‫أ‬

‫ﻮ ﻘﺎﻻت‬

‫ﮫﺎر ﻦ ھﻤﺎ ﺶ ا ﻦ ر ﻮب ﻨﺎ ﯽ ا ان‬

‫دوم و ﻮم آﺑﺎن ﻣﺎه ‪١٣٩٧‬‬

‫ب‬
 ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺧﺪا‬

‫ﺣﺪود ‪ 75‬درﺻﺪ از ﺳﻄﺢ زﻣﻴﻦ را رﺳﻮﺑﺎت و ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ و ﺑﺨﺶ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ از ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﺸﺮي در داﺧﻞ اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺎذﺑﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮي ﻋﻠﻢ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﻛﺸﻮر‬
‫اﻳﺮان ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷﺖ زﻣﺎن و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻮﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ دﻫﻪ ﻫﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻼشﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ در اﻳﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺻﻮرت‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﻋﻠﻢ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﺳﺎل ‪ 1389‬اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻳﺮان ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺖ و ﺗﻼش ﺑﻲوﻗﻔﻪ اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان اﻳﻦ ﺣﻮزه در ﻃﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از ﻳﻚ دﻫﻪ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ را‬
‫اﻧﺠﺎم دادهاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺎس‪ ،‬اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺑﺮﮔﺰاري ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻜﻲ از رﺳﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﻓﺮﺻﺘﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻧﻈﺮ و اﺷﺘﺮاكﮔﺬاري دﺳﺘﺎوردﻫﺎي ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا‬
‫ﺧﺪاوﻧﺪ ﻣﻨﺎن را ﺷﻜﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ در اداﻣﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻧﺼﻴﺒﻤﺎن ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻳﺮان را ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﺮ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮري دارد‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن و ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر در ﺷﻤﺎلﻏﺮب‬
‫ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﺮﮔﺰار ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﭘﻴﺶرو‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺣﺼﻞ ﺗﻼشﻫﺎي ﺑﻲوﻗﻔﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان و داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻴﺎن ﻋﺰﻳﺰي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم‬
‫ﻛﻤﺒﻮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت را اﻧﺠﺎم دادهاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺘﻲ ﻧﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺎه ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ آﻣﺎر ﻣﻘﺎﻻت اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﺳﻪ دوره اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ روﻧﺪ رو ﺑﻪ رﺷﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﮔﺰار ﺷﺪه اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬
‫رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮدﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن از اﻋﺘﻤﺎد و اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ دارد‪ .‬در ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬
‫رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﺑﺎ رﺷﺪ دو ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ دوره ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ 224‬ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳﺨﻨﺮاﻧﻲ و ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪..‬‬
‫در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮد ﻻزم ﻣﻲداﻧﻴﻢ از ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻧﺠﻔﻴﺎن )رﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‪ ،‬اﻋﻀﺎي ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﻫﻴﺌﺖ رﺋﻴﺴﻪ‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن‪ ،‬رﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ و آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫اﻋﻀﺎي ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن‪ ،‬دﻛﺘﺮ اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي و دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬دﺑﻴﺮان ﻋﻠﻤﻲ و اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺮﮔﺰاري ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻜﻮﻫﺘﺮ و ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎرﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪ .‬اﻣﻴﺪ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎ ﻋﺰﻳﺰان ﮔﺮاﻣﻲ ﺑﺘﻮان در آﻳﻨﺪه ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﺑﺎرﺗﺮي ﺑﺮﮔﺰار ﻧﻤﻮد‪.‬‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‬

‫رﺋﻴﺲ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‬
‫آﺑﺎن ﻣﺎه ‪1397‬‬

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‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‬

‫ﮔﺮدآوري و ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ و دﻛﺘﺮ اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬

‫اﻣﻮر ﻓﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ آراﻳﻲ و وﻳﺮاﻳﺶ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻓﺮﻫﺎد ﻋﺎﺻﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‬

‫رﺋﻴﺲ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ‪ :‬دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‬

‫دﺑﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ‪ :‬دﻛﺘﺮ اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬

‫دﺑﻴﺮ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ‪ :‬دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ث‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‬

‫دﺑﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ‪ :‬دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻧﺠﻔﻴﺎن )رﺋﻴﺲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺟﻠﻴﻠﻮﻧﺪ )ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ و ﻓﻨﺎوري داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺮام ﻣﻠﻜﻲ زﻧﺠﺎﻧﻲ )ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ اداري و ﻣﺎﻟﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﻲ )ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ )ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫آﻗﺎي ﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﭙﻬﺮي )ﻣﺪﻳﺮ رواﺑﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻓﺮض اﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﭘﻮر )رﺋﻴﺲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ رﺿﺎ رﺳﻮﻟﻲ )ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ واﺣﺪ ﭘﻮر )ﻣﻌﺎوﻧﺖ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎن )ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي )دﺑﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ )دﺑﻴﺮ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ )اﺳﺘﺎد ﺑﺎزﻧﺸﺴﺘﻪ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺎج اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺢ )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮاد اﻳﺰدﻳﺎر )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻤﻲ )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ زاده )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﻲﺗﺎ ﺟﺎوﻳﺪ ﻓﺨﺮ )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫ج‬
 ‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﻲ ﻋﻄﺎآﺑﺎدي )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ اﻋﻈﻤﻲ )ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ(‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﺻﻔﻴﻪ اﺷﺮﻓﻲ )ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻣﺠﻼت و ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن(‬

‫آﻗﺎي رﺣﻤﺎن ﻧﺎﺻﺮ )ﻣﺪﻳﺮ اداري و ﻣﺎﻟﻲ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم(‬

‫آﻗﺎي ﻣﻬﺪي ﺧﺎﻧﻤﺤﻤﺪي )ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﻛﺎرﭘﺮداز داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم(‬

‫آﻗﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻓﺮﻫﺎد ﻋﺎﺻﻤﻲ‬

‫آﻗﺎي ﺣﺴﻴﻦ رﺳﺘﻤﻲ )ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ‪(ICP‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻧﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﺪه ﺟﻌﻔﺮي )ﻣﺴﺌﻮل دﻓﺘﺮ ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻋﻠﻮم ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺖ(‬

‫اﻋﻀﺎء اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫و ﺗﻌﺪادي از داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‬

‫دﺑﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ :‬دﻛﺘﺮ اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﻟﻬﺎم اﺳﺪي ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﺪوﺳﺘﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻧﺠﻤﻪ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ اﻋﻈﻤﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ آرش اﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ آداﺑﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺋﺎرام ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﻞ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ رﺿﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ وﺣﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﻠﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺪي ﺟﻌﻔﺮ زاده‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺎن‬

‫ح‬
 ‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮزي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻴﺪري‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﺣﻴﺪرﻳﺎن دﻫﻜﺮدي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺧﺪاﺑﺨﺶ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺪي داراﺋﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ رﺣﻴﻢ ﭘﻮرﺑﻨﺎب‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﻤﺎن رﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ رﺿﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺮوز رﻓﻴﻌﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﺪ زﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺪم‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ زﻫﺮا ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﻬﺪي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ روح اﻟﻪ ﺷﺐ اﻓﺮوز‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﻣﻴﺮاب ﺷﺒﺴﺘﺮي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ رﺿﺎ ﻃﻬﻤﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻓﺮﻫﺎد ﻋﺎﺻﻤﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ زﻫﺮا ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻬﻲ‬

‫خ‬
 ‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ زاده‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﺮوﻳﺰ ﻏﻀﻨﻔﺮي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺎس ﻗﺎدري‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻫﺮﻣﺰ ﻗﻼوﻧﺪ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻛﺎوﺳﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﻣﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻴﺎن ﻃﺮﻗﺒﻪ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻛﺸﺎورز‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺤﺴﻨﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي ﻗﺮاﺋﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي زاده‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﻲ ﻋﻄﺎآﺑﺎدي‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎن‬

‫دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﺣﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫د‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت‬
‫)ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ(‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ردﻳﻒ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺰي ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫اﻫﻮاز‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺮن آزادﺑﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ آداﺑﻲ و ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺑﺎوي ﻋﻮﻳﺪي‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي اﻧﻴﺪرﻳﺖ در ﻣﺨﺰن آﺳﻤﺎري ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ اﻫﻮاز‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﺮن آزادﺑﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ آداﺑﻲ و ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺑﺎوي ﻋﻮﻳﺪي‬
‫‪18‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻣﺎرون‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪون اﺣﻤﺪزاده‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ و ﻣﻬﺮان ﻣﺮادﭘﻮر‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎي رﺳﻲ وارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﻮرﮔﺎن ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫و ﻧﮕﺎره ﻫﺎي ﭼﺎه ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻓﺮوزان‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ‪XRD‬‬
‫ﻓﺮزاد اﺣﻤﺪي ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮزي‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎس ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮاد ﻳﺰداﻧﻴﺎن و اﻣﻴﺮ اﺣﻤﺪي‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻤﻮدار ﮔﺎﻣﺎ در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺳﺮوك ﺑﺎ ﺳﻦ ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ دﺷﺖ آﺑﺎدان‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﺳﻌﺪي‪ ،‬ﺟﻮاد ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ و ﻋﻠﻲ اﻳﻤﻦ دوﺳﺖ‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﻴﺪﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮري و آﻫﻚ در رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺗﺎﻻب‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﺷﻮر ﮔﻠﭙﺎﻳﮕﺎن‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺮ اﻋﻈﻤﻲ‪ ،‬اﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﺴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي و ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ و دﻳﺎژﻧﺰ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ آواري اﺋﻮﺳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮش ﻛﻼﺗﻪ ﻧﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ اﻟﺒﺮز‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪه ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻮي ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰي و ﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺴﺎدات‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ آواري اﺋﻮﺳﻦ‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ اﻟﺒﺮز‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪه ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻮي ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰي و ﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ رﺋﻴﺲ اﻟﺴﺎدات‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ آﻣﺎري ﭘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﻣﻮرﻓﻬﺎ در ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ – ﭘﺎﻟﺌﻮﺳﻦ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺳﺎري‬
‫رﺿﺎ اﻣﺎﻣﻘﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ زاده‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺎب ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻌﻴﺎري در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ آواري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ اﻳﻼﻧﻘﺮه‬
‫ﺟﻮاد اﻧﺠﺮدي‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدل ﻧﺠﻒ زاده و ﻣﻬﺪي ﺟﻌﻔﺮزاده‬

‫ذ‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦزاﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﺑﺪه ﻓﺮواﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ دزﻓﻮل‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫زﻳﻨﺐ اورك‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻪ ﻛﺮدي و اﺣﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻲ‬

‫‪76‬‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط رﺷﺪ ﭼﻴﻦ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات آﺑﺮاﻫﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ زرﻳﻦ رود‪ ،‬زﻧﺠﺎن‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫رزﻳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎزﻳﺎر و ﻟﻴﻠﻲ اﻳﺰدي ﻛﻴﺎن‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺗﺮاز درﻳﺎ درﻳﺎي ﺧﺰر ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﺎري‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﺮي‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي ﻗﺮاﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ ﻣﺲ و ﺳﺮب و‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫روي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎزه ﻛﻨﺪ )ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎن(‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ زاده‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻣﺮﻧﮕﻲ و ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﺑﺮزﮔﺮ ﮔﺮوﺳﻲ‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر و اﻛﺴﻴﮋن در ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﭘﺲ از‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ژﻳﭙﺲ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﺎﭼﻮن‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮاز‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺑﺎوي ﻋﻮﻳﺪي‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ آداﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎس ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ اﻣﻴﺮي ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎر و ﻧﺴﺘﺮن آزادﺑﺨﺖ‬
‫‪102‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮات رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺰي ﺑﺮ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي آﺳﻤﺎري و ﺟﻬﺮم در ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﮔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺑﺎوي ﻋﻮﻳﺪي‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﭼﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻃﺎﻫﺮي‬
‫‪110‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻓﺮوﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻘﻲ در ﺑﻠﻮكﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﮔﺴﻞ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪17‬‬
‫روي ﺳﺒﻚ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺲ‪ :‬ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﮔﺮاﺑﻨﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﻦ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮك ﻃﺒﺲ‬
‫در اﻳﺮان ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬
‫ﺋﺎرام ﺑﺎﻳﺖﮔﻞ و ﻣﻬﺪي داراﺋﻲ‬
‫‪118‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﺮوك ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮهﮔﻴﺮي از ﻧﮕﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ در ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫از ﻣﻴﺪانﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮي اﻳﺮان‬
‫داﻧﻴﺎل ﺑﻬﺮاد‪ ،‬ﭘﺮوﻳﺰ آرﻣﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﻬﺮان آرﻳﻦ‬
‫‪124‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺑﺎزوﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺟﻴﺮود در اﻟﺒﺮز ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‪ ،‬ﺑﺮش‬ ‫‪19‬‬
‫ﻫﺎي اﻣﺎم زاده ﻫﺎﺷﻢ و ﺟﻴﺮود‬
‫ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻧﺎز ﺑﻬﺮام ﻣﻨﺶ ﺗﻬﺮاﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﻧﺎدري ﭼﻨﮕﻲ و ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻋﻼء اﻟﺪﻳﻨﻲ‬
‫‪132‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻗﻠّﻲ در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺿﻪ اﻟﺒﺮز )ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻛﭙﻪ داغ(‬
‫ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮزاﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﺮي‪ ،‬ﺋﺎرام ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﻞ و ﻣﻬﺪي داراﺋﻲ‬

‫ر‬
‫‪138‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪاي ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺸﺘﻴﻦ در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻧﮕﺎره ﻛﻮه ﺷﺎﻫﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪21‬‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﻛﻮه ﺷﻮ )ﺷﻤﺎلﺷﺮق‪ -‬ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮب(‪ ،‬ﺷﺮق ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﻫﺎم‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ و ﺳﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‬

‫‪146‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻴﻜﻲ و ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺪور‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫)ﭘﺮﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﻦ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ( در ﺑﺮش اﻟﮕﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﺳﺎرا ﭘﻮردﻳﻮاﻧﺒﻴﮕﻲ ﻣﻘﺪم‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺪي ﺟﻌﻔﺮزاده و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪152‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲﻫﺎ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ داﻻن در‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪان ﮔﺎزي ﮔﻠﺸﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎس ﺗﺮاﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ آداﺑﻲ و ﻣﻴﺮ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﻃﺴﻮج‬
‫‪159‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞﻳﺎﺑﻲ ذﺧﺎﻳﺮ دﻳﺮزاد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دﭼﺎن )اﺳﺘﺎن آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺷﺮﻗﻲ(ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫‪24‬‬
‫از روش ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫زﻫﺮاﺗﻘﻲ زاده‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﻣﻬﺮﻧﻴﺎ و ﺗﻘﻲ ﻧﺒﺌﻲ‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺪازه ﺑﻠﻮرﻫﺎي دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻮردي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻬﺒﺎزان‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﺛﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎز‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺤﺴﻨﻲ‪ ،Rudy Swennen ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺑﻴﮋن ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫‪171‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺳﻄﻮح زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ زونﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻨﮕﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ‪ Cyclolog‬درﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻗﻠﻌﻪ ﻧﺎر‬
‫ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪي ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ارزاﻧﻲ و ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻮﻫﺎب ارﺷﺪ‬
‫‪178‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﻴﺒﺰار )دوﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ( در ﺷﺮق‬ ‫‪27‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺸﺎﺑﻮر‪ :‬ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﭘﺎراژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ دﻳﺎژﻧﺰ‬
‫اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪي ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ و اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪185‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻄﻮط زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن آﺳﻤﺎري ﻣﻴﺪان ﻗﻠﻌﻪ ﻧﺎر ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در زون‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﻻگ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺟﻤﻴﻞ ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﺳﺪا‪ ...‬ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد و ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﭼﻲ‬
‫‪191‬‬ ‫رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﺎن در ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ آقدرﺑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮشﻫﺎي‬ ‫‪29‬‬
‫ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺎلﻣﻠﻚ و آبﺑﻠﻮچ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮق ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪداغ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎس ﻗﺎدري‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻃﺎﻫﺮﭘﻮر ﺧﻠﻴﻞ آﺑﺎد و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‬
‫‪198‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اﻟﮕﻮي ﺷﻜﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰن آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻣﻴﺪاﻧﻬﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﭘﺎرﺳﻲ و‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻرود‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎس ﭼﺮﭼﻲ و ﻋﺒﺎس ﻣﺮاوﻧﻪ‬
‫‪204‬‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﺎن در ﻏﺮب ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ داغ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪31‬‬
‫ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬

‫ز‬
 ‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ ﭼﻨﺎراﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﺣﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ آﻗﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ و ﻓﺮﻳﺪه اﻣﻴﺮي‬
‫‪212‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﺎن در ﺑﺮش ﻛﻮه زاو در ﻏﺮب ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫داغ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ ﭼﻨﺎراﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﺣﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ آﻗﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ و ﻓﺮﻳﺪه اﻣﻴﺮي‬

‫‪220‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻓﺮوﻧﺸﺴﺖ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﺛﺮ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ آب ﻫﺎي زﻳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ و ﻋﻠﻞ‬ ‫‪33‬‬
‫آن‬
‫ﻣﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮراﺳﮕﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮاد اﻣﻴﺮي‬
‫‪226‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻮﭘﺘﻴﻠﻮﻟﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪي ﺑﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ دﻳﺎژﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺣﻮﺿﻪي رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪34‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﻣﺰ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﻮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺎج اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺢ‪ ،‬اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ زاده و ﺟﻮاد اﻳﺰدﻳﺎر‬
‫‪232‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﭘﺪﻳﺪهﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﺗﻮرﻳﺴﻤﻲ و ژﺋﻮﭘﺎركﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺖ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪-‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ژﺋﻮﭘﺎركﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدي اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺣﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﻣﻲﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎزﻧﻴﻦ ﺑﺪري ﻛﻠﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ اﻣﺮيﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ و رﺿﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪي‬
‫‪242‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ‪-‬ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﮔﺮدان‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻨﻲ ﮔﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺎدان‬
‫‪251‬‬ ‫راﺑﻄﻪ و ﻧﺤﻮه ﮔﺴﺘﺮش اﺛﺮ ﻓﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺎ در ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎي آﺗﺶﻓﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛﺮج‪،‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫ﺷﺮق ﺗﻬﺮان‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﺣﺴﻴﻦ زاده و ﻣﺤﺴﻦ رﻧﺠﺒﺮان‬
‫‪257‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦزاﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔﺮو در ﻳﻚ ﭼﺎه ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪38‬‬
‫ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﮋاد و ﺣﻤﻴﺪه ﻧﻮروزﭘﻮر‬
‫‪265‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺌﻮﺗﻮﭘﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ و ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪه آن در ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ آواري ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫‪39‬‬
‫زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪداغ‪-‬آﻣﻮدرﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻳﺎر‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮيﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮج ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻬﻲﻓﺮد و اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪271‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺮزروي ﮔﻞ ﺣﻔﺎري و ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ آن در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻛﻴﺎﻣﺮث ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪276‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺎدر ﺧﺎﻛﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﭘﻼﺳﺮ ﻣﻮﻧﺎزﻳﺖ ﻣﺮوﺳﺖ و‬ ‫‪41‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ آن ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻲ زاﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﻧﺎزﻳﺖ درﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر اﻫﻦ اﭘﺎﺗﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺎﻣﺮث ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ ﺷﺎﻛﺮي ورزﻧﻪ‬

‫س‬
‫‪282‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻣﻴﺪان‬ ‫‪42‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎن‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ روح اﷲ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ و وﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺪي ﭘﻮر‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﻮرﮔﺎه در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﻠﻌﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﺧﺮمآﺑﺎد‬ ‫‪43‬‬
‫اﺷﺮف ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮج ﻣﻐﻔﻮري ﻣﻘﺪم و ﻗﻤﺮﻧﺎز داراﺑﻲ ﻇﻔﺮي‬
‫‪294‬‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﻮرﮔﺎه در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﻠﻌﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﺧﺮمآﺑﺎد‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫اﺷﺮف ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮج ﻣﻐﻔﻮري ﻣﻘﺪم و ﻗﻤﺮﻧﺎز داراﺑﻲ ﻇﻔﺮي‬

‫‪301‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺰي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﭼﺎه ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 2‬ﻣﻴﺪان ﭼﻬﺎرﺑﻴﺸﻪ‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫رﺿﺎ ﺣﻴﺪرﻳﺎن‪ ،‬اﺳﺪ اﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ و ﻛﻴﺎرش ﻗﻨﻮاﺗﻲ‬
‫‪307‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزي ﺣﻮﺿﻪﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ در ﭘﻲ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ اﻫﺪاف اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪46‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﺣﻴﺪرﻳﺎن دﻫﻜﺮدي‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﺋﻲ و ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ زﻣﺎﻧﺰاده‬
‫‪313‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﺳﻮب ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺮوط اﻓﻜﻨﻪاي‬ ‫‪47‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﺧﺪاﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫‪320‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪48‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻃﺎﻫﺮ ﺧﺪاﻣﺮادي ﮔﻴﻼن‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎن و ﺑﻴﮋن ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫‪329‬‬ ‫رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻓﻬﻠﻴﺎن در ﻣﻴﺪانﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ‪C‬و ‪ B‬و ‪A‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬
‫در دﺷﺖ آﺑﺎدان‬
‫آﻧﺎﻫﻴﺘﺎﺧﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎدرﻛﻬﻨﺴﺎل ﻗﺪﻳﻢ وﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮوﻳﺰ ﻏﻀﻨﻔﺮي و ﻓﻬﻴﻤﻪ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ زاري‬
‫‪335‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ دﻳﺎژﻧﺰ در ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻓﻬﻠﻴﺎن در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻳﺎدآوران‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫در دﺷﺖ آﺑﺎدان‬
‫آﻧﺎﻫﻴﺘﺎﺧﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎدرﻛﻬﻨﺴﺎل ﻗﺪﻳﻢ وﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮوﻳﺰ ﻏﻀﻨﻔﺮي و ﻓﻬﻴﻤﻪ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ زاري‬
‫‪341‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي اﺛﺮ ﻓﺸﺮدﮔﻲ داﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮج در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‪-‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‬
‫اﺣﺴﺎن ﺧﻮش آﻳﻴﻦ و ﺻﺎدق ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪347‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﮔﺎزي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻧﻮﻧﻜﺎﻧﺒﺎ در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ‬ ‫‪52‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﻨﮓ اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎي ﻏﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻤﺪ داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮز ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻗﻮاﻣﻲ رﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺑﻬﺰاد ﺗﺨﻢ ﭼﻲ‬
‫‪353‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ روش ﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎري در ﺷﻴﻞ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺎزي‬ ‫‪53‬‬
‫ﺻﻤﺪ داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮز ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻗﻮاﻣﻲ رﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺑﻬﺰاد ﺗﺨﻢ ﭼﻲ‬

‫ش‬
‫‪359‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان و ﻧﻮع ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻨﻲ در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻣﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪54‬‬
‫دارﻳﺎن درﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﺪه داوودي و وﺣﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪365‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪ ،‬رﺳﻮب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﮕﺮدي ﻋﻴﺎر ﻣﺲ در‬ ‫‪55‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر ﭼﺎه ﻓﻴﺮوزه‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻛﺒﺮ داﻳﺎ‬
‫‪371‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ آﻧﻮﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮدار اﺣﺘﻤﺎل )‪(Probability Plot‬‬ ‫‪56‬‬
‫و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط آﻧﻮﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ وﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻛﺒﺮ داﻳﺎ‬

‫‪376‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ‪ ،‬زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري و ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزي ﻣﻌﺪن ﺳﺮب و روي‬ ‫‪57‬‬
‫اﻧﮕﻮران‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻛﺒﺮ داﻳﺎ‬
‫‪382‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻋﻤﻘﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮ و ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪-‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺑﺪراز در ﺑﺮش ﮔﺮدﻧﻪ ﻣﺰدوران ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮق ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ داغ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻧﺪا دراﻓﺸﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﺣﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺎ و ﻣﻴﺜﻢ ﺷﻔﻴﻌﻲ اردﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪390‬‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮ و ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ -‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪59‬‬
‫آﺑﺪراز ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس روزن داران ﺷﻨﺎور در ﺑﺮش اﻟﮕﻮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮق ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ‬
‫داغ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻧﺪا دراﻓﺸﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﺣﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺎ و ﻣﻴﺜﻢ ﺷﻔﻴﻌﻲ اردﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪398‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﮔﺎزي اﻳﺮان‬ ‫‪60‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ دﻫﻘﺎن اﺑﻨﻮي‪ ،‬اﻣﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻴﺎن ﻃﺮﻗﺒﻪ و ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎر‬
‫‪404‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ و ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي‬ ‫‪61‬‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ دﻫﻘﺎن اﺑﻨﻮي‪ ،‬اﻣﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻴﺎن ﻃﺮﻗﺒﻪ و ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﻗﺎﺟﺎر‬
‫‪411‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ ﻓﺮاﻣﺒﻮﺋﻴﺪال در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ژﻧﺰ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎرﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪62‬‬
‫ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎن رﺟﺒﻲ و ﭘﻮرﻳﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي‬
‫‪418‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮنﻫﺎ در ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻧﻴﺪرﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ ژﻳﭙﺲ و ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزي ﺷﻮراﺑﻪ واﻟﺪ در‬ ‫‪63‬‬
‫اﻧﻴﺪرﻳﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪهاي )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري(‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪه رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﻬﺮوز رﻓﻴﻌﻲ‬

‫ص‬
‫‪426‬‬ ‫آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ رﺧﺴﺎرهاي‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و زﻳﺴﺖﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔﻮرﭘﻲ در ﺑﺮش‬ ‫‪64‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﻴﺮآﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﻛﺒﻴﺮﻛﻮه ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﺮا رﺣﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﻋﺎﺷﻮري‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎس ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ و ﻋﺒﺎس ﻗﺎدري‬
‫‪432‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوﻧﺪ در ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻗﻢ واﻗﻊ در ﺑﺮش اﻣﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪65‬‬
‫آﺑﺎد ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﻛﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺠﺖ رﺧﺸﺎن‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﺛﻴﺎب ﻗﺪﺳﻲ‪ ،‬رﺣﻴﻢ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ اﻳﻠﺨﭽﻲ و ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺷﺎﻛﺮي‬
‫‪438‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ زﻣﻴﻦ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آﺑﺮاﻫﻪ‪-‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬
‫اي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺮق و ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق ﻣﻌﺪن اﻧﮕﻮران‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺚ رﺷﻨﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي و ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪443‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ در رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آﺑﺮاﻫﻪ اي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﺮق و‬ ‫‪67‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق ﻣﻌﺪن اﻧﮕﻮران )ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن(‬
‫ﺣﺪﻳﺚ رﺷﻨﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي و ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪448‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزي ﻋﺪدي رﺷﺪ ﺗﺮك در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫‪68‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎﻧﮋاد‪ ،‬ﺻﺎدق ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ و ﺳﻴﺪاﺣﻤﺪ ﻻﺟﻮردي‬
‫‪455‬‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻛﻮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎز اﻣﺮوز و آﻳﻨﺪه اﻳﺮان‬ ‫‪69‬‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﻞ رﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪461‬‬ ‫ﻻﮔﻬﺎي ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ و ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﺑﺮآورد‬ ‫‪70‬‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎي اوﻟﻴﻪ در ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‬
‫اﻣﻴﺮ رﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪467‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب درﻳﺎﭼﻪ اروﻣﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪71‬‬
‫ﺷﺒﻨﻢ رﺿﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻮﺷﭽﻲ و ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﺛﻴﺎب ﻗﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫‪473‬‬ ‫دﻳﺎژﻧﺰ وژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺮي و اﻳﺰوﺗﻮﭘﻲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪآواري‪ -‬ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ‬ ‫‪72‬‬
‫ﮔﺪوان در دﺷﺖ آﺑﺎدان‬
‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ رﻣﻀﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮزي ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮاد ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ و ﻋﺒﺎس ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‬
‫‪479‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺎدر و ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪73‬‬
‫ﮔﺪوان در دﺷﺖ آﺑﺎدان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺎدر وﻛﻤﻴﺎب‬
‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ رﻣﻀﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮزي ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮاد ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ و ﻋﺒﺎس ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‬
‫‪485‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ زون ﺷﻴﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫‪74‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮري‬
‫زﻫﺮا رﻧﺠﺒﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮام ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده و ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻛﻼﻧﻲ‬
‫‪492‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن )ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪي ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪75‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ(‬

‫ض‬
 ‫اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي و ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪503‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺖزاﻳﻲ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺸﺄ در ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ و ﻧﺎودﻳﺲ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ از‬ ‫‪76‬‬
‫ﻓﺮواﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲدزﻓﻮل‬
‫ارﺳﻼن زﻳﻨﻞزاده‬
‫‪509‬‬ ‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻛﻮاﺗﺮﻧﺮ ﭘﻼﻳﺎي ﻣﻴﻘﺎن‬ ‫‪77‬‬
‫اﻣﻴﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ زﻳﻨﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﻳﻮ ﺳﻔﻲ راد و ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻤﻄﻠﺐ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻲ‬
‫‪514‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻬﻨﺪ‪ -‬اﻳﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫‪78‬‬
‫از اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه ﻧﺮﮔﺲ ﺳﺎداﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﺰدي و ﻣﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري‬
‫‪520‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪي زﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي دره ي اوﻫﺎم ﺟﻨﺪق‬ ‫‪79‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺑﻚ ﺳﭙﻬﺮﻳﺎن ﻧﺴﺐ )آﻗﺎﺑﺎﺑﺎﻟﻮ(‬

‫‪526‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﺧﺴﺎره و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﻠﻴﻮﺳﻦ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق‬ ‫‪80‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺿﺔ ﺧﺰر‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺑﻬﺰاد ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﮋن ﺑﻴﺮاﻧﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮاد ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻃﺎﻋﺘﻲ و ﻣﻬﺮان ﻣﺮادﭘﻮر‬
‫‪532‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺖ‬ ‫‪81‬‬
‫ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮواﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ دزﻓﻮل ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻳﺸﻪ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ رﺣﻴﻢ ﭘﻮر ﺑﻨﺎب‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ رﻧﺠﺒﺮان و ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ آل ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫‪539‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﺧﺴﺎره اي و ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺎﻧﻲ در ﻳﻜﻲ از‬ ‫‪82‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺰر‬
‫ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎس ﻣﺮاوﻧﻪ و ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ دﻫﻘﺎن ده ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪545‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺪل واروﻧﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﻟﺮزه اي در ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪83‬‬
‫از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺰر‬
‫ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎس ﻣﺮاوﻧﻪ و ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ دﻫﻘﺎن ده ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪551‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان‬ ‫‪84‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮري‪ ،‬واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق اﻫﻮاز‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪه ﺳﻨﻤﺎري و ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻧﺎز ﺑﻬﺮام ﻣﻨﺶ ﺗﻬﺮاﻧﻲ‬
‫‪557‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺨﺰن اﻳﻼم در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎﻫﻬﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪85‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﺎدت آﺑﺎد واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق ﺷﻴﺮاز‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪه ﺳﻨﻤﺎري و اﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ده ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ‬
‫‪563‬‬ ‫رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و دﻳﺎژﻧﺰ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻠﻪزﻧﮓ در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺪانﻫﺎي‬ ‫‪86‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن‬

‫ط‬
 ‫ﺻﻼح اﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﺮﺧﻲ زاده‪ ،‬اﻟﻬﺎم اﺳﺪي ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﺪوﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﻣﺰ ﻗﻼوﻧﺪ و ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎن‬
‫‪569‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻠﻪ زﻧﮓ در ﺑﺮش ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﺳﺮﻛﺎن‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫‪87‬‬
‫رﺿﺎ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﮋاد‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ اﻣﺎﻣﻲ و اﻳﺮج ﻣﻐﻔﻮري ﻣﻘﺪم‬
‫‪575‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻠﻪ زﻧﮓ در ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﺳﺮﻛﺎن‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫‪88‬‬
‫رﺿﺎ ﺷﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﮋاد‪ ،‬اﻳﺮج ﻣﻐﻔﻮري ﻣﻘﺪم‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ اﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫‪581‬‬ ‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻳﻚ دﻟﺘﺎي ﺟﺰر و ﻣﺪي )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺪو‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪89‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﻣﺎن( در اﻳﺮان ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺷﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮراي ﻳﺎﻧﻮﭼﻜﻮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎرﺗﺎ ﭘﺮﻳﻜﻮﭘﻮوا و ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﻲ ﻋﻄﺎآﺑﺎدي‬
‫‪591‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﻻﻟﻮن‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻼ و واﺣﺪ ﻛﻮارﺗﺰﻳﺖ رأﺳﻲ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪90‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻳﻪدروار )ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب داﻣﻐﺎن(‬
‫اﻣﻴﺮﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ اﻫﺮي ﭘﻮر و ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻴﺮآﺑﺎدي‬
‫‪598‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ رﺳﻮب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎي ﻛﺸﺎورزي روﺳﺘﺎي‬ ‫‪91‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺖ واﻗﻊ در دﺷﺖ ﭘﻼﻳﺎي رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎرادوز و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ آن ﺑﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪،‬ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن اروﻣﻴﻪ – آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻌﻔﺮ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺰاد ﺣﺎﺟﻌﻠﻴﻠﻮ و ﻓﺎﺿﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺎرﻧﮋاد‬
‫‪604‬‬ ‫رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻠﻪزﻧﮓ درﺟﻨﻮب‬ ‫‪92‬‬
‫ﻏﺮب ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺷﻼﻟﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ آداﺑﻲ و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪614‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻞ ﻓﺸﺎن ﭘﻴﺮﮔﻞ )ﺟﻨﻮب ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮي ﺧﺎش(‬ ‫‪93‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻬﻨﻮازي‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻤﺎن رﺿﺎﺋﻲ و رﺿﻮان زارع زاده‬
‫‪621‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶ زﻣﻴﻦ ﮔَﺮدﺷﮕﺎه ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدي ﻧَﻘﺶِ ر‪‬ﺳﺘﻢ در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻴﺮاز‬ ‫‪94‬‬
‫رﺿﺎ ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ و ﺑﻬﻤﻨﻴﺎر ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ‬
‫‪628‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ و ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي زون‬ ‫‪95‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻨﺪج‪-‬ﺳﻴﺮﺟﺎن‪ :‬ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺎدر و آب و‬
‫ﻫﻮاي دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺜﻢ ﺗﺪﻳﻦ و ﺑﻬﺮاد ذﺑﺤﻲ ﻛﻤﻨﺪ‬
‫‪635‬‬ ‫رﺳﻮب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻏﺎر ﻗﻼء و ﻧﻘﺶ آن در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ژﺋﻮﺗﻮرﻳﺴﻢ اﻳﺮان‬ ‫‪96‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﺪرﻣﺤﻤﺪي و ﺧﻠﻴﻞ رﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪641‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮج ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رواﺑﻂ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﮓ و ﺑﻬﺒﻮد ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪97‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ اﻧﺘﮕﺮال ﻓﺎزي ﭼﻮﻛﻮﺋﺖ درﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺣﻤﻴﺪ ﺻﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺰاد ﺗﺨﻢ ﭼﻲ و ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺮاد زاده‬

