Grinding Machines: Field of

Application
The following operations are performed
on these machines:
❑ grinding external and internal
❑ cylindrical, tapered and complex-
❑ shaped surfaces,
❑ grinding flat surfaces,
❑ cutting-off blanks,
❑ grinding screw thread and gear teeth,
❑ sharpening cutting tools, etc.
 Types of Grinding Machines

Depending on the shape of the surface to

be ground and the kind of grinding
performed, general-purpose grinding
machines are classified as:
➢ Cylindrical grinding machines,
➢ Centreless grinding machines,

➢ Internal grinding machines,

➢ surface grinding machines and

➢ Special grinding machines are used in

grinding threads, gears, etc.
 Movements in Grinding Machines
Principal movement:
◼ Rotation of the grinding wheel at a peripheral speed
(vwh), expressed in metres per second (m/s).
Feed movement For cylindrical grinders (Fig. 205a) :
◼ rotation of the workpiece (circular feed vwk expressed in
m per min);
◼ reciprocation of the work table, (longitudinal feed s1,
expressed in m per min or in fractions of the grinding
wheel width per revolution of the workpiece) ; and
◼ intermittent cross movement of the grinding wheel
relative to the workpiece (cross feed, or infeed, s2
expressed in millimetres per double or, sometimes,
single stroke of the work table).
Fig. 205 a. Diagrams of movements in cylindrical
grinders
Cylindrical grinders working on the
plunge-cut principle (Fig. 205b):
◼ infeed s1and
◼ circular feed vwh;
◼ in addition, the wheelhead or the table can perform
axial oscillating movement S2.

Internal grinders (Fig. 205c):

◼ rotation of the workpiece (circular feed vwh);
◼ reciprocation of the workpiece or the grinding wheel
(longitudinal feed sl) and
◼ intermittent cross movement of the wheel head (cross
feed s2).
Fig. 205 b. Diagrams of movements in Cylindrical
Grinders working on the plunge-cut principle
Fig. 205 c. Diagrams of movements in
Internal Grinders
Planetary grinders (Fig. 205d):
◼ circular feed vwh (rotation of the grinding wheel axis
about the axis of the hole being ground),
◼ intermittent cross feed s2 and longitudinal feed s1.
surface grinders with rectangular table
which work with the periphery of the
grinding wheel (Fig. 205e) :
◼ reciprocation of the table (longitudinal feed vwk),
◼ intermittent cross feed movement s1 of the wheel
head per stroke of the table and
◼ intermittent vertical movement, or in feed, s2 of the
grinding wheel to the depth of cut.
Fig. 205. Diagrams of movements in
Planetary grinders
Fig. 205 e. Diagrams of movements in with
rectangular table
Surface grinders with revolving table (Fig.
205f):
◼ grinding wheel or table feed s1 and circular feed of
the table vwk.
◼ Vertical movement of the table or the wheel head s2
is the vertical feed.
Fig. 205 f. Diagrams of movements in Surface
grinders with revolving table
Vertical-spindle surface grinders with
rectangular table (Fig. 205g):
◼ longitudinal movement of the table vwk and
◼ intermittent vertical feed movement of the grinding
wheel to the depth of cut s.

Vertical-spindle Surface grinders with

revolving table (Fig. 205h):
◼ rotating movement of the table vwk and
◼ intermittent feed movement of the grinding wheel to
the depth of cut s.
Fig. 205 g: Diagrams of movements in Vertical-
spindle surface grinders with rectangular table.
Fig. 205 h: Diagrams of movements in
Vertical spindle Surface grinders with
revolving table
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
◼ Cylindrical grinding machines are intended for
grinding external cylindrical, tapered and face
surfaces.
◼ Workpieces are mounted in cylindrical grinders
between centres or are clamped in chucks.
◼ Specifications of the model 3A151 cylindrical
grinder (Fig. 206):
◼ maximum dimensions of workpiece
accommodated:
◼ diameter 200 mm,
◼ length 700 mm;

