INSTRUMENT

TRANSFORMERS
 IT-1

cURRENIASD VOLIAGE TRANSFORMERS

1.0 INTRODUCTIQN

The magnitude of curent and voltage n power cnCuits are usually loo high to be
hanakd by the secondary cquipments likc mcasuring instruments and rclays. The
nstrument transfommers arc therctorc, uscd as nput dcviccs which produce a scaled
down repica of the primary nput quartitics within the rcquirod accuracy, for
connecting the sccondary cquipments

Whik thc instrument transfomers uscd for mcasurement purpo«c handle stcady statc
quantitics closc to the rated valuca, those used for protection, handk fault quantities
whch are affected by d.c. transients, harmonic distortions ctc. The performance
rcquurcmcnts of the instrument transfomers are thercforc at variance depcnding upon
their applications

2.0 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

2.1 EQUTYALENT CRCUIT AND VECTOR

DIAGRAM

The equivalent circuit and vector diagram of a current transformer are shown in Fig
2.1 a) b) bclow.

(Rp+jXp) Rs+jXs) -Knls p

Zb
IsR
IsXs Es

Fig 2.1 a) Eauivaleat Circuit b) Vectoi Diagr am

Lseend
rimery Curonn
Kn Transformation Ratio (Ratcd)
Secondary Current
Magnctiring Conpaent of Magnetic Currcnt.
Los (omponer.t o' Magnetic C'urren
Magnctising Curren
Corc Flux
Zb Secondary ohmic burden
Vs Sccondary (utput Voltago
Sccondary Induced Voltagc
Phac Angle Err
S
Angk of Burden Impedancc Z
R+JXP Primary / Secondary
Icakago Impedance of (T
Rat JXSJ
 IT-2

22C1ERRORS
a) Ratuo Enor

II is defincd as the disference in magnitude of thc primary and secondary current

cxprcsscd as a pcrcntagc of hc prunary curcnt
Thus %Ratio Error M.S-P x 100
Ip
b) Phasc Angle Eor

This is thc phasc angle diflerence betwcen the primary cuTent and the reversed
seondary curent vec tor.

c)CompositeEmor
This is defined as the R.M.S valuc of the difference (Kn is -Ip) intcgrated over onc
cycle under stcady state conditions expresscd as a perccntage of RMS primary.
current. Thus.

Composite error Ec = 100 1 L J Kn is - ip)2. dt

Ip
When T= Duration of 1 cycke.
ip, is Instantaneous valucs of primary and sccondary ciTents
An Rated transformation ratio
Ip-Primarycurrent (RMS)
2.3 MAGNEJISING CHARACTERISTIC OF CT
Thc magnctising charactrristic of a CT. is a pkot betwecn thc secondary applied
voltage and the cori espond1ng magnetising curent taken by the CT.
Fig. 2.3 a) below.
as showr in

Saturation
V
Knee Point
Linear Regon

Anklc Point
3

Exatng CuTent

Fig: 2.3 a) Magnetising Characteristic

Thc caciution curve can be devidod into 4 regions

point and saturation.
Angle point, Lincar region, kncc
 where 1%
is dclncd a A OlMi he CXCUAKn
cur ve a tnrean in

Tho kncc (oint in the CYItng uTCnt

nCCOndary EMF would caue S Icasc

2.4 EFFLCTOF SECONDARY

OP'LN CRCUIIIING

I8 ndcpcndent of ts sccondary load1rng With thc

The prinary currcnt of a CT
hc tlux
of through the onncctcd burdcn),
counter
sccondary shorted (dircctly the saturatiom lcvel Hcwever
thc flux below
produccd bythe secoTdary kccps
corc

with the CuTent, the centue

circuitcd pimary carry1ng
i the secondary gcl opcn
is spcnt in magnctising hc corc, producing satur alon
primary m.m.f (ampcrc turns)
This rcsults in incrcascd sccondary EM.F vith the vollagc shooting up to very high
curcnt lcvel and the woT k1ng /s atur ation flux
valuc depending upon thc primary
lcvels

2.5 CLASSIFÇAIION OF C1

Thc arc 3 basic Types of CTIs

a) Mcasuring ¬Ts
b) Protection CTs
c) Protection CTs for special Applic ations

2.5.1 MEASURING CIS.IGOVERNEDBY IS 2705-1922 PARI D)

Mcasuring CTs are specified in terms of

Accuracy class
VA Rating&
ISF ( Instrumcnt Sccurity Factor

Typical Ilustration Class 1.0, VA-15, ISF -3

Standard Emor clas8 0.1, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0,3 and 5
The crors are spocifiud bctwecn 5-120% of rated current and 25-100% of rated
burden connected. Highcr cITors arc
pcrmittcd at lower currents.