‫ظ‬
‫‪648‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻧﺴﻞﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ و رﺧﺪاد ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ ﺳﺮب و روي‬ ‫‪98‬‬
‫در ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر ﺧﺎنﺳﺮﻣﻪ )ﻏﺮب اﺻﻔﻬﺎن(‬
‫اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ و اﻧﺴﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري ﻧﮋاد‬
‫‪654‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﺎن درﺷﺮق ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ‬ ‫‪99‬‬
‫داغ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه اﻋﻈﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺖ و ﻣﻬﺪي رﺿﺎ ﭘﻮرﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪661‬‬ ‫اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﻴﺮﮔﺎن درﺑﺮش ﺳﺮرود‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫وﻛﻼﺗﻪ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﮓ ﺷﺮق ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ داغ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپ ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪار(‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه اﻋﻈﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺖ و ﻣﻬﺪي رﺿﺎ ﭘﻮرﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪669‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آﺑﺮاﻫﻪاي اﻃﺮاف ﻣﻌﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﭽﻪﺑﺎغ )ﺷﻤﺎلﻏﺮب‬ ‫‪101‬‬
‫زﻧﺠﺎن( ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﺸﻤﻴﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري و ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪675‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ زﻣﻴﻦ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آﺑﺮاﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪102‬‬
‫اي در ﻣﻌﺪن ﺑﺎﻳﭽﻪ ﺑﺎ غ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﻧﺸﻤﻴﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري و ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪680‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل اﺷﺘﻬﺎرد‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺎن اﻟﺒﺮز‬ ‫‪103‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮي‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮوز رﻓﻴﻌﻲ و رﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮر‬
‫‪686‬‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﻴﻦ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ در رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫‪104‬‬
‫ﮔﺎزي ﮔﺮوه دﻫﺮم در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻛﺸﻮر‬
‫اﻳﻮب ﻋﺎﻣﺮي و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ آﺑﺪﻳﺪه‬
‫‪692‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪه ﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﺗﻮرﻳﺴﻤﻲ دﺷﺖ ﻻر‬ ‫‪105‬‬
‫ﻓﺮوغ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﺎﻗﻲ و ﭘﺮوﻳﺰ آرﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪699‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ و ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس داده ﻫﺎي ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪ ،‬اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺳﭙﻴﺪه ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺧﻮان‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺪي رﺿﺎ ﭘﻮرﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﺒﺨﺖ‬
‫‪703‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي اﻟﻴﮕﻮﺳﻦ‪-‬ﻣﻴﻮﺳﻦ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺎهﻧﺸﺎن‪،‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫زﻳﻨﺐ ﻋﻠﻲﻣﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﻤﻪ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﺳﻌﻴﺪ و ﻣﻬﺪي ﻧﺠﻔﻲ‬
‫‪709‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮيﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛﻨﺪﺑﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و‬ ‫‪108‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮيﻫﺎ در ﺑﺮش ﺳﺎران )اﻟﺒﺮز ﻣﺮﻛﺰي(‬
‫زﻳﻨﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده ﻋﺮب و ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺮزي‬

‫ع‬
‫‪715‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮلﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫‪109‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ رﺿﺎ‬
‫‪721‬‬ ‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺮاورﺗﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ آوج )اﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﺰوﻳﻦ(‬ ‫‪110‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﻏﻀﻨﻔﺮي‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮوز رﻓﻴﻌﻲ و ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺤﺴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪727‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻴﻮزوﻧﻬﺎي ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺎﻫﺪي ﺑﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻧﺮخ رﺳﻮبﮔﺬاري‬ ‫‪111‬‬
‫در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ داغ در زﻣﺎن آﭘﺴﻴﻦ‪-‬آﻟﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻋﻈﻢ ﻏﻼﻣﻲ ﻓﺮد‪ ،‬اﻧﻮﺷﻴﺮوان ﻟﻄﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﻲ‪ ،‬اﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻓﺮوﻏﻲ و اﻣﻴﺮﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫‪733‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﺮوك ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ در دﺷﺖ آﺑﺎدان‬ ‫‪112‬‬
‫و ﻓﺮواﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ دزﻓﻮل ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﻓﺮاﻣﺮزي‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ رﺣﻴﻢ ﭘﻮر ﺑﻨﺎب‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺴﻦ رﻧﺠﺒﺮان و اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ اﻳﺰدي ﻣﺰﻳﺪي‬

‫‪741‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﻣﺪل اﺻﻼح ﺷﺪه ﭘﺴﻴﺎك در ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ رﺳﻮب در‬ ‫‪113‬‬
‫زﻳﺮﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻫﺎي آﺑﺮﻳﺰ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﺎدﻣﻬﺮ و ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﻏﻨﻤﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﺮ‬
‫‪747‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ و ﻣﮕﻨﺘﻴﺖ ﺑﺮ رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪114‬‬
‫اﺣﻤﺪ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎدي ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ و ﻋﻠﻲ رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪751‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﺮخ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎن‬ ‫‪115‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻳﺪ ﻗﻮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﻤﻪ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﺳﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺪي ﻧﺠﻔﻲ‬
‫‪557‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ اي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن( در دو ﺑ‪‬ﺮش از دو زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ‬ ‫‪116‬‬
‫ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺑﻬﻤﻨﻴﺎر ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ و رﺿﺎ ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‬
‫‪764‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺛﻘﻠﻲ درﻫﻢ رﻳﺨﺘﻪ در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪزو و ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آورﻧﺪه آﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪117‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎوﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮرآذر ﺷﻜﺮزاده‪ ،‬ﻟﻄﻒ اﻟﻪ آﻗﺎﺟﺮي و ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻪ آﻗﺎﺑﺎﺑﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪770‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮي آﺑﺨﻮان دﺷﺖ ﺷﺒﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ روش دراﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪118‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ اﻳﻠﺨﭽﻲ‪ ،‬اﺻﻐﺮ اﺻﻐﺮي ﻣﻘﺪم‪ ،‬رﺣﻴﻢ ﺑﺮزﮔﺮ و ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻗﺮه ﺧﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪775‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از روش وﻳﻠﻜﺎﻛﺴﻮن ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎزي ﻣﺪل دراﺳﺘﻴﻚ در ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪119‬‬
‫آﺳﻴﺐﭘﺬﻳﺮي آﺑﺨﻮان دﺷﺖ ﺷﺒﺴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ اﻳﻠﺨﭽﻲ‪ ،‬اﺻﻐﺮ اﺻﻐﺮي ﻣﻘﺪم‪ ،‬رﺣﻴﻢ ﺑﺮزﮔﺮ و ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻗﺮه ﺧﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪780‬‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ و اﻫﻤﻴﺖ آن در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮري‬ ‫‪120‬‬
‫رﺣﻴﻢ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ اﻳﻠﺨﭽﻲ‪ ،‬رﻋﻨﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺮي آﻗﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺪي ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻳﻤﻨﺪوﺳﺖ و ﻋﻠﻲ اﺳﻌﺪي‬
‫‪786‬‬ ‫اراﺋﻪ روﺷﻲ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻠﻮغ ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ از ﭼﺎهﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪121‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ رﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫غ‬
‫‪791‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪروژﺋﻮﻟﻮژي درﻳﺎﭼﻪ آب ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ زرﻳﺒﺎر ﻣﺮﻳﻮان‪ ،‬ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن‬ ‫‪122‬‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ رﺿﺎﺋﻲ و اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎن‬
‫‪797‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي رﻗﻮﻣﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻳﻚ روش ﻧﻮﻳﻦ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‪-‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎزن ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺻﺎدق ﻛﺮﻳﻢﭘﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪803‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻳﻜﻨﻮﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﮔﻠﻮﺳﻲﻓﺎﻧﺠﻴﺘﺲ ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖﺷﺪه در ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫‪124‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﺮوﻧﺪه ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ اﻣﻮاج‪ :‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺟﻴﺮود در در‪‬ه ﻣﺒﺎركآﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق‬
‫ﺗﻬﺮان )ﺣﻮﺿﻪ اﻟﺒﺮز(‬
‫ﻧﺎﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻲ و ﺋﺎرام ﺑﺎﻳﺖﮔﻞ‬
‫‪810‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﻮذﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺣﻮﺿﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺰرﻳﻖ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪125‬‬
‫در ﻣﺤﺪوده رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎﻧﻠﻮ اﺳﺘﺎن زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻛﺸﺎورز ﺑﺨﺸﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺜﻢ ﺑﺮﺟﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻣﻴﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ اﺣﻤﺪي و ﭘﺮﺳﺘﻮ ﺗﻘﻲ ﭘﻮر‬
‫‪816‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛﻼت ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از‬ ‫‪126‬‬
‫ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮاﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﻛﺸﻤﻴﺮي‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي ﻗﺮاﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ و اﺳﺪاﷲ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪823‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري‬ ‫‪127‬‬
‫در ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﺪار )ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق ﺑﻬﺒﻬﺎن(‬
‫زﻫﺮا ﻛﻼﻧﺘﺮزاده و ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﭘﻮر ﺷﻴﺨﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫‪833‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي درارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪128‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﺑﺮوز ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﺮا ﻛﻴﺎﻧﻲ اﺻﻞ‬
‫‪838‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺌﻮاﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﺎرون‬ ‫‪129‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﮔﻮدرزي‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ اﻣﻴﺮي ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎر و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻧﻮراﻳﻲ ﻧﮋاد‬
‫‪846‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﻣﺪل رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در‬ ‫‪130‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﺎرون‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﮔﻮدرزي‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ اﻣﻴﺮي ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎر و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻧﻮراﻳﻲ ﻧﮋاد‬
‫‪855‬‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎهﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﻣﺎرون‬ ‫‪131‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﮔﻮدرزي‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﺣﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ اﻣﻴﺮي ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎر و ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻧﻮراﻳﻲ ﻧﮋاد‬
‫‪865‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ و ارﺗﺒﺎط ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ اﻳﺰوﺗﻮﭘﻲ و‬ ‫‪132‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮي ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﻮح ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ؛ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﻬﺮام‪ ،‬اﻳﺮان ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬
‫ﺳﺎﻧﺎز ﻣﺤﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﭘﺎﻛﺰاد‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ و ﺣﺴﻴﻦ وزﻳﺮي ﻣﻘﺪم‬

‫ف‬
‫‪871‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮوري ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ ،‬آب و ﻫﻮا و ﻋﻤﻖ درﻳﺎﭼﻪ‬ ‫‪133‬‬
‫زرﻳﺒﺎر‪/‬زرﻳﻮار )ﻏﺮب ﻣﺮﻳﻮان( در ‪ 40000‬ﺳﺎل ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ )اواﺧﺮ ﭘﻠﻴﺴﺘﻮﺳﻦ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﻠﻮﺳﻦ(‬
‫اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪي و ﺋﺎرام ﺑﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﻞ‬
‫‪878‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎءﻳﺎﺑﻲ رﺳﻮب در ﺣﻮزهﻫﺎي آﺑﺨﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري‪ ،‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬ ‫‪134‬‬
‫ردﻳﺎبﻫﺎ و ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺎزﻳﺎر ﻣﺤﻤﺪي‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻮاﺣﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺪي دروﻳﺸﺎن و ﻧﺎدر ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ ﻓﺮ‬
‫‪884‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮوري ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻮري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻗﻢ )اﻟﻴﮕﻮ‪-‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻮﺳﻦ(‬
‫اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪي و ﻋﻠﻲ رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪891‬‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري ﺗﻨﮓ ﻳﻮژاﻧﺪر‪ ،‬ﺷﺮق دره ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫‪136‬‬
‫زﻫﺮا ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي‪ ،‬اﻳﺮج ﻣﻐﻔﻮري ﻣﻘﺪم‬

‫‪897‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﭼﻬﻞ ﻛﻤﺎن )ﭘﺎﻟﺌﻮﺳﻦ‬ ‫‪137‬‬
‫ﭘﺴﻴﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب درﮔﺰ‬
‫ﺣﻤﻴﺪ ﻣﺮادي ﻧﮋاد راوري‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي ﻗﺮاﺋﻲ‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ و اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪903‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎرهاي و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ روﺗﻪ در ﺑﺮش ﻓﺸﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق‬ ‫‪138‬‬
‫ﻗﺰوﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺪق و ﻟﻴﻼ ﺻﻤﺪﭘﻮر‬
‫‪910‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺮز ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاﻗﺎن ‪ -‬زاﻛﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ در ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪139‬‬
‫از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس در اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮي و ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ رﺟﻠﻲ‬
‫‪916‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﺑﺮﻳﺰ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﻮرﻛﻮرﺳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﻬﺮ در‬ ‫‪140‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎل اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪﻟﻮﺳﻲ و ﻛﻴﺎﻣﺮث ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪922‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮﺋﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاي اﻟﻴﮕﻮ‪-‬ﻣﻴﻮﺳﻦ در‬ ‫‪141‬‬
‫ﺑﺮش ﺣﺮﻣﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل زاﻫﺪان‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬
‫رﺿﺎ ﻣﻌﺰي ﻧﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﺒﻲ ﮔﺮﮔﻴﺞ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﺤﺒﻲ‬
‫‪928‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زون ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان‬ ‫‪142‬‬
‫ﭘﺎرس ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از داده ﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻢ رخ ﻟﺮزه اي ﻗﺎﺋﻢ )‪ (vsp‬ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﻢ زاده و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ آﺑﺪﻳﺪه‬

‫ق‬
‫‪934‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري دﻳﻮاره ﭼﺎه ﻳﻜﻲ از ﭼﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺪان ﭘﺎرس ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪143‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ژﺋﻮﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺨﺰن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دادهﻫﺎي ﻧﻴﻢرخ ﻟﺮزهاي‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‪ (vsp) Vertical seismic profile‬و ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﻢ زاده و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ آﺑﺪﻳﺪه‬
‫‪940‬‬ ‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ آواري ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫‪144‬‬
‫زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب ﻗﺎﺋﻦ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺋﺰه ﻣﻼي ﭼﺎﺣﻮض‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪه ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻮي ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰي و ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪاﻟﺸﺮﻳﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫‪946‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر دروﻧﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﻗﭽﺎﮔﻴﻞ در‬ ‫‪145‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق ﮔﻨﺒﺪ ﻛﺎووس‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﺑﺸﺎش ﻛﻮدﻫﻲ ‪،‬آرش اﻣﻴﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺎز اﻟﺴﺎدات اﻣﻴﺮ ﺷﺎه ﻛﺮﻣﻲ و ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻇﻔﺮي‬
‫‪953‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﺮوك در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب‬ ‫‪146‬‬
‫ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان‬
‫وﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺪي ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬رﻳﺎض ﺧﺮاط و ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫‪959‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻧﻮاع روﺷﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻲ در ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎي‬ ‫‪147‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ روﺷﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‬
‫وﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺪي ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬رﻳﺎض ﺧﺮاط و ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫‪965‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺳﺮوك در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪148‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان‬
‫وﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺪي ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬رﻳﺎض ﺧﺮاط و ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﺋﻲ‬
‫‪971‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻬﺎي ژﺋﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻫﻴﺪراﺗﻬﺎي ﮔﺎزي‬ ‫‪149‬‬
‫وﻟﻲ ﻣﻬﺪي ﭘﻮر و ﺧﺪﻳﺠﻪ ﻫﺎﺷﻤﻴﺎن‬

‫‪977‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪل ﭘﻲ ﺟﻮﻳﻲ ذﺧﺎﻳﺮ اوراﻧﻴﻮم در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﺒﺮز و ﻛﭙﻪ داغ‬ ‫‪150‬‬
‫رﺿﺎ ﻣﻬﺮﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪983‬‬ ‫اﻓﻖﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻓﺴﻴﻞ‪ ،‬راﻫﻨﻤﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ در‬ ‫‪151‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻔﺮ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي ﺑﺮ روي ﺑﺮش ﻻﻻن ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﺒﺎرك‪،‬‬
‫واﻗﻊ در زون اﻟﺒﺮز‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه ﭘﺮوﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﻃﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺋﺎرام ﺑﺎﻳﺖﮔﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺪي داراﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺠﻤﻪ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺳﻌﻴﺪ و ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪990‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ از ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺣﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻛﺴﻴﺪان‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ از‬ ‫‪152‬‬
‫رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آﭘﺘﻴﻦ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي زاده‬

‫ك‬
‫‪996‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ و وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ﭘﻼﻳﺎي ﺳﺎﻏﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫‪153‬‬
‫اﻳﺮان‪ ،‬ﻳﺰد‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي زاده‬
‫‪1002‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎت ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ و ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﭼﺎه ﺷﻤﺎره ‪22‬‬ ‫‪154‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪان ﻻﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دادهﻫﺎي ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮخ ﻧﺎﺻﺮي ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻫﺮ ﮔﻠﻲ و ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻲ ذاﻛﺮي‬
‫‪1009‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺪن ﺟﻴﺮود در دره ﺷﻤﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺗﻬﺮان‬ ‫‪155‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻼد ﻧﺠﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻳﺰدي‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮداد ﺑﻬﺰادي و ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﺧﺸﻨﻮدي‬
‫‪1015‬‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻨﮕﻲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻣﻴﻦ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ در ﺑﺮش ارم‬ ‫‪156‬‬
‫)ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﻜﺎ(‬
‫ﺣﻤﻴﺪه ﻧﻮروزﭘﻮر و ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮد ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ ﻧﮋاد‬
‫‪1022‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد روش ﻫﻤﭙﻮﺷﺎﻧﻲ رﺳﺘﺮي در اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ در رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آﺑﺮاﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪157‬‬
‫اي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺳﺎردوﺋﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﺎن‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻮروزي‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺑﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮداد ﺑﻬﺰادي و ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻫﺰاره‬
‫‪1028‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ ﺳﻨﺠﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺑﺪراز در ﺑﺮش روﺳﺘﺎي ﺑﻬﺎدرﺧﺎن ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ‬ ‫‪158‬‬
‫رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﭙﻪ داغ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬
‫آزاده ﻧﻮروزﻳﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﺣﻴﺪي ﻧﻴﺎ و ﻣﻴﺜﻢ ﺷﻔﻴﻌﻲ اردﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪1034‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛﻨﮕﺎن‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي ﭼﺎه ‪ A‬در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﮔﺎزي‬ ‫‪159‬‬
‫زاﮔﺮس ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺪي ﺧﺪاﻣﻲ و اﺣﺴﺎن ﻏﻔﺮاﻧﻲ‬
‫‪1040‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻴﻜﻲ و ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲآواري ﮔﺮوه ﻧﺨﻠﻚ و‬ ‫‪160‬‬
‫ارﺗﺒﺎط آن ﺑﺎ روﻳﺪادﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب اوراﺳﻴﺎ در زﻣﺎن ﺗﺮﻳﺎس‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه ﺣﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﺷﻤﻲ ﻋﺰﻳﺰي و ﭘﻴﻤﺎن رﺿﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫‪1046‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺴﻞ ﭘﻲ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن آﺳﻤﺎري‪-‬ﺟﻬﺮم در ﻣﻴﺪان‬ ‫‪161‬‬
‫ﮔﻠﺨﺎري‬
‫ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﭼﻬﺎرده ﭼﺮﻳﻚ و آرﻣﻴﻦ اﻣﻴﺪﭘﻮر‬
‫‪1052‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزي دوﺑﻌﺪي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻧﺞ و ﭘﺎرﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪162‬‬
‫)ﻓﺮواﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ دزﻓﻮل ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺼﻮﻣﻪ وﻃﻦ دوﺳﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﻴﻪ‪ ،‬اﻣﻴﺮﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ زاده‬
‫‪1060‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎروت در اﻟﺒﺮز ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‬ ‫‪163‬‬

‫ل‬
 ‫اﻣﻴﺪ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ ﻣﻴﻤﻨﺪي و اﻟﻬﺎم اﺳﺪي ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﺪوﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫‪1067‬‬ ‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آﻧﻮﻣﺎﻟﻲﻫﺎي ﺳﺮب و روي در رﺳﻮﺑﺎت آﺑﺮاﻫﻪاي‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫‪164‬‬
‫ﺳﺎردوﺋﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎن‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ اﺑﻮاﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻧﻮروزي‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮداد ﺑﻬﺰادي و ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﻫﺰاره‬
‫‪1073‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪل ﺳﺎزي رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﺮي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ‪ARMA‬‬ ‫‪165‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ راد و ﺟﻮاد ﺳﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪1079‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي رﻗﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ در ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي‬ ‫‪166‬‬
‫ﺳﺮي دزو )اﻳﻨﻔﺮاﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﻦ( ﺷﺮق ﻣﻴﺒﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﮋن ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ اﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺪي و اﻣﻴﺮ ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﭘﻮرﺗﻘﻮي‬
‫‪1085‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺤﺪود ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري در ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪167‬‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛﺸﻜﺎن‬
‫ﺑﻴﮋن ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ اﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻴﺒﺪي و اﻣﻴﺮ ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﭘﻮرﺗﻘﻮي‬
‫‪1091‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮ ﻓﺴﻴﻞ ﻫﺎ و و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ اﻣﻴﺮان در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻن‪،‬‬ ‫‪168‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻫﻬﺎي زاﮔﺮس‬
‫ﺑﻴﮋن ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﺷﻴﺨﻲ و ﻧﺼﺮاﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫م‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت‬
‫)ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺑﻠﻨﺪ(‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫ردﻳﻒ‬
‫‪1096‬‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ زﻳﺴﺖﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮﺧﺎن درﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﮕﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﻣﻜﺮان‬
‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬رﺳﻮل اﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻮاد ﻧﻌﻤﺖاﻟﻬﻲ و اﻳﻮب وﻳﺴﻲﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪1097‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻲ و ﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ رﮔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ روي دار‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫در ﻣﻌﺪن ﺳﺮب و روي ﻃﺮز ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ واﻗﻊ در ﺷﺮق ﻛﻮﻫﺒﻨﺎن‬
‫رﺿﺎ اﺳﻜﻨﺪري ﻧﮋاد‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﺪ زﻧﺪﻣﻘﺪم و ﻣﻬﺪي ﺧﺮاﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮر‬
‫‪1098‬‬ ‫ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ رﮔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪي ﺳﺮب دار در ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺮب و روي ﻃﺮز‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫واﻗﻊ در ﺷﺮق ﻛﻮﻫﺒﻨﺎن‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل اﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣﺎن‬
‫رﺿﺎ اﺳﻜﻨﺪري ﻧﮋاد‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﺪ زﻧﺪﻣﻘﺪم و ﻣﻬﺪي ﺧﺮاﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﻮر‬
‫‪1099‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻣﺰدوران( در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق اﻳﺮان‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪﻋﻠﻲ آﻗﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪1100‬‬ ‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻻﻟﻮن )ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎور زﻧﺠﺎن(‬
‫اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ و ﺳﻴﺪه ﻧﺪا ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪1101‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺸﺘﻴﻦ در‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫ﭼﺎرﭼﻮب ﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ در اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻧﮕﺎره ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﻲ )‪ ،(NE-SW‬ﺷﺮق ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﻫﺎم‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪1103‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺨﻠﺨﻞ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺗﺎرﺑﻮر ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪-‬رﺳﻮﺑﻲ آن در ﺷﺮق ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﻫﺎم‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺳﻴﺪرﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪1105‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ اﻓﻖﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎﺗﻮﻟﻴﺖدار ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﺋﻲ ﻣﺲ در‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎروت‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﮔﻠﺠﻴﻚ‪-‬زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﺧﺪﻳﺠﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬اﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ زاده‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎن ﻗﺸﻼق‪ ،‬اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي و ﻫﻤﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﺪي‬
‫‪1106‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﺛﺮات زﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﺮ اﻟﮕﻮي ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻴﻼب‬ ‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺑﻲﺗﺎ ﺟﺎوﻳﺪ ﻓﺨﺮ‬

‫ن‬
‫‪1107‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻧﺪﻳﺲ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮازدﮔﻲ در رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ آواري ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎري در ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ آب و ﻫﻮاي ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻮردي از ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ ﻛﭙﻪ‬
‫داغ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺪي ﺟﻌﻔﺮزاده‬
‫‪1108‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ دوره زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫اﻟﻴﮕﻮﻣﻴﻮﺳﻦ در ﺗﻮاﻟﻴﻬﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺧﺮم آﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺑﺮش ﮔﺎﭘﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫زاﮔﺮس‬
‫اﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻴﺪري‬
‫‪1109‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺲ دﻳﺎژﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﭘﺎراژﻧﺘﻴﻚ و ارﺗﺒﺎط آن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي ﺑﺮش ﮔﺎﭘﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب ﺧﺮم آﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ زاﮔﺮس‬
‫اﻛﺒﺮ ﺣﻴﺪري‬
‫‪1110‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺪﻟﺴﺎزي ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪13‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﺣﻴﺪرﻳﺎن دﻫﻜﺮدي و ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﺋﻲ‬
‫‪1111‬‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ آﻫﻦ در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺑﺎروت‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻗﺎراﺑﻼغ‪ -‬ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﺪي‪ ،‬اﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ زاده‪ ،‬اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي و ﺧﺪﻳﺠﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪1112‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪلﺳﺎزي رواﺑﻂ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ دادهﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ :‬آﻣﺎر ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ آﻣﺎر‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ؟‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي‬
‫‪1113‬‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺸﺎء ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻦﻫﺎي آروﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ در ﺻﺪف و رﺳﻮب ﺷﻤﺎل ﺧﻠﻴﺞ‬ ‫‪16‬‬
‫ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﺧﺴﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻬﻴﻦ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻓﺮد‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﻨﺎم ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻬﺮزاد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻓﺮد‬
‫‪1114‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺰن دو زون در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ اﻫﻮاز‬ ‫‪17‬‬
‫راﺿﻴﻪ دوﺳﺘﻲ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺪﺧﺪاﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﭘﻴﺮوي‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺣﻴﻢ ﻛﺮﻳﻤﻲ و ﻣﻬﺪي دوﺳﺘﻲ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ‬
‫‪1115‬‬ ‫زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻗﻢ در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ زﻧﺠﺎن‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪1116‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر ﭼﻬﺮآﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎلﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ زﻧﺠﺎن‪ :‬ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ ﺳﺮب‪ -‬روي و ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ‬ ‫‪19‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﻴﭗ ‪ Redbed‬در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ رﺟﺐ زاده‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪1117‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻴﺪروﻛﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎرف در اﻳﺮان‪ ،‬ﺿﺮوري ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﺿﺮوري؟‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫زﻳﺒﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ه‬
‫‪1118‬‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺘﻮﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﺎ و ﭘﺘﺮوﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻴﻠﻴﺴﻲ آواري ﻗﺮﻣﺰ رﻧﮓ در‬ ‫‪21‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻛﺎرواﻧﮕﺎه‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﻛﻮﻫﺒﻨﺎن‪ :‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ داﻫﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺮخ ﺷﻴﻞ؟‬
‫ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﺪ زﻧﺪﻣﻘﺪم و اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪1119‬‬ ‫آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ در ﺷﻤﺎل راور‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪22‬‬
‫ﻏﺮب ﻛﺮﻣﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﺪ زﻧﺪ ﻣﻘﺪم‬
‫‪1120‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ﻟﻴﺘﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت داوران واﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪23‬‬
‫در ﺷﻤﺎل رﻓﺴﻨﺠﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺎﻣﺪ زﻧﺪﻣﻘﺪم‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ اﻛﺒﺮي و ﺣﻤﻴﺪ ﻃﺎﻫﺮي ﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪1121‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻧﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺣﻮادث زﻳﺴﺘﻲ در ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ‬ ‫‪24‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻴﺎدﻳﻦ ﻧﻔﺘﻲ واﻗﻊ در ﻏﺮب ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪه ﺳﻨﻤﺎري‬
‫‪1122‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻜﻞ و واﻧﺎدﻳﻢ ردﻳﺎبﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي ﻧﻔﺘﻲ در رﺳﻮﺑﺎت‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫اﻋﻈﻢ ﺻﻔﺎدوﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑﺮ اﻋﻈﻤﻲ و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪1123‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺬار ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و ﻛﻤﻴﺖ آب ﺷﺮب‬ ‫‪26‬‬
‫‪ 19‬ﭼﺎه در ﻃﻲ ﺑﺎزه زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪ 3‬ﺳﺎل در ﻏﺮب اﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻬﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺳﻨﺠﺶ از‬
‫دور‬
‫ﻓﻬﻴﻤﻪ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ زاري‪ ،‬داود ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و ﭘﻮرﻳﺎ ﺿﻴﺎ‬
‫‪1124‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺪي ﺑﺮ روش ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ آﺑﺨﻮان و ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻏﻴﺮ اﺷﺒﺎع)وادوز( در‬ ‫‪27‬‬
‫ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻫﺎي آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ذاﺗﻲ آﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻬﺎي آﺑﺮﻓﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل‬
‫دراﺳﺘﻴﻚ؛ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮردي‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎل ﻃﺎﻫﺮي‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻃﻔﻪ ﻳﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪم و ﻣﻴﻼد ﻃﺎﻫﺮي‬
‫‪1125‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺲ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﭘﺮوﻓﻮرﻟﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﻳﺸﺘﻴﻦ در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻏﺮب ﻓﺎرس‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺧﻮرده‪-‬روراﻧﺪه زاﮔﺮس‬
‫رﺧﺸﻨﺪه ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮر ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ و ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺒﺸﺮي‬
‫‪1126‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ روشﻫﺎ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت در اﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي‬ ‫‪29‬‬
‫آﺑﻲ‬
‫زﻫﺮا ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻬﻲ و ﺟﺎﺑﺮ اﻋﻈﻤﻲ‬
‫‪1127‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ وﻓﺎﺑﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻣﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻇﻔﺮآﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن‬
‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪا رﻓﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي و ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎن ﻗﺸﻼق‬
‫‪1128‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ و ﻓﺎﺑﺮﻳﻚ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﻣﺮ در ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر اﺳﻜﺎرن آﻫﻦ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮق ﺳﻘﺰ‬ ‫‪31‬‬

‫و‬
 ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻠﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎن ﻗﺸﻼق ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻤﻲ و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪1129‬‬ ‫دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﺪن ﻏﻨﻲ از آﻫﻦ در ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎروت‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬ ‫‪32‬‬
‫ﮔﻠﺠﻴﻚ‪-‬زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫اﻣﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ زاده و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪1130‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي دﻳﺎژﻧﺰي ﺑﺮ روي ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪33‬‬
‫ﻛﮋدﻣﻲ در ﻣﻴﺪان ﻫﻨﺪﻳﺠﺎن‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب ﺧﻠﻴﺞﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻪ ﻓﺮاﻣﺮزي‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﮋن ﻧﻮري‪ ،‬ﻧﺎدر ﻛﻬﻨﺴﺎل ﻗﺪﻳﻢ وﻧﺪ و ﺳﺎدات ﻓﻴﺾ ﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫‪1131‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﻛﻨﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‪-‬ﺳﻨﮕﻲ در رﺧﺪاد ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر ﻃﻼي‬ ‫‪34‬‬
‫زرﺷﻮران ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن رﺳﻮﺑﻲ )ﺷﻤﺎل ﺗﻜﺎب(‪ ،‬ﻳﺎل ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮي ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫اﻳﻤﺎنﺧﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻬﺪي ﻓﺮﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻘﺪم‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﭙﻮر‪ ،‬اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ و اﻧﺴﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري ﻧﮋاد‬
‫‪1132‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪاي از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪-‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﮔﻨﺒﺪ ﻧﻤﻜﻲ ﻫﻨﺪون )ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪35‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس(‬
‫ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻓﺮﻳﺪي‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺎﺋﻲ و ﻣﻬﺪي ﻣﺴﻌﻮدي‬
‫‪1133‬‬ ‫رﻳﺰ زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري و ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎﻟﺌﻮاﻛﻮﻟﻮژي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫ﮔﺪوان در ﺟﻨﻮب ارﺳﻨﺠﺎن )ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﻴﺮاز(‬
‫ﻟﻴﻼ ﻓﺴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺎز ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻧﮋاد ﺷﻴﺮازي و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ‬
‫‪1134‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺗﺎﺳﻪ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪37‬‬
‫دردزﻓﻮل ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫راﺿﻴﻪ ﻓﻜﻮر‬
‫‪1135‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر ﻣﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪38‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺰهﻟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎلﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫آﻳﺴﺎن ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪1136‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ژﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺎه در ﻣﺮز ﺳﻨﻮﻣﺎﻧﻴﻦ‪/‬ﺗﻮروﻧﻴﻦ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ي ﻛﭙﻪ‬ ‫‪39‬‬
‫داغ؛ اﺷﺎرهاي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻮاد آﻟﻲ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات اﻳﺰﺗﻮپ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ و ﻧﻴﺘﺮوژن‬
‫ﺑﻬﻨﺎز ﻛﻠﻨﺎت و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮدي ﻗﺮاﻳﻲ‬
‫‪1137‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ ﺳﺮب‪±‬ﻧﻘﺮه ﭼﻨﮕﺮزه )ﺷﻤﺎلﺷﺮق اﺻﻔﻬﺎن( ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﮓ‬ ‫‪40‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ِﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ از دﻳﺪﮔﺎه زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫اﻧﺴﻴﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري ﻧﮋاد‪ ،‬اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻃﺎﻟﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻞ و اﺣﻤﺪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪1138‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ آﺳﻤﺎري در ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ آﻏﺎﺟﺎري ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس‬ ‫‪41‬‬
‫ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ در ﻣﻐﺰهﻫﺎي ﺣﻔﺎري‬

