CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)

University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

CVNG 2006: STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE DESIGN MODULE

Mr. Lendel Bethelmy

Lecturer in Structural Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of the West Indies
St. Augustine Campus

Email: lendel.bethelmy@sta.uwi.edu
or
lendel87@hotmail.com

1
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Recap of Previous Lecture:

▪ Concrete, Admixtures & Structural Concrete

▪ Distinguish between Cement, Concrete & Mortar

▪ Desirable & Undesirable Properties of Structural Concrete

▪ Concrete Cover, Flexural & Shear Reinforcement

▪ Design Properties of Structural Concrete & Reinforcing Steel

▪ Fundamental Assumptions for Structural Concrete Behavior

▪ Shrinkage and Creep

▪ Design Gravity Loads & Load Paths

▪ Structural Engineering & Design Workflow

▪ Design Requirements, Load Combinations & Resistance Factors

2
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Types of Structural Concrete Beams

Singly Reinforced - Flexural member with tension reinforcement only.

Doubly Reinforced - Flexural member with tension & compression

reinforcement.
3
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Stress Stages of Structural Concrete

• fct < fr
• Stresses Elastic
1 • Section Uncracked

• fr < fct < 0.5fc’

• Stresses Elastic
2 • Section Cracked

• fct > 0.5fc’

• Stresses Inelastic
3 • Section Cracked

4
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Stresses Elastic & Section Uncracked (fct < fr)

5
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Stresses Elastic & Section Uncracked (fct < fr)

T
6
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Uncracked Transformed Beam Section

where: Stress in Concrete & Steel is given by:

n = Modular Ratio = Es/Ec
&
As = Area of Steel (Rebar)

7
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Stresses Elastic & Section Cracked (fr < fct < 0.5fc’)

8
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Stresses Elastic & Section Cracked (fr < fct < 0.5fc’)

9
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Cracked (Elastic) Transformed Beam Section

where: Solve for ‘kd’ by taking moment of areas

d = Effective Depth of Beam about NA using the expression:
n = Modular Ratio = Es/Ec
As = Area of Steel (Rebar) 10
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Cracked (Elastic) Transformed Beam Section

Equilibrium requires that the couple (C & T) be numerically equal to

the external moment, M:
or

It is convenient to form an expression to obtain k & j directly by first defining the

Reinforcement Ratio, :

let so &

11
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Stresses Inelastic & Section Cracked (fct > 0.5fc’)

12
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Stresses Inelastic & Section Cracked (fct > 0.5fc’)

13
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Cracked (Inelastic) Transformed Beam Section

This first failure mode assumes the following:

▪ Yielding of the steel is at a stress of fy (fs = fy)
▪ Crushing of the concrete is at a strain of 0.003 (Єu = 0.003)
14
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Concrete Stress Block Experimental Parameters

β = factor to estimate
location of the compression
force

where:
fav = Average Compression
Stress

15
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Typical Section thru Rectangular Beam

16
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Equivalent Rectangular Stress Block Model

This first failure mode assumes the following:

▪ Yielding of the steel is at a stress of fy
▪ Crushing of the concrete is at a strain of 0.003
17
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Rectangular Concrete Stress Block Derived Parameters

where:
= Stress Intensity Factor

18
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Balanced Strain Condition

▪ The reinforcement ratio, that produces the Balanced Strain Condition, can be
established at “Balanced Failure”. This is achieved when the strain in the
reinforcement is exactly equal to Єy when the strain in the concrete simultaneously
reaches the crushing strain of Єu = 0.003.

Under Reinforced Beams (Tension-Controlled)

▪ The range of reinforcement ratios that produce tension yielding of the reinforcement
before the strain in the concrete reaches the crushing strain of Єu = 0.003.

Over Reinforced Beams (Compression-Controlled)

▪ The range of reinforcement ratios that causes crushing of the concrete to occur
before tension yielding of the reinforcement. This is undesirable in the design of
flexural elements as failure is sudden and gives very little or no warning.
19
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Determining the Rebar Tensile Strain, Єt

NB: Similar triangles can be used to determine the rebar tensile strain, Єt when
the concrete reaches the crushing strain of Єu = 0.003.

