CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)

University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

CVNG 2006: STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE DESIGN MODULE

Mr. Lendel Bethelmy

Lecturer in Structural Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of the West Indies
St. Augustine Campus

Email: lendel.bethelmy@sta.uwi.edu
or
lendel87@hotmail.com

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Recommended Text:
▪ “Design of Concrete Structures” by Arthur Nilson, David Darwin & Charles Dolan (Preferred)
▪ “Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach” by Edward G Nawy
▪ “Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design” by James Wight & James Macgregor

Design Standard Reference:

▪ ACI 318-05: Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete
(American Concrete Institute)

Assessment:
▪ In-class exam (30%)

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

COURSE OUTLINE
Assessment
Lecture
Exercises
Sem 2 Week
Preferred Text
Topics Assigned Due
Reference

3 Introduction Chap 1 & 2 -

4 Design for Flexure (Part 1) Chap 3 Tutorial

5 Design for Flexure (Part 2) Chap 3 Tutorial

6 Design for Shear & Deflection Considerations Chap 4 & 6 Tutorial

7 Column Design (Interaction Diagrams) Chap 8 Tutorial

8 Detailing – Anchorage & Development Chap 5 Tutorial

9 In-Class Exam 30% Exam

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

What is this vehicle used to transport?

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

What is Concrete?
▪ Concrete is a construction material which is made up of a mixture the following
ingredients:
▪ Aggregate (fine and coarse) ▪ Water
▪ Cement ▪ Admixtures (in some cases)
▪ The cement and water forms a paste that coats the aggregate and binds the
aggregate together.
▪ Concrete is brittle in nature, relatively strong in compression and weak in tension.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Concrete Admixtures

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

What is Structural Concrete?

▪ Structural concrete or reinforced concrete is a composite building material, which is
extensively used in the construction industry.
▪ It is made up of concrete and reinforcing bars which are strategically arranged and
proportioned to maximize the structural performance of the structural component.
▪ Concrete (by itself) displays relatively low tensile strength and ductility properties. In
construction and structural engineering, these deficiencies are compensated for by
the inclusion of reinforcement.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Desirable Properties of Structural Concrete:

▪ High Strength
▪ High Ductility
▪ High Stiffness
▪ Low Thermal Conductivity
▪ Durable
▪ Versatile (Multi-mode application)
▪ Non-corrosive (provided reinforcement is protected)

Undesirable Properties of Structural Concrete:

▪ Highly variable and is heavily dependent on its compressive strength
▪ Susceptible to cracking due to shrinkage and temperature variations
▪ Requires time before it can be safely loaded
▪ Relatively High Erection/Construction Time
▪ Requires formwork and extensive site labor during construction
▪ Relatively heavy and bulky (as compared to structural steel)

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Typical Cross-Section thru Reinforced Concrete Component

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Cover to Cast-in-place, Non-prestressed Reinforcement

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Types of Cracks in a Concrete Beam

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Flexural Reinforcement vs Shear Reinforcement

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Discussion: Where requires flexural reinforcement?

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Material Classification of Concrete

▪ Isotropic Material:
A material in which the constitutive relationship between strains and stresses is the
same in every direction.
i.e. the material exhibits the same mechanical properties in every direction.
▪ In its uncracked state, concrete is considered a homogenous and isotropic material.
Ensue, this is generally assumed for structural design.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Moment-Rotation Curve for Structural Concrete

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Normal-weight Structural Concrete Design Properties

▪ Minimum Design Compressive Strength, fc’ = 2500 psi or 17 MPa

▪ Density (Unit Weight) = 150 pcf or 2400 kg/cu.m

▪ Modulus of Elasticity

▪ Modulus of Rupture

where fc’ = design compressive strength of concrete (psi or MPa)

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Reinforcing Steel Design Properties

▪ Density (Unit Weight) = 490 pcf or 76.97 kN/cu.m

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Reinforcing Steel Design Properties (con’t)

▪ Modulus of Elasticity = 29,000 ksi or 200,000 MPa

Yield Tensile
Grade Strength Strength
(ksi) (ksi)

A615 Gr 40 40 60

A615 Gr 60 60 90

A615 Gr 75 75 100

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Fundamental Assumptions for Structural Concrete Behavior

▪ The internal forces at any section of the member, are in equilibrium with the
effects of the external loads at that section.
▪ The strain of an embedded reinforcing bar is the same as the surrounding
concrete.
▪ Plane sections remain plane after loading.
▪ Due to the relatively low tensile strength of concrete, the concrete within the
region of the section that experiences tensile stresses is assumed to be
fully cracked at the ultimate limit state. As such, its effect is completely
ignored and only the tensile strength of the rebar is considered.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Behavioral Properties of Concrete

▪ Shrinkage:
As excess water leaves the concrete mass after hydration, a reduction in
volume occurs which can result in the development of internal tensile stresses,
if the concrete mass is restrained or prevented from changing in volume.