‫ي‬
 ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﻣﺮادي‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪ رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ و ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‬
‫‪1139‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ آﺑﺮﻳﺰ راﻳﻦ واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق‬ ‫‪42‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ‪GIS‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻼ ﻣﻌﺎذاﻟﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎد‪ ،‬رﺿﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﺣﺮﻣﻲ و اﺳﺪاﻟﻪ ﻣﺤﺒﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪1140‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮓﻧﮕﺎري و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي آذرآواري اﺋﻮﺳﻦ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻧﺪآﺑﺎد‪،‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎل ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
‫ﻫﺎدي ﻣﻠﻚزاده‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺎجاﺑﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺢ و ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫‪1141‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎت ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻢ در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي آﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﺮ و آﺑﺪراز )ﺷﺮق‬ ‫‪44‬‬
‫ﻛﭙﻪ داغ( ﺑﺎ روﻧﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوي و ﭘﺴﺮوي آب درﻳﺎ درﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺗﺘﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي‪ ،‬اﻧﻮﺷﻴﺮوان ﻟﻄﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻛﻨﻲ و ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي ﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪1142‬‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش ﺑﻴﺮون زدﮔﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺑﺎرﻣﻴﻦ‪-‬آﭘﺘﻴﻦ در ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﺳﻴﺪان و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪45‬‬
‫رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﺻﻼح ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮي زاده‬
‫‪1143‬‬ ‫زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر ﻣﺲ‪ -‬ﺳﺮب و روي ﻗﺰﻟﺠﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎلﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬ ‫‪46‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪه ﻋﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺮﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎن ﻗﺸﻼق ‪ ،‬اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي و آرﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪1144‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎن ﻓﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﻮﺳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﮕﻮر‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺑﻬﺎر‬ ‫‪47‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﻲ ﻋﻄﺎ آﺑﺎدي‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻧﺠﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻳﺴﺎ ﺻﻴﺪي و ﻣﻌﺘﺼﻢ ﺣﻤﻴﺪي‬
‫‪1145‬‬ ‫رﺳﻮبﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي آﺑﺮﻓﺘﻲ ﻛﻮاﺗﺮﻧﺮي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دﺷﺖ ﻣﻐﺎن )ﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫‪48‬‬
‫اردﺑﻴﻞ(‬
‫ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﻲ ﻋﻄﺎآﺑﺎدي‪ ،‬دارﻳﻮش ﻣﺤﻤﺪي و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫‪1146‬‬ ‫ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎن ﻓﺴﻴﻞ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻣﻴﺸﺎن )ﻣﻴﻮﺳﻦ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪/‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ( از ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺎزرون‬ ‫‪49‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﺮزاﻳﻲ ﻋﻄﺎ آﺑﺎدي‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻧﺠﻔﻲ و ﻧﺴﻴﻢ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪1147‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﻪزاﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و ﺗﻴﭗ ﻛﺎﻧﺴﺎر ﺳﻠﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺎدآﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﺴﺎ ﻧﻮري‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺎن ﻗﺸﻼق ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﺎري و اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬

‫أأ‬
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Nastaranazadbakht@gmail.com
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Diagenesis processes affecting rock types in the Ahvaz Asmari Oil

Field
Nastaran Azadbakht,*1 Mohammad Hossein Adabi, 2, Abdolreza Bavi Owaydi3
1-, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University
2-National Iranian South Oil Compant (NISOC)
Nastaranazadbakht@gmail.com
Abstract
Various diagenetic processes have affected reservoir quality of the Asmari Formation in Ahvaz Oil
Field. Asmari reservoir in wells studied (X, Y, Z) consists of 10 zones. Petrographic studies
demonstrated complexity in diagenetic history of these wells. Meteoric diagenetic processes (including
extensive dissolution, meteoric cementation) along with burial diagenetic features (including stylolite-
related dolomites and burial cements) are the main diagenetic overprints that controlled the reservoir
quality of Asmari Formation.To achieving this goal, geological and petrophysical data from three
exploration wells were used. These data are include macroscopic and microscopic petrographical
studies, wireline logs, the UGC map of Ahwaz Oil Field, core data, core porosity and permeability
(well no X, Y, Z). These are resulted in recognition of a major role for diagenetic overprints on
shaping the final reservoir quality of Asmari Formation.
Key words: Asmari Formation, Ahwaz Oil Field, Diagenetic Processes, Dolomitization, Reservoir Quality
4 5
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> ,- $ 5QGM < . > $ J0 L 3 % & ' % ( ')$* .Bourgeois 1967; Laursen et al. 2006; Laursen et al. 2009
- , , > $ J0 - 4 - " # 5 7; T' 0 ; > $ G 5 7; ] K , - $ J0 ^ A2 % (= , ;
7 G - ; $F 50 $# 2 - 3( P' ^ ( - KA- T' 0 1 - ' > $ J0 . (Lucia, 2007) ,
- . (Ahr,2008) ", (% - KA-) * > $ J0 L$ # "10 % ( 3( I 5QGM < . 2 4 & ' 5#
(Rock , % (5 F ; - " # ; $ F - $. 5 & ' "10 5 % ( - KA- - A$

1
5' / > $ J0 ; ( ' $* (> $# %W %$'ED $ / 0 < 7 5 > .; ^ \ - -;) ;5 - type)
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.(Jafarzadeh and Hosseini-Barzi, 2008) P ] ,$0 ; > $ J0 ) 567 8 - % ( 4 ; ( 2 ' * $J " 6. :1 <

46 7 8 2
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% ( 4 %- G % ( J D ,;$ S T8U 1100 ,-$ ' - . ( 2 (" g $ 308)Z
P %- G % ( J D ,;$ S T8U > 67 8 , % & ' % ( ')$* ' , . 567 8 $I
Dickson m;- 5 $. '- 7) L 1 S T! U 5 # 7; () % ( - KA- N 0 - Q 5 .",
- , m;- H, 0 5# ", `$ , - ' . $0 ; < 0 1450 - #E % ( 4 . % ) = - (1965)
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- ; 5 A $D ( 2 - %- 3,) , >W 10 ; $ J0 $ - EF $/ % & ' % ( ' $* '$ 3
. $ F - $. n1 - , 'R % ([ - ( G ; ' T' 0 1 $ % & ' % ( ' $* L$ # "'
9
LM1 2 7; 2 '$ o- ( 2 %- 3,) , - 5# % & ' % ( ')$* '$ 3
.", K ; ' 3 ; ' * ]# $0 2 3,
.:%- E ,- 2 3( & ' -1

2
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( - KA- $' , $ $0$'EDs ; < % ( - KA- # - ! 5 . < 0 [( # 5 $P 5# ' '-
.(Machel, 2005) $ F - $. $ /r0 "10

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: 7 ,$q ( & ' -2

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3
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4
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5
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D ,;$ 5 , E 0 A ; '-MD - - Z ; Y X g-W "10 % (m$ X 0 F $'; @0 . > * ^KG $ D ,;$ S T8U 3 ; (
.( 5 0 ;$ 7

: 6; 8 2
> M! X,Y, Z - 3 % ( 4 567 8 - 2 - 5# P J %( ` , $ '$ % ( G ; 567 8
m;- '$ 7;- ( % ( G ; ' , ; 60 - . , -Q ' ; - 7 36 J 7 )
$F K ( m;- - . P Excel - * H 1 - ( < 10 ; > I, 1 30 567 8 ' - . , $F K (
- 3 - L $ T' 0 $( T. ; - ", L $ T' 0 >- ? 5 2 '$ G ; $( - '$ % 5 G yA ] '- 7 T' 0
7 ) 7;- ( 2 '$ % ( G ; L ? I! C3( .(6)< ", $* 5 $@1 5 , N' ( 2 $F K (
5 60 - 3 ' ],- .", 8A T' 0 >- ? 5 2 '$ G ; $( - '$ % 5 G yA ] '- 7 L $ L 3 G
. $F y 7 3 G - 3 %;- K uU 60 ` , $ '$ % ( G ;

Log FZI ; $* > $ J0 $F K ( :6 <

=03 /4 <
[' * ' [( # - ) > ? @A ; ) " # - $ J0 n (= , - % & ' < $ /0
> ? @A , >; % ( ;$F % & ' % ( ' $* $ / 0 5# ( 2 D ,;$ > 67 8 . (
2 R <? * ; (5'W 2 0 * $F;$ D ; ( ' ; $0 ; < 0) > ? @A \ E7 ; ( 2 K '
4; ' ; $0 ; < 0 [( # ' ; [' * - % & ' < $ / 0 $ S- - Q 5 . - $. ,-$ - $ -
6
$( - , 5 F $( ; $* 6 5 G$ - . (Rock type) , % (5 F ,-$ - 6, % & ' % ( ' $* $ 3
; < 0 % 5'W > ? @A ; 5 , D ]z . ; I - ! 5 5# ", 2 '$ G ; N') '$ G ;
G ; $( - ;- B 17 - EF $/ L , 2 '$ $ 5# ' * ;$ D ; , % ( F{'; ; - 5 ' ; $0
% ( G ; . ,- " # [' * - % & ' % ( ' $* $ / 0 - U8 % 5P 5 2 0 ' $F 60 (", " /
5 5K ; ,5 F $( - ; ( 2 - '$ % ( G ; ) $ ]# G % & ' % ( ;- 5 5 0 ,
;$F 8 60 - #E - 3 %;- $ (5 3 " 6. ` , $ .(7 < ) - 5I \ ? A '$ G ; 2) % & ' ' $* t
7; ; % % (LM1 < 3 % & ' ' $* - 4 .(8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 L ) ', ,
P' % & ' % ( ' $* '$0 ? 2 5 ( K ; 2 7; ; " 7 , HI0$ * 2
2 5 * ;% $ KF 2 3 , ? % & ' ' $* . ' $F *$6 W " # % ( G; #
. ' $F *$6 $ \ % ( G; # P' ; " # ( # % & ' % ( ' $* '$0 ?

Dynamic data Z-values: HFU

-0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.4

10000
10000

1000
1000

100
100

General discrete
Perm2

10
10

Code 0

HFU1

HFU2

HFU3

1
1

HFU4

HFU5

HFU6

0.1
0.1

HFU7

HFU8

0.01
0.01

-0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.4
Poro

567 8 - 4 5, - '$ 7;- ( % ( G ; N' $( % $ ' ; $0 ; < 0 $' U ] ,$0 : 7 <

("K, 5, )1 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :8<

(50 $# = , 5, )2 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :9 <

7
 ( = , 5, )3 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 : 10 <

( 7; N())4 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :11<

( I7 . ; % 5 < 0 2 K '$F 7; ) 5 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :12 <

( 23 ,2 , ; 2 K '$F) 6 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :13 <

8
(% 5 2;- ; % $ G < 0 % - 2 K D 7; ) 7 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :14 <

(2 K#; 7; ) 8 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :15 <

(2 , 7; ) 9 ,5 F- '$ % ( G ; ; $* - 3 :16 <

9
 < 4>
, %( ;$F - 2 K ' - KA- ' ; , = , % (5 3 0 n % &' ; , ,- >; % ( F{';
;$F 1 - (N() ; , ;$F 4 - 7; % (5 3 , ;$F 3 - ,5, % (5 3 . $ F - $. R
'$ ; - - A$ ' ; $0 ; < 0 > $ J0 5 '$ 7; % ( * ^ 0$0 ' 5 . 5 *$F - $. ,
- %$ 3# ' *;$ D t 0 $0 ' D " # %- - A$ 3g () % ( * . ( 2 - 3(
* %( F{'; T 0 $ ) " #; - - A$ " # '$ ,5, % ( * . ( 2
.", % - KA- ;
? 0
Adabi, M.H., 2009, “Multistage dolomitization of Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation, Kopet-Dagh Basin,
N.E.Iran”, Carbonates and Evaporites, vol. 24, p.1-19.
Adams, C. G., and E. Bourgeois, 1967, Asmari biostratigraghy: Iranian Oil Operation Companies: Geological
and Exploration Division, v.1074, p.1-74.
Ahr W.M. 2008. Geology of carbonate reservoirs. John wiley and sons, inc., publication, 296p.
Dickson, J. A. D., 1965, a modified staining technique in thin section: Nature, verlag 205, p. 587
Gomes, J.S., Riberio, M.T., Strohmenger, C.J., Negahban, S. and Kalam, M.Z. 2008. Carbonate reservoir rock
typing the link between geology and SCAL. SPE paper 118284.
Laursen, G., T. Allen, A. Tahmasbi, Z. Karimi, A. Monibi, B. Vincent, A. Moallemi, and F. Van Buchem, 2006,
Reassessment of the age of the Asmari formation, Iran: Abstract, Forums, p. 10-15.
Laursen, G. V., S. Monibi, T. L. Allan, N. A. Pickard, A. Hosseiney, B. Vincent, Y. Hamon, F. S. P. Van-
Buchem, A. Moallemi, and G. Druillion, 2009, The Asmari Formation revisited: Changed stratigraphic
allocation and new biozonation: Shiraz, First International Petroleum Conference & Exhibition, European
Association of Geoscientists and Engineers.
Lucia, F.J.2007. Cabonate reservoir characterization. Springer – Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 341p.
Machel. H.G., 2005, Investigations of burial diagenesis in carbonate hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. Geo Science
Canada. http://calbears.findarticles. Com/p/articles/mi-moQQS/is-3-32/ai-n15950862/pg-31
Warren, J.K., 2000. Dolomite: occurrence, evolution, and economically important associations. Earth-Science
Reviews, p. 52, 1-81.

10
 2 ! 1 1*

! "#$
Nastaranazadbakht@gmail.com
# $%
' ./ ' 0 1- % & ' 2 34 4 56. 2 '# 4 7 %&' % $ () * ! + & %$ ,-
< -$- ' '# ". "42 * % & "= / > 7 . + - & 4?$= 4 4$ 7 ' 7 . +9 : % 2 ; $ ,-
& % 'C)2 / %$ ,- # $@ % &2 / ( # $@ A/ $ ) $= / + - # $@ 3 @ - 4 @ B2 9' / $=
B 2 ' 2 & 2 (;2 E (> 7 .) + - #$@ / B2 9' % D 4 * +: $ ! &"= 4 .
/ + - .'. / A/ % & 2 (;2 2 K - 7 42 > 7 . '# & > 'IA 6 4 J4 . ' ; . $H -/
4 . > A/ 4 $= 2 B A . L % &' 2 $ H - $)> '# ". ' 4 .' $ H - &>? " #$
%/2 $ %$ H - <,. 7& ' / N ; / # $@ B2 9' 42 > 7 . 2 M: &? % & 2 (;2 2 '# ". A : 2
2 M: ' A/ .2 "= + '. O. - "42 * % & "= / > 7 . P$ () # 2 ! ' . ". ' &>? " #
7 Q$ # 2 & > 2 %2 7.? . " # (.../ QRS )% I % D 4 % & 4?$= / B A . L 2 BT .
.".
" # &> "42 "= %2 7.? . : ' #( )*
Study of anhydrite textures of Asmari reservoir in the Ahvaz Oil
Field
Nastaran Azadbakht,*1 Mohammad Hossein Adabi, 1, Abdolreza Bavi Owaydi2
1-, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University
2-National Iranian South Oil Compant (NISOC)
Nastaranazadbakht@gmail.com
Abstract
Evaporates consist of wide range of chemical deposits which form via evaporation of condensed
brines at surfaceor near surface that the most important of these processes is anhydritic cement and
other different types of textures,poikilotopic, porefilling and pervasive, nodular, fracture filling, sparce
crystals, and evaporite veins. These textures during different steps of diagenesis as replacement and
porefilling porosity have affected different facies to some degrees. Results of this study show that
anhydrite cement occures mainly in dolomitic and sandstone facies and has had a great effect on
reservoir quality; This is due to the effect of sulphated rich brines during dolomitization. While
presence of anhydrite cements in limestone facies is sparce and rare, thus has little effect on reservoir
quality.Generally extention of anhydritic cement and other different types has been controlled
reservoir quality of the Asmari Formation in the Ahvaz oil field .
Key words: Asmari reservoir, Ahwaz Oil Field, Anhydrite textures, Reservoir Quality
+ ,
$U '# > $4 %2 $#/2 & > 4$ 7 / 4$ > ' > $4 $L 2 %2 7.? .
(Adams and $ ) $ 2 2( A 42 ) . % - ( @/2) . A % % / S . 4 .
2 K 9 V; / > $4 2 %$ ,- B .2 '# 4 ' ' - Bourgeois 1967; Laursen et al. 2006; Laursen et al. 2009
.2 O S 'IA 6 (& $7& '- $# B .2 ,A L ( $ " @ A 7 ' :) > $4 $L ; " 'W :
/ 'IA 6 ' $, +Z ( 4 N2 % $ / , 7 &%$ ,- XY ' ' - >/ &B $# " #/ D4
" # Q$ # 2 '# (& 4$-\ &%$ ,- $ 4 [$! . 2 / $7& %$ ,- B .2 ";
X& # 4 X4 = 2 & 4?$= 4 7 $ H - .(Flugel, 2010; Cai-neng et al., 2008 $H - '- $# >

11
 & 4?$= 4 4$-\ ' 7 . B/ - & 4?$= 4 B / E / & 2 (;2 E ' ' - " #
$ : > 7 . B2 9' ^4/' "42 P$ () K I ,! .". > 2 42 * % &"= / 42 > 7 . + -
/ ( # ) &> 7 . $4 . ' ",( > 7 . 4 $ %$4_@QRS Q : 4 .". 2 _)$ H - " # $ #$@
E " # $ 2 > 7 . 4 B $H $ ( - > 2 * Q / &"= B2 9' >? P$ () / ( A/
" # $ 2 >? * % &"= / > 7 . 4 $ H - .2$ " 7& E W 4 . . C@ % & 2 (;2
" # $ >? B $H / > 2 42 % &"= * E 4 . 'IA 6 4 [ & . 4 7 `
'# ". $ # 6 - 4 d$ / 67 Q 6 (4 a - & > .". %2 7.? . > % & 2 (;2 E
.(1 + ) ". f$) % & # ' 2 B ' >? a$ – $L Q 7 /2

.(Jafarzadeh and Hosseini-Barzi, 2008) i \ .$- / B $ 1- ) 'IA 6 2 % & h / & > 4 = $1 " Ia :1 +

+- . / 0
/ (" W $ 362)Ym (" W $ 357) X 2 7 % & h 2 %2 7.? . W2T "S- j! Y %/2 $ 'IA 6 4
% & h %2 : % & 1 @ ./$ N j6Y 1100 .2$ 42 . & > (" W $ 308)Z
i %2 : % & 1 @ ./$ N j6Y B IA 6 . % D 4 % & 4?$= 4 . . 'IA 6 $,
Dickson P/2 ' $a 42 A? Q S N j! Y ' # A/ &? % & 2 (;2 3 - 2 U ' .".
i 4 B $ 1- / Lucia (1999) f . $ 42 % &"= % \ (Y- 'IA 6 4 2 . % ? p 2 (1965)
4. > 2 $ 7# " 7& / $= % &"= % I- . A O. - =$I 9 % &"= $ /R .".
. 4 $) =$I /
1
$U &"= 4 .. * 9 - ' ) 2 ! ' 'IA 6 2 > 2 "42 % &"= E = $)/$ @ B IA 6
> 7 . % '4T "42 + > 2 $ P$ () / " 7& E + " # %/2 $ $ H - / / $=
+ $ 7# " 7& E / (2 + ) A/ "42 / 3 @ - 4 @ "42 $ ) $= / + - #$@ 42
.". = "42 % &Q/ / %$ ,- % &'C)2 ( #$@ "42 > 7 . $ / # $@ %$ ,- % &2
12
 (Lucia, 2009) "42 % &"= E % \ (Y- .2 +

+2 0 (4
\&' % &Q/ $ /R .". $ h -$ . h" W / , P$ () 4 &'4T + ' "42 4
q2 % &2 2 +9 : 2 ; P / ' . @\& ' % &Q/ 4. 4 \& % ' T > 7 ; . B2 9' ' . @
2 / # % &Q = - 4 I \& % &2 % $ = < #$- B2 9 ' "42 '4T 'IA 6 j! Y 2 . (& rs4D
4 ,. O S 2 56. ' 34 B .2 2 ' ,A .(A 3+ ) ". = V- / \U 4 % '7 %$ )" ' = \&
%$H KR # % &p .P @ B2 9' % '4T % &"42 . + - (%$) ' ) 4 4 / B2 9'
. '- $# > > ,6 < / # +7
5 6 7 ) 8 # 99* : 0 ;(<
' % &> ( @ A/ 2 / &> ( 4$) A/ 2 % ' + - #$@ K - 7 / q2 % &2 B2 9' > 7 . 4
& $7& . $) & &+ (= / & Zt t 2 B2 9' "42 % 2 2 C7& .". ' = 4 P$ () > , @
4 '#>? <A .". > A/ 4?$= 2 %$ ,- % &' 2 $ H - $ A/ <A L ' % & 2 (;2 > 7 . 4
> 7 . P$ () / > A/ /2 $ ( - 2 . 7 & A/ '# % & 2 (;2 2 > 7 .
u ,-2 $ 4 .". \ ( # L / \4 $ Y= BT . i4 $7& > A/ '# " ) > - >? $7& "42
+ a 2 !' - '# & > = # B A . '# 4 2 2 "42 '- / > A/
> 7 . 4 w ./$ $4 2 .(Kendall and Walter, 1977; Wilson et al., 2001) + - X& # v % 'U:R
Q : 4 .(B 3+ ) ". 7 $@ 2 &' + - % M= ' . @ / "; 4 q2 % &2 % ' 7i B2 9'
/ D 4 ' A/ +: $ ( # % &> 7 . I >? + - &' f 7- 56. 2 >? , > 7 . % &2 " 2
7 \# = D 4 +: $ ! >? + - $ '( / & ( # $@ > 7 . B2 9' >? + - C7&
. 7 & > A . / \# $- 4 B $H > 7 . E 4 %/ : % & 2 (;2 2 Q : 4 .(C 3+ ) ".

13
% & 2 (;2 '# "( ? 4 (QRS -2 = / \# $- ) %' % & M= 2 > 7 . 4 P$ () '# I 4 '
O S '# "=$) 'i > - _A . +7S 2 % 'U:R + a = - > 7 . +,a > 7 . E 4 %/ :
4 . O. - 7 \# = - (". %/2 > 7 . 4 +,a '#) '! $ > A/ / > 7 . 4 + -
Saller and Henderson (1998) ". P2 ) f - $L $@ '- $# > 2 '# ". IW/ 7& 2
-\& / <A L +) % & 2 (;2 2 >? + - / " 2 ' / <A L ' % & 2 (;2 2 > 7 . E 4 + - .(D3+ )
> 7 . 4 + - 2 D 4 / 2 (;2 + / $& Q$ # $)> " A . % 2 / \# $ % & 2 (;2 2 h
2 4$ 7 Q 1 2 &+ - 42 : / % ' / %2 _= 7- 'IA 6 2 > 2 > 7 . 4 .".
.". " 7& Z : " # % & .2$
>: 8 )$ : 0 (=
r 4$- 4 / " A/ % &Q ; $7& \U / # $@ P$ () q2 % &2 I7i- B2 9' "42 E 4
% & 2 (;2 &"4 $ A/ > , @ +) % &> ( @ A/ % & 2 (;2 E 2 / 2 /> >/2 &?
$ "= 4 .". + -% D4 * +: $ ! 2 &p .'. 2 K - 7 / &> ( 4$) A/ R
K #
2 . + - # $@ B2 9' % 2 2 / ,a +: $ % &> 7 . / &' r 4$- B2 9'
". + - D 4 ' A/ +: $ ! "42 % &Q/ $7& % 2 2 / + ' "= 4 &"4 $ A/
& $7& "= 4 >/2 ,a +: $ % &> 7 . 4 (F3+ ) " A/ % &Q ; / + ,a & ;$ .(E3+ )
+ - (G3+ ) (\# $- B $H % 2 % &\# A? $ )$ 2 ) \# $- I "= 4 + - = +: $ % &> 7 . >?
- = - D 4 +: $ ! 3 @ - 4 @ "= + - $)> (H3+ ) ` y2 / q2 % &2 B2 9' >?
- >47 # $@ / % ' # B2 9 2 >? B2 9 $ ) $= "42 QRS % 2 2 " ' - 4 ' ,A .
Z: ) 4 '# O,-$ \&' + - % & M= i4 $7& "= 4 QRS "A : 4 2 .(I3+ ) .
"42 "= 4$-> / $= > ' / % ' # "42 % &"= E 3 @ - # 4 @ "42 .(Lonoy, 2006) ". " 7&
.". 'IA 6 2 > 2
0 (
: 2 &Q/ 4 . = V- %$ )" ' = \&2 / 42 % &2 % ' 7i B2 9' "42 E 4
. $# 2 2 / 2 ,- 'i 2 % 2 2 &2 4 .(A,B4+ ) ". $-q2 :/$ . -$ h
+ - &"4 $ A/ 42 ' B .2 2 / 4 ,. % &O S 2 D 4 ' A/ +: $ ! KT 7I "42 % &Q/
/ 2 %T 'Y6 a = % &"7(a "7. ' .(Hovorkal, 1992; Machel, 1993; Kasprzyk and Orti, 1998)
(Prothero ". i4 L$ r a "; . / / = &Q/ )2 / I- $ J42 %2 X4 = ,. 4 %
B2 9 &%$ ,- % # $@ % &2 C7& / &Q/ 2 4?$= .(C4+ ) and Schwab, 1996; Warren, 2006)
(Pomoni Pappaioannou and ". &>? > A/ > \& K ,4$Y- '- $# B .2 >/2 / 4 4
20 $ h # % &2 ) 4 $ A/ / A - /$ . % & 2 (;2 & $7& " ' "42 E 4 .Karakitsios, 2002)
"42 E 4 > j6a =$! .(Rahimpour-Bonab et al., 2010) ". + - D 4 ' A/ +: $ 2 (>/$
-'C)2 &Q/ & $7& / z = % & 4 $= +,a >? + - & > '# " A . / & ( O. -
. 4 7 "4 Y- ' A/ D 4 ! 2 2 ? P$ () / + - ' A/ rs4D 4 ? / \# $- +9 : %$ ,- % &
96 0 '? (#
% &Q/ 'IA 6 2 > 2 .(Machel, 1993) + -$ 2 & h -$9 7 - "42 % &Q/
/ <A L ' % & 2 (;2 >/2 &Q/ 4 . 2 2 ; $ D 4 ' A/ +: $ % &Q/ ' ",( %$ 7# / $= =

14
%$ ,- 'C)2 & $7& / ( 4 ? 4?$= % & &Q/ 4 . + -"A . 2 C7&
.". = - D 4 +: $ ! &Q/ 4 + - $ '# (D,E,F4+ ) & > 2
@9 # 9* : !8 '0 ) (
. ' = 4 P$ () 4 $ A/ / . % & 2 (;2 2 # $@ B2 9 ' / * %& /Q 2 &2 4
-"S- > 7 ;2 $H 2 % 2 2 .(G4+ ) ". %2 h $= ' % 2 2 / I \& A A $= ' &2 +
> 7 . O. - 4 / ". a B .2 >/2 i % &+ - B2 9 ' ? % &<A a &2 4 QRS / % iA
D 4 ' A/ +: $ ! ,. % - % / 2 ' @ %T % & 2 (;2 2 $ &%$ ,- 4 .". $@ (#
. + -
' A $B # 99* : 0 ;(
. & 4 $ A/ 42 ' % & 2 (;2 2 & ( # $@ / " 2 % &2 B2 V "42 E 4
7# 2 Y ' "42 E 4 . "= 4 = % &> 7 . $4 . $7& / = - D 4 > 7 . 34 B2 9 ' KT 7I
.(H4+ ) 2 / 'IA 6 2 > 2

> 7 . (D ( #$@ B2 9 ' $ ) $= "42 > 7 . (C > ( 4$) 2 $ ) $= B2 9 ' "42 > 7 . (B % '4T "42 (A .3+
+ a = - > 7 . 4 + - +,a & 2 (;2 '# ". 4 $ & 4 % M= / ' + - #$@ / $ ) $= B2 9 ' "42
% &Q ; % ' # B2 9 ' 3 @ - 4 @ "42 > 7 . (F # $@ % ' # B2 9 ' 3 @ - 4 @ "42 (E . +7S 2 % 'U:R
" 2 2 /` % &y2 = "42 > 7 . (H + - B2 9 ' &' \# $- I '# % ' # "42 (G " A/
.". ' ; . > 4 7 # $@ / % ' # B2 9 ' 2 >? $ ) $= "42 > 7 . QRS % ' # "42 > 7 . (I

!8 '+C50 ( D
2 TK 7 : .(I4 + ) <I ? / "42 % &Q/ $7& \U ' : / N B2 V &'C)2 4
$ '# 4 & ( / &'C)2 B2 9 ' 4?$= 4 +9 : ? "42 ' >? +4 ,- / ' A/ rs4D 4 ? 'i
' / "A . $7& % 2 2 &'C)2 4 . 4 P$ () 4 $ A/ 42 ' B .2 >/2 (& rs4D
% & > ' - '# j6a " A . O. - "4 2 ; $ ( Q ! 2 $ 4 B2 , ' \ ; >?
BT . % $ 4 $i > ' - ; & ( / &'C)2 4 . = - D 4 +: $ ! ? + - $
. $H / $- / 42 ' % & 2 (;2 4 / $- X4 = 2 % / : - / 7 +7

15
/ 2 % &' @ `; '# (% 7 34$ =) ` %$ )" / ' = \&2 42 % &2 "42 Q/ @ ./$ $4 V- (A .4+
Q/ (E = "42 Q/ (D L$ r a ' , "; . i4 / "42 % &Q/ j7i- (C r 4$- 2 # $@ Q/ (B ". %
% &2 (G 4 $ A/ ' 2 "42 Q/ $ 4 $4 V- (F ". = D 4 ! 2 ? + - $ '# " A . 2 "42
(I ( #$@ "42 > 7 . (H ". 4 ,. O S - % / 2 ' @ a = "7(a ' u $ '# r 4$- 2 %$ ,- # $@
."42 Q/ $7& %$ ,- % &'C)2

G 0 0 ' 6 E 7 $F8 $ ( 8
/ 7 \# = - O S - S6. D 4 O S * +: $ ! 'IA 6 2 > 2 "42 * % &"= E
4 ,. / % / 2 ' @ 2 %$ ,- # $@ % &Q/ / &2 / &'4T P$ () f . 4 $ . + - 7
.". $ ( - + a ' A/ D 4 $ H - "S- 4 %2 _) .2 > \& K ,4$Y- B2 9'
'IA 6 2 % & h 2 %2 7.? . 2 "42 * % &"= D4 A - .1 Q/

16
'7 / 42 42 % &" A/ + - / B .2 ' A/ > A/ - - u ,-2 2 &%$ ,- E 4 P$ ()
/ 3 @ - 4 @ "42 > 7 . 7 X $ ) $= "42 > 7 . "42 $ 4 % &"= .". &O S 4 2 2 4 @
. + - & 2 (;2 >/2 ' %$ ,- % &' 2 { / = - D 4 +: $ ! & ( #$@ "42
Q/ 4 2 '# 2 6 7& . & > 'IA 6 2 > 2 2 &"= 4 + - % D 4 A - '9R; 2 !' (1) Q/
4$-> / $= C7& / + - % D 4 % &O S I ./ $ () 2 3 @ - 4 @ "42 > 7 . ". `
.". 'IA 6 2 > 2 ' ; "42 "=
5 +H
+ - A/ % & 2 (;2 2 - 7 >? * % & "= / "42 > 7 . '# & > 'IA 6 4 J4
E B/ B 2 ' / D4 * +: $ ! &"= 4 . & . . '. % & X 2 /
>? h 2 ( 2 Y 4 / 2 M: / A/ % & 2 (;2 2 "42 > 7 . 2 M: . ' ; . $H 2 > % & 2 (;2
& > 'IA 6 4 J4 .". > A/ 4?$= 2 \4 L % &' 2 $ H - $)> &? % & 2 (;2 2
2 " W 2 '- $# / %2 /? % & 2 (;2 2 $ () 2 M: $ ) $= / + - #$@ > 7 . / 3 @ - 4 @ "= '#
C7& . ' 'IA 6 2 > 2 "42 % &"= E $ 4 ' ",( " # $ 2 $ H - 4$ 'IA 6
.". % '. X / A/ % & 2 (;2 2 " # X4 = v 3 @ - 4 @ "42 4 %$4_@ QRS
I 9
Adams, C. G., and E. Bourgeois, 1967, Asmari biostratigraghy: Iranian Oil Operation Companies: Geological and
Exploration Division, v.1074, p.1-74.
Cai-neng, Z., T. Shi-zhen, Z, Hui, Z. Xiang-xiang, H. Dong-bo, Z. Chuan-min, W. Lan, W. Xue-song, L. Fu-heng, Z. Ru-kai,
L. Ping, Y. Xuan-jun, X. Chun-chen, and Hua. Y, 2008, Genesis, classification, and evaluation method of diagenetic facies.:
Petroleum Exploration and Development, v. 35, No. 5, p. 526-540.
Dickson, J. A. D., 1965, a modified staining technique in thin section: Nature, verlag 205, p. 587.
Flügel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Second edition, 984.
-Hovorka, S.D., 1992, Halite pseudomorphs after gypsum in bedded anhydrite – clue to gypsum – anhydrite relationships:
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v, 62, No. 6, p. 1089-1111.
Jafarzadeh, M. and Hosseini-Barzi, M. 2008, Petrography and geochemistry of Ahwaz Sandstone Member of Asmari
Formation, Zagros, Iran: implication on provenance and tectonic setting. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geologicas, V. 25,
No. 2, , P. 247-260
Kasprzyk, A., and Otri, F., 1998, Palaogeographic and burial controls on anhydrite genesis: the Badenian basin in the
Carpathian Fore deep (southern Poland, western Ukraine): Sedimentology, v. 45, 889-907
Laursen, G., T. Allen, A. Tahmasbi, Z. Karimi, A. Monibi, B. Vincent, A. Moallemi, and F. Van Buchem, 2006,
Reassessment of the age of the Asmari formation, Iran: Abstract, Forums, p. 10-15.
Laursen, G. V., S. Monibi, T. L. Allan, N. A. Pickard, A. Hosseiney, B. Vincent, Y. Hamon, F. S. P. Van-Buchem, A.
Moallemi, and G. Druillion, 2009, The Asmari Formation revisited: Changed stratigraphic allocation and new biozonation:
Shiraz, First International Petroleum Conference & Exhibition, European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers.
Lonoy, A., 2006, Making sense of carbonate pore systems: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v, 90,
No. 9, p. 1381-1405.
Lucia, F.J., 1999, Cabonate Reservoir Characterization: New York, Springer-Verlag, 226p.
Kendall, A.C., and Walters, K.L., 1977, The age of metasomatic anhydrite in Mississipipian reservoir carbonates,
southeastern Saksketchwan: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v, 15, p. 424-430.
Machel, H.G., 1993, Anhydrite nodules formed during deep burial: Journal of Sedimentary Reserch, v. 63, No. 4, p. 659-662.
Pomoni-Papaioannou, F., and Karakitsios, V., 2002, Facies analysis of the Trypali carbonate unit central-western Crete
(Greece): an evaporite formation transformed into solution-collapse breccias: Sedimentology, v. 49, No. 5, p. 1113-1132.
Prothero, D.R., and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology: An introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy: New
York: W.H. Freeman and Co. 575p.
Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Esrafili-Dizaji, B., and Tavakoli, V. , 2010, Dolomitization and anhydrite precipitation in Permo-
Triassic carbonates at the South Pars gasfield, offshore Iran: Controls on reservoir quality: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v.
33 (2), p. 1-24.
Saller, A.H., and Henderson, N., 1998, Distribiution of porosity and permeability in platform dolomites: Insight form the
Permian of West Texas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, No. 8, p.1528-1550.
Warren, J.K., 2006, Evaporites: Sedimentes, Resources and Hydrocarbons: Springer-Verlag, Brunei. 1035p.
Wilson, A., Sanford, W., Whitaker, F.. and Smart, P., 2001, Spatial patterns of diagenesis during geotherrmal circulation in
carbonate platforms: American Journal of Science, v. 301, p.727-752.