◼ height from table top to centres, 110 mm;

Fig. 206. Cylindrical grinding machine, model 3A 151:
1-bed; 2-headstock; 3-work table; 4-wheelhead; 5-
tailstock; 6- hydraulic control panel.
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
◼ grinding wheel dimensions: diameter 600 mm,
width 63 mm;
◼ workpiece speeds of rotation, 63-400 rpm;
◼ speeds of table traverse, 100-6000 mm per min;
◼ wheel head traverse, 200 mm;
◼ angles of table swivel, from 3° to -10°;
◼ cross feeds of wheel head per double stroke of
table, 0.0025-0.02 mm;
◼ power of grinding wheel drive motor, 7 kW;
◼ machining accuracy (out-of-roundness), 2.5 ;
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
Movements in the machine.
◼ Rotation of the grinding wheel is the principal
movement;
◼ rotation of the workpiece (circular feed);

◼ straight reciprocating movement of the work

table (longitudinal feed);
◼ intermittent radial displacement of the wheel
head per stroke of the work table (cross feed);
◼ a hand longitudinal traverse of the table,

a hand cross traverse of the wheel head

(auxiliary movements),
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
◼ Hand traverse of the tailstock spindle, (auxiliary
movement).
◼ set-up movements of the machine operative members
performed by means of hydraulic drive (auxiliary
movements).
◼ Principal movement (rotation of the grinding
wheel) is effected by an electric motor (N = 7 kW; n
= 980 rpm) through V-belts 185/l62 or 185/142 (Fig.
207a).
◼ The kinematic balance equation for the, principal
movement kinematic chain is:
n = 980. 185/162 (or 185/142). 0.985
= 1112 (or 1272) rpm.
Fig. 207: Kinematic Diagram of a
Cylindrical Grinding Machine
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151 (Fig. 207a)

142,
162

Grinding Extension Tie Rod

Wheel Spring
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
◼ To improve the workpiece surface finish,
an axial oscillating motion can be imparted to
the grinding wheel spindle in plunge-cut
grinding.
◼ This motion is accomplished by means of a
single-start worm secured on the wheel spindle,
and cross helical gear z = 27, which is in mesh
with the single start worm with (K = 1) (Fig.
207a).
◼ The helical hear is tied to a tie rod.
 142,
162

Grinding Tie Rod

Wheel

Spring
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
◼ During the first half the revolution of gear
z = 27, the wheel spindle is displaced to the left
acted upon by the tie rod and overcoming the
force of an extension spring, and during the
second half the gear revolution, the spindle is
moved back under the action of the spring.
◼ The length of spindle oscillation is adjusted
within the range of 0 to 3.4 mm.
◼ The wheel-spindle oscillation is engaged and
disengaged by means of a separate hand lever.
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151

The circular feed (rotation of the

workpiece) (Fig. 207b) is effected by a
dc motor
(N = 0.76 kW, n = 350-2590 rpm)
through two V-belt drives.
◼ The circular feed value is

SC = nm. 0.985 i  dw mm/min

where i- is ratio of V-belt drives.
Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151 (Fig. 207b)
The hand cross feed of the wheel head
(Fig. 207c) is operated by means of a
hand wheel placed on the wheel head
housing.
Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151 (Fig. 207c)

Motor

142,
162
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
Motion is transmitted from the hand wheel to the
feed screw actuating the wheel head infeed
through the following kinematic chain:
◼ the hand wheel, a pair of cylindrical gears
40/60, internal gear transmission 10/110; bevel
gears 20/40 and 21/84, and feed screw t= 6
mm.
◼ The cross traverse of the wheel head per
revolution of the hand wheel is:
 Scr = 1. 40/60. 10/110. 20/60. 21/84. 6
= 0.03 mm/rotation of hand wheel