Typkal illustration :- Class 1.0 CT will have a ratio error of for ii.,120% of
ratcd current, +1.5% ratio CITOr at 20% of rated current and
+ 3% ratio crror al 5% of
ratcd cunTent.

2.5.2 PROTECIIVE CIs (GCVERNELFY IS2705-1992 PARL UD).

Protection CT ratings arc specifica ntcims of clas8, Accuracy
and VA Ratmg limit Factor (ALF)

Iypical lustrationSP10,15VA
Standard Eror Class/ ALF/VA ratings are as follows
Eror Class 5P, 10P, 15P
ALF 5, 10, 15, 20, 30
VA ratng 5,10,15,30

Errors re spocifiod at ratod current nd ALF tmcs ratod cuTent with riod burden
connoctod
 IT-4

Iypical
illustration:
SP1/15VA CT will have a Composite Error of t 5% at 10 times rated current and a
ratio cror of t 1% at rated current with rated connected burden of 15VA

For a given CT , VA and ALF are inverscly rclatcd For Cxamplc, if connected burden
13 Icss than rated, ALF would incrcase.

Co-Telation Betwecn ALFY Qut put Voltago and Knee Point Voltage.
Qutput Voltage at ALE
VALP ALF x VA
Is

Voltage
V
Developed by CIat ALE
(laxReT)x ALF +
ALF x VA
Knee Point Voltage
Vk =75 -

80% of VaLF:
When Is =CT Secondary Rated Current
VA =
Rated Burden (Volt Amps)
RCT CT Secondary Resistance.
Whilo sclecting 5P/10P class CTs for IDMT overcurrent Earth faut relaya,
following should be bome in mind.

i) The CT stould have optimum ALFVA Rating, so that they do not saturate
at lcast 20 time cuTent up to
sctting. This may be achicved by selecting kow burdcn
relavs or by selecting a ratio of appropriztc high value.
ii) Over ratcd CTs having high VA
rating and
curents during severc faults ( in cxcess of 20 ALF, may procduce high secondary
timcs sctting) that
stressing of the relay current coils and eventual may cause thcrmal
taihures.
2.5.3
IROTEIION CIS FOR SPECIAL APPLICATIONS.
SP/10P class CTs are used for non-balanced
Earth fault relays. However for balanced protections like DMT overcurrent,
differential where balancc is required betwecn
,
protcction likc circulating cuToGnt
tolkrance, the characteristic requirements cannot the associated CTs with closc
be
terms of SP/10P class CTs. conveniently expressed in

For such applications, current lransloIics of c

iass PS are ised
in terms of Thcse are specified
i) Knce Point Votage (Vk)

ii) Magpctising curent (Im) usually at knec

pont voltage or a
percentage thereof.
ii) C. T Socondary resistance (Rc
 IT-5

For class PS CTs the tums ratio crrors are limitcd

to 0.25%
which hclps in
maintaining balance bctween hc
protcction systcms dunng maximum
condition. through fault

Incidentally, SP/1OP class Cls are someiime provded with deliberate tuns
coiection to maintain accuracy withn specified ratio
limits at ALF and hence
arc
unsuitablc for such special applications.

Typical ilus tration of class P$ CTs specifications.

Ratio 100/1A
Vk 100 Volts
Im 30 millamps at Vk/2
RcT 1.0 ohm

2.6 CORE BALANCE CT (CBCID

CBCTs are used for scnsitive carth fault
proiections where the required sensitivity
cannot be oblaincd using rcsidual CT connections or bythe usc of CT on neutral carth
connection.
In casc of residual
connection, the phase CTs primary rating is based on the full load
rating of tho circuit.
Besidcs, the unbalance
phase CTs prohibits the use of very sensitive produccd
duc to uncqual crrors in the
sctting on the carth fault relays.
The CBCT on the
contrary, are excited by the
Cncloscs all tho 3 phascs and hence do not primary residual current sirce the core
have a high primary
sensitivitics down to 0.5Amps rating. Thus
wiro sytems, the CBCT core primary or better can be cbtained.
Whon usod for 4
cncloscs he neutral besides the
carth fuh sensitivity can be obtained phases. Thus high
,

inrespectivo of the single phase unbalarce.