17
 3 " ! 2 2 2 *1

& ' % $ ! "# -1

& ' % $ ! "# -2
& ' & %5 ! "# - /0 +3 4- /0 +3 +1 2 - /0 ."# +, - *# -3
*faridoon.ahmadzadeh@mail.um.ac.ir
$%&
C' + ?B .+ & ' =3 &>? @ ' 5;% < : 9 . - 8 7 . 6
G C 5 C ?I5 -8C'H & C G F @ 8 5 = 480 =& =3 &
+C 7 L C 6 C$ =0 F C17 J < C C .+ . 6 - G 5 "2 - + 7 .+
P 5 C.# C-+C 7 . =CO- G C N C 5 G + 8 5 >' 8 -+ 7 ' - " . M? 5
(D5) C U +C 7 (D4) = 7 & . (D3) +' T 7 (D2) +' T 7 (D1) +' 7 :G
WC0 C=X $ 5 Y .# 5 Z & -+ 7 ' =V 0 7 5 < .+ (D6) I ' + 7
. G 5 6H
,0 $ . /$ + ," : $() *'

Petrography of the Asmari Formation dolomites in one of the

wellsof the Marun Oil Field
Fereydoun Ahmadzadeh1*, Mohammad Khanehbad2, Reza Moussavi Harami2,Asadollah
Mahboubi2, Mehran Moradpour3
1- M.Sc., student in Sedimentology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Iran
2- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
3- Scientific Member of Petroleum Geology Research Group, Earth Science Division, Research Inst. of
Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran
*faridoon.ahmadzadeh@mail.um.ac.ir
Abstract
One of the most important oil reservoirs in the Zagros fold-thrust-belt of Iran is Oligocene-Miocene
deposits of the Asmari Formation. The Asmari Formation with a total thickness of 480 m is composed
of an alternative of sandstone, carbonate, shale, and intercalations of evaporates .Dolomite is the main
minerals forming of the Asmari Formation. According to the petrographic studies, 6 types of
dolomites detected. These dolomites were found from fine to coarse - grained and the dolomite
crystals are from an anhedral to euhedral. The dolomites mainly include dolomicrite
(D1),dolomicrosparite (D2), dolosparite (D3), dolomite cement (D4), Replacement dolomite (D5) and
saddle dolomite (D6). According to the paragenetic sequence, these dolomites have been formed from
syndepositional to burial depths and even after uplift.
Keyword: Petrography, Dolomite, Asmari Formation, Marun Oil Field
1
+ ?CB .+ < : 9 . =3
-&>? @ ' 5;% ' - 7 8 . 6
C @ J 817 J 9 ' .+ = 480 X 817 J ' . 6 G
.(1 G ) + ?I5 -8'H & G F @ 8 5G
G 5 ' [=\ ] 8 8U 5 . . 6 - G 5 85 "2 - '+ 7
+C C &C C 817 J 8U 5 & 5 8= Z ( =3 -& /' ) - 7 5 &6 *X
ZU ZU 8 %0 H `.# ; ` .# ' ' & 9 & -^ _ -+ 7 .(Al-Aasm et al., 2009)

18
+ 7 +$ .(Warren, 2000) G 5 b 89 ' ` .# 5 `.# ; $ 5 >V ' ^ _
8C 7 eC-6 @ C eC' $ C C cC 5 C + 7 -d ' . c 58 ' =O
.(Sibley and Gregg, 1987)

(Hosseini et al., 2015 8=$ )& ' b U & & + 1\ (1G

2
+C$ C d 1 8 (planar) gJO +$ 8 - " 1 If < (Sibley and Gregg, 1987) ^ 5 -+ 7 +$
(Xenotopic) G C & C +$ d 1 8 (Non-planar ) gJO b (Friedman, 1965) ' $ (Idiotopic) G
G C F C2 2 8C C: gJCO +C$ C ; COh5 C' . C C 8hIf + (Friedman, 1965) '$
8C C- C" C < U -+$ j.- . 8=$ i (Subhedral) G 8. (Euhedral)
C "h5 C +C 7 +C$ @ C C - G C 5 >CU k3X 8U < (Unimodal and Polymodal)
&6 8C 7 +C$ 8C (non-mimic) C "h5 b (fabric-preserving) + M ? 5 G \ 8 7 +$ &6 8 (mimic)
.+ l5 (fabric destroying) + M ? 5 G \ -; 76 %I % 5 l5 ] ?=
F CI# G C N -+ 7 (Xenotopic) mNJ2 (Non-planar) V U 8 (Friedman, 1965) '$
C C 8C G 8. -+ 7 (Hpydiotopic) F I# > G + 7 - " (Idiotopic)
$ 0 F 2 8 : (Hypidiotopic Idiotopic Xenotopic) Z -+$ ! - 8hIf ' .+
. ' (Poikilotopic Porphyrotopic) 7 b
(Gregg and Sibley, 1984) C- C 8ChIf C mNC2 8C (Mazzulo, 1992) 7 C ^ 5 8n 8hIf
C 8ChIf (Non-Planar dolomite) (Planar dolomite) 8=C 8C C-+C 7 +C (Sibley and Gregg, 1987)
8CU 60-50 5H C - ! 8= = 8U 60-50 5 ' 0 ' d 8= < ' .
G C 8C. (E ' Euhedral) G ' 4 8 d 8= -+ 7 ; Oh5 ' . ' =

19
8C ! 8= -+ 7 (P ' Porphyrotopic) $ 0 (C ' Cryptocrystalline) " 3? (S ' Subhedral)
. ; Oh5 (P) $ 0 (C) " 3? (A ' Anhedral) G ' 3
8" C 8C C% 5 C- " C G C 8C 7 CX d = ( -8=O- 15) 8=O- p ^ 5 - "
C =C >C +C 7 C 8=CO- >C 15 5>' 8 89 - c 5 5 ' . d= &
.(Sibley and Gregg, 1987) C C - : F C 8 7 +$ =% k3X cI U " >' -+ 7
8C +C 7 C" C. C ;i F 2 8 " m J ; F X 8U 8 - & & - /0 F 17 J
C j.- F X 8U 4' >$ 8 7 X . G 5 (Subhedral 5 Euhedral) G 5 G 8. F 2
G C 5 (Xenotipic ' Anhedral) G F 28 + 7 - " + 7 8 +IO ^ _ L I Y $ & > 4' >$
Critical Roughening ) C _ CX 5H C C 8C C -. C - : #\ ;i "mJ
(Anhedral) G C C (Non-planar) gJCO b " mJ - " + ( = 8U 100-50) (Temperature
Cq + 7 G 8 F X 8U N# .(Gregg and Shelton, 1990 ;Gregg and Sibley, 1984)
C ' (Xenotopic) +C$ H C L IC 8CU 8C C C ;C% > = 7 d "_ L I 8U
& $ F 2 8 e-6 @ >U .5 + ! =O F 2 8 & = 7 +7 X ' .
C% 5 C C5 ' C0 + 7 L I &> 8 5 2 . = 7 - " 8 8U 5
C 5 C C-+C 7 =$ C F C l5 . C C = 7 (HMC ' ;'> 0 + O" + 6) 5 1=O F I 5
>n X -& ? +"# .- 8 8 - \ q 5 +_5 ( 'Z0r 3 G?"?5) '> $ =0 F 2 [=:
. ' $8 e n GI\ -+ 7 (Xenotopic) +$ .(Woody et al., 1996) =O- + .-
3 4 5
3=C 817 J >l t sJh 204 & =3 -& . 6 -+ 7 ' i 8
(Friedman,1965) C 8ChIf CI 5 +C 7 L C C 8ChIf . C ' C -+ 7 L $ =0
8C . 4 (SEM) C = 7 u C F C17 J .+ 3= (Sibley and Gregg, 1987) (Mazzullo,1992)
C 8C'> 5 8C >C% LEO 145VPd C = 7u % $ > ' 6 @
>C 6 @C >C \ ' >C 76 ^ 5 sf h 15 + 7 + O" M ? 5 i 8 .+$ \ 817 J EDX
.(Dickson, 1966) '
+ ,"
G C 8C C & C = C7 8C17 J 9 . 6 t sf h ! $ =0 F 17 J
C - ' 0 ' .+ \ q 5 +_5 = V ' v"=? GX e-6 @ ?= b F 2 8 ?=
C ' C-+ 7 " = ' . $ q 8 - 817 J h.# 8"2 $ .+ .- > & O"
F C2 ?I5 -& . G 5 j.- & = 7 %6 : 8 8=$ G v"=? d
" >' - " . =O- +' T +' T L 817 J 9 ' -+ 7 = .+ 8=$
C-+C 7 . C G C N 5 G 8. I7 b (& 250 = > ) + 5 (& 16 = 9 )
C' gJCO ) C" C- G C (d C C"0 d C ') - " s' 5 - " e' $ 8' 0 . 6
. ; Oh5 8= 6 8 @ 8 h (gJO b
(D1) (& 16-2) +' 7 -1
8'H )8 7 - /' - " >' (unimodal mosaics) ;- G 8. -+ 7 '
@C (planar-s) G C 8C. gJCO " - 8= ' /' .+ k3X : 8 % 6 (& H
+: ' (w F 3G ) 5 0 F 1. 5 >5 0 6 F r U " O$ =_ = 5 I' h5

20
 C' C >U 8C %0 H C ^ C_ 8 x - O: -+ 7 ' .(v7 2 G ) + - " s' 5 &
Sibley and Gregg, ) y C "I C (Friedman,1965) C' $ C- 8hIf 8 (D1) 1 L + 7 .
C .(1383 6) ' > V ' 8 7 GX ' Z & >.- =O- (Xenotopic-A) ;- (1987
6 8=$ 8=$ ; So42- Ca2+ +J"b Z & ;- ' 6 WT'V + 68
( 6 F 37 ) WT'V ' h ' $ ' f 7 + 7 H Mg /Ca +i"b '
2+ 2+

.(Alsharhan and Kendall., 2003) ' ( 6 & F 37 ) +'

(D2) (& 62-16) +' T 7 -2
-eC n G 8 ; = G 5 G 8. F 2 8 " ^ = 5 >' -+ 7 ' nI - "
C C =O : @ (Planar-s) gJO " - -+ 7 8= ' /' . =O- ;- -
5 G 8. gJO d 1 (D2) 2 L + 7 .( 2 G ) + F 3X 0&. =' -d =
7 C C 8ChIf (planar-p) $ C0 gJCO (Sibley and Gregg, 1987) y C "I C C 8ChIf G C
(Friedman,1965) C ' $ C 8CChIf (Idiotopic-P) $ C 0 G C : d C 1 C j.- (Mazzullo, 1992)
- CO: (Adabi, 2002) C C C ' 1 L C -+ 7 "I5 8 -+ 7 8= '.
. ' >U ' `.# ; X j.- ( >U ?I ) >U ^_ 8 x
(D3) (& 250-62) ( 8 + 7 ) +' T 7 -3
8C =CO- ; C= (planar-E d C1 ) G C nI + 5^ = - " -+ 7 8= '
C-+ 7 ' /' .(u 2G ) ' 5e9 -+ 7 "I5 +: ' b s' 5
C +' &. =_ U : & G ] : ; h=O ;i - 817 J -8= %
8C C-+C 7 .(1383 6) F 8 7 +$ c' ?5 cI : -+ 7 ' .+ % 6 - "
] : O (Sibley and Gregg, 1987) y "I 8hIf G 5 G 8. gJO L d 1
(Mazzullo, 1992) 7 C (Idiotopic-E) G C 8CC. G C : (Friedman,1965) C ' $ (Hpydiotopic) G C
Dorag ) C cC7 6 C ' C ' C' eC 5 ' $ & ' C' U - 6 xN=: q -+ 7 '.
.(Badiozamani, 1973) ' (Model
(D4) (& 500-250) = 7 & . -4
& . C +C - (Non-planar) gJCO b G C C C5 G C 8C. C- " F C2 8C cC"b +C 7 L '
C > 8 3X ' +. - ". ' ; = G 8 (polymodal) v"=? 1 =' T 7
G C ) F 3X 08 + 7 L ' 9 817 J h.# 8"2 $ L . . 5+
8=C C' .(Mazzullo, 1992) C M ?C 5 GC \ 8=$ : 8 ; 76 +$ 8 -+ 7 ' .(F-2
(Sibley and Gregg, 1987) y C "I C C 8ChIf (Idiotopic-C) C" 3? G ] : -+ 7 d 1
C C$ =0 8C17 J < . (Mazzullo, 1992) 8hIf (Non-Planar-C) " 3? gJO b d 1
.+ G 5 6 H 8 7 >V ' & &. ' =V 0 7 5 <
(D5) U+ 7 -5
F C2 8C 8=C L ' & = 7 ' $ 817 J t sf h ! $ =0 F 17 J <
+C C\ q C5 +_5 ;'> 0 + O" / = 6c 5 =" -8 5 .# p e' $ ?=
= CO" C ?I5 C-& . C C C.- - C (vC7 -3 G C ) @ 8 - -+ 7 ' .(w 2 G )
(Xenotopic-A) d C1 +C 7 L C ' +$ . (nonplanar to palanar) L = 8 ' = 7
Sibley and Gregg, ) y C "I C .+C C @ "2 +$ =$ cI 8 (Friedman, 1965) '$

21
.+C C C=. C 8=CO- >C C15 C' C C ' L I Y $ +7 X & . '8 ' (1987
G.# ?= b F 2 8 \ q 5 +_5 8 8 ;- 8 - > " >' -+ 7
+: C C ; C76 " G k3X 1 8 8 (w -2 G & = 7 ) ' ; 76 %I % 5 *1
H C H C.=X C ZCU C ^ C_ ?I -+ 7 'G 5 ^ _ .+ (nonmicmic replacement) M?
.+ 6
(D6) (& 250 = > ) (Saddle dolomite) I ' + 7 -6
F C X C CU 7 C: C*$ C C= C" 0/5 X { 8 817 J ] 8 ' - "
yC C ; COh5 < ' +$ . dl (|-2 G ) > =IO 8 v & &
.+C (Mazzullo, 1992) 7 C 8hIf (nonplanar-c) d 1 (Xenotopic-c) (Gregg and Sibley, 1984) "I
^ C_ . C F 37 C 37 C C-& > 8 +$ ' 85 -@ I7 b + 7 8 '
.(Warren, 2000) H q 5 +_5 O -8 H .=X ' $ 5 -+ 7 '

-+C 7 " + 8 8U 5 & = 7 'D5 + 7 :w D4 + 7 :F D3 + 7 :u D2 + 7 : D1+ 7 :v7 (2G

D6 +C 7 :| ( C $& = 7 )+ \ q 5 +_5 -; 76 .5 & = 7 ' $8 > 8 -
v & e' F X &

22
 u ' [5 :p +' 0 D1 + 7 : 8 ?= & = 7 ' $8 @ 8 & = 7 :v7 (3 G
+ 7 8 x (SEM) ' [5 (+ & w G D " EDX > 7 6 8 = ) + 7 = D +' 0 = P (SEM) = 7
.+ D1

- & 15 >V ' - ' $ : 5 ! h5 cI 8 - & ? F 17 J =V 0 7 5

-+ 7 e' - F 2 [: 8 8U 5 .(Wilson et al., 2013) + ;% & ? 8 ' ' ^' &>? 8
M? % 6 ! - G 5 IO & O35 -+ 7 '8 x =V 0 7 5 %6 G 5 ^ _
$ 5 Y .# 5 Z & - ' $ '8 - & >V ' - ' $ -+ 7 $ =0 817 J .+
.(1 d U) \ q 5 +_5 -8 . 6 H W0 =X
817 J 9 . 6 -+ 7 = V 0 7 5 (1d U

23
 $+ 6$,
C' +C 7 L C 6 8C - & & =3 & . 6 6 85 -@ $ =0
G C (d C C"0 d ') - " s' 5 - " e' $ 8' 0 -+ 7 e 35 .+ G 5
+C' 7 C 'C 8 # .+ 8=$ F 2 @ 8 h (gJO b ' gJO ) " -
+C 7 (D4) = C7 C-& . C (D3) C 8 -+ 7 ' +' T 7 (D2) +' T 7 (D1)
^C = 8C >C' 8 -+ 7 ' $ =0 F 17 J < . (D6) I ' + 7 (D5) U
7 C5 . =CO- gJCO C5 gJCO b C" - G G G 8. G - " G 8 + 8
V C' ' C% GX 5 > V ' Z 8 7 GX -+ 7 G 5 - & m B 8 -+ 7 >V 0
eC 5 ' $ CU eC' ,= ' C' C >U C >U 8 %0 + 7 G 5 -^ _ .+ 6H
. $ 5
7 %89
FC = Z =: f : 8 +3 +1 2 - /0 % $ ! H : 87 h ' 37
. 5 ' h5 8# . ' 7 O 8 . .2 - .-
: ;
.8_32448 '6F = . nV 1383 .m. ! 6
Adabi, M.H., 2002. Petrographic and geochemical criteria for recognition of unaltered cold water and diagenetically altered,
Neoproterozoic dolomite, western Tasmania, Australia, 16th AGC, p.350.
Al-Aasm, I. S., Ghazban, F. and Ranjbaran, M., 2009.Dolomitizationand related fluid evolution in the Oligocene-Miocene
Asmari Formation,Gachsaran area, SW Iran, Petrographic andisotopicevidence, Journal of Petroleum Geology 23,
287-304.
Alsharhan, A. S., & Kendall, C. S. C. 2003.Holocene coastal carbonates and evaporites of the southern Arabian Gulf and
their ancient analogues. Earth-Science Reviews, 61, 191-243.
Badiozamani, K., 1973. The dorag dolomitization model, application to the middle Ordovician of Wisconsin. Journal of
Sedimentary Research, 43, 965-984.
Dickson, J.A.D., 1966. Carbonate identification andgenesis as revealed by staining, Journal ofSedimentary Petrology,
36,441-505.
Friedman, G. M., 1965. Terminology of crystallization texture and fabric in sedimentary rocks. Journal of Sedimentary
Petrology, 35, 643-655.
Gregg, J.M. and Shelton,K.L., 1990.Dolomitization and dolomite neomorphism in the back reef facies of the Bonneterre and
Davies Formation (Cambrian), southeastern Missouri: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 60, 549-562.
Gregg, J.M. and Sibley, D.F., 1984. Epigenetic Dolomitization and the origin of xenotopic dolomite texture, Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 54, 908-931.
Hosseini, E., NeshatGhojogh, J., Habibnia, B., 2015. Characterization of Fractures of Asmari Formation by Using Image
Logs, Case study: Marun Oil field, American Journal of Oil and Chemical Technologies, 3, 269-276.
Mazzullo, S.J. 1992.Geochemical and neomorphic alteration of dolomite: a review. Carbonates and Evaporates 7, 21–37.
Sibley,D.F. and Gregg,J.M., 1987. Classification of dolomite rock textures, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57, 967-975.
Thomas, A.N., 1948.Facies variation in the Asmari Limestone of south-west Iran. AIOC Report,200 p.
Warren, J.K., 2000, Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important association: Earth Science Reviews. 52, 1-
81.
Wilson M. E. J., Lewis D., Yogi O, Holland D., Hombo L., and Goldberg A., 2013. Development of a Papua New Guinean
onshore carbonate reservoir: A comparative borehole image (FMI) and petrographic evaluation, Marine Petrol.
Geol., 44, 164-195.
Woody, R.E., Gregg, J.M. and Koedertz, L.F., 1996, Effect of Texture on Petrophysical properties of Dolomite: Evidence
from the Cambrian-Ordovician of Southeastern Missouri, AAPG Bulletin,80, 119-132.

24
 !"
" ' ! $ % & XRD #
4 4 !" # 3 2 *1
1
Farzad70.a@gmail.com " # $ !
2
." # $ !
3
." # $ !
4
." # $ " #. - *+, () ( #

% &'
A 67 "8 8 0! " 8#, " 0 ( - 0 4 5 5 ! .30 - / 0 $# !"1 !
$#/ ? #/ @ A * ;5 B ) ! . 3 . 9. $ 58 3 : ;$ . ( < =>$ B 8
3 1E.8 . F / G 3 H. ) ! IF3 . 0;5 B 0>B .6 ,8# / 6 5 J 8 (XRD) D .
"1 ! !7 3 0 F XRD 6 5 J . . #1 L7 ( 4 5 5 : 8 1 : M NJ O7 7$ . 8 #$ ) . 67
8 . (M= IF3 8 K 8 Th " 6 #! # . R#A . ! ( 5 S 8( . 3 PQ . 1
T )$ ) !U . #! .( 0;5 B G ( . 8 ( 5 S (.# 3 PQ # ! .F/ G 3
0;5 B G A "8 0! (M= B "8 0 . #1 L7 XRD H. 8 . F / G 3 .6 ,8# / ! . OV Q H.
. 3 " # ! . 8 #$ 8 O7 7$ 8 # ! 67 ( )

( ); + 3 4 3 56 " ( 7 ( 89297 :"! ( )* +, - -, . / : . %1 ( 2/

Recognition of clay minerals and estimation of Petrophysical

parameters of Burgan reservoir using XRD results and well
loging in Forozan oil field
1 2 3 4
Farzad.Ahmadi, Mahboubeh.Hosseini-Barzi, Abbas.Sadegi, Javad.Yazdanian,4Amir.
Ahmadi
1
* Master of Science (MSc), Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.
Farzad70.a@gmail.com
2
Associate Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.
3
Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran.
4
Iranian Offshore Oil Company, Tehran.

Abstract
Burgan Formation aged Early-Middle Cretaceous is deposits with sandstone-shale lithology
that is divided into two reservoir zones A and B in the Forozan field. Recognition of clay
minerals and the distribution pattern of these minerals in this formation performed by using X-
ray diffraction (XRD) and petrophysical analysis in the study area. Also, interpreting these well
loging results reviled the reservoir properties (Permeability, porosity, water saturation and type
of lithology) of this formation. XRD analysis of selected samples from Burgan Formation
suggests the presence of clay minerals such as illite and kaolinite. On the other hand, the
investigation of the Th and K amounts, as well as the ratio of these two, indicatethe existence of

25
chlorite, kaolinite and ilite clay minerals in thestudied well. Based on the combination of the
results of the petrophysical evaluation of well logs and XRD results, it was found thatzone B
shows a better reservoir quality and porosity and permeability than zone A in the studied well. .

Keywords: clay minerals, Burgan Formation, Petrophysics, Porosity and permeability, water Saturation,
Forozan oil fild

= -1

O7 7$ O M- 67 * V XY#!# Z $ ! 3 . [ 3 O7 7$ 6. [8 ! 3 9. $ 8 :
!# . .( 1 2) \# !# 8 3 " 7 .6 ,8# / ]! 8 8 O 8 3 ^_ ` / . 8 #$ 8
# / ;$ 8 L 7 $ 0a Q # #$ b5 / F * +A " $ 3 : .
d (Y "8 ! .(3) 8J ( ! *_ c 8 * V XY *#[ 8 3# = !# 8 3 5 $
5 $ ( ! - 8 67 3# / .6 ,8# / 3# =)$ e=. " 7 [ 3 : 8 9. $
$ 3 IF3 .(4) ! . f. 6, * 0! * F " 0 .63#/ 8 T, )Q * F
@A 3 : . ?8 .# 58 .(5 ) ! #Z * ! 6 4 . 0I7. $ 8 ! ]d ;$
. M [ 6g 0 F 0 ( 6) ! (XRD) D . $#/ ? #/
" 0!(TK/K) < / / <. $ (M= 3 F . hi . .6 ,8# / 9A > 3 F ] $
k ! – / 0 $# ! "1 ! . ) 3 : ;$ LY
72 ! " [ ) ^ 6! "67 8 ) " 1 ! D. - $ (. Y 5 ?#! O -k 0
O $O hi 0 E 0! M [ A 0! . .(7)( . (() # Ym 0 !
O! - B 8 A"8 8 0! 0;5 B 0>B "1 ! k 3 1E.8 U #! . O. M$
8 # 137 ] ( 7a h $#$ 0! " 8#, " 0;5 B G "8 8 . .(1 \8 [)( < =>$
0;5 B 0Q 8 #- " #. !#i N [ U#1 ! 0a Q " 8#, ) " . =3 # 71
O._ . .(1O )( 9- 8 8 Y 0[ 50 $ 49 3 \ A 8 5 F 0[ 30 $ 20 3 n# 8 d
3 #! 8 0;5 B ! .( U , H Y 0 Q 3 ) 3" ! "J * 8 " . 0;5 B * 8#a
3 G #! # ! 8 5 $ (.#. 8 . [ 3 )Q 8 " 0; $ " $ . G 9 [
. 0 #! F 1 5 $

>? @ A(, -2

$#/ ? #/ @A 3 6 5 J ?8 3 9. $ 5 8 : . $ ( [ f38E/ .
) ! T, " # =18# / ( # (XRD ) . J 0 F 200 $ V 0! .( ) (XRD )D .
3 0 F . #! 0 J ?8 .(2\8 [) D8 -Advance \ 2 - 0 ,# / ? #/
RsQ 5J [ e ) ! * !# RsQ : * M 0 ,#1 #q 0.6 $ f/
8 #! 3 # ! . #! 0 \ 1 $ :M F $ 8 $ #Q F $ <.6 8 < / : M 3J
O7 7$ 3 "6 8 : $ O 0 67 3# / ! . ( [ IF3 .(,#1 3 0 F
8 * d dX$8 * M d F$ 8 ) .F / G 3 @ 7 3 ! 1 :M 8 . 8 #$
" 6 U #! 3 : 8 " 6 .(,#1 (Geolog 7.4 ) ^_ S4 6, # .F / G 3 <
Schlumberger(1988)( # ] $ ,#; *+/ U # ) ! <3 0! 8 . (M= 8 K 8 Th
< 8> 3 (GR ،SGR ) 1 $#/ 3 .6 ,8# / * +A ! . ( [ .(2 O ) . #1 ;$
) (DT) $ V (NPHI )"8#$ (RHOZ ) 5 G (AE90 ،AE60 ،AE30 ،AE20 ،AE10 ) R 4 8 ] ,4

26
0! IF3 . . #1 ) e -"8#$ * +A 0;5 B G k ;$ ( [ .
1 : M NJ 0M d ( [ .<. F ) "8#$ - 5 G 3 * +A 8 3 ?8 O7 7$ ;$ q
O- Q 0! q 0! 8 ! ( 58 8 e3J k 8 O #F3 0! k 0 O 4 5 5 0;5 B G
0! * M d 0 ( # m 0! _ . 0 ,#1 0! (Indonesian ) IND ?8 0M d BY " 6 "
. ^_ S4 6, # # 1 0! ! 8 ;B- ?8

: >? @ , %', &"! ( )* " , -3

: - 3 B - C 9D7 -1-3

3 6! 0 0 ( . O._ . .. [8 k (Y * 8#a #! =! O._ 3 F O d$

] $ 0;5 B G k (Y . =3 k 0! O7 7$ 0M d #! O7 7$
8 e3J k 0 0! t !# ]Y 0 9A > F . . (DT-NPHI) e -"8#$ 9A > 3 F
0 (BURGAN- A ) ._ ! " 1 ! f7! k 0;5 B G U . #! 8 ( < ( 58
. ) ! (BURGAN- B) . / " 1 ! f7! IF3 .(3A-O ) 3 " ( 58 8 e3J k k
.(3B-O ) ( e3J k 8k 0 k hi F
89297 - -2 -3

O7 7$ " $ .(8 ) 8 F 0! k e.#! , @ V $ 8 F Q * M d #! ( F O7 7$

"8 #! 0;5 B G O7 7$ .(9) 8J ( 0! @ 7 3 M #$ . 8 . F / G e.
0M d D/ .(3\8 [) ! %24/36 #! #! BURGAN-B "8 #! > . 8%18/52 8 Q BURGAN- A
.(4O ) . #1 < 0;5 B G #! O7 7$ 0! t !# # / .

+ 34 3 ) ,* ! E >7 -3 -3

OY !# 8 3 \ 1 : M "6 ;$ < =! 3 # g . NJ 1 : M " 6 ;$

e3J k 8O #F3 0! k 0 4 5 5 0! 0[ $ ! 0;5 B G .( 0 G 3 Q 8 w#, 8
BURGAN- #! > . 8 %31/62BURGAN-A "8 1 :M 6 8 ?8 U #! ( 58 8
< 0;5 B G #! 1 : M NJ 0! t !# # / . 0M d D/ .(3\8 [)( %32/8B
.(4O )

"( 7 - -4 -3

(Flow Unite )
.#[ 3 Q 8 \ (Y $ 0 ( F =! 3 # / . . 8 #$ # /
G .(10) # 1 #- ) 8#1 #3 #! @.#;$ .6 ,8# / 3 1E.8 # .
Burgan-B f7! #! > . 8 6/73Burgan-A f7! @ 7 3 ] $ . 8 #$ 0;5 B
" 4O "1 ! @ 7 3 f7! . 8 #$ " 6 .(3\8 [) ! 188/66 8 Q
.(

+, - &"! ( )* G* -5 -3

O= /0 . 3 f7! . #! ! .( 67 * ;5 B OQ # .#$ < !# 8 3 " 7 !0 /

3 0 .63 .8 3 ; 8 ! # ! J * ;5 B 6 #F$ !# 8 3 5 $ #! # !

27
 ! 67 3 1E.8 ;$ 8 G . / # =)$ D/ 0;5 B . . # 1 [ 67 # i 3 0._ R 61
: M O7 7$ 0 F[ 67 3 1E.8 ?# =1 " 6 0. / #! 8 1 8 5 G "8#$ ( 8 > 3 )
8 # 27/23 Burgan-B #! " 6 . 8 # 57/66 Burgan-A f7! L5 Y 0 / " 6 k : 8 NJ
8 . #1 0M d # 43/08 Burgan-Bf7! #! > . 8 # 64/06 Burgan-Af7! #! L5 Y 0 / " 6
0 /63 Burgan-B #! > . 8 (Net/Gross) 0/ 43 Burgan-A f7! #! L5 Y 0! L5 Y 0 / (M=
67 ( ) " ! # ! # ! # . 6 1 0! L5 Y 0! L5 Y 0 / " 6 0G#3 .( (Net/Gross)
.(3\8 [)(

2/ + H ) (I -3

0 0;5 B G " 8#, " "1 ! F k < 3 *+/ U # 0. / #!