◼ The cross traverse of the wheel head per

revolution of the feed dial during mechanical
feed (Fig. 207c) is:
Scr = 1. 20/60. 21/84. 6
= 0.5 mm/rotation of the feed dial
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
The hand traverse of the work table (Fig. 207d) is
performed through the following kinematic
chain:
◼ the respective hand wheel, pairs of cylindrical
gears 14/62 or 28/29, cylindrical gears 12/48,
a clutch, pinion z = 10, and rack m = 3 mm.
◼ The table hand-traverse mechanism is
interlocked with the hydraulic system of the
machine.
Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151 (Fig. 207d)
 The hydraulic drive of the Cylindrical
Grinding Machine, Model 3A151
◼ The hydraulic drive of the machine is
actuated by the pumping station consisting of a
duplex vane-type pump, a driving electric motor,
a disc filter and a relief valve.
◼ The pumping station is mounted on a separate
plate secured to the frame of the machine on its
rear side.
◼ To control the hydraulic system, there is a
hydraulic panel placed in a recess on the front
side of the machine's frame.
 Cylindrical Grinding Machine,
Model 3A151
The following motions are executed by the
Hydraulic System of the machine tool:
◼ The power traverse of the work table,

◼ table reversal,

◼ Intermittent Feed of the Wheel head ,

◼ Continuous Cross Feed of the Wheel head ,

◼ Rapid Approach of the Wheel head and

◼ other Auxiliary motions

 Surface Grinding Machines

The most widely used surface grinding

machines are classified as
◼ horizontal-spindle reciprocating-table
(rectangular table) grinders;
◼ vertical-spindle reciprocating-table grinders;

◼ Horizontal spindle revolving-table grinders,

and
◼ vertical-spindle revolving table grinders.
 Surface Grinding Machines
Surface grinding machines have the
following principal mechanisms:
◼ the grinding wheel drive mechanism (the
wheel is driven mostly by an electric motor
built into the wheel head housing coaxially
with the wheel spindle);
◼ the longitudinal feed mechanism (driven
mostly by a hydraulic drive) ;
◼ the cross feed mechanism of the screw-and-
nut type or hydraulic type;
 Surface Grinding Machines
◼ the vertical feed (infeed) mechanism (hydraulic
or with a ratchet drive effected by means of trip
dogs.
◼ the revolving-table drive mechanism for grinders
with a revolving table.
 Surface grinder model 36722

◼ Surface grinder model 36722 is a horizontal-

spindle reciprocating-table machine (Fig. 212).
◼ Specifications:
◼ size of rectangular table, 320 X 1000 mm;
◼ maximum distance from grinding wheel
spindle to table surface, 630 mm;
◼ grinding wheel diameter, 450 mm;
◼ grinding wheel speed, 1460 rpm;
◼ automatic cross-feed rate, 1-30 mm per
table stroke;
Fig. 212: Surface grinder model 36722
 Surface grinder model 36722

◼ automatic vertical-feed (infeed) rate,

0.005-0.1 mm per table stroke;
◼ longitudinal feed of table, 2- 40 m/min;
◼ rapid traverse speed of wheel head, 0.4
m/min;
◼ grinding-wheel drive motor power, 10
kW
◼ overall dimensions, 330OX202OX2290
mm.
 Surface grinder model 36722
◼ The machine can ensure a flatness of up to
0.012 mm over the total surface ground and
◼ a parallelism of the surface ground to the base
surface of workpiece of up to 0.015 mm.
◼ The principal movement in the machine is
rotation of the grinding wheel, and
◼ the longitudinal feed movement is straight
reciprocating movement of the table with the
workpiece.
 Surface grinder model 36722

◼ The cross feed and the infeed are

imparted to the wheelhead with the
grinding wheel.
◼ In operation, the table receives a
reciprocating movement, and the grinding
wheel, a rotating movement.
 Surface grinder model 36722

Where the workpiece is wider than the

grinding wheel,
◼ intermittent cross feed is imparted to thewheel
head after each single or double table stroke.

◼ Vertical feed (infeed) is also imparted to the

wheel head to remove the required machining
allowance.