropower” Lecture note by Dr. Ing. SeleshiBekele
9. “Nile Basin Capacity Building Network for River Engineering (NBCBN-RE)”,
Executive summaries, research cluster report.
10.“Abbay River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan Project”, Phase 2
& 3, Section II, Sectral Studies, Sept. 1998

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