#$ . /Burgan-A f7! O7 7$ " 6 . ! (. F > 8 O 8 ( 58 8 e3J k k
#Z *! 1 # , O 5 0! Burgan-A f7! O7 7$ " ! # F 0 #q 0! 8 ! Burgan-B f7!
U F$ OV Q 3 \ d .( " 8 #, 3 " . #F3 0! NJ . > " ( 8 ._ ! 3 0._ " 8
_ ! #Z O IF3 .(11) J O7 7$ f3 8 " F hM $ 0 3 0._ !
9 3 0._ . . F f7! . _ ! 3 0._ [8 0! " $ Burgan-B f7! O7 7$ " !
O7 7$ Burgan-B f7! 3 0 0 8 J " F O $ 8 6 F$ 3 0 OY 0! NJ m )
. 0 b= . 8 ( #$_ ! Burgan-B f7! 0! (M= Burgan-A f7! NJ 1 : M " 6 . =3 ! Y
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. #- ! Y xB 67 3 # / y d5 0! 8 ( ./

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.0d)V 582 ; *, 8 " " #. 1386 : $ M -J

.0d)V 700 " # $ * .F/ G 3 # =)$ 8 ( #! \ V 1385 . # G . .a

1. Slatt, R.M., 2006. Handbook of petroleum exploration and production-stratigraphic reservoir characterization for
petroleum geologists, geophysicists, and engineers, Elsevier, 492 p.
2.Worthington, P.F., 2003. Effect of clay content upon some physical properties of sandstone reservoirs, International
association of sedimentologists publication, Vol. 34, pp. 191-211.
3. Valášková, M., and Martynková, G.S., 2012, Clay Minerals in nature –Their characterization, modification and
application, InTech Publication, 312 p.
4. Van oort, Eric., 2003, On the physical and chemistry stability of shales, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,
Vol. 38, pp. 213-235.
5. Meunier, A., 2005- Clays: Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 472 p.
6. Moore, D.M., & Reynolds Jr, R.C., 1989, X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals, Oxford
University Press (OUP), 332 p.
8. Kamel, M. H., Mohamed M. Mohamed, 2006- Effective porosity determination in clean/shaly formations from acoustic
logs with applications, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 267–274.

9. Rider, M. H., 1986- the geological interpretation of well logs, Hatsted press, A Division of john wiley and sons, Newyork,
pp.175.

Nelson, P. H. & 10. Hearst, J. R.,

Well Loging for Paillet, F. L, 2000-
John Wiley &Sons physical properties,
439. Ltd,. Chilchester., 411-

28

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 A B

0;5 B G 3 f. F -2 O
( ./"1 !B ._ ! " 1 ! A)
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{MD) Reservoir {Md)

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m)
ness{
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m)
ness{
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m)
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Gross
Play/
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phi(%

Sw(%

K{md)
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Burgan-B 2425 71.00 43.08 27.23 0.63 24.36 32.8 188.66

( . / " 1 ! :B ._ ! " 1 ! :A )0;5 B G k f. F -2O

( 7a ]
(# ) k 3 f7!

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0;5 B 0>B "1 ! 3 f7! #. -1 \8 [

0;5 B G XRD 6 5 J {. -2 \8 [

29
 Gross Net
Formation

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Burgan-B 2425 71.00 43.08 27.23 0.63 24.36 32.8 188.66

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30
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assadi.ali89@gmail.com :674 / 4", *

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-#2 ) <Q R ST, ?29 : * %& ( !P& . & /" E O@ + K +,& ! 0& ?M N2 , )D E %
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+, - ./ 0 " ! !1 - " *"! ! () % !&' ( $ "#! : !

Application of gamma ray log for identification of sequences, a

case study from the Late Cretaceous Sarvak Formation in the
Abadan Plain
Ali Assadi *, Javad Honarmand, Ali Imandust 1
1- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding author email: assadi.ali89@gmail.com

Abstract
The late Albian–early Turonian Sarvak Formation is the most important carbonate reservoir of the Abadan
Plain, SW Iran. Petrophysical well-log data are widely used in correlation of depositional facies and sequence
stratigraphic interpretation. In this study, firstly based on petrographic studies and core description, third-order
and forth-order depositional sequences were discriminated. Then, using application of wavelet analysis method
of Integrated Prediction Error Filter Analysis (IPEFA) from gamma-ray log profile, in Cyclolog software,
sequence boundary and maximum flooding surfaces are recognized. The identified surfaces based on this method
show a good agreement with identified sequences by geological interpretation. According to increasing and
decreasing trends and turning points on the processed gamma ray correlatable surfaces are recognized.
Generally, positive breaks define sequence boundaries and some of the negative breaks present the maximum
flooding surfaces. The integrated approach presented in this paper can be utilized for an efficient sequence
stratigraphy interpretation with high reservoir heterogeneity.

Keywords: Sarvak Formation, Abadan Plain, Sequence Stratigraphy, Gamma Ray, Cyclolog Software

31
 ) 2
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[2 - * )4 0& /2- V,J& )" & ,f >( .(Catuneanu et al., 2011) 2E) _0 3`,& 12 2 cE`,&
$C"*, ,C 9 C ! 0C& )" C& [C" \ * C " F C8. >C( . , ) %& ? " 4U [2W F 9 J g" %
)C4 0& C >C 2K `,K K . 2E W )& ( , / , ) 4U ( G8 ? " / ": D $"*, / 4U
.(Assadi et al., 2016) ,C %C& )C0"?2D % -)& 12 * $ T F 9 J ?@ )( "* I 8J ,f >( / , )
)C4 0& )C& >C 2K `,K CK . , ) N" 7 / 4 6 ( 5 / 2 F , >& >( 4U 4R 8 ( , 9
van Buchem et al., ) C& / )& ( %4E F , >( >% cE F 9 J )( . >H : 6 ; & /* &
)C4 0& )C& >C 2K `,K CK .(2011; Rahimpour- Bonab et al. 2012; Mahdi al., 2013; Vincent et al., 2015
C& /C 2C4 _C F ,C >( )& ( >% cE F 9 J (: >2= ; & / * & +,& ! 0&
C" `: lJC& ) C T F C&, S2 ,%0 2a )" & +,& ! 0& K L & 1" ( .(Assadi et al., 2016)
>C2= )-H F 9 J ( ! 0& 1" ( m. .(Assadi et al., 2016) & /" E O@ : * +/ 2E_0
) ( /C2 * C@ )( C"* )HJ& "* F .m\ )- $8 )0"?2D % ,< . & /" E >4" ^ )( . >H
n : CD _C29 >C( ./C ) n D 6 2& A & F 2 ,oU > 2 * / < * F .m\ n2^%4 2X F , >( > / ()
C" >C( )0"?2D % ,< : F 22M 4U ( 24 _( W ] 8 ?2 / = K* 24( ,(
C ! 0& )" & -1 > 9 J 1" * p/ . , ) %& )4 0& )& > 2K F 9 J %4E F , >( E
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/ * C& C( 6 C ) / * C& )"' C( #@( 4" 4U @q % 700 /= (: ; & /* &
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C(: C >2= I 8J _( W )4 0& * ) %&,2 1" .(Assadi et al., 2016, 2018) & >%D E W " `:
; C& / * C& +,C& ! 0C& K ./ 6 <. ; & / * & ) ?@ )E " ( /<. 2a ,<. / ()
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) 5!3 4 - !

1
Interaction
2
Accommodation Space
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Sediment Supply
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Stacking Pattern
5
Progradational
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Aggradational
7
Retrogradational

32
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E " >( )0"?2D % ,< ? "- 4U F 9 J g" % (+ K ' <%= ) ' ( ! 0&
an ) _C" CE )C4 0& 6/C * L %C& )E & ( > 9 J 1" . & /" E %&
/C2- V,JC& 2C4 )" & E )0"?2D % ,< . & / %& (Wagoner et al., 1990; Vail, 1991
C( ./ ,C )C %C& ? C" / ": D >( 84 %< 2& 4= _29 >( ()( W X Y /= )4 0& * ) )4 0&
)C W " C^ ?C2 )C )C " ?D / >( >T, ( E ,< ST, ?29 : Z',-02& ?D + * %&
. & /" E )" & )4 0& /2- V,J& / * 12<@

,C )C `,C4H 12 C , ? >Cq,= * )Ct?T )C& 12C * Cf * >C (: >2= )( X 6 < #@( )% /2 2 W, (a -1 _0

/C" E O@C C(: C >2= ; & / * & )4 0& )& > 2K `,K K ; & / * & )& A & (b .(Aqrawi and Badics, 2015)
.(Assadi et al., 2016) &

6 !7"
*"! -!8")
+,C& C ! 0C& .(Assadi et al., 2016) C& )" C& C(: >2= ; & / * & +,& ! 0& K
>T, ( > 9 J 1" ./ , ) _ ; & / * & )"' ( #@( 12 2 12 , )"' ( 12 , & 1& ( s2 >( + K
-! 0C& )& ( [2W F , >( ; & / * & )"' ( #@( ;* $\ ^ ?M F .m\ ,( n : D ) ?@ 2< >(
#C@( + C K +,C& ! 0& ? " / , 4U F 22M L & ( . & / )" & '(
C * .(2-_0C ) C& /C C ?CM )C" -_C@-@ $C"*, /2- K * )0" ; & / * & )"' (
12 , C& ! 0C& ./ () 2 2 u, * )4 0& * " & 11 u, * u, * ) %&,2 V,J& ( [8J )4 0&
F C22M L C& C( C ,<. >C C& (SQS-2, SQS-3, SQS-4) ' C( ! 0& >& >( n24^ _( W ; & / * & )"' (
?C" C C4U C( [C8J SQS-4 SQS-2 C ! 0C& ' C( * C n%42& ./ %4 S20 _( W 4U
* ) ,0C& 02 ;* $\ ^ ?M " o ./ ) _20 ; & / * & )"' ( #@( _@-@% * ,<. )%4"
SBS-1, ) ) %&,2 lJ& >& . & / 3 _0 )( W X Y /= )4 0& * /2- V,J& * + /

1
Type 1 Sequence Boundary
2
Type 2 Sequence Boundary

33
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. , ) O@ 1: 29 ?2

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.> 9 J , /2 /2- K * )0" )" -_@-@

34
 /C2- lJ& 9 * (a2-a3-b2-b3-c2-c3-d2-d3-e2-e3-f2-f3-g2-g3-h2-h3-i2-i3) ;* $\ ^ (a1-b1-c1-d1-e1-f1-g1-h1-i1) ?M " o -3 _0
C( [C8J SBS-5 SBS-4 SBS-1 V,JC& . C& /C C 2 _0C / O@ ()( W X Y /= V,J& )4 0& * ) )4 0&
./ , ) O@ ><"/W ; U > &, 1 : /24 29 ?2 2E_0 / ) ( / )%& / , G&, / %4 ) %&,2

*"! -!8") ! !1 - "

%4E F , >( )4 0& )& > 2K F 9 J E " >( )0"?2D % ,< * %& ( 1Z',-02& ?D +
?2 ) ) " ?D / L & ( ST, ?29 : [" \ * ?D + 1" .(Nio, et al., 2006) , ) %&
1" ( .(Nio, et al., 2006) / , ) )" & )( W X Y /= V,J& )4 0& * / * 12<@ ) W " ^
+ Q (PEFA2) JU %-2D ?29 : ) 2(#2 , . H )q " F 8& H 40" / E ,< ( /%( L &
3
$W > , ) >%U & (INPEFA ) JU %-2D ?29 : ) 2(#2 )^2 - ,< , . H " ,< !P& . , )
N2\ / INPEFA ,< $W >( .(De Jong et al., 2006) & / * 12<@ ) W " ^ 12( JU ?2 u,<Q
F, >( INPEFA ,< / F 22M ./ () 1 0* : F 22M > & PEFA ,< , w, 6,\

1
Cyclolg
2
Prediction Error Filter Analysis
3
Integrated Prediction Error Filter Analysis

35
 / s2 >( (1 <& >() ) F 22M ( <& >() 8Y F 22M / . & (NB2) ) (PB1) 8Y
./ %4 )( W X Y /= V,J& )4 0& *

C( /C SC20 ! 0& Z',-02& ?D + E ,< * %& ( ; & / * & / )" & )4 0& /2- V,J& >4" ^ -4 _0
F C % lJC& C ./C I 8J "/0" ( "* ?2 >( g" % . & / ) ,0& 02 ;* $\ ^ )D E % ?M N2 , L &
./ ) )4 0& * )( W X Y /= lJ& T >( > & NB-4

S" / S20 ! 0& ( g" % INPEFA R [" \ * / 122 V,J& W 122 g" % )& ( ( ,<.
( ! 0& K S" ?2 > 9 J 1" . , ) >4" ^ ;* $\ ^ )D E % ?M N2 , * %& ( K
-12 , & * 1"* X: 12 , & ) %&,2 lJ& >& > / ) g" % .(4 _0 ) & /" E >4" ^ )& ( R
?2 NB-6 NB-3 NB-1 V,J& ./ ) PB2-PB5-PB6 V,J& ( s2 >( )- I 8J ) 2 12 , 12 ,
./ I 8J )D E % ?M N2 , g" % ( )( W X Y /= V,J& , . >(

1)9 7"

1
Positive Break
2
Negative Break

36
)C& >C 2K F C 9 J E ,< * %& )" )& ( ; & / * & ! 0& )" & p/ ( > 9 J 1"
(: >2= )% 1" 2 * )0" )0"?2D % ,< )D E % F 9 J ?M N2 , g" % [2 - )4 0&
. & /" E >t g" % > mU F , >( "* . & / %&
`: lJC& ) C T F C&, )02 ,%0 F',H 2a H (: >2= ; & / * & +,& ! 0& K -1
12 ,C -12 , & * ) 2 12 , & 12 2 12 , & ) %&,2 V,J& G&, ! 0& 1" ./ >%D E _0 "
/C )%& _28W * / , G&, 1 u, )4 0& * , . >( ) %&,2 ./ / /H ) 2 12 ,
./ , ) O@ 1 : 29 ?2 /24 _20 ><"/W ; U > &, / ) (
C"* C2< ?t C= C /29, f * 4" 4U /<. > &, ( ; & / * & )"' ( 12 , & ! 0& -2
C ,<. )4 0& * ./" E O@ + K ' <%= ! 0& >& )" & '( ! 0& 1" ( ( . &
./ () I 8J _( W ) %&,2 ( [8J 2 u, *
)C H NCJ. ] C^ E ,< JU %-2D ?29 : ) 2(#2 )^2 - ,< U & Z',-02& ?D + * %& ( -3
V,JC& )4 0& * ( [8J s2 >( V,J& 1" ./" E O@ )" & ) 8Y F 22M ( [8J
12 , 12 , -12 , & * 12 2 12 , & ) %&,2 lJ& >& > g" % >4" ^ ./ %4 )( W X Y /=
>C( SBS-3 )C4 0& * C . C& C E ,< ?29 : * / O@ )4 0& * ( [8J [2W F , >( ) 2
C E ,C< 2C4 /C I C8J > & )HJ& + K ! 0& * )0" / /H * ,.
,C< * %C& ( ! 0& S20 g" % 12( >f=m _( W I 8J . & / >%D E f )( W X Y /= lJ&
; C& / * C& ) ,0C& 02 ;* $\ ^ )D E % ?M N2 , L & ( / S20 )4 0& V,J& E
>C( >CT, C( NC-%@ K )4 0& /2- V,J& I 8J R 1" g" % * , ) 1" ( ( . , ) /
. ,< %& )0"?2D % ,< ,( n : D
:&!
Aqrawi, A. A., & Badics, B. (2015). Geochemical characterization, volumetric assessment and shale-oil/gas potential of the
Middle Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous source rocks of NE Arabian plate. Geo-Arabia, 20(3), 99-140.
Assadi, A., Honarmand, J., Moallemi, S. A., & Abdollahie-Fard, I. (2016). Depositional environments and sequence
stratigraphy of the Sarvak Formation in an oil field in the Abadan Plain, SW Iran. Facies, 62(4), 26.
Assadi, A., Honarmand, J., Moallemi, S. A., & Abdollahie-Fard, I. (2018). An integrated approach for identification and
characterization of palaeo-exposure surfaces in the upper Sarvak Formation of Abadan Plain, SW Iran. Journal of African
Earth Sciences. 145. 32-48.
Catuneanu, O., Galloway, W.E., Kendall, C.G.S.C., Miall, A.D., Posamentier, H.W., Strasser, A., Tucker, M.E., (2011).
Sequence stratigraphy: methodology and nomenclature. Newsletters on stratigraphy 44, 173-245.
De Jong, M. G. G., D. G. Smith, S. D. Nio, and N. Hardy, (2006) Subsurface correlation of the Triassic of the UK southern
Central Graben: new look at an old problem: ENRES, Technical Paper Series, First Break, v. 24, p. 104-109.
Mahdi, T.A., Aqrawi, A.A., Horbury, A., Sherwani, G.H., (2013). Sedimentological characterization of the mid-Cretaceous
Mishrif reservoir in southern Mesopotamian Basin, Iraq. Geo-Arabia, 18(1): 139-174.
Nio, S. D., J. H. Brouwer, D. G. Smith, M. G. G. De Jong, & A. R. Böhm, (2006). Spectral trend attribute analysis:
applications in the stratigraphic analysis of wireline logs: First Break, v. 23(4), p.71-75.
Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Mehrabi, H., Enayati-Bidgoli, A., Omidvar, M., (2012). Coupled imprints of tropical climate and
recurring emergence on reservoir evolution of a Mid Cretaceous carbonate ramp, Zagros Basin, southwest Iran. Cretaceous
Research 37, 15-34.
Vail, P., (1991). The Stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentology-an overview. Cycles and events in
stratigraphy. 617-659.
Van Buchem, F., Simmons, M., Droste, H., Davies, R., (2011). Late Aptian to Turonian stratigraphy of the eastern Arabian
Plate–depositional sequences and lithostratigraphic nomenclature. Petroleum Geoscience 17, 211-222.
Van Wagoner, J.C., Mitchum, R., Campion, K., Rahmanian, V., (1990). Siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy in well logs, cores,
and outcrops: concepts for high-resolution correlation of time and facies. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Special series 7.
Vincent, B., van Buchem, F.S., Bulot, L.G., Jalali, M., Swennen, R., Hosseini, A., Baghbani, D., (2015). Depositional
sequences, diagenesis and structural control of the Albian to Turonian carbonate platform systems in coastal Fars (SW Iran).
Marine and Petroleum Geology 63, 46-67.

37
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Spatial changes of Acidity, Salinity and Caco3 in Surface Sediments

of Golpayegan salt wetland
Jaber Aazami1*, Akbar Hasani2, Younes Khosravi1, Alireza Motevalli2
1- Assistant Professor of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan.
2- Assistant Professor of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan.
3- Ph.D. student of Watershed, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University.
Corresponding author: j.aazami@znu.ac.ir
Abstract
Wetland ecosystems have many ecological services, including flood control, biodiversity protection,
pollution refinement and climatic balance. The aim of this study is investigating the spatial changes in
acidity, salinity and Caco3 of the surface sediments of the Golpayegan salt wetland, due to the dryness of
the aforementioned wetland. For this purpose, Surface Sediments from 51 points and depth of 0-30 cm were
collected and the EC of the saturated sludge as an indicator of salinity, the value of pH saturated sludge via
pH meter and also Calcium carbonate were measured. Results showed that the amount of salinity in most
sediment is higher than acceptable levels and in some places it reaches more than 100 dS/m. This amount
of salinity for many crops and gardening and even some pasture plants are problematic and operation of
restoration should be carefully examined with planting of plants based on their tolerance to salinity. The
trend of changes in Caco3 amounts showed that all wetland sediments contain Caco3 about 21 to 35 percent.
The process of changes in the pH value also indicated that the sediments are in the category of soils (48/7
to 13/8). According to the potential of dust generation by wetlands and also considering the results of
salinity, acidity and Caco3 content, it is recommended in the shortest time, to drain the wetland and control
the drainage around it or provide it with water.

Keywords: Wetland, Golpayegan, Sediments, GIS.

38
 ) #*
K& # E3 % ! < ;k ! M+ '- ./ ' (4 G& I G& + '<F, + b ) # 'j ! E3 '+ T/ ( G+ E? ,
P . " 6 " + E3 A C,! !N: (I G& I ! ' D # T/ ( K (l;I + ! P _= ! P K P E3 1 + %! :
+ 8I E3 @ ! + 0 # n ". E? , G"PN ! R ! P E? , .Aazami and KianiMehr 2018)) P' G"C
, '( E3 T / ; V" ` ! / G+ E? , K . P' G NQ, L / % I l IG8 l G& + % ( + % I! 1C
E? , E3 K , 0+ ( E3 P + ' I ;" # G-# , % ! & % I = -p > 1p . # + R G ) ! o,
(& G& %! / G+ # P ;" # & K P O ) _: R G ) ! ' ) 8I G+ 'j ! % +! & H Q,
+ '+3 % I ;" # & % D H! j G& ' 3 . # 8 ' < + %1 l 1! & O 1: R E? ,
H 42 q 4) ! ' (l H (" H F/ L/ P +' IE? , '+3 K , % "# ! ! 1 = % IG +
OI3 %! P G" # ' H Q, H Q, '#! + ! &N G-= M K L I N= ! : ! &N E? , O r = & H )
. P +' ' M# H + #! !

(+ , -
). / -, )*/
A C,! ;& P K ,0 # ( G+ R 6 8P P ! G& # R "# YP '+? , ;" # & Y(, R ! P E? ,
E (: K 8) "# YP G+ 6 8P 8# 0< YCc "# '+ s` 6 8P ! R "# YP . # P 0< "# YP
R YP . P' ! = "# YP G+ E ` 8# G8 ! ) + "# YP G+ t P 8# ! ) "# YP G+
! '= 8P u GV < 26 G:! 33 '< P 6 s/ GV < 18 G:! 50 , 26 G:! 49 Ks + # "# YP 1& G&
- R # %? + T/ ( ) 0C,1 a V "# YP K ' M# % Y+3 G"PN ! . ! ! < ! vM# % " 1818 A C,!
# ' IG8 l % ! G ) ! K % IG) P # 1 j D 6 D ! . # P' K ,! ) % G ) ! K (\8I (% l &
.(1 X P) * "# ! % H F/ R ! P E? , q 4) ! ' & ! / G+ . (&' 'I +3 ! R G ) ! G&
' M# H + #! % "8 " # 0- 30 T8 ' 1 D X P G+ 'p 4, GMV 51 E? , ' M# H + #! % I' w '#! + % +
A .P X ! 1 pH ! V A .P X ! 4 ! %! P Z) P ( G+ ^ ) ' " = I . P 6 #! 3 G+ P G Y,
Khaledian ) P % # + P '[() U ! G+ X& OI3 '4) P ( G+ 6 - ; & H (+ & " pH "# +
.et al. 2017)

39
 . YCc R ! P E? , ' p Q: -< :1 X P
01 2
E? , H + #! _ ` ! %! P ! V 3 # G+ G V * # + . P ' 2 X P ! E? , H + #! %! P >(& @ G V
%! + % + %! P ! V K . #!' 1 " + b(8 '# 100 > + G+ a V ') + ! + 6 .< X+ < D ,? +
! V *# + + I P & + E? , % D H 8 + #X 1 '-, I ') + '"D '` + ' ! I
%! P ! V E? , %1& E ` 'D '( (\8I E? , '= 8P % Y"8 < ! . + ! < T < '#! + ! %! P G+ Y 3 X8 ,
9 G+ + " + %! P + G"p ! < ! & & ! ! P '( E3 + G& E? , a V ') + ! . + a V # " +
%! + P! G& # ' ' %! P . P + '( ! P E3 + A! 1 %! +3 X = G+ a V K P ! P X = #!'
% I # D %! P G+ . I . P q 4) K ! % w H Y8, + ! K (& G: X +! I
P' G"C %! P X8 " I I 3 G+ G& ((& X8 , ! %! P ( ,' I K ') + G& %! / G+ ! ', C"
.(1381 ' 8I) ! ! < * D I G"# ! G& (" I * D %! P G+ . ') + X+ V !

40
 R ! P E? , ! " + b(8 '# _ D + A .P X ! 4 %! P >(& @ G V .2 X P

% " E? , H + #! 8, G& P ' Z2 X P K ! . P ' 3 X P ! '+? , H + #! ! OI3 ' 0 , G V

'+ ` 6 8P E ` >2+ ! OI3 ! V . (P + ' c! 35 , 21 K + 6 - OI3 % ! E? , H + #! ;9 8 < + OI3
K . P' E? , '< P 6 8P '+ ` E (: 'D ! OI3 ! V K " + . P +' '< P %1& >2+ "8& E? ,
OI3 ! xD . # _= ` Y 3 ! ' I3 % Y& ) H c 4) + ' I3 A ' & ! / G+ E? , H + #! G& I ' Aj
G( {? 8- P' X P ! ! & % Y& ) % " z / G& ' I3 % Y& ) . "8& 7 pH ! V P' y +
. P +' 1 '8 # + ' I3 + 1p ^ ) 6 8"D G+ 3 P " + 8/5 pH ! V . ! 8/5 , 7 K + pH
^ ) P '<F, + y + X K P +' c! 15 > + Y 3 ! '= ., p ; # G& (" I ' I^ ) '8 # % I^ )
(P +' % ! & % + ^ ) A K , + + & X+ < ` '8 # % I^ ) . P' 8/5 > + G+ 3 pH ! V > 1p
.Ulery and Drees 2008))
R ! P E? , GMV 51 ! H + #! pH ! V >(& @ . P' 4 X P ! H + #! pH ! V % (+G(Y@ G V
K ! H + #! _ ` pH ! V G& P' Z2 X P K G+ G: , + . ' ! < % + H + #! G"# ! E? , H + #! G&
;& ^ ) ! ! ' N` c ( % N@6F P I P! + o , _: pH V K . ! ! < 7/82 , 7/74 K + E? ,
E (: 'D ! 1 pH ! V K "8& . P +' 'D # " + pH ! V E? , %1& '+ ` E (: % Y"8 < ! . (&'
. P' E? , '< P E (:

41
 R ! P E? , ! (OI3) 6 - ; & H (+ & >(& @ G V .3 X P

((&' P! % # % Y& ) ! Vp I ') + . I ' ! < o , ,! P! ; V" ` ; V" ! /G+ pH ! V

; V" ` >V K ,;Y . ((& P! ( ,' ^ ) A I! 1 I 'I Gl % + % I^ ) ! Vp ') +
' N` c ( EN: +< H! . G+ .Schappe et al. 2017)) P +' ^ ) ! ' N` c ( =FD 6 "(& ^ )pH
q ) pH O 'I I . ! ', C" % I =FD z "2 % I pH! ' N` c ( . ! ^ ) pH G+ % ' " +
.(1385 ! & ', ) (&' X !l ! 8 P! P + ;& ^ ) pH G& (&' X8 , ! '.# (
' N` c ( .8& (& @ >I & % + %! j ' N` c ( =FD G& P' y + ' I3 % Y& ) ! ' < G" #
. P I ! C p L 4 @ 4( .8& K (\8I (Cu) b (Mn) 1( ( (Zn) % ! (Fe) KI3 X[ L 4 ;&
%! ^ ) ' 9 ! + o c 4) O ( G+ ! ^ ) pH n? 8- . # ' ! & ^ ) pH |Fc n? c
E 2" ^ ) pH G+ G: , + P' G c , N= . I ' V ) pH H Q, X+ V ! +% p+ c)
& Gp j . P' C"# pH (I >I & ((&|Fc H ' ? / ! ^ ) pH ! 'k1: >I & % + . P &
%! & # L 4 G".= . P + o ,' ! K ! O " # O ! C= # # ( %! +3 E3 G+ '=3 ' - % I #
G+ P Gp j 4( . P C"# ^ ) pH >I & % + P' G c , + '. : H M) + 8I X
Q, ! ^ ) pH (&' = , O ! C= # # P & ( # : ^ ) ! G&) * # + , % "& + # , ^ )
'-j ! ^ ) pH U ! ! . P' Q, pH D O D ! [& D G + ^ ) pH >I & I'
(I ' >I & ! 3 pH & E 2" ! ")! % @ ^ ) '8& ! V nF[ . .+ K + ! 3 'C( H o , (I ' >I &
.(1385 ! & ', ) (&' p ! ! ) c ( _# ( ! #! ^ ) 8 < 3 G+ G ! '"<

42
 R ! P E? , ! A .P X ! 4 pH >(& @ G V .4 X P

4)3
+ ! ! ) + ' ? + %! P vM# R E? , ' M# H + #! G& 8 Z2 >I 1@ K Xc D ] " ' &! / G+
%? + 1 pH ! V H + #! K ! OI3 ! V + ? + X = G+ K (\8I . + I 2 # (l I + 3 % D H 8
G"p 9 ! '" %1 ! G + G E 2" ! + G& P +' ! ! ' I3 % I^ ) % I' w E? , H + #! +7
. P
, 845 67
B CD X& ! 3 % p! & G& + " R ! P E? , '+3 H -= M ! 3 +" ( + ' I w@ | / G"p + G= V K
, ! &N ' I w@ " - % I%! 8I p! & '= % I 8D N= P +' ! YCc "#
. P'
9
.G Cc 188 .' F/ . Y+? , E K..-, % 8(I ! .1392 } I E? , B CD | /
.G Cc 514 . (# H ! " .(%! + Y+ ' # (P) % Y& %1 2 c D + 'P .1385 .~ ! & .•. ',
.G Cc 107 . ' I %! +3 ' G" 8& .%! P G+ I >(& .1382 . ' 8I
Sparks D.L., Page A.L., Helmke P.A., Loeppert R.H. (Eds.), 1996. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3. Chemical Methods. Soil
Science Society of America Book Series.
Aazami, J., & KianiMehr, N. 2018. Survey of heavy metals in internal tissues of Great cormorant collected
from southern wetlands of Caspian Sea, Iran. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 190(1):
52.
Khaledian, Y., Kiani, F., Ebrahimi, S., Brevik, E. C., & Aitkenhead‐Peterson, J. 2017. Assessment and
monitoring of soil degradation during land use change using multivariate analysis. Land
Degradation & Development, 28(1): 128-141.
Schappe, T., Albornoz, F. E., Turner, B. L., Neat, A., Condit, R., & Jones, F. A. 2017. The role of soil
chemistry and plant neighbourhoods in structuring fungal communities in three Panamanian
rainforests. Journal of Ecology, 105(3): 569-579.
Ulery, A. L., & Drees, L. R. (2008). Methods of soil analysis (Vol. 9): ASA-CSSA-SSSA.

43
! "# $%&'
()
alborz.atefeh@birjand.ac.ir ، *

mmortazavi@birjand.ac.ir ( %' & %"#$ !

snraeisosadat@birjand.ac.ir ( ) * +, -

./
. &' ( )* +! . - 580 !"
9-:1 ; ) -< 9: . &=> ? . - ! 67 8 ! * 1 / 0 1 2 3 4. 5
C2 3 4. D( E ; ) (7 . . @ ( -:9 3 4. A ! 7 ! B 0 1 A!7
< ) 2 3 4. E ) (7 . C8 H 4I F E / C) '/ '& ? G ) 6
) 67 6 N ) M-BF ) E D( ) (7 . 8 H 8 4I ) L& -J ; ? G ) !6
. 1 P 8 H 4 4I Q3(H 2 R C : C B4! C )7 B! ) 6 O

C ! " C* C8 H ( C . E -N : 1 0

Abstrac

The Kalateh-Now section with Middle Eocene age and 580 meters thickness is located in north of
Birjand. Most of sandstones of this section have a high percentage of feldspar and less percentage of
rock fragment and quartz. Based on the Folk classification, the most of samples are in the Lithic
arkose domain and the low percent of them contain arkose and feldspathic-litharnatite. The
dissolution and primary alteration of feldspar, cementation, also the point and longitudinal contacts
between the grains and mica bending are carried out in the eogenesis phase, alteration of feldspars and
replacement of carbonate cement, also convex-concave contact between the grains are done in the
mesogenesis phase and the processes of formation of veins, fractures and their filling with iron oxide,
calcite, dolomite, chert and gypsum cements are occurred at telogenesis phase.

Keywords: Petrography, Diagenesis, Sandstone, Kalateh-Now section, North of Birjand

I A ) J7 O S T ! C E A ) ) (7 . 1 ! QFL 7 B4 2 U!
F -H ( ) (7 . 8 J @& @ I . B WV ; 2 U! C ( 1 T. E L V<
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[& M ) 1 B/ O ; CZ 4 C ) (5 ) @F C2 .(Schmid et al., 2004) @
I Tirrul et al. (1983) .(Tucker, 2001; Molennar et al., 2006; Parcerisa et al., 2006) 8H ( \
: Z B& 40 I ! 1 ! . L 6 -B A A6A6 T ; 6 ( ] -/ -
< 4. ) -<\ 6 -B 6 A . c (Fore-arc) 4 I ("a " 1 ( 8. 1 E) _ - T D
. N _ ) T D - N 2 0 ( -<( - )

44
jT 59◦ 18′ 06″ 59◦ 13′ 06″ ( . d > 2 e- - " E \R L: ' 1 ;
◦ ◦
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. E -N 2 T > ? M ) YM L: ' ( A m ) .(1@F ) -. E (1379 C6 F )
A : (. - 580 : ( . L: ' : Wn F -H ( ) (7 . G )
M - 4 [ 3 1 @ F< -B-4 4 C M C ( 4M ! F * ) I
. 1 9 Fc . 4 M C (N

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. 1

6 4 5

4 47 -B-4 9 C ( 4M ! F 2C M 78 C . E -N 2 L: ' k D o
6 8( N r F F O ! 1 \ _A '& M 100 A q D 1
Baccelle & Bosellini B( & 2 R ? L: ' )* 1 ) @ F< 8 0 L . -. E
. 1 YE k Folk (1980) = ! &=> = -. E 2 0 (1965)

78

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- 3 / )* Z B& ( ) * @E) 8( ( ) * ) O - C( ) 4M ! F )
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. G J G )* ( -. t 4 o A . / O - J/

@ F< 8 ! M @E M C ( 4M ! F ) Q . -N @ 1 ( ) Q . -N
) * 1 / C(A ! (H N A ! ) 2 3 4. C( : -B( ! 4N : -B( ! ) 8 ! @ ) 67 1 )
( ! E C ( FB C ) T. M ! C F F: * 1 / C( M @E C 4 C R C -B-4 C M
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@ ) * 8 A 0 3 2 A -B D 4= q : -B( ! 4N 8 ! 0 1 F F: : -B( !