Typical CBCT arangcment is shown in the figure below:

L Core

3 or 3 4 Core Cable

Secndary Winding

Lo Reiay Typical Settung range 1-16%)

Following parameteTs are requred to design a CBCT.

Minimum Primary Earthfault Current requirod to be dotectod. (eg 1A, 2A tc)

Minimum Pickup sctting of the sensitive eaarth
fmult relay (eg, 10 mAmpe.)
 IT-6

at m i n i m u m pickup curent.
Ohmic burden of thc relay
To &Fro lcad resistance between CBCT and Relay

IyDIcal Applications
Scnsitive Earth Fault protection of Motors
Sensitivc Earth Fault Protection of non- cffectively grounded systcms.
of ungrOunded system ( based on unbalanced
Sensitive Earth fauit protections
capacitrve cuTent detection)

2.7TYPICAL CT REQUREMENIS FOR VARIQUS PROTECTIONS

Some ypical CT requircments are given below for general guide lines

scheme
A) High Impedance circulating current differential
Vk 2 2 F (ReT + 2Rc) Volts

resistance
Whero RCT CTSecodary winding
2Rc Two way kad resistance of the forthest CT in the
parallel group.
Ip Maximum through current curent un to which relay
ahould renain stable. (refcrred to CT secondary)

For Tranafomer
l Maxdimum through fault current limited by lcakage impedance of
transformer.

Eor
Busber
Ip Maxunum through faut current limited to switchgear breaking capacity
For Generalors
I = Maimum through fauh a r e n t limited by sub transient reactance (Xd") tf

the genérator.

For Moto
I =
Maximum tartirg current ( about 6x fault
ioad current for D.0.L Motor)

For Shuni EECtAE

Ip Maximum charging currcnt of the rcactor.

For Shot fceders:

=Mimum through fult current for fault at remote an busbar.
 IT-7

3) Biascd Dhllerential Relay

Vk K. I (ReT+ 2R)

Where I = Rclay Ratcd Curent

thc manulacture usually bascd on conjunction
K =Constant specificd by choscn to cnsurc positivc opcration of
Lcsts. (Thc constant is usually
intcrnal fauh with extreme CT
highsct diffcrential unit on scverc

8aturation )

C Disiance Protection.

VK 2 (1+X) IF (Zr + Rer n R)

R
rcactancc/ rcsistancc ratio ( To
account for thc
Where X =
Primary systcm
R d.c. component of the fault current)
Maximunm CT secondary curent for fault at Zone I reach poini.
IF
Rclay ohmic Burden
Zr =

RCT CT secondary Resistance.

nR= Lead Resistance (one way for phase fault since n =1) (fwo way
for earth fault sincen=2)

2.8 CHOICE OF CT_SECONDARY RATING

SA secondary
i) Prefered where lead burden is insignificant( c.g. CTs used in Indoor switchgear
)
cubicles with closcly locatcd relays OR wherc primary ratings are very high say

10,000 /5A)
ii) Comparatively low peak voltage when secondary gets opcn.

ii) Fine nans ratio adjustment is not poesible when primary rating is low.
particularly for Bar primary CTs ( c.g. 25/5A)

LA.Secandary
i) Preferred when CTs are out door and lead burdens are high.
ü) Comparatívely high peak voliage when secondary is open.
i) Finc turns ratio adjustment possiblc.
 I

3.0 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS

3.1 EQUIYALENTCIRCUIT AND VECTOR DIAGRAM

The cqivalcnt circuit and vector diagran ol a voilagc uanalormcr arc shown in Fip

3.1 a),b

Jpp
p
V
EP
M m

(
Vp Ep Z Es Vs
2b V
Is
Es

Legend

V Primary Applicd Voitage.

Ep Primary Induced EMF
Vs- Secondary output Voltage.
EsSecondary Induced EMF
- Core Flux
I-Excitingcurment
6 Phasc Anglc Error
Zb - Secondary ohmic Burden.
Ze Exiciting Impedance
Zp/7- Primary/secondary winding Impedance
Is -Secondary Current
Ip -Primary Current.
3.2 VT.ERRORS:

Ratio ErM: Ratio crror is dcfincd as -

%% Ratic E r o r = Kn Ys-Vp x 100

Vp
Whcrc Kn - Normal Ratio of VI

Phase Anglc eror :(O)

Phasc angle crror is tho phase ddtercocebetwocn the reverscdscCondary output
voltage(-Vs) and the primary applied voltage (Vp).
 I

3.3 VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER CLASSIEICATION

There are 3 typc of VTs.

i) Mctcring VTs.

ii) Protcction VTs

ii) Rcsidual VTs

The VTs a r c usually spccificd in terms of
Voltagc Ratio
Accuracy class
Rated VA Burderi
Ratcd voltage factor.