▪ Creep:
Slow deformation of material under sustained loads, over a considerable
period. It’s rate decreases over time and virtually ceases after 2 to 5 years.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Design Gravity Loads

▪ Dead Loads:
Permanent loads on the structure such as the weight of various structural components.
See Table C3-2 of ASCE7 excerpt for recommend material densities/unit weight data,
for use in structural analysis and design.

▪ Superimposed Dead Loads:

Semi-permanent loads on the structure such as the weight of various nonstructural
components. See Table C3-1 of ASCE7 excerpt for recommend uniformly distributed
load intensity data for various components, for use in structural analysis and design.

▪ Live Loads:
A load produced by the use and occupancy of the structure that does not include
construction or environmental loads, such as wind, snow, rain, earthquake, flood or
dead loads. It can be applied as load intensities or concentrated forces. See Table 4-1
of ASCE7 excerpt for recommend uniformly distributed load intensity/concentrated load
data for various structure uses and occupancies, for use in structural analysis and
design.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Design Gravity Loads (con’t)

▪ Dead Loads (by material density): ASCE 7-05, Table C3-2

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Design Gravity Loads (con’t)

▪ Superimposed Dead Loads (by components): ASCE 7-05, Table C3-1

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Design Gravity Loads (con’t)

▪ Live Loads (by occupancy or use): ASCE 7-05, Table 4-1

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Design Gravity Loads (con’t)

≈ 40psf Live Load ≈ 100psf Live Load

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Gravity Load Path

NB: This is representative of a general load path, for typical structures. Load paths may
vary according to type of imposed load, as well as the arrangement of the structural
components, within the specific structural system.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Gravity Load Path (con’t)

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Engineering & Design Workflow

• Determine Loads on structural system and use mathematical modelling

techniques, along with principles of structural mechanics, to determine
internal stresses on a system.
Structural • i.e. Bending Moments, Shear Force, Axial Force and Torsion.
Analysis

• Use appropriate design codes to obtain appropriate cross sections that

can provide the required resistance against the calculated internal
stresses.
Structural • Engineering materials include Structural Timber, Structural Steel,
Design Structural Concrete and Structural Masonry.

• Minimum code requirements must be satisfied.

• Structural Drafting to produce engineering drawings for construction.
Structural
Detailing

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Analysis – Internal Stresses

Internal stresses are stresses that exist within a structural component or
body, in order to satisfy static equilibrium. They usually result from externally
applied forces however; they can also exist in their absence. There are four
(4) types of internal stresses that can arise within a body; i.e. axial stresses
(tension or compression), bending stresses, shear stresses or torsional
stresses.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Analysis – Normal Stresses vs Shear Stresses

There are two (2) main categories of stresses; i.e. normal stresses and shear
stresses.
▪ Normal stresses (σ) occur perpendicular to the transverse face or cross-sectional
area of the object or body.
▪ Shear stresses (𝜏) occur parallel to the transverse face or cross-sectional area of
the object or body.

Bending and axial stresses give rise to normal stresses, whereas shear and torsional
stresses give rise to shear stresses.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Analysis – Support Restraints & Support Releases

Degrees of freedom (DOF’s) refer to movements that can occur at a node or

joint of a structural element. They can be classified under two (2) major
categories, i.e. translational and rotational DOF’s. If the node is free to move
in that DOF, it is considered to be “released”, whereas if it cannot move, it is
considered to be “restrained”. Therefore, a “support release” would be the
opposite of a “support restraint”.
It is convenient to think of a “support restraint”
in terms of a “support reaction”, in the direction
of the DOF under consideration. Releases
cannot return a reaction force or moment.

NB: A support restraint can either be

“partially” or “fully” restrained in the DOF
under consideration.

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Analysis – Support Assumptions for Concrete Design

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Analysis – Support Assumptions for Concrete Design

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Analysis – Support Assumptions for Concrete Design

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Structural Analysis – Support Assumptions for Concrete Design

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

One-Way versus Two-Way Spanning RC Slabs

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

One-Way versus Two-Way Spanning RC Slabs (con’t)

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

General Strength Design Requirements

𝑅𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑅𝑛 (LRFD)
where:
▪ 𝑅𝑢 = Required or Demand Strength (Ultimate)
▪ ∅ = Resistance Factor
▪ 𝑅𝑛 = Nominal Strength or Capacity
▪ ∅𝑅𝑛 = Design Strength or Capacity

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Load Combinations - ASCE 7-05

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

Resistance Factors (according to ACI 318-05)

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CVNG 2006 | Introduction (CM)
University of the
West Indies
St. Augustine

*End of Lecture*

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