45
 (A L: ' &' \M \ 3 4. .. - 4 0/28 0/04 67 2 s 1A .
22 &' ( )* ) 2 3 4. @! 0 M . Z! B A ! =B )A ! (H N 6 8
! ( 2 s 1A . E A ! (H N 0 5 2 A 0 30 20 O - > ! 0 35
0/08 A 67 2 s 1A 1 0 20 M > )* 1 /. d- - 4 0/3 0/06 A
0 4 3 ( FB . 0 8 M > F F: ) 1 / 0 . d- - 4 0/2
1 ! E . 0 . - 4 0/4 0/1 ) 67 2 s 1A @ * A 0 2 1
* @! A 0 7 5 M ) !. d- - 4 0/1 0/05 A 67 2 s 1A 1 0 1A - !
) 4M ! F O - > G ). d- - 4 0/08 0/02 A 67 2 s 1A 1 @ F<
0 10 267 A ! C 0 10QF( 0 7 4M ! F 2 s : -B( ! 4N 8 ! C L: '
0 13 5 4M ! F 2 s * 1 / C 0 20 8 QF( 4M ! F 2 s
0 12 8 QF( 0 5 4 4M ! F 2 s F F: * 1 / C 0 15 10 QF(
B! 6 0 25 !6 C 0 6 M !C 0 1 . ( FB 40 8 1 T.
1 - 4 0/03 0/01 1A 9N ) ! 8 ! C ) !@ M @E Q . -N . 0 3 2 )7
&=> O !U! ? &' ( )* YE k . 6 5 :I !
( - : 9 3 4. A ! 7 9 - : CA ! 7 Q . -N @ ! -. E 2 0 (1980) 9: .
.(2@F ) 1 v e-/ / 0 ( -< A ! 7 9 - :

'1

C( F E / '/ C '& ? ) F F E <. @ L: ' &' F -H ( ) (7 .

. 6 C < C E C ; C E N M-BF C( L& -J ; ) ( E <.

w T . : @I -. ]c YM 6 8 ) !1 F -H ( ) / A E <.
(C BF( ; 4 ) E C . > .(Macbride et al., 1987‫ ؛‬Liu 2003‫ ؛‬Kim and Lee 2003)
@ F< J ; - L& ) ? C @I ; ' ) A F( E ! ) ?x y ? : :I
E / '/ C '& ? ) F(8 . 2 0 L: ' ) E <. (7 . .(Tucker, 2001)
-< L& -J ; ? F( .(3@F ) 1 ( ( L& - J ; ? ) ( (@ ( FB
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:;8

-< !1 T 2 3 4. ; 1 ( N L: ' M ) NF F 2 L: ' ?

< !6 z +! 1 D( : / y. . 1 cI 2 0 2 1 I2 0
.(3@F ) 1 ( - 4 ! )6 E 2 &' ( )* ) 2 3 4. .

= <

)6 . Bc 8 H ( @I ) 67 = 6 ! \ ) / A 6
. )7 B! ( - : - B4!) ! )6 @ L: ' )

46
 ( *0 = <

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) J7 z5 -I 6 ( V< . ) M-BF ) E 1 !N G ) * 1 ) @ F< 8
C F (A ) 9( . q 6 q ( .(Al-Ramadan et al., 2005; Gier et al., 2008) CO2 CO
+2
A {
6 y. ! 1A Z) 9R ! ) 4 @F 9( . . 1 1 )< !4 9N 4! N
.(3@F ) (Tucker, 2001) @ F< . ( J7 )O; -< 6 q ( . ! N )
6 8 ) ) 6 E ) A L !1 @ F< E8 ) 4 A 9N 4! N6
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.(3@F ) 1 ! ) 6 :/ ) y.

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8 8H ( ( \ 4I ( 8 ) M-BF 1 ! N6 T : ! ( 67 A (Tucker, 2001)
) M-BF @F A : ) 4 2 0 L: 'M ) )
: . -. ]c
1 1 )< ) : 1A .(3@F ) )7 B! ) 67 I -. E ) 4 : / y.
e.g. Al-) @ F< 9( |- ) J7 WV ; )7 ) : . - 4 0/ 8 0/ 6 > &
T ! )* (5 6 2 0 )@ ( ;0 2 L: ' ? .(Aasm et al., 2009
.(e.g. Warren, 2006) * U! 1 } / ) 67 A Z(8 )@ E <. (7 .

?> * =<

6 B! O ; YM . 1 !J 1 )O; z +! -B) 8 * 72 -<

8 * .(McBride et al., 1987; Ros et al., 1997 C + ) )7 B! 6 V \ 4 T
1 ( E ) 67 )7 YM ~T 1 6 B! O ; YM 1 ) 6 < &' ( )*
B! 6 .(Reading et al., 2005 C + ) F -M Z(8 . ) !A 6 ( = .
.(3@F ) : / y. 1 ! N ) m > < N 2 0 L: ' ) )7

@ (*.

A . 1 N M( !O ! 1 )< @ ( ) E ( ;0 ( A G ) N F F >&
) : C( L Z) . ) B4! O !1 ( ) M-BF C ( NF F ? & ! () E 4
.(3@F ) 1 N Q3(H A ( ) 4 2 R C( B4! @F ) 8 ! C( A : @F

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6 A . w T C2 cI 6 J7 WV C . O ; \M 8H ( 1 ! -! ) -! .
. E ~; 9 -H 4 9 - H 8 C9 - H 4I : ( .(Tucker, 2001) E 75

A ( 1",

47
 ) U! O= () - N O : 8H ( F -H ( ) / Salem et al., 2005 2 L: ' ?
!1 F -H ( ) / 4 A E <. . -!C 25 ( U! YM P C 7
w T . : F - H ( @I > z T -. ] c (A ( Z! 6 8 2 YM •;
; C6 L: ' ) .(Macbride et al., 1987; Liu 2003; Kim and Lee, 2003)
8H ( A 4I ( ! ( @: G ). 1 1 € < 9 - H 4I €/ 6 T 2 3 4. E
.Z 4I ( • F E / G ) '/ C '& ? E 2 0 !w T

A (1 '

! 6 @I q ) A B -. E -< <. . WV ; ) * 4I (
A F( . 2 cI 1 ! N 1 @ F< ( \- : 8H ( > ! ( ) 2 ! A B4! .(Tucker, 2001)
Hartmann et al., 2000 ; ) E - 70-20 A 5 C2 ! q ( B< W @ T
-J ; 2 0 ) ? C1 1 8. <. 6 8 ! 4I ( .(Reed et al., 2005; Salem et al., 2005
. ) 67 < !6 Q3 ! E q ) 2 3 4. 1 L&

A ( 1"0$

E D( . ) WV ; 8H ( ( \- 4I -. ]c A6 A > ! F -F 2 ! I
. 8 H ( A 4I ( • ) 67 6 N ) M-BF )

% B(

( - : 9 3 4. A ! 7 9 - : CA ! 7 Q . -N 3 L: ' )* N F F 2 L: ' ?
( 1 ) @ F< 2 s 1A G ). 1 v e-/ / 0 ( -< A ! 7 9 - : ! -. E
C '& ? @ L: ' : Z! I F - H ( ) / . 8( B -< ) Q . -N
B! C : C B4!) 6 C < C ; C E C E N M-BF C E / C L& -J ; C '/
. 1 k D 9 -H 4 9 - H 8 C9 - H 4I 3 ! 1 ( )7

A 6 A .k " E \R1:100000 A <& C 1379 C.X: C L c .P C A . \ C . . q C \ _

. <! L 2 . <-!
_ Al-Ramadan, K. A., Hussain, M., Imam, B. & Saner, S., 2004, Lithologic characteristics and diagenesis of the
Devonian Jauf sandstone at Ghawar Field, eastern Saudi Arabia. Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 21(10), p. 1221-
1234.
_ Folk, R.L., 1980, Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Texas, Hemphill Publishing Company, p. 182.
_ Gier, S., Worden, R.H., Johns, W.D. & Kurzweil, H., 2008, Diagenesis and reservoir quality of Miocene sandstones in
the Vienna Basin, Austria. Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 25, p. 681–695.
_ Kim, Y., Lee, Y.I., 2003, Diagenesis of shallow marine sandstones, the Lower Ordovician Dongjeom Formation,
Korea: response to relative sea-level changes. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 23, p. 235-245.
_ Liu, K.W., 2003, Deep-burial diagenesis of the siliciclastic Ordovician Natal Group, South Africa. Sedimentary
Geology, v. 154, p. 177-189.
_ McBride, Earle F., 1985. Diagenetic processes that affect provenance determination in sandstone. In Zuffa G. G. (Ed.).
_ Reed, J., Eriksson, K., & Kowalewski, M., 2005, Climatic, depositional and burial controls on diagenesis of
Appalachian Carboniferous sandstones: qualitative and quantitative methods. Sedimentary Geology, v. 176(3), p. 225-
246.

48
_ Salem, A.M., Ketzer, J.M., Morad S., Rizk, R.R. & Al-Aasm I.S., 2005, Diagenesis and Reservoir-Quality evolution of
incied-valley sandstones: Evidence from the Abu Madi Gas Reservoirs (Upper Miocene), The Nile Delta Basin, Egypt.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 75, p. 572-584.
_ Schmid, S., R.H. & Worden, Q.J. Fisher, 2004, Diagenesis and reservoir quality of theSherwood Sandstone (Triassic),
Corrib Field, Slyne Basin, west of Ireland: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 21, p. 299-315.
_ Tirrul, R., Bell, I., Griffis, Y. & Camp, V. E., 1983, The Sistan suture zone of eastern Iran, Geological Society
American Bulletin, v. 94, p. 134-150.
_ Tucker, M.E., 2001, Sedimentary Petrology. Third Edition, Blackwell, Oxford, p. 260.
_ Warren, J.K., 2006, Evaporites Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbones. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 1035.

Q . -N (C A ! 7 9 - : Q . -N (B A ! 7 Q . -N (A C(XPL ) !" )Q . -N q A NF F ( e :2@F

M @E Q . -N (E ( 4M ! F Q . -N (D ( - : 9 3 4.

'/ C(p) '& ) ? (A C(XPL ) L: ' M ) E <. (7 . A N F F ( e :3@F

(F 2 3 4. 6 4 ! (E 2 3 4. 6 - (D 2 3 4. 1 cI < (C ( FB ! E / (B (c) L& -J ; (L)
(J ! 4 B4! 6 (I 9 N 4 ! ( N - B4! 6 (H F (A B4! 6 (G 67 M-BF P - 2 3 4. 6 4 !
(a (O ) M-BF E N (L ( 7 [4. = m > [ N 8 [4. = : / y. 1 ! N) )7 B! 6 (K - : 6
B4! O ) M-BF E N A N F F ( e (M (Q3(H) = ! (d C2 R (c C B 4! (b C :

49
 ! " #$
alborz.atefeh@birjand.ac.ir ، *

mmortazavi@birjand.ac.ir ( %' & %"#$ !

snraeisosadat@birjand.ac.ir ( ) * +, -

./

. ' +' ,) ' 580 !" # $# % & ' 35

+ 0 "1 2 34 4 ' . 52 1 67 8' 9 : 7 ;. < 5' - 2 $= : /$ - . $
/$ - ;. . ' (Fm ,Fl) " - 2 (Sr, St ,Sm, Sh, Sl) ' - 5 :(Gcm) 7 " - 1 >'
=E: - G# &= 1 H : /$ - F 9 . " ' E (SB, FF, CH, CS) - D$= 4
% ': .. > 0 I # 1 J : K. L +& 4 # $ >4 :>4 . 0
.+ M ;. . 7 -

$# %& : '; M : . 7 - < 5' : - 2 $= : /$ - :% 1 2 3

Abstrac

The Kalateh-Now section siliciclastic deposits are located in 35 kilometers of the north of Birjand that
has 580 meters thickness. Identification of lithofacies, architectural elements and sedimentary
environment of this sequence are done on the bases of field and microscopic studies, that are included
1 gravel lithofacies (Gcm), 5 sand lithofacies (Sr, St, Sm, Sh, Sl) and 2 muddy lithofacies (Fl, Fm).
These lithofacies are located in 4 architectural elements (SB, FF, CH, CS). Based on lithofacies types,
vertical and lateral lithofacies changes, erosional base of each cycles, geometry and presence of
finning upward cycles, sediments color and presence of marine trace fossils, fluvial and deltaic
sedimentary models are suggested for these deposits.
Keywords: lithofacies, architectural elements, fluvial and deltaic sedimentary environments, Middle
Eocene, north of Birjand.
4

= &Q' .+ J$ > 4 < 5' .+ N ' >O ' P 4. /$ - ; 6

R8 $. . S. #+ #: 0 NM &) : $ T 0: +- : $ J$ 1 D, ' O
Selley, ) ' U" - : $ Q' O K. & > E !' 1 D, ' P /. 4. G $ .L
"1 2 17W E O $# S -S S . V SP; M .(1996
67 8' ' 7 .(Sengor et al., 1988) XE S P ; 'P O ;. P , . S &$-
◦
59 13′ 06″ . 0 H# % Y 1 D ,' , " Z : $# % & ' 35 XE ( )
◦ ◦ ◦
$ ; 'P ^ 5' ' 33 06′ 04′ 33 00′ 00″ . 0 H# ] = 59 18′06″
> Q. P ' 67 8' ' 7 = E .(1>4 ) + 0 " E (1379 :S 4& ) T 1:100000
. 'N-; ' /7 ; ;. b /$ a, ' Y S E0 O + $ . 3 ; M J KG
' : ' 300 +' ,) - K' E J 5 /$ '- d, 3 / $ Z c P = &Q' ;.

50
.+ N ^ ' 79 +' ,) T K' E E 0 > ' 197 +' ,) - T J ' J$
.+ % ' M !/ < 5' ; 6 +. /$ - . $ d f3 ;. P g

.+ N GIS Google earth K0 T P U 67 8' ' ^8$' ^ :1>4

5 6 7

- ; 6 .+ + : /$ ' : . ' /$ & 140: 67 8' ;. T Q

M - 1 H /$ - . $ .+ 0 " 1 2 Miall (2006) $ ^GY 9
>4 S& - +0 ; 6 : /$ O E0 5 i P ' h. $ S Z 'P !/ % '
.+ 0" .L $

%8 *9

- = &Q' :(Gcm /$ - ) 7 " /$ - = &Q' >' 7 ;. . $ -

(Fm ,Fl /$ - ) " /$ - = &Q' (Sr, St ,Sm, Sh, Sl /$ -) ' /$
:+ - 3 - P j. R .P .+ S (1% #) +

(Clast-Supported Massive Gravel) Gcm *9

S $ >4 1 b l$# H' ' ' 2/ 5 2 P S P + 1 68E 0S P "f. :: -"$

" " & : " " m- < ' " # P 1 68E ;. . ' U F P
. ' ' S 1 68E ; l4. ' + -

e.g. Ghazi and Mountney, ) + E S. # # +7L - S >4 0: *$

< !/ 7 ' l4. ' # S Costa and Shanmugam (1988, 1996) .(2009
. ' $G Z n -S. #

(Massive sandstone) Sm *9

. ' S& - E0 1 2 + ^8$' .P o G " - ;. :: -"$

m- " # ( ' ' 0/18 < ' Y ) ' ' 0/125 0/25 S $ >4 1 b P

51
P , ; $p& . ' . Sh - & - ;. . ' . P & " & " "
.+ '> E - ;. K 0 ' 0 > 0 I : 67 8' ' 7

Simpson et al., ) S 0 . #K m L ; 'q ': - ;. $ .L G > 7 : * $

(e.g. Collinson, 1996) m X. d 0 Y ' 1 b X. S (e.g. 2002; Tucker,2003
's ' S . # 4 &= - ;. & >" G . S& - E0 - Q. r=
.(e.g. Kumar et al., 2003)

(Horizontally stratified sand y) Sh *9

.+ ^0 t8 ' $ .L S & - ' ^8$' #' - ;. S 0 - ;. :: -"$

. P & . P " " m- " # (K. ') ' ' 0/125 < ' Y S 1 b P
;. :s ^ - . ' '2< ' Y - ;. +' ,) . ' E S $ >4 +
.+ . 9 .L 4 > 0 I /$ -

Miall, ) ' m 5' - ;. > 4 >' = t8 ' # j. S. # u 3 <. : *$

c - ;. > 4 K FU N .L % 4 1 # ' + O ;. = .(e.g. 1977; Harms et al., 1982
.(e.g. Miall, 2006) + >4 L . # N.u - ;. .(Bridge, 1981; Allen, 1984) + 0"

(Low angle x-laminated sand) Sl *9

- . 'S $ 'L S& - + N 67 8' ' ^8$' - ;. " :: -"$

> +' ,) ' ' 2 $ 'L +' ,) ' ' 0/625 < ' Y S 1 b P . ' Sh , Sm S &
. ' E - ;. $ >4 .+ ' 10 - ;.

.(e.g. '>4 + N o G E S. # L += &= Y - ;. : * $

' :% w' ) ' +G !/ S 'P v - ;. > 4 1E " Miall, 2000)
.(1387 :S 4& 'O

(Trough Cross-stratified Sandstone) St *9

$ ^GY ( ' ' 0/15 < ' Y ) H' ' ' 0/ 2 0/ 1 P - ;. 1 b P :: -"$
. ' ' 4 =m ' +' ,) . ' Sl, Sh, Sr S & - .+ =m '
.+ >4 = ^GY ;. $ >4

S E 0 t8 :m ; 0 ; . 3 I . ' >2 O 6 .L % 4 S 1 # 'P - ;. : * $

>4 S Sl Sr $ ' . - lx 0 . d. 0 $ $ Z ;. P , 0 " E S &$- ] 6'
>x. + O % '< ' ' 0 .+ ' > E ^8$' ;. 7 O ; $Z '
(e.g. Collinson & . ' & - ;. > 4 2 >' = $ 9y 7 <- jZ 6 S
.Thompson, 1989; Miall, 1996)

(Ripple x-laminated sand) Sr *9

52
0/12 O S 1 b P ' 3 - ;. +' ,) . & " /$ - ;. :: -"$
.+ Sl, Sh, St S & - . '( ' ' 0/18 < ' Y ) ' ' 0/24

m >2 O .# W ' >x. .(e.g. Miall, 2006) '>4 ; .3 . # N.u - ;. : * $

% w' ) ' - ;. > 4 r= + - < 5' . j. S. # < !"
.(Higgs et al., 2012

(Massive silt and mud) Fm *9

' 1 2 + ' 30+' ,) :9 + O - ;. $ >4 1 b :: -"$

. ' $' J$ ' a, ' 1 2 S E0 5 + $ .+ Sh S & - . $

>4 S 0 . S. #P S !" m g 6' - ;. - S& - " S ^0 : * $

- ;. '+ 1 # .(e.g. Miall, 1977; Woo et al., 2006) + z 6 +7 O P S
(e.g. + /$ - ;. <. / - ;. n J . $ ' +7L - S
.Mack & James, 1992)

(Laminated mud) Fl *9

- . ' t8 ' S $ 'L ( ' ' 0/06) 9 O - ;. $ >4 1 b :: -"$

.+ a, ' 1 2 /$ ' .L S E0 5 + $ ' Sh, Sl S &

. >O ' Y - O < 5' u N <. !/ / - ;. : * $

P 46 + ;4&' " .L .L ; ' .L .(e.g. Miall, 1977; Hjellbakk, 1997) '
.(Bridge, 1984 :% w' ) K. ;. . #S 7 S

% (9 -

&= 1 2 S 1 H $ .L : $ >4 : - .3 - 2 $= $ ^GY

CH - D$= .+ . $ CH, FF, SB, CS - D$= Z 7 ;. . " ' 1 2 ^0
/$ - + 0 " E ' /$ 4 ' S = E = $ >4 % $$ 3 1 1 2
{ -1 S $= K. K. '1 b P ^0 .L 1 2 CS D$= . ' Gcm S
s ' ' Fm Fl K. /$ - >' FF - D$= . ' 0 " c - %
. ' . % $$ 3 1 1 2 E $ >4 SB D$= .+ % P { -1

;<

+ < 5' .P ) - < 5' : 67 8' ' 7 - G# &= 1 H 9

. ' $ 3 ;. ( - % )m P { - 7 (% ; 39 :

Sh, ' - >'

+ 9 + : '1 b P . >' 9 : - N
+ L S . # N.u
- S HY s ' 9 = &Q' Sh - . ' Fl " - Sl
(Ghazi & Mounteny, 2009; Higgs et al., 2012; Javidan + >4 S . # d 0 I Fl -
;. .+ a, ' Fm ,Fl - ; $p& > P .P +' ,) + .et al., 2015)

53
 % < 5' .P $ S . 0 =E K' E >4
' O J -
. ' >' (CH) % $$ 3 - D$= Sh, Sm, Gcm - >' O ;. . ' -
I Sh, Sm, Sl, Fm, Fl - lx .+ '> E K. L +& >4 % $$ 3 1
% $$ 3 1 )m P { - 7 < 5' .P $$ .q !" # 9 .L 4 0 ' 0 > 0
.(2>4 ) + ' > E L +& " K. +7 O K 1 ;. . '( -

67 8' ' 7 $ 3 % ' :2>4

67 8' ' ^8$' !/ <. U /$ - : 1% #

!%& ' ! ()

* + #, ; 39 Sh .L J$ ' ^0 S $ 'L + Q. t8 ' S. #<

^0 $
-

Sm .L J$ ' $ ^GY 1 .# Y L += . .P 4 . !/
$ + 0 "1 2

Sl $ 'L J$ ' N . P m 'S $ 'L W ' >x. 1 # ' I . v 3 +& E !/

+ 0 "1 2L . # N.u

Fl $ 'L >" + ^0 S $ 'L ' z 6' 1 2 1 .# Y !/

+ Fl $ 'L >" + ^0 S $ 'L ' z 6' 1 2 & < !/

Fm >" + $ ^GY / z 6' 1 2 !/

+

% Gcm P $n ' /$ 4 ' $ ^GY ' N += .P .P 4 . < !/

68E

Sh .L J$ ' ^0 S $ 'L + ^0 1 2 L . # N.u

^0 $

Sm .L J$ ' $ ^GY 1 .# Y L += . .P 4 . !/
$ + 0 "1 2

% .- /$- * $$ 3 1 Sl $ 'L J$ ' N . P m 'S $ 'L W ' >x. 1 # ' I . v 3 +& E !/

- % + 0 "1 2L . # N.u

Sh .L J$ ' ^0 S $ 'L '; .3 L . # N.u ^0 1 2 !/

^0 $

Sm .L J$ ' $ ^GY 1 .# Y L += . .P 4 . !/
$ + 0 "1 2

54
 Fl $ 'L >" + ^0 S $ 'L ' z 6' 1 2 L += 1 .# Y !/

% =(

; ' / 7 $. b O a, ' E0P' $ . 3 ; M KG > Q. ;. .P P ' 67 8'' 7

- . 52 1 67 8' 9 . ' ;. b S :> : ' >' S 4.u 7 7 O +
. $ (SG, FF, SB, CS) - 2 $= ; $p& (Fm ,Fl) " (Sr, St ,Sm, Sh, Sl) ' :(Gcm) 7 "
. 7 - < 5' : S #' S& - 1 J :1 b P 1 = Y ;. z U .+
.+ M 7 ;.

>

$ ; 'P S 'P :1:100000 9 ^' :T " Z $ ; 'P ^ .1379 :.}7 : 6 U :.| : P 0 : . .F :

. 6' 1 0
_ Allen, J., 1984, Studies in fluviatile sedimentation: bars, bar complexes and sandstone sheets (low-sinuosity braided
streams) in the Brownstones (L. Devonian), Welsh Borders. Sedimentary Geology, v. 33, p. 237-293.
_ Bridge, J. S., 1981, Bed shear stress over subaqueous dunes, and he transition upper- stage plane beds.
Sedimentology, v. 28, p. 33-36.
_ Bridge, J.S., 1984. Large-scale facies sequences in alluvial overbank environments. Journal of Sedimentary
Petrology, v. 54, p. 583-588.
_ Collinson, J., 1969, The sedimentology of the Grindslow Shales and the Kinderscout Grit: a deltaic complex in the
Namurian of northern England. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 39, p. 194-221.
_ Collinson, J. D. & Thompson, D. B., 1989, Sedimentary structures (2nd ed.). Unwin Hyman, London, p. 207.
_ Costa, J. E., 1988, Rheologic, geomorphic, and sedimentologic differentiation of water floods, hyper concentrated
flows, and debris flows. In: V. R. Baker, R. C. Kochel, and P. C. Patton (eds.), Flood Geomorphology. Wiley, New
York, NY, p. 113- 122.
_ Folk, R.L., 1980. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, Texas, p. 182.
_ Ghazi, S., and N.P. Mountney, 2009, Facies and architectural element analysis of a meandering fluvial succession:
The Permian Warchha Sandstone,Salt Range. Pakistan: Sedimentary Geology, v. 221, p.99-126.
_ Harms,J.C., Southard, J.B., & Walker, R.G., 1982, Structures and sequences in Clastic Rocks. SEPM, short Cource
Notes, v. 9, p. 851.
_ Higgs, K.E., King, P.R., Raince, J.I., Sykes, R., Browne, G.H., Grouch, E.M. & Baur, J.R., 2012, Sequence
stratigraphy and controls on reservoir Sandstone distribution in an Eocene marginal marine-coastal plain fairway,
Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Iran, Ph.D. thesis. Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of
London, London, England, p. 316.
_ Mack, G. H. & James, W. C., 1992, Paleosols for Sedimentologists. The Geological Society of America, Short
Course Notes, p. 127.
_ Miall, A., 2006, The geology of fluvial deposits: Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis and Petroleum Geology.
Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 582.
_ Miall, A.D., 2000, Principle of Sedimentary Basin Analysis. Springer- Verlag, New York, p. 668.
_ Miall, A. D., 1996, The Geology of fluvial deposits, sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 582.
_ Tucker, M.E., 2001, Sedimentary Petrology (Third Edition). Blackwell-Oxford, p. 260.
_ Tucker, M.E., Wright, V.P., 1990, Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford, p. 482.

_ Selley, R.C., 1996, Ancient sedimentary environments and their subsurface diagnosis. Chapman Hall, London,
U.K, p. 300.

_ Sengor A. M. C., Altiner D., Cin A., Ustaomer T., Hsu K. J. (1988): Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic
collage at the expence of Gondwanaland. In: Audley-Charles M. G., Hallam A. (eds) Gondwana and Tethys. Geol.
Soc. London, Spec. Publ, v. 37, p. 119–181.
_ Simpson, E. L., Dilliard, K. A., Rowell, B. F. & Higgins, D., 2002, The fluvial- to- marine transition within the
post- rift Lower Cambrian Hardyston Formation, Eastern Pennsylvania, USA. Sedimentary Geology, v. 147, p.
127-141.

55
_ Shanmugam, G., 1996, High- density turbidity currents: Are they sandy debris flow? Journal of Sedimentary
Research, v. 66, p. 2-10.
_ Woo, J., Shinn, Y.J., Kwon, Y.K., Chough, S.K., 2006, The Janson and Myeonsan formation (Early Cambrian) of
the Taebaek Group, mideast Korea: depositional processes and environments, Geosciences Journal, v. 10, p. 35-57.

56
 " # $ % – !
4 !" !#$ . 3* 2 1

-1
!" #$ -2
Rabbani@znu.ac.ir ! " #$ & ' -3
)* +, + # ! " - ./ 0" 1 2 -4
!"'(
- ># 8 ' ? .+ ' #$ #= ) #" #</ 8 ' /9 :& ; 5 6 #'" 7 45 ./ 0" " 3#4
F9 G$ 8E & 8 # H<> 4 #98 8 E " I7J C8D 8E &8 / > " 3#4 !& ! A/ B
+ #4 C&M / / B - ./ 0" N O " 4 #'" 235 L 9 " 9 70 .> ./ 0" !& .+ C >E +7
Highly proximal dysoxic+anocxic IL * " * 2 & 4 # " C&M / / B 8 * - ./ 0" . & #$
4 F& ) P Q" ; 8 !& <" #4 & #$ &> 9 (Marginal dysoxic+ anoxic basin) II L * ( basin)
;!7B ; S ) U7U" 9 8 $ #B ! V98 . #$ " ? B 8 ' ? !& #4 = > 9 R
. &9 " & > 8 ' ? !& #4 R 4 F& ) 4 P Q" ( 'C XB #C "

6 4 5 1– 2 - 3"$ ./ 0" 1 : * + , !" -

#& : 9 4 4#J – =# '" #</ 8 ' . #= ) #" #</ /9 :& #O " 3#4
4#J D / 9 8 – Z/D & )8 / 9 +9 = H4 * #</ 8 ' .+ Y= )* & 5 6
.(1373;5#R ) " Q" #& ) #" -X 4 5 6 )* ' # [ R 4 : 9 &D " 9 4
/9 R > 9 $ =# #</ ?B -1 : " ] ^> 7_ ?B 4 #</ ' '* #O
!& )= > 9 ) #" #</ ?B -2 . B " ' ` 4#J a 8 4 D " " " ? "
" 5 Q" aH4 !& /9 ?B #& b 4 )* & 5 6 8 6 " + – $#$ R '"
+ aH4 !& ?B #& &4 D 8 4& " " #& 5#J c#d 4 !& )= 4#J #</ ?B -3 .
.(1383 ; > < =D)
(Palynodebris) C&M / / B - .0= "D - ./ 0" N O " 4 C&M / /B 8 &X 6 " #_ b !&#'9?"
' 8 ' B ; 8 3 '&# ; 8 + & " (Autochthonous) 6#4 -1 : ' 4 " "
4. " ] ^> S !/ B ;: C > ;5 - .0= " (Allochthonous) 6#4 -2 C 4 /D " ; #<
Marine ) && ? " /B 7_ aH4 ? C&M / /B 8 &X 6" /D " # & - <b
4 /D " (Phytoclast, Ph) 5 8 #* ;(Spore and Pollen) C * ? " / B ;(Palynomurphs, MP
# ,> 8 ". C > (Structureless Organic Matter, SOM or Amorphous Organic Matter AOM) C
&#& 4 P Q" 4 4 & F9 ? / B F C,> "D - ./ 0" N ; C&M / /B 8 &X f =
" 8 ' ? 9& = P Q" 4 O " 4 .(Fisher, 1980; Whitaker, 1984,Van der Zwan,١٩٩٠) & 9 "
] #> 4 '& ? ' #$ #= "D - ./ 0" " C&M / /B 8 &X 6" C $ " b 9 " ; ./ 0"

57
 '* #B 8 ' ? !& 9& = 4 P Q" g h* #$ ' iQ4 4 ; & > 8 9 #4 "D + 4 8
.
9 * , 7 70 "8

" ' #</ 8 ' /9 " ; 4#J 5 6 #'" 7 45 ./ 0" " ^0 "
Q" ./ 0" " 3#4 .+ Y= " &) > 97 b 4 D &6 ? - "
O" 4. #= / 9 j 25 ; ^ = 25 ; 6 36 k#b =# j 45 ; ^ = 22 ; 6 53 : d & #`6
9 + #R #'" 7 45 R D 70 D# " 5#J 5 6 +9 4 #? ./ 0" " 3#4 4 #'
# " #O " 3#4 .]& " &6 ? 6# " + +9 ;# 6 8 4 .4
! A/ B 8 ' ? 4 m 4#" 8 / > ?' #4 9 L # .(1 C ) #= '/ , D - " 6
C & 4 6 > 4 .+ #&nB - _ ># 4 m 4#" 8 / > !&#> & '4 & - " #4 9 &B
' & 6 4 ]& = 8 9 I >#> + ' #$ - _ #' 9& = 4 #> & 6 8 / > #4 9
. & #$ oX_

./ 0" " ^0 " 4 #' 8 & #`6 + .= " 1 C

58
 70 0 :0 , 0 0"(

9 4F M ! "#B 8 ' ? " ^0 " 6" 8 / > !&#> & 6 ; !" ^ 4 6> 4
- ./ 0" <" #4 ^0 " ! A/ B ># #" . & #$ JD #> & 6 8 / > +9 4 ># 8 ' ? #4
6" > C& ) #= #4 9 b= #'" 135 M #'" q #< C * ? " /B
+9 3#4 !& . ' #$ #= ! " / 8 ' ? #& 7 $ - _ 4 ! A/ B 8 ' ? .+ Y= ^0 "
! A/ B 8 ' ? I >#> 4 : # 6- " ( =# 5 6 +9 4) : # ' +9 4 #?
8 / > ' #$ - _ #4 9 .(2 C ) 9* ># 8 ' ? &6 ? C& ) "
" +7 8 / > " > 9b ># 8 ' ? . 4 " ^0 " ' & 9 * ! A/ B >#
F C,> . 4 " > 4# # H<> - 4 " 7 ?/ > " > 9b ^0 " ! A/ B 8 ' ?
.(3 C ) + D ./ 0" " 3#4 ' f= d 4 8 R

Studied section

( , B 1:100000 ^ ' #$#4) : # 3#4 !" ^ -2 C

7 ;,

#'" 235 L 9 " 9 70 .> ;! A/ B – ># 8 ' ? 9& = 4 P Q" ! .> ./ 0" O " 4
4 . & #$ + #4 E # `> 4 6 > 4 F > 9' 3 4 ./ 0" " 3#4 8 / > .= +" H[
P& # = R > & #$ + #4 ! " s0 #'" ' 30 f9b C"r 'R 8 9 ; ./ 0" += a& ) O"
C&M / /B 8 &X ?> O " 4 ; ' 3 ,' 4 + #4 8 9 . 4 9Q'" a& #
8 9 '4 ? " / B "D ' 3 . & #$ ./ 0" "D &X 90 .> '& ? & #$ "D
?> C 7 #4 ! 4 #4 '. _ HCL ?> 4# #4 ! 4 #4 1S # #* 8

59
 ,' 4 <b #C " 20 8 #'7 8 9 " = 4 /D " +& ? ,' '. _ HF
& #$ "D C&M / /B 8 &X 8 9 " = 4 / 'Q" . & #$ F C,> / <" #4 M &#' '
#4 ' #$ - _ "D - ./ 0" .+ #$ #= "D ./ 0" " 400 & 9 $ )4 4 )& XB t C #C " ,' 4
& #$ < Q" ? D # _ '& ? & #$ 3 9 u 300 = R .> ' #8 #4 ; C&M /B 8 '
.+ #$ #= d 4#" 8 9 #4 (1 : 6)

3"$ "<=2 , ' + 0" 1 > 7

#4 4 [R P& # n$ 5 v# ; & 5D s0 < - # `> - +<j / 4 /D "

C&M / /B 8 &X 6" )6 # & B #4 . # $ " #= ,' " 9& = 4 P Q" P& # # ,>
o# 41 /B (Tyson, 1993) $ 9 #4 8 a& 9 1S (2 1: 6) 8 D # 3 9
: & #&

I= Highly proximal dysoxic+anoxic basin ?" / 0" 1

10 #'9 R )] 4 MP SOM #& ^" . " _ 95 a4 4+ X ' ^" 1 / B !&

" & 8 9 _ 80 a4 1 / B !& . ' 8 .4 ]8 #>L #' 4 ?' X ' . 4 "( _
. 4 " K-T70‫ و‬K-T15 ، K-T13 ; K-T2 : " 8 " * !& &8 9 .