Typical illustration,
11000/3 V/110/13 V. , class 1.0, VA 50
VF - 1.2 continuous / 1.5 for 30 scconds.

3.3.1 METERING VTS (GOVERNED BYI$3156 PARTI1- 1992)

Class % Ratio Eror Reference conditions

|Phasc AngleError (Minutcs) | Voltage
t0.1 5 80-120%
0.1
Burden 25 - 100%
0.2 t 0.2 : 10
t 20 P.F. 0.8 Lag
0.5 0.5 Frequcncy - Rated.
1.0 t 1.0 t 40

3.0 t 3.0 Not Spccificd.

3.3.2 PROTECTION VTS (GOVERNED BY IS3156 PART II-1992)

Clas8 % Rato Eror Phasc Anylc Eror(Minutcs)|Rcferencc conditions
t 120 Voltage 5% to votag
3P t3 o
factor timCs rated voltage
Burdcn 25 - 100%

+240 P.F. 0.8 Lag

6P t 6%
FrequcncCy Rated.

3.3.3 RESIDUAL VTS

Phasc Angle Error (Minutes) | Reforonco condítions
Class % Ratio Error | Voltage 5% to voltage
factor times ratod voltago
t 200
t5% 100%
5PR Burden 25
-

P.F. 0.8 Lag

t 10% Frequency- Rated
10 P
 IT-10

3.4 RATED VOLTAGE FACTOR (IS 31S6 PART I-1992)

Sys tem Earthing Ratcd Voltage Factor Rated Time

. Effectively Eathed 1.2 Continuous

1.5 30 seconds
2. Non Effectively earthed system (wii 1.2 Continuous
Automatic Earth fault tripping) 1.9 30 seconds
3. Isolated Neutral or Resonant Earthe 1.2 Continuous
system (without Automatic Earth fau 1.9 8 Hours.
trpping)
VTs used in aon-ctfcctively carthed systcms have high voltage factor snce in the event
of an carthed fault in one of the phases, the healthy phase voltage may ise to phase to
phase valuc. (i.e v3 times phase to neutral voltage) as shown below:
P thed

111732

VRE VRE-

N N
VBE
a) Healthy Condition b) Earth fault R
on phase
3.5 VT CONNECTIONS

There are 3 types of connections

1 V-V
2. Star/Star
3. Star/Open delta.

3.5.1 V-V CONNECTION

This connection is generally uscd for measurement and for thosc protections which do
not require phase to neutral voltage input(2 VTs are used). Primary of the VTs is
Connected in V. (ic. one VT primary acroas R-Y phascs and the other acros Y-B
with identical V. the In this connectiona Zero
phascs) connection for sccondary.
sequcnce voltagc
cannot be produccd in this connections.
 IT-11

3.5.2
SIAR-STARCONNECTION
Either 3 separate single
phase VTs or a single 3 phase, 3 limb VT is used Bouh
pnmary and secondaries are connected in star with both star neutrals .

solidly grounded.
Each primary phase limb is thus connected between
and rplicatcd similar phase to carth
phasc to carth of the supply circuit
voltage on the sccondary.
Star/Star connection enables
both hase to
distribution of the connected burdens. phase as well as
phase to neutral
3.5.3
STAR/OPEN DELTA CONNECTION
The primary windings,
are connected
Secondaries in star with
connected in serics to form an star neutral solidly grounded and the
arc
3.5.3 a) below open delta connection as shown in
Fig.

v2

C- eletha
.
Crec.leel h
P haooy fluy
P lel
R
Fig: 3.5.3 a) Star/ open delta wit limk
Connection t acco mede. le
This type of
connection is called residual connection and
phase VTs or a
single 3 phase 5 requires either 3x
limb VT. single
This residual connection
is used for
faut detection in polarising directional earth faut relays or for carth
non-cffectivehy grounded or isolated
neutral systems.

o CcCmedale

cc Phea0o fluex