20
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Rebar Tensile Strain Limits

21
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Variation of Reduction Factor with Rebar Tensile Strain

22
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Design Flexural Strength

𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 (LRFD)
where:
▪ 𝑀𝑢 = Required or Demand Flexural Strength (Ultimate)
▪ ∅𝑏 = Resistance Factor
▪ 𝑀𝑛 = Nominal Flexural Strength or Capacity
▪ ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛 = Design Flexural Strength or Capacity

23
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam Nominal Flexural Strength

where:

24
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

*Worked Examples*

25
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Question #1
Determine the design flexural strength of a 12x16 RC singly reinforced rectangular beam. The beam is reinforced

with 3no. #6, grade 60 rebars. The design compressive strength of the concrete is 4000 psi and cover to outermost

reinforcement is 1.5 inches. Assume #4 stirrups are being used.

Solution

Beam Geometry & Reinforcement Data

Beam Width, b = 12 in

Beam Height, h = 16 in

Cover = 1.5 in

#4 Stirrup Diameter = 0.5 in

#6 Main Steel Diameter = 0.75 in

0.75
d = 16 – 1.5 – 0.5 – = 13.625 in
2

26
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Computing ‘a’ & ‘c’: Computing ‘Єs’: Computing Moment Capacity:

Equating couple forces, C = T: Using similar triangles:

0.003 Єs
= 1.94 1
2.28 (13.625 − 2.28) 𝑀𝑛 = 3 × 0.44 × 60 × 13.625 − ×
2 12
3 × 0.44 × 60,000 Єs = 0.015 (i.e. > 0.005) = 83.5 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡
𝑎=
0.85 × 4000 × 12
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 83.5 = 75.15 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡
= 1.94 𝑖𝑛 Therefore ø = 0.9
β1 = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 4000 psi
(for tension-controlled sections)
1.94
𝑐= = 2.28 𝑖𝑛
0.85 27
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Question #2
Determine the design flexural strength of a 12x20 RC singly reinforced rectangular beam. The beam is reinforced

with two layers of bottom reinforcement (grade 60), spaced 2 inches on center, between each layer (shown as d2

below). The lower layer of the bottom reinforcement consists of 3no. #6 bars and the upper layer of the bottom

reinforcement consists of 2no. #5 bars. The design compressive strength of the concrete is 4000 psi and cover to

outermost reinforcement is 1.5 inches. Assume #4 stirrups are being used.

Solution
Beam Geometry & Reinforcement Data

Beam Width, b = 12 in; Beam Height, h = 20 in

Cover = 1.5 in

#4 Stirrup Diameter = 0.5 in

#5 Main Steel Diameter = 0.625 in (upper layer)

#6 Main Steel Diameter = 0.75 in (lower layer)

0.75
d1 = 20 – 1.5 – 0.5 – - 2 = 15.625 in
2

d2 = 2 in
28
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Computing ‘d’: Computing ‘a’ & ‘c’:

Using moment of areas to solve for centroid of Equating couple forces, C = T:

bolt group:

3 × 0.44 × 17.625 + 2 × 0.31 × 15.625

𝑑= 3 × 0.44 + 2 × 0.31 × 60,000
3 × 0.44 + 2 × 0.31 𝑎=
0.85 × 4000 × 12
= 16.98 𝑖𝑛
= 2.85 𝑖𝑛
β1 = 0.85 for fc’ ≤ 4000 psi

2.85
𝑐= = 3.35 𝑖𝑛
0.85 29
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Computing ‘Єs’:

Using similar triangles:

0.003 Єs
=
3.35 (17.625 − 3.35)

Єs = 0.013 (i.e. > 0.005)

Therefore ø = 0.9 (for tension-controlled sections)

Computing Moment Capacity:

2.85 1
𝑀𝑛 = 3 × 0.44 + 2 × 0.31 × 60 × 16.98 − ×
2 12

= 150.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 × 150.8 = 135.72 𝑘𝑖𝑝. 𝑓𝑡

30
CVNG 2006 | Design for Flexure 1 (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

*End of Lecture*

31