II= Marginal dysoxic+anoxic basin ?" / 0" 1

( _ 35 > 5) R C 4 /D " ( _ 95 > 65) R 8 + X ' #& ^" ;1 / B !&

> ] SOM ) " ;r 4 > P '" 8 + X ' )" * !& . 4 " ( _ 10 > #,_) & & 8c " /B
K- ;K-T9 ;K-T6 ;K-T4 ; K-T3: " #4 * !& &8 9 . 4 "] 4 MP #& ^" P '"
K- ،K-T58 ،K-T56 ;K-T55 ;K-T53 ;K-T52 ;K-T46 ،K-T45 ;K-T42 ;K-T36 ;K-T34 ،K-T27 ;K-T26 ;K-T25 ;T17
. 4 " K-T65 ‫ و‬K-T62 ;T59

6 "@ A"9 , B$

8 &X 6" # !&#' 4 +,$ > " ? " /B "D - ./ 0" "D + 4 8 4 6> 4
. 4 " (MP) & & ? " / B 4 m 4#" # !&#'9 ( 8 $ 8 #*) 8 + X ' 4 m 4#" C&M / /B
& & P Q" F& #O " 4 P Q" + !& # 4 8 &X 8 /MX & <= && ? " /B 6
.+ 4 "# ]CR R 4 F& ) 4 P Q" + #$ ' > " ?D ! & B 4 # 4 6> 4 " 4
Q" 8 9 9b 8 " a8 wB !& 8c " /B "D - ./ 0" _ R 8 $ #B /
R 4 F& ) w = > 9 0 Q" ' #$ #= (B 1 + 7B) II (A 1 + 7B) I 81 /B
8 !7B ; 8 S ) ' "D - ./ 0" _R 8 $ #B .(5 C ) & 9 " & > 8 ' ? !& #4
4 F& ) 0 Q" Q" ./ 0" " 8 9 " 9> 8 " &> N #$ & #4 ( ? 'C XB #C "
8 "D + 4 R 4 F& ) 4 P Q" ;L [ " !& (C 1 + 7B) ' #$ #= (Near shore) R
? " /B 9b 8 " 3#4 !& C&M / /B 8 &X ./ 0".(4 C ) & 9 " &> 1 /B
9 M# #B ; R 4 F& ) P& # 4] R > " L [ " !& 4 " *#4 9 $ x,R

60
+ 7B)+ & > 4 = ) (E " E +7 > 9b) ^0 " #4 ] R M / ' / L 4 6 > 4 L [ " !& . & 9 &>
.(D 1

5 6 : # 3#4 ' -3 C

(1993;Tyson) 9 5 C ( 'C XB #C " ;!7B ; S ) & > 9 4 C

61
 ; C 4 /D " # _ a& 9 - 2: 6 !/ B ; S # _ a& 9 - 1: 6
9 4 #98 & & 8c " /B 8+ 7 ' ?D 9 9 4 #98 & & 8c " /B
?D 9

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(K-T25 9 Y0^") II L 1 / B a& 9 :B

(K-T36 9 Y0^") ( 'C XB #C " !/ B ; S ) N #$ & 4 m 4#" #& h> :C

(K-T13 9 Y0^") + *#4 &B $ x,R c " /B 9 F& :D

!8, 'C2

N )* +, + # C98 4 a8 wB !& )) )* +, + # !" #$ #C > 4

((+

62
 Y4 "
.g586 ; ." - ' !" " . #& ! " .1383 ;.L ; > < =D -
.g275 ; ." - ' !" " .y S ! " : #& ! " .1373 ;.L ;5#R -
{ ! {" " { , B1/100000 z { ^" 4 !" ^ .1369 ;. ; 9Q" ;. ; " h." . ;N ; Q 4u -
." - '
- Fisher, M. J., 1980- Kerogen distribution and depositional environments in the Middle Jurassic of Yorkshire UK.
In Proceedings of the 4th International Palynological Conference (Lucknow) 2: 574-580.
- Tyson, R. V., 1987- The genesis and palynofacies characteristics of marine petroleum source rocks. Geological
Society, London, Special Publications 26(1): 47-67.
- Tyson, R. V., 1989- late Jurassic palynofacies trend,Piper and kimmerdgian clay Formation ,UK onshore and
Northern sea,in Batten D.J&keen M. C (eds) Northwest Europan.Micropaleontology and palynology 135-172.
- Tyson, R. V., 1993- Palynofacies analysis: Applied Micropaleontology 153-191.
- Van der Zwan, C. J., 1990- Palynostratigraphy and palynofacies reconstruction of the Upper Jurassic to lowermost
Cretaceous of the Draugen Field, offshore Mid Norway. Review of palaeobotany and palynology 62(1): 157-186
- Whitaker, M., 1984- The usage of palynology in defnition of Troll Field geology. In Reduction of uncertainties in
innovativereservoirgeomodelling.'Offshore'NorthernSeasConference(No.6).

Using palynomorphous analysis for reconstruction of sedimentary

environment of Cretaceous-Paleocene deposits in South of Sari
Reza emamgholi 1, Nasrollah abbasi 2, Javad rabbani * 3, Mohammad Saeed shariatzadeh4

1- Master science student, Stratigraphic and Paleontology, University of Zanjan

2- Associate Professor of Geology Department, University of Zanjan
3- Assistant Professor of Geology Department, University of Zanjan, Rabbani@znu.ac.ir
4- Head of Geological Studies of the Caspian oil Company

Abstract
The section is located in 45 kilometers of South of Sari, on the Northern edge of the central Alborz
Mountains. Cretaceous-Paleocene deposits in this section consist of limestone and mostly sandstones
with less gypsum and siltstone. In this study, 70 rock samples from 235 meters were taken for the
purpose of palynological studies. The studies of palynological facies led to the identification of two
facies including (Highly Proximal Dysoxic + Anoxic Basin (I) and Marginal dysoxic + anoxic basin
(II) based on Tyson palynofacies chart. Based on these data, the proximal to marginal dysoxic +
anoxic basin have been proposed for these strata as a depositional environment. Also plotted data on
the triangular diagram (spore, pollen, micro plankton) confirms near shore environment for these
strata.
Keyword: Palynomorphs, sedimentary environment, Cretaceous-Paleocene, Sari

63
 !"
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3 2 1*

(Anjerdi.javad@gmail.com) ! "# ! $ -1
(adel.geo_nz@yahoo.com) ()* + ,- .* -2
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:
:; ,< = > ? 7> 3 @$ >A B C 2, ! D,), ! - 7" E ,(# 1 * (, 56 708 9 2
124 : ; ,< = > ? .G 7"C H B 708 9 +> 2 " I > GEJ K)J J
+ 1 7> B C 2 , LM 6 7> 7" N ! E > 7" ,< + 1 7> I 2 2, C 2 > G OP "
S 7 7 ( 5 0 < 4 4, + 08 9 ;1 ! E, > L< . Q"I 2 K, > # 25 ! E4- 7> 7" ,<
T> ? Th ? V > .GC H B ! ,H ICP-MS ,8 U E ,(# 1 * O" = > 2 T, 7 (
7" Z > ? H - @ , 7# Y" - S ? ! -7 ( X# 7# WO Th/U
), 7 ! -7 ( " ,> Co/Th T> ? La/Sc 3 H K" > . T(;" $ 7I [
1 * ? 7> 7J > . > ! , ! - S 7> ^ > 7# - @ 1/2 0/1 2,> Co/Th Q# ? ?
2 7> a ! B ` 0C ,N 7, ; _ X# -7 ( 2 ? ! -S 7 3 4 3 3 , "Z
. ,H B ;

"#$ % &! ' () * +, - , ./01 2 3 : !

Trace element geochemistry as a provenance indicator of

siliciclastic sediments of Ilanqareh Formation

Javad Anjerdi1, Adel Najafzadeh2, Mahdi Jafarzadeh3

1-PhD student of sedimentology, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch

2-Faculty member of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch
3- Faculty member of Shahrood University of Technology, Faculty of Geosciences

Abstract:

In this study, the geochemistry of trace elements of the Late Devonian sedimentary deposits of the Azerbaijani, known as the
Ilanqareh Formation, in Pir-Eshagh section in southern Jolfa, has been studied to investigate the provenance of these
sediments. The thickness of the Ilanqareh. Formation in this section is about 124 m (Famennian in age). The lower boundary
of the Ilanqareh Formation with gypsiferrous marls is continious, and on the upper boundary, it is interrupted continuously to
the carboniferous limestones. After field studies and microscopic studies, 5 sandstone samples and 2 shale samples were
selected from this section and their trace elements were measured by ICP-MS analysis. Based on the values of Th against
Th/U ratio, it was found that most of the samples of the Ilanqareh Formation were derived from source rocks that had an
almost intense weathering or undergone a recycling. Using the La/Sc diagram versus Co/Th, most of the sandstone and shale
samples of the show low Co/Th values between 0.1 and 1.2, which are related to the acidic source rocks. Due to the amount
of lanthanum, thorium and scandium elements in the sandstone of the Ilanqareh Formation, these samples plotted mostly in
and near the field of the passive continental margin setting.
Keywords: Devonian, Azarbaijan, Ilanqareh, Geochemistry, Provenance

64
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.G 2 T4 : ; ,< = > ? C , " ",8

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65
 ? B C 2, ! -7" E 7 ,[ @ " - 2T4
: ; ,< = >

: )

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J $ h,j = 7> - 7 ( J ,(# 1 * 2 . H` # # (#
.G 1 ( ` J - 7 ( ,8 o " .GC H B ! ,H 4A4B = 7> (ICP-MS)

Sample PS2 PS4 PS13 PS17 PS20 PSH1 PSH8

SS SS SS SS SS SH SH
Ba 28 29 32 47 2026 174 213
Ni 20 20 20 20 60 23 20
Sc 1 1 1 2 8 16 11
Be 1 1 1 1 2 4 5
Co 0.4 4.7 1.4 1.4 23.8 6.4 5.3
Cs 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 4.8 9.4
Ga 0.5 1.4 3.1 4.8 5.9 32 22.3
Hf 6.2 3.4 8.1 9.5 19.2 11.7 7.9
Nb 3.6 2.4 6.1 7.1 10.2 24.3 18.6
Rb 1.6 7.2 13.8 19.9 23.9 77.6 178.9
Sr 15.4 58.7 44.2 104.6 1546.5 243.4 302.4
Ta 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 1 1.8 1.3
Th 3.6 4 9.3 10 26.7 20.2 17.1
U 0.9 1.1 2.1 2.3 5.7 6.4 2.6
V 8 16 17 16 156 117 91
Zr 246.8 128.8 314.8 363.9 757.1 413.3 303.2
Y 5.4 8.9 11.2 14.5 68.5 36.5 21.8

(3 < < bD > ?) ? ! -T, -S 7 ,(# 1 * ? : 1` J

66
 :,& $

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. - @ H E 708 9 -7 ( ( T4, G8 # .G (Taylor and McLennan, 1985)
708 9 ! E), 74 ` - @ H E ,8 ! -S 7 3 3 4
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:-.

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? ! -7 ( X# G WO T4 2 7# 9 (- . - @ (McLennan et al., 1993 )
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67
 : 2

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Th/Sc La/Sc 7)(J 1 * 2 G D 2 > > .(McLennan et al., 1993; Armstrong-Altrin et al., 2004)
.(McLennan et al., 1993) > a,C a,D)C ! - S a,4K - "# C 2 u 4 La/Co
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-S 7 7# La/Th G D @ , 7> 7J > .(Floyd and Leveridge, 1987) > U a,C ! -
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.(B G(DB 5 T4 ) ,H B $ 7I [ + > a,D)C (#

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? ! - 7 ( x(Floyd and Leveridge, 1987) Hf T> ? La/Th 3 H :B . 7"C H B! , !-
. 7"C H B $ 7I [ + > a,D)C (# J ;

: 3$ 3 &4

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! , " ,> ! B B J ; >U ! -7 ( "D- a > ! -S " ,> ,H B ,B
B ! B 7, ; _ X# -7 ( 2 ? ! -S 7 g*7 2 ? 7> 7J > . "D-
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. 7"C H

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68
 : :4 #
7" E 2 7# GD - @ : ; ,< = > ? ! E), E 7 ! > ,(# 1 * ,(, 56 ! E, >
, 2, , - - # u Z (" + > $ 7I [ ` ; > . Y" a,D)C ! , 2 A a Z (" -
7?9 " D H - - @ 2, v(- ,(# 1 * (, 56 ! - .G > u ? +> $
7 # , 2, v(- - 2 . > 7" + > Z j T( 7)1 C @ eP 2 . > - 7" E 2
. > ! B ` 0C ,N 7, 4, "4 J + > GD

:;. <

Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., Lee, Y.I., Verma, S.P., Ramasamy, S., 2004. Geochemistry of sandstones from the upper Miocene
Kudankulam Formation, Southern India: implications for provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting. Journal of
Sedimentary Research 74 (2), 285−297.
Bhatia, M.R., Crook, K.A.W., 1986. Trace element characteristics of greywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of
sedimentary basins. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92, 181−193.
Floyd, P.A., Leveridge, B.E., 1987. Tectonic environment of the Devonian mode and geochemical evidence from turbiditic
sandstones. Journal of Geological Society of London 144, 531–542.
Gu, X.X., Liu, J.M., Zheng, M.H., Tang, J.X., Qi, L., 2002. Provenance and tectonic setting of the proterozoic turbidites in
Hunan, South China: geochemical evidence. J Sediment Res 72, 393–407.
McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D.K., Hanson, G.N., 1993. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation,
provenance and tectonics. In: Johnsson, M.J. Basu, A., (Eds.), Processes controlling the composition of clastic
sediments. Geological Society of American Special Paper 284, 21−40.
Najafzadeh, A., Jafarzadeh, M. and Moussavi-Harami, R., 2010. Provenance and tectonic setting of Upper Devonian
sandstones from Ilanqareh Formation (NW Iran). Revista mexicana de ciencias geológicas, 27(3), pp.545-561.
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford, Blackwell, 312 p.
Wendt, J., Kaufmann, B., Bełka, Z., Farsan, N., Bavandpurs, A. K., 2005. Devonian/Lower Carboniferous stratigraphy, facies
patterns and palaeogeography of Iran Part II. Northern and central Iran. Acta geologica polonica, 55(1), 31-97.

69
 *
Zeynaborak70@gmail.com !" #$ % &
Masoumeh.kordi@utexas.edu !" #$ % & ' #
a.r.karimi@aut.ac.ir ) !' (* (!

:
' +' : 7+ 7$1 8 ' . + 6 -/ 0 1 2 *# 3 4 ' + ' (,- . '!#,+
) ! D 7 " ) 6 -/ 0 1 ! ; @' # .(A!B C % *> !? 7 26 !+ 66 -/ "0 1 2 + ;
B (* 1 G ' G 7$1 8 7H8 +; ' !+ + + D ' E F III II ) ! D +;
11 MHA 7#A!B !L 0 ' 7 >! K1 + "7 !J 7 IF "7 Tmax 7+ 7- G + 6 > ' + .( 7#
M # ' +! " ) G + 3 4 Q' O P #; + ; ' +! " ) G !: . #* ! ; "7 %
.( ' > ' ' M R !# + +; S&+ M' ! ) + ! T# " ) 12 P? R . + 1 G
!L !+ V $# ! W +! " XY Q' ) 7+ G 6 A B #A !A +; 7 " ) U HRG '
.!B
.6, - $( ) * $ %& ' ! "# $ :

Geochemical evaluation of hydrocarbon generation potential of

the Pabdeh Formation in Dezful Embayment
Zainab Orak*¹, Masoumeh Kordi², Ahmad Reza Karimi³
¹*MSc Geochemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Zeynaborak70@gmail.com
²Assistant Professor, Shahrood University of Technology, Masoumeh.kordi@gmail.com
³National Iranian Oil Company, a.r.karimi@aut.ac.ir

Abstract
The Rock-Eval6 analysis is one of the best methods for geochemical evaluation of the source rocks. In
this study, in order to evaluate the hydrocarbon generation potential of the Pabdeh Formation, Rock-
Eval6 analyzes were carried out on 26 cutting samples. The pyrolysis analysis showed that the kerogen
in the Pabdeh Formation are type II, III, and mixture of these two types, and thus this formation has
the ability to produce oil and gas in the studied area. However, according to the Tmax of the samples,
most of the specimens are immature and they are in the diagenesis stage. Only 11% of the samples
have been entered to the oil window. The Pabdeh Formation has the medium to excellent hydrocarbon
generation potential. The facies analysis revealed that the Pabdeh Formation in the studied area
deposited in verity of sedimentary environments and mostly in marine environment with reducing
condition. This study showed that the Pabdeh Formation in Dezful Embayment can be evaluated as an
unconventional hydrocarbon resource.

Keywords: Geochemical Evaluation, Hydrocarbon Generation Potential, Pabdeh Formation, Rock-Eval

6.

70
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:(Behar et al, 2001) ! O'f
+! " !B > + ! FYG !& # 7- 300 7 ( 2 +! " H !& ' :S₁ !# ;
.(3 4 ) ! F+ ) ) + (mg HC/g Rock) 4 !B !"
(P !i !B # 7- 650 G 300 + 7 ( )p P C Y !G +! " H !& ' :S₁ !# ;
- ) G ) " XL S₁ " Q ; . 2 " #1 * 2 " ' !G & C Y !G ) ! G !>
. \'!$G (mg CO₁/g Rock) 4 !B !" CO₁ !B > +7 ( 4 7
. 2 CO₁ B 7'0 G !B # 7- 400 7 ( )p P C Y !G !& + :S₁ !# ;
. ) + (mg CO₁/g Rock) 4 !B !" CO₁ !B > + S₁Q ;
"7 G !> c + + ' !+ h, !# ; '. ?7 + 7+ S₁ Q ; )2 7 ( ' :Tmax
.( 3 4
. '2 ( 7+ S₁/TOC (YP 7 ) " I? ( C Y :(Hydrogen Index) HI
. '2 ( 7+ S₁/S₁+S₁ (YP 7 ' +! " O P #; I? ( C Y :(Production Index) PI
. '2 ( 7+ S₁/TOC )p P I? ( C Y :(Oxygen Index) OI
B A l +; "7 6 / 01!; 2 ( 7+ @' # .1 6 -
WELL Depth FM S3 Tmax OI PI TOC S1 S2 HI S2/S3 S1/S3 S1+S2
(m) (°C) (Wt.%)

A 2658 Pb 1.74 426 112 0.40 1.55 1.02 1.54 99 0.89 0.59 2.56
A 2665 Pb 1.36 423 209 0.43 0.65 0.62 0.82 126 0.60 0.46 1.44
A 2682 Pb 1.54 425 193 0.42 0.80 0.72 1.01 126 0.66 0.47 1.73
A 2688 Pb 1.02 423 68 0.40 1.50 0.96 1.47 98 1.44 0.94 2.43
A 2714 Pb 2.61 425 80 0.12 3.27 1.67 12.79 391 4.90 0.64 14.46
A 2723 Pb 1.83 424 59 0.12 3.08 1.88 14.42 468 7.88 1.03 16.30

71
 A 2731 Pb 2.44 419 65 0.12 3.76 2.15 15.46 411 6.34 0.88 17.61
A 2743 Pb 2.02 419 44 0.08 4.55 1.93 22.96 505 11.37 0.96 24.89
A 2750 Pb 2.94 417 56 0.10 5.21 2.61 24.81 476 8.44 0.89 27.42
A 2763 Pb 1.95 420 52 0.11 3.73 2.02 16.16 433 8.29 1.04 18.18
A 2771 Pb 2.43 418 73 0.10 3.33 1.77 15.53 466 6.39 0.73 17.30
A 2780 Pb 1.78 423 51 0.11 3.48 1.86 14.92 429 8.38 1.04 16.78
A 2790 Pb 2.22 428 79 0.16 2.82 1.48 7.62 270 3.43 0.67 9.10
A 2797 Pb 1.45 423 154 0.20 0.94 0.60 2.43 259 1.68 0.41 3.03
A 2808 Pb 1.95 427 174 0.29 1.12 0.68 1.68 150 0.86 0.35 2.36
A 2820 Pb 1.15 429 68 0.29 1.68 0.77 1.91 114 1.66 0.67 2.68
A 2831 Pb 2.24 427 350 0.23 0.64 0.41 1.34 209 0.60 0.18 1.75
A 2843 Pb 1.78 426 178 0.28 1.00 0.73 1.89 189 1.06 0.41 2.62
A 2850 Pb 1.68 427 111 0.28 1.52 0.74 1.95 128 1.16 0.44 2.69
A 2859 Pb 0.85 425 170 0.46 0.50 1.26 1.50 300 1.76 1.48 2.76
A 2870 Pb 1.59 422 192 0.52 0.83 1.65 1.53 184 0.96 1.04 3.18
A 2881 Pb 1.43 423 72 0.41 1.99 2.25 3.23 162 2.26 1.57 5.48
A 2893 Pb 2.45 424 454 0.59 0.54 1.47 1.01 187 0.41 0.60 2.48
A 2898 Pb 2.13 431 215 0.45 0.99 1.63 1.97 199 0.92 0.77 3.60
B 2681 Pb 2.39 422 62 0.18 3.87 2.54 11.94 309 5.00 1.06 14.48
B 2752 Pb 2.61 424 253 0.39 1.03 1.66 2.59 251 0.99 0.64 4.25
B 2823 Pb 1.44 435 267 0.59 0.54 1.00 0.70 130 0.49 0.69 1.70
B 2870 Pb 0.53 437 39 0.36 1.35 0.81 1.45 107 2.74 1.53 2.26
B 2891 Pb 1.96 431 209 0.47 0.94 1.19 1.32 140 0.67 0.61 2.51

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72
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. XL (2O )

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73
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? N F) -4
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+! " XY Q' ) 7+ G 6 A B #A !A +; 7#A!B ' + ' 7+ 7- G + .(
. ! B !L !# + " !+ 1 #> V $# ! W

74
 O$

1) Behar, F., Beaumont, V. De. & Penteado H. L., 2001. Rock-Eval6 technology: performances and developments, Oil
and Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP, 56, 2: 111-134.
2) Bordenave, M.L., 1993. Applied Petroleum Geochemistry, Edition Teaching, Paris, 524.
3) Espitalie, J., Deroo, G. & Marquis, F., 1985. La pyrolyse Rock-Eval et ses applications Rev. Inst. Franc. du Pétr.,
Part I, 40: 563-578, Part II, 40: 755-784, Part III, 41: 73 89.
4) Huang, B. Xiao, X. Zhang, M., 2003. Geochemistry, grouping and origins of crude oils in the western Pearl River
Mouth Basin, Offshore South China Sea. Journal of Organic Geochemistry, 34: 993-1008.
5) Hunt, J.M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 2nd edition,
764.
6) Jones, R. W., 1987. Organic Facies. In: Brooks, J., Welte, D. (Eds.), Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry.
Academic Press, New York, 1-90.
7) Kaufman R.L., A.S., Ahmed and R.J., Elsinger., 1990. Gas Chromatography as a development and production tool
for fingerprinting oils from individual reservoirs, applications in the Gulf of Mexico, in D. Schumaker, and B. F.
Perkins, (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th Annual Research Conference of the Society of Economic and
Paleontologists and Mineralogists, New Orleans, 263-282.
8) Langford, F.F., M.M, Blanc-Valleron., 1990. Interpreting Rock-Eval pyrolysis data using of pyrolizable
hydrocarbons vs. total organic carbon, American Association of Petroleum Geologists. AAPG Bull, 74 (6), 799-
804.
9) Miller, R. G., 1995. A future for exploration geochemistry. In: Grimalt, J. O., Dorronsoro, C. (Eds.), Organic
Geochemistry: Developments and Application to Energy, Climate, Environment and Human History. A.I.G.O.A.,
Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain, 412-414.
10) Peters, K. E., and M. G., Fowler., 2002. Application of petroleum geochemistry to exploration and reservoir
management, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 5-36.
11) Tissot, B.P., and D.H., Welte., 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence (Eds), Springer, New York.

75
 !
*

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.1 9# * %B I @ 6H$ :

Fold growth and drainage deformation relationship in SW of Zarrinrod, Zanjan

*
Rozita Baziar
Tectonic student, Geology group, Basic science faculty, Bu-Ali Sina university
Leili Izadi kian
Geology group, Basic science faculty, Bu-Ali Sina university

Abstract
The study area is located in central iran zone from structural division view. Hug folds with NW-SE
trend are outcropped in this area that are co-oriented with zagros orogeny belt. Drainage and their
catchment are important landforms that affected by structural elements. Morphotectonnics
investigation show that these folds caused deflection stream and formation of fork drainage pattern
when they are growing up. Foramation of windgap and watergap approve growing of folds too.
According to direction of drainages deflection , folds are growing up to the west side.

Key words: Morphotectonic, Drainage deflection, fold grow, Zanjan.

. R > !C 7 *M, 0 9 M " DQ 6@ 0 $ * P

&L X M D M " 60 % $ /3 M " $ * )' M !@ % .(1378 C %)6
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77
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Allen C.R.1962.Circum Pacificfaulting Phillippines- Taivan region Journageophysic Vol67 pp 4795-4812.
Bretis, B., Bartl, N. ., Grasemann, B., 2011- Lateral fold growth and linkage in the Zagros fold and thrust belt
(Kurdistan, NE Iraq). Basin Research 23, 615–630.
Keller, E. A., Gurrola, L. & Tierney, T. E., 1999- Geomorphic criteria to determine direction of lateral
propagation of reverse faulting and folding. Geology 27: 515518-.
Ramsey L .A. Walker R. T. Jackson J. 2008- Fold evolution and drainage development in the Zagros
Mountians of Fars Province SE Iran. Basin Resarch 20: 23-48.
Walker, R., 2006, A remote sensing study of active folding and faulting in southern Kerman Province, S.E
Iran, J. Struc. Geol. Vol. 28:654 – 668.

81
 2 2 2 1

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Reconstruction of Caspian Sea level changes using magnetic

susceptibility
Hossein Bagheri1, Mohammad Hossein Mahmudy Gharaei,Reza Mossavi Harami, Mohammad Khanehbad
1-Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS), Faculty of Sciences
Hosseinbagheri@inio.ac.ir
3- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Faculty of Sciences

Abstract
Magnetic susceptibility is one of the most important tools for monitoring of sediment composition during
environmental studies. In this research, in order to reconstruct the Caspian Sea level changes, magnetic
susceptibility variations used during studies of 5 sedimentary cores (K1,K3,K5,K7,N1),collected from
bottom sediments of Gorgan Bay. Samples were analyzed for grain size, total organic matter, carbonate
content and magnetic susceptibility (MS). The results showed a close relationship between particle size
distribution and MS magnitude due to variation in terrestrial influx, which is caused by sea-level fluctuations
in different times. This process increases with particle size and magnitude of MS simultaneously with sea
level fall and decreases during sea-level rise. Moreover, no relationship between magnitude of MS and
carbonate content observed. Using magnetic susceptibility curves with other data, such as geological and
historical, it can be concluded that these data are suitable for the reconstruction of marine environments,
especially in the near shore coastal area.
.
Key word: Cores, Sea-level fluctuations, Magnetic Susceptibility.

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• Abrantes, A., Pinto, F.& Moreira, M. 1999. Ecology of Polychaete Nereisdiversicolor, in the Canal de Mira (Ria de
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88
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Study of geology, lithology and mineralogy mineralization of

Tazeh kand Sedimentary Cu- Pb- Zn deposits (Mahanshan),
northwest of Zanjan
Fereshteh Baghizadeh1, Hafez Marangi2, Mohsen Barzegar Garosi3
Fereshtehbaghizadeh63@gmail.com

89
Abstract

The Tazeh kand Cu- Pb- Zn deposit is located in the central Zanjan province and is part of the
Mahneshan geological map scale of 1: 100,000. Host rocks of Cu- Pb- Zn mineralization in this area
are sedimentary rocks. Mineralization in this area has occurred in the Upper Red Formations. These
sandstones have diagonal, crossover, plantar and sedimentary structures (Ripple mark and Welded
Structure), mainly quartz (single crystalline and multicrystalline), feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase)
and cementitious Sedimentary, metamorphic, and much less volcanic rocks are formed. In the
meantime, the prevalence of sedimentary lithic is more than that of metamorphic lithic, and the
cements are mainly carbonate and evaporative and to Lesser silica and copper sulfide, fossil parts are
also found to be very small in the sandstone of mineralogical host. According to mineralogical studies,
there are more malachite, covellite, calcocyte, gallena, sphalerite, goethite and chalcopyrite. Covellite
is mainly found in granular filler cement. Based on the name of the sandstone, the float sand samples
are feldspatic-litharenate and litharenate. The results of field studies and microscopic studies show that
Tazeh kand deposits are very similar to those of copper deposits with sedimentary rocks of Redbed
type. The presence of plant residues in the irrigation horizons is one of the factors controlling and
reducing the environment and the main factor in depositing sulfides in this deposit, which is reported
in many deposits of copper with sedimentary rocks of the Redbed type.
Keywords: Tazeh kand, Upper Red Formation, Copper, Litarenate, Zanjan.

*
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.=

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[& 0 0 Redbed _ 3 A & A0 F A : ! G& ; ' !& ;A & (' A 1 ( ' 1 & G V# =;
.(Hitzman et al.,2005. Brown, 2006) =

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Reference:

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Economic Geology, 100, pp. 766-771.

Folk, R.L., 1980. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Austin, Texas, Hemphill, 159 p.

Hitzman, M., Kirkham, R., Broughton, D., Thorson, J. and Selley, D., 2005. The sediment-hosted stratiform copper ore
system. 100th anniversary volume of Economic Geology, pp. 609-612.

Kirkham, R.V., 1989- Distribution, setting & genesis of sediment-hosted strati form copper deposits: geological association
of Canada special paper,36, p 3-38.
Stöckiln, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review, American Association of petrlogical Geology, 52
(7), p. 1229-1258.
Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, pp.
185-187.

95
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Application of oxygen and sulphur isotopes for identifying the

origin and postdepositional changes of gypsum deposits: a case
study from the Sachun Formation, Southeast of Shiraz
Abdolreza Bavi Owaydi,1, 2* Mohammad Hossein Adabi,1 Abbas Sadeghi1, Hassan Amiri
Bakhtiar2, Nastaran Azadbakht1
1-Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University
2-Geology Department of National Iranian South Oil Company
Bavi1359@yahoo.com
Abstract
Evaporite unit is the most important stratigraphic unit of the Sachun Formation in the southeast of
Shiraz which composed of bedded, laminated and nodular evaporite (mainly gypsum) with interbeded
of carbonate and marl of. δ34S values of gypsum beds of the uppermost part of evaporate unit (mean=
+18.82‰ VCDT) is relatively consistent with δ34S sulphate-age curve of marine evaporites in Early
Eocene (mean= +19‰VCDT) which can be concluded that SO4-2 were derived from precipitation of
evaporated seawater without strong bacterial sulfate reduction, continental inputs and recycling of
older evaporates. Unlike sulphur isotope, δ18 O values of gypsum samples show distinct depletion
relative to δ18O sulphate–age curve of the Early Eocene (+13 to +15 ‰). Depleted δ18O values of
uppermost part of evaporate unit (mean=+6.74 ‰ SMOW) relative to δ18O sulphate-age curve (+13‰ to
+15‰ SMOW), indicating extensive exchange of sulfate oxygen isotope with meteoric water
containing lighter δ18O values during evaporite deposits exposure.
Keywords: Zagros basin, Sachun Formation, Gypsum, Oxygen and sulphur isotopes.
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Impact of depositional facies and digenesis processes on reservoir

potential of the Asmari and Jahrum formations in the Nargesi Oil
Field
Abdolreza Bavi Owydi*, Hammed Hooshmand Koochi, Mohammad Reza Taheri
1
Geology Department of National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC), Ahwaz
Bavi1359@yahoo.com
Abstract
The Asmari and Jahrum formations are the most important hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Nargesi Oil
Field located in the southern Dezfull embayment. The Asmari Formation mainly would had been
deposited in tidal flat (dolomicrite, mudstone, interaclast wackestone) and lagoonal (bioclast miliolid
wackestone, bioclast wackestone, fossil bearing mudstone, peloidal wackestone) depositionl
environments while Jahrum Formation represents shoal (bioclast imperforated benthic foraminifer
wackestone-packstone/grainstone), inner/middle ramp (bioclast perforated/imperforated benthic
foraminifer wackestone/packstone, bioclast echinoid wackestone) and open marine (bioclast
nummulites wackestone-packestone) facies. Variation in depositional environment results in
difference in porosity that led to higher porosity in the Jahrum Formation rather than the Asmari
Formation. These porosity difference in the Jahrum and Asmari successions attributed to digenesis
processes. Anhydrite and carbonate (calcite and dolomite) cements are the most important porosity
destructive digenesis processes in the Asmari and Jahrum formations respectively. Intercrystaline,
vuggy, intergranular and intragranular porosity in the Jahrum Formation and intercrystaline porosity in
the Asmari Formation enhanced porosity and reservoir potential. Carbonates dissolution related to
sub-aerial exposure between Jahrum and Asmari formations subsequently were filled with grey marl
and carbonate as well as anhydrite cements and do not play an important role on reservoir potential.
Keyswords: Nargesi Oil Field, Asmari-Jahrum Formations, Sedimentary facies, Digenesis processes.

102
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% 1 $ Archaias sp. $ Miliola sp., Orbitolites sp., ( C DB/,% 1 ) .
#3 ) .. ( = 8>3 53 , =* 5 %5 $ ( )1 H \]b $ Nummulites sp. C B / ,
$ , %. 9 5/ 6 , qC % 1 rJ . ( (. +' .; , % &)b 3(&4 $ " # (
" 3:6 . &3 % , % Xw / : , ( 5 +' J " 3:6 $ % P-, v C +$(, % 1

104
( , k/ + /) . * 3 + /) $ d 1 , %K + 5, 5 3 , Z . ,. ( $ , %. $
.(Romero et al., 2002)
" -) @-" -) B : A
3 \]b .( , ) . / 8 [ 9' . /&# ( G $ ( ( > "# ( # 3 ) .
0( 5. 6 , . (. 53 , =* 5 5 (. %5 $ % $ b BQ ( /8 %
F . #/ % &)b 3(&4 ( G %$ J % ) !(Flugel, 2010) 53 , " 3:6 ) *( 6
. rJ 3 F % (/, $ $
" -) @-" -) : ,: A
H \]b /& . ? & 5, 9 ! ( (. " # ( /A3 % &)b 3(&4 5 ) .
x $0 % ( +> 9 . (. * = 8>3 ( G 6 $ % 5 $ ! b BQ !( G ( )1
Guido et al., ) ( * ( > 1 @. S X y] . ; &\ 5 ( , % CT, %; , /Q)
.(2011; Mateu-Vicens et al., 2012; Zohdi et al., 2013

)* / +( " # $% & '% ( , 0( $ ) *( 6 :1 =8

#,2 3 =
" ,
/ ) + & . & %( ,[ )?3 /. ( $ / ) + & 5/ $ 5, + 3 " # -% & ' + - % + &
= 8>3 % $ $ , ! A [ %( $ ! -` [ % 5 J % 5k 3 H n 5, ! " # + - % /> , $ 1 5
+ & .(D :2 =8 ) ( , % & ' + - +& . /&# . ( % -Q3 + & .(C !B !A :2 =8 ) (
+ - / 9$ 3(&4 9 3 5, 5 3 , 5 ( = 8>3 +' b 1 % &)b 3(&4 " # + - /. (
+- % 5], W. $ % -Q3 + & $ +( / 9$ , & ?/) { Q3 5 ( g 5, !% & '
105
 .( ( % -Q3 rJ .(1396 !+ 8& $ %(. 4 %$ ,) ( V * 5\ b / + ( % & '
.(Saller & Henderson, 1998)( , 53 , 9 3 9$ 5, J ( +> ( 3 ( / 9$ 9 3
" - 3
, + & H n 5, 5 . 8 9$ , $:4 . " # -% & ' + - % K . ( . 1 . /&# +( / 9$
- 9$ N . .( > > 53 , % d 9$ % (&4 P-, !( = 8>3 % CT,
5& % , . M $ 8 9$ .( , %( ,[ )?3 =, b . M 9$ $ . M $ 8 9$ 5/ $ 5, 5. X %
.(E :2 =8 ) ( +$ 8 62 3 16 , . ( 5 ( = 8>3 y]) 5& % , % , =8

!(NI#9, 2647m) B / , 1I % 5k 3 ) + & -A . )* / + ( " # -% & ' + - % K . % ( . 1 :2 =8

+ & -D !(NI#9, 2643.26m) H J ( 6 , / ) + & -C !(NI#6, 1885m) A [ %( $ ) + & -B
( -/ H n 5, 5 . M 9$ -F !(NI#6, 1648.5m) . M $ 8 9$ -E !(NI#6, 1888m) % J =- -3 ( 6 /. (
-H !(NI#6, 1753m) ( d 5 9$ B. , 1 /1 , R4 , 5 . M 9$ -G !(NI#6, 1659.5m) ( = 8>3 B. , 1
T/)8 V /)* -J !(NI#9, 2571.79m) 6 J /. M 9$ + & -I !(NI#6,1837m) . M 9$ /. ( + &
rJ :M !(NI#6, 1739.7m) 9$ 9 / = 8>3 -L !(NI#6, 1840m) 9:A % 5e* –K !(NI#6, 1659.5m) 9$
NI#9, ) / 9$ + & :O !(NI#9, 2591.62m) % -Q3 + & :N !(NI#9, 2588m) 9:A H J . 5 5 H q %$ J +
.(NI#9, 2597.95m) / ) + & :P !(2592.95m

$ > H n $ 5, 5 ( = 8>3 +$ 8 62 /* , % ( % , 3(&4 . M 9$

( (. 9 J $ 5, " # -% & ' + - ) % 5, 9$ > .( ( . 6 J +&
$ x , -/ 5 * 5, +( / 9$ ! /) . * 3 /) $ - /)86 1 , , % ) !0$ 9 J .
$ b X 3 A3 d t " &3 +( / 9$ * .(F :2 =8 ) ( ( / 9$ d t , @?1
106
0 A NQ 5 + , ; , T , +( / 9$ N . .( ( ( > / 8 % [ 9' AQ # 3 %
. M 9$ .(H :2 =8 ) ( ( (. % -Q3 + & , & . M 9$ * .(Warren, 2000) 9$
&4 " # -% & ' + - / 9$ % + & .(G :2=8 ) ( ( = 8>3 /. 8 5 > H n 5,
.( 6 Q9 b % =- -3 $ 5 , 9 % r1
+3 G=
H n 5, . & * >1 $ T/)8 H n 5, 8. 1 * >1 X' ( 5\9 ] 6 8 $ 8 l h ? $ k
.(L !K !J :2 =8 ) ( (. 9$ $ / 8 % [ 9' 9 / $ 9:A % 5e*

,#$ : . #,2 3 = )* ' H

.(3 =8 ) ( , " # + - 5, \/ 4 $ 3 % +$ $ % & ' + - 2 $ 1 % +$ ! - %( ,+$ 5. 6 ,
> 53 *; $ %( $ % 5 #6 @ A 3(&4 $ ( $ ( W % ) N 3 58 ' $ ,% & '(
0/ &# P? % K . % ( . 1 ( g 5, 5 , k/ =- -3 . ? *( 6 0 J . , !( (
[ 3 ! /. ( & H n 5, % & ' + - .; , % &)b % K . % ( . 1 .( 5/ - = ) /6
, % , , =- -3 $ T/)8 =- -3 (&4 &)b . .( , +( / 9$ $ . & $ 8. 1
. /&# B. +$ ( & +( / 9$ & 5, /. ( + & % & ' + - "$ +$ .( ( 6 /. ( + &
( + /) . * 3 + /)86-+ /) $ C D- C 1B/, : . , ) .( , % K . % ( . 1
B/, : . , ) 5, Q) % 3; , /Q) =- -3 ! ( = 8>3 - F O. (3 5?] 5 "#
+ *; $ , &)b $ % 1 5/>6 &)b ) . + /) . */+ /)86-+ /) $ C D 1
=- -3 F ( = 8>3 + /)86-+ /) $ 9 : . , ) !6 & W . ( = 8>3
$ + /) . */+ /)86-+ /) $ C D 1 B/, : . , !+ /)86 ( G % ) . % k/
=- -3 58 ' , .( + /)86-+ /) $ 9 ) P , & =- -3 C D 1 B/, : .,
=A 0J . , , /Q) " # ( .; , % &)b C D 1B/, : ., )
9 & W ! (. " # $ % & ' + - , ' S$ X' . /& +' =- -3 (? T/ 6
/ 5, T/>D' $ 8. 1$ /6 % & 5. 6 , =- -3 + $ . ,. , /> , 6 & W 5, Q)
$ ' S$ H( , & ?/) 5], # 3 5 5 ( g 5, . /> , 9 & W 5, Q) 6 & W
. ( - P R4 , 8. a/ K . % 58 , ! ( $ - = ) /6 P. 1

+4I -,
5 ( + > )* / + ( 9 $ 6 & % W % J % $ k 68 $8 l h ? ,
( = 8>3 , . . 3 % 1 % 5/>6 @ A "# +- $ *; 3 %( $ 5 #6 3(&4 % & ' + -
% , , % =- -3 (&4 . ( - = ) /6 H$ 3 R4 , ( $ . H$ / , @ A .
- ( 6 . ( % -Q3 + & @ 3 % CT, U6 % & ' + - %( $ 5 #6 $ *; % )
% 5/>6 ( = 8>3 , % ) . 3[ L3 5, " # +- +& . . ? 5 3 n !(
% ) Q) % 3; , =- -3 !( , (> 6 / ) + & , 5 3 n " # + - , %. $ % 1
$ . ,! ( 0:A V /)* R4 , " # $ % & ' + - T/ 6 5W * .( % & ' + -
. ( # ' . ? P R4 , % /) + $ .( $ 9$ ! ) % + & , =- -3 . +( 6

107
 . )* / +( 6 & W " # -% & ' + - , @A $ ) *( 6 :3 =8

J
.5A n 589 ! )- } W ! > + !Z * .1374 !. ! \ ] -
" # -% & ' + - % K . = 83 $ % CT, 5e-. 3 ) 3 ! 1 T 3 / . , !1397 !.~." !% !.~ ! W ( & !.N !%(. 4 %$ , -
.5A n 82 ! -/ /)* !9526-} & V * ! )* / + (
! 5\ b / + ( % & ' + - .( = 8>3 % [) 8 .1396!." ! 6 = & !." !% !.~ ! W ( & !.N !%(. 4 %$ , -
. . T> !+ . $ , P. & &O 6 $ ) ,

108
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109
 !"
&' ' (%) *+ , + % !- ' . / :( !1 ! # $%
2-
*
& ' %$ # " !

& $ : 9 ( ) * $ %+ , - # ) %- # . ( / 0 1 %+ & $ %- # 2 $ $ 3 4 51 # 6 7 ( 1" % 8(

& $ ( ,G7 2 + & F"9 + %" + : 9%D 8 : E $ + NE–SW ( + (magmatic arc) < = , >"? '$ @A :B?
%L8! 0+ ) : ( E*( K '$ @A E ? 8 %' - ( - -/ J + $ # %? 9 & 9 .H :B?
R Q ( 9, ?( : % M N O P GO : ( E*( B 1 = ( + + .H :B? & $ : 9 ( ) * ( $ $ $ G ? 6 7 (
( .H T EQ (DS1-DS3) ( + (, % %+ ,G7 2 + + %D 8 $ ( & 1J % + ?-:( = : 9 1 -E
V " %? H %-/ L ( ,G7 2 + + %D 8 $ ( " ? G$ : 90E : + $ $ $ G ? 6 7 ( ' H? 8 D 8 %U1 O
$ : 9, : % M 3G ( + $ / 7 . + DS3 DS1 : 9, + ( Y = H ZD : ( E*( W$ K XG7 +
'$ @A O$ M %? H %-/ ( \ ? 0\ / ( A : 9, + ( : %L8! 0+ ) / [!-* %? 9 &
9 & (: $ K G A ( \%+ 9, $ ? ( O N O : % M 3G V " .H %L8! 0+ ) : ( E*( [!-*
.H 0E % + ( : 92 + Q$ < /% + '$ / ( # : Y$( "9 %' - ( K M %?

. ./+ ) % &"'( )$ * $* + ,) !"# $

* Email: bayetgoll@iasbs.ac.ir, Tel: 09181769537

An investigation on role of differential subsidence of fault

bounded blocks in the sequence architecture: the Lower
Cambrian Graben sub-basin, Tabas Block in Central Iran
Aram Bayet Goll, Mehdi Daraei
Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), P.O. Box 45195-1159,
Zanjan, Iran
Abstract
During early Paleozoic times crustal extension and thinning beneath the Iran Plate due to the subduction of the
Proto-Tethys oceanic crust under Central-East-Iran microplate (CEIM) along the northern margin of Gondwana,
created overall NE–SW trending magmatic arc complex (with a series of grabens and half-grabens; e.g., Tabas
Block). Our observations, indicate that tectonic downdrop and uplift induced by the movement of faults can
generate considerably contrasting facies in the CEIM during Lower Cambrian. From a detailed facies analysis and
correlation of regional stratal surfaces, the siliciclastic-carbonate successions of the Lalun Formation in the Lower
Cambrian Graben sub-basin of the Tabas Block can be divided into three third-order depositional sequences (DS1-
DS3). In current study, the reactivation of the Kalmard and Nayband faults in the Graben sub-basin of Tabas are
generally deduced from rapid, non-transitional lateral changes of thickness and facies of the sequences DS1 to
DS3. On the other hands, the stratigraphic architectural style of the sequences suggests that a considerable
differential subsidence between Tabas block occurred strongly over short distances, as these conditions leading to
a highly differentiated facies pattern and formation of local troughs. Architecture and bounding surfaces of the
sequences are found vary laterally due to topographic irregularities formed by differential subsidence of fault
bounded blocks.
Key words: Graben sub-basin, Sequence architecture, Lower Cambrian, Lalun Formation, Kalmard and Nayband
faults.

0 1

110
%F M H/ L ( ( : %D 8 & + : %D 8 & ( 0 $ + ? ( O+ 1 3$ :( % M ^ M( M ( + (
( K ( =J + / /) - : 9 $= / $( `O ( YA K _ + YE ( # "9 YE
- " ) _b c d* ( O+ $( `O GE K ^ ( b .(Catuneanu, 2017) 0\ 8 ^ ( b
K + $ 9 ^= - :9 $ /. 6-? - : 9 $ / ( $ 9 ^= 0 ) e :(
Bosence et al. 2009; ) ( h _ f -Z : 9 ( : 9R Q f -Z g ( ^ ( 1 $( `O GE
j GQ ( 8 i EG (eustasy) : - $ c B $ 9 ^= : 9 $= / %O+ ( $ ( .(Bayet-Goll et al., 2018a,b
: + ( : l/ 0 %+ 0 .Q ( @1 k ( . 6 -?^ (b ^ ( b Y )
Bosence ) 6 - ? 6 U/ . E %- ( "9 : % <\ & ( : 9. c %? :( h + (
& B"9 0 : 9 1 0 :B? & $ ( ,G7 2 + ( $ $ $ G ? %+ & 1J : 9%- Y .(et al. 2009
(differential subsidence) Q$ < / %+ %A + - _ %U1 O $ ( %? H - : 9H 1 U/ +
/ %' - ( E :9 K m$ + E :( % M N O g + ( :9 1 & MN 7: ( +
: ( + " ? 0E - _ ( + .H %-/ ( ) ( + (tectonic downdrop and uplift) - =J +
m$ + :B? & $ + ( : 9 %D 8 %FZ$( TY/ HYA YA 0+ ) 3"? $ $ 3 4 51 # + ( : 9%- Y
.(1-0 ) + $ $ 3 4 51 # 6 7 ( " ? 2 +
3' 4 2
: 9& - .H %-/ ( ) %U1 O ( ,G7 Y 6 " : -" ? 80 ( & 1J e + 4 ,G7 2 + ( %U1 O $ (
-T-E ( ( E*() + ( : 9 $ / E< HYA ^ ( : 9 %+ %A + $ H + % M
\ * d Z HYA 2 WOQ % " 200 $ \ U1 O ( .(1-0 ) $ T ( (: ( E*( 1 ) + ( : 9
0 + ( : 9 ( E*( E< : + ^ ( : 9 - ( # $ -"Y . $ H + 9 $ G? -/ +
- 1 ( .: % M R " `O -E$ $B / + ( : 9( -* QG7 H ZD QG7 R " `O (A %
9 ( E*( 1 9 ( E*( e( G + N 7 : ( E*( "9 + ( N 7 ( GA : - 4q %U1 O ( : 9
U+ % 8 ( .H <- ( - M - M H ZD +) + ( : 9%* M d Z : + \ : 9( U & U+
-& " *( ( (genetically-related stratal units) G A T4 ) HYA ( Y = e( G + N 7 + ( : 9%* M W$ R +
retrogradational, aggradational and progradational ) Y = e( G + N 7 + ( f -Z : 9 H? T-E %U1 O ( : 9
.(Zecchin and Catuneanu, 2013; Catuneanu, 2006, 2017) H U (stacking patterns
14 ".9 :* $ 5 67 38"
r % 39=r - 1 + ( % + ?- G$ Z i Z : 9 8 0 & $ i Q - + ( & 1J
l 3$ A .H d* -E- -: % - 3 1 -9 : 9 8 [ ^( : + %QG7 - %+ %? H
T EQ l % %+ $ + @G & 1J :J + ( r ( < -$B ( ? r % : 8 k(
s ( . # : 9f$ ( ( & 1J : 9r % + : %- # $ ( H$B ( ? %? %-/ $h# & ? T9 1 .
: 9% BA %+ .(Geyer et al., 2014 6 t : +) (A2-0 ) H T / & H (! ) $J +– $G ?
d* 0 E/ % 9 ) / & 1J (Cruziana) $ ? %+ (Redlichia) F 1 ( : 9H + $ : # ( _= E/
H $ ? $ : 90 E/ _ % M $ A R + - + &= # $G ? .H U HYA
@G & – - : 9f$ ( + & 1J : 9r % $$ ( $ ? : 9X/ A .(Geyer et al., 2014)
.(1383 G )=) %-E "-8 & 1J . # $ / / 3$

111
% 8 : ( + %-/ ( ) & 1J .(Torsvik and Cocks 2013) . # 6 & 540 ( & $ - / A 51 # H U) .A -1 0
: 9e + H U) + &= :( -* : 9 H1 $ & $ % Q .B .(r ( ( ( - + e + H U) ) 1" % 8( : () f
.(Geyer et al., 2014) & $ ( $ $ 3 4 51 # % M : 9 1 . C .(1383 G )=) %U1 O (

%) =) " ;<%
% + :B? & $ ( & 1J
Bayet-Goll et al., 2018b :( + E :( % M : ( E*( B 1 = ? U1 O
U1 O XG7 + .(3 2 : 90 ) H %-/ ' 3 1 ( # f -Z : 9c $ e( G + N 7 0 .Q + ? +
%+ %? H U & 1J : 9%- Y ( (facies associations) : ( E*( 1 % "' 5 Bayet-goll et al., 2018a
:0 @
high-energy sheet floods sandbodies sandbodies (A1) c $ 4 0 %? % * ( : ( E*( 1 % "' (1
-% <\ : - 4q A . + tide-influenced braided fluvial channels (A4) floodplain mud-sandbodies (A3) (A2)
HYA T? : $h# K (lateral accretion) G A 4 B/ T9 + A : ) ?( N O :% QG7 :
%? + : 9 % "' %"9 : % : 9 T4 ) $ B/ T9 + 96 ? #H ( % $ $ &$ A
.(2-0 ) ? H$ "8 T? .F # + % k : % * ( c 3$ ( 6 ( E*( 1 % "' %
Tidally influenced Channel (B1), Inclined heterolithic c $ 4 %+ %? : % 9 x * : ( E*( 1 % "' (2
y 1 : ( E*( 7 G ( ( +. : +%QG7 strata (IHS) (B2), Tidal flats (B3), and Tidal sand bars (B4)
( < + ( "9 $ / ) : 9 +% * (: ) .$ / `O & F"9 : 9 + T4 ) G A K
A + : $( H" %+ : ( E*( K + 1 ) ( : % * ( : 9%- Y A $$ + ( .$ / X"
%"9 (% $ $ & $ A HYA %+ %A +) * HYA ( ( : 9 ( $ : ( + : ( + : % 9 x * : 9%- Y onlapping
. ? H$ "8 (BA _ H : % 9 x * T-E 3$ ( %

112
Tide-and wave-influenced subtidal flats (C1) c
$ %+ %? + 08 : (BA : 9% Y# : ( E*( : 9 1 (3
0 + H1J C2 %+ C1 T4 ) 0 N 7 ( ( T-E ( . T EQ Peritidal siliciclastic–carbonate (C2)
-, ( # 9 & 9 ( E*( e( G + N 7 : ( E*( "9 + ( ( % $( O+ H : (BA : 9% Y# ( Y =
.(Zecchin, 2007) 0 : (BA : 9% Y# . # 6 7 ( @1 k ( O+ %? : (BA : 9% Y# 3 !? : 9

: + %4 ( - 6 %4 ( .B . + H # " ? ,G7 : 9 2 + ( $ $ 3 4 51 #- $ G ? # % M : 9 1 P GO .A .2 0
: 9 ( ) * $ %+ , - # ) %- # . ( / 0 1 %+ & $ %- # 2 + %D 8 & U+ $ $ $ G ? 6 7 ( ,G7 2 +
( :B? & $ : 9 ( ) * : ( + :( h ^ ( + & B"9 ( * 0E . + %" + : 9%D 8 : E $ '$ @A :B? & $
@A tectonic uplift E ? 8 .H & & 1J (syn-rift) H<$( + & B"9 : 9%- Y '$ @A , - # : ( ) % 8
( dZ , % + & 1J %U1 O ( : 9 1 P GO .C .H $ G ? : 9%- Y 0 "?2 +& =J+
.,G7 + %D 8 ( e + 4

113
 c $ 3 %+ %? % + ? z ( : ( E*( : 9 1 (4
supratidal/intertidal (D1), lower intertidal/shallow subtidal
2 W7 Q / -# 4 \ U1 O XG7 + . : + %QG7 (D2), and deep subtidal shale/mudstone (D3)
% + ? z ( : ( E*( : 9 1 ( J + H" %+ T ZD : 9%* M ( + ( : 9( -* , ? (
: 9%- Y %+ / 7 : 9 ( EA $ :q T? X " 6 $ ^ : 9%- Y . # : 1 3$ & U+ $
.(3 0 ) HGE (= : 9 ( EA 3$ B :q # X" T? 6 $ ^ -6 $ - $

^= `O YA + &= P GO Y = e( G + N 7 : ( E*( T4 ) K XG7 + ( `O ( $( ^= `O GE -3 0

: 9%- Y 3 ( # 4 \ $ .A .& 1J : 9%- Y ( $ : 9, 4 \ $ .(Haq and Schutter 2008) 9 $(
$ / ( T-E .B .DS2: incised-valley fill, and DS3: Carbonate ramp and tide-influenced delta systems :0 & 1J
: 9 1 : ( + %-/ ( ) 3 , ) ( TST 6 7 ( 0 % + ? : 9 ( E*( 1 .C .& 1J 2, ( :% 9 x *
X" T? J + H" %+ : 9%* M : 9 1 %+ 2 , HST : 9%- Y .D .2 , HST 6 7 ( 0 + 08 : (BA : 9% Y#
Retrogradationally ) %-E ,# : 1 + % + ? : 9%* M : 9 1 .(progradational stacking pattern) %-E . # e( G + N 7
.3 , ) ( TST 6 7 ( (stacked package

: ( E*( 1 % V " ( A :B? & $ ( & 1J .Z+ $ J + ( %? (3 0 ) -1 : ( E*( : 9 1 (5

.of river-dominated prodelta/delta front (E1), river-dominated delta plain (E2), supratidal/intertidal tidal flats (E3)

114
.Z+ [ % : 9 ( E*( -1 % # .Z+ 3 1 -9 : 9% M T ZD ( : ( E*( e( G + N 7
1 ( :% - i Z .Z+ : (BA : 9% Y# $ -1 H ( A : %* : 96 ? %+ -1 : A
( .H (BA _ H $ -1T-E 3$ ( (progradation) $( H" %+ %-E . # ( ? 8 %U1 O (
:( -* : 9% Y# %? 9 & Geyer et al., 2014; Bayet-goll et al., 2018b % + %-/ ( \ U1 O g "'
f % 8 4BA V "' %? 9 ( : -E : ( ) f 0 $ $ $ G ? 6 7 ( G1 :B? & $
: ( ) : 9cL ( 3 - !? E : 9%- Y % 8 $ ( V " + (Prototethys shelf margin) , - #
.H % X" f { : 9c ( % + ? : 9%- Y c 8
9 1 $ ? \ :( % M N O : ( E*( : 9 1 \ :9 G A T4 ) e( G + N 7 XG7 +
(i) DS1, :0 + (:9, % $ .H d Z & 1J : 9%- Y ( ( + (, %
braided fluvial systems; (ii) DS2, incised-valley fill; and (iii) DS3, carbonate ramp and tide-influenced delta
thick, sandstone-dominated, ) LST 0 (DS1) 3$ + ( , & U+ & 1J .Z+ $ $ # .systems.
( (DS2) + (, . + (tide-influenced braided fluvial channels) TST (multistorey fluvial complexe
TST (braided fluvial deposits) LST 0 @ %+ %? H 0 H? T-E % & 1J .Z+
(open coast tidal flat facies association; Group 3: C1–C2) HST (estuarine facies association; Group 2: B1–B4)
carbonate facies association ) TST H? T-E & 1J $J + .Z+ ( (DS3) 3 + ( , . +
:( % M ^ M( M ? ( .H 0 (delta facies association; Group 5: E1–E3) HST (Group 4: D1–D3
( 3$ ( V " %U1 O ( 8 ( late early Cambrian + ( : 9T-E %? 9 & & 1J E
transgressive incised-) # : 9% 9 x * : 9T-E %+ $ / ( : 9T-E 4 E : 9% * ( T4 )
: 9% Y# % + ? : 9%- Y # : 9 1 % + ( $ H$ Y ( %? 0$ G (valley-fill successions
. # + 08 : (BA
,) > ? "9
8 ( & 1J : 9 1 %? 9 & 9 1 $ G A T4 ) : - ( ( % M ^ (:9 ( +
| 3 - : - $ <- _ %' - ( & B"9 f -Z + ( : 9T-E $ N 7 3$ %U1 O (
\ :9 G A T4 ) e( G + N 7 ( Y K U1 O $ XG7 + . 9 & %8 j ( ^ (
tectonic downdrop and uplift _ %' - ( %U1 O ( 8 j ( Y = H ZD K : ( E*( : 9 1
3G ? ( + A $ + . + (syndepositional, extensional) :( h ^ ( + & B"9 E ? 8 0\ 8
& ( T-R , ( A ( + ( : 9, K 9 1 : U+% : 1 ? % M
^= `O YA K 6 - ?H : 8 $( 9 ? + ( ( 3 - .Q + ! %? 9
%? dZ & $ " ( E# -E / 3$ + * .Z+ $ J + ( $ .H + : - $ $ $(
+ $( H" %+ (progradation) %-E . # : 1 + (BA _ H $ -1 : 9T-E e -E @A : $ / M
( + (:9, : U+% : 1 ? % M 3G . & 1J .Z+ #:9 1 : (
:9 ) & 1J + ( 9 $( ^= YA `O -/ $ # / 3$ %? 9 & %U1 O $ (
: 9% Y# + %E$ Q `O ( %_ 8 $ P GO .H |( T / (transgressive tidal bars) # : (BA
YA : E# / M %? 9 & ( Q$ /= 6 " & ( : U & - ) + H # & $ :( -* f -Z
(Nielsen and Schovsbo, 2015) Hawke Bay regression %_ 8 lower–middle Cambrian + ? dZ +
.$ / %+ ' :B? G1 :( -* % Y# ( 9 $( ^= YA `O -/ $ # / $ %? H ?} %+ J . +
A ? % M 3G %+ %A + H$ Y ( .H 3 + (, 0 %"$ ) 2 * : 9X/ 0
'$ %+ ' (Haq and Schutter, 2008) middle and late Cambrian 6 7 ( 9 $( ^= `O & =J + J7 (
x$( %+ - ( $ ( .(Geyer et al., 2014) H & $ ( ! % + ? <- # 0 : + E c$

115
% 1? $!? "9 z ( g X" T? % + ? < !# % + T / :( = : 9%- Y $( ^= `O & =J + +
( : + % Y+ c$ '$ @A & 1J & :9 %-/ $ .$ / :( = ( .9 ? . $B $ A
.H ! ( 9H 1 - m$ + 9 + ?
!"# :
P 6" 6" ( + H ( ? : 90E A $ $ 3 4 51 # $ G ? # 6 7 ( 1" % 8(
Ramezani ) :B? & $ : 9 ( ) * $ %+ , - # ) %- # . ( / 0 1 %+ & $ %- # 2 %' - (
%" + : 9%D 8 : E $ + NE–SW ( + (magmatic arc) < = , >"? '$ @A (and Tucker, 2003
& B"9 ,G7 2 + ( & 1J $ $ $ G ? : 9%- Y . ( "? + H # ,G7 : 92 + & F"9) +
? % M 3G : ( + ,G7 2 + ? : 90E _ % $( O+ H % - %_ 8 $ +
: 90E ( \%+ 90E $ V " .H R E V! ? $ ( + ( :9 , : U+% : 1
%+ %A + . ? 6 - ? $ $ 3 4 51 # 6 7 ( ( ( ?h : 92 + ( % ( %? + BK1 - H (
( \ %+ 90E % + %D 8 3$ NE–SW V -GE ( + ,G7 %D 8 '$ 90E $ (
P ( G$ 0E & F"9 $ 90E % + %? '$ (Graben sub-basin) &( Q- V -GE + %" %D 8
( :B? & $ " ? 2 + ( & 1J + %D 8 . A "? + H # : 92 + ^ k ( " ? 0E
# : 90E H 1 U/ _ ( (downthrowing) %D 8 :B? .Z+ H" %+ , E+ .$ B/ + $ $ $ G ? 6 7
( + ( : 9, : U+% : 1 ? % M 3G ( -E K '$ @A G$ "?
(Hanging wall) ( $ / : 9.Z+ '$ + 90E $ H 1 U/ Q$ < / _ ( % $( O+ . & 1J
_ . -E9 <- T9 + ,G7 %D 8 6 7 ( & 1J : 9%- Y ( 0 : 9, (Foot wall) ( $ /
y 1 : -E K '$ @A ,G7 6 U/ - %D 8 ( $( ^= `O K - : 9 $ / & B"9
( & 1J E :9 m$ + E :( % M N O g , ( H U) : % M - G : 9 1
X " : 9e + ( ( $ / .Z+ ( A + ( : 9, %F M .(2 0 ) H ( $ / ( $ / : 9.Z+
X" T? : 9e + ( %D 8 $ ( $ / : 9.Z+ H" %+ 0+ Q ( 9 & ( : - + X" H ZD & 1J
: 9%D 8 VJ \ . 9 & ( : -"? H ZD X" + ( : 9, "? G$ 0E + ( ' (
: l/ 9%D 8 % $ 6 7 ( Q$ < /. ( : F# / %FZ$( " ? %D 8 & F"9 0E % +
@A 3 - $ _ .H ? 6 - ? ( : ( E*( e( G + : 1 0"8 .$ / & B + ( W"' \
F"9 . + "9 c 8 : ( ) : ( E*( : 9 1 • %+ 3$ B : 9 ( E*( + V " ( $ / 8 %? H
H" %+ A $ + . + ^= € * 9 + "9 - # ( \%+ ( $ / : 9 ( E :9 t?
: % + c$ / %' - ( X" %L8! 0+ ) .$ B/ uplift $ =J + .Q .9 ? 0 1 %+ ( $ / : 9.Z+
Y % + ?z (:9 1 : % 9 x * + $ $( %+ ( .Z+ : 9 ( E*( % "A X " : 9 1 & %- Y : +
H "Y 0 B %D 8 ( $ / : 9.Z+ ( uplift .9 ? %' - ( :( = 6 Q- .9 ? F"9 .
K W"' : l/ + P GO N 7 3$ ( + H$ Y ( . ? Y % + ? : 9 1 :( h ^ ( : + ( c$ %?
$ + ( : 9, ( + GE P GO 3$ A 9 & $ $ $ G ? 6 7 ( 9 $( ^= `O GE
( ? Y # O$ M . + (Haq and Schutter, 2008) $( ^= `O YA K + %U1 O $ (
YA K 6 - ? H : $ 8 &= E :9 U1 O ( %D 8 ( & 1J :9 1 ? #
.(3 0 ) + 9 $( ^= `O
@ <)
,- # ) %- # . ( / 0 1 %+ & $ %- # 2 + & B"9 ( 7 %+ %? & 1J : 9 1 %U1 O $ (
H %- Y ,G7 2 + & F"9 + %" + : 9%D 8 : E $ 0 :B? & $ : 9 ( ) * $ %+

116
H U) %+ %A + .H %-/ ( ) %U1 O ( + %D 8 ( 90E _ % M 3G ( + ( L %+ e + 4 (
0 ( + (, 3 %U1 O ( : 9e + ( & 1J : " 1 ( Y= K 9 ( E*( 3$ 9
& U+ %? + "? G$ : 90E _ $ ( + ( : 9, 9 0 0 $ -"Y .H $
%? 9 ( ) _ H %+ 0E $ ( ( =J + / | ,G7 + 2 + ? : 90E
% 8 : 9.Z+ %D 8 %+ :( = | &B :( h ^ ( W"' : l/ | ( K @A " M
y 1 „ * %+ 9e + $ %? H @A ‚ƒƒU1 O ( : 9e + ( _ $ . %D 8 X " : 9HE")
%+ %A + . 9 & $ $ + (: " M : 9 < 9 ( E*( H ZD ( E*( g e( G + N 7 E :9
%D 8 3$ ? 8 + k- ) V -GE ( + ,G7 %D 8 '$ ,G7 2 + ( G$ " ? : 90E (
90E H 1 U/ Q$ < / _ ( .H (graben sub-basin) + %D 8 ( \ %+ 9 0E % +
, & U+ ,G7 %D 8 6 7 ( & 1J : 9%- Y ( 0 : 9, ( $ / ( $ / : 9 .Z+ '$
: 9, R + $( ^= GE `O K | P GO 6 8 Y+ . %-/ L ( - 0 6 -?H
: - $ + i G ( ( : $ : 8 %U1 O ( + %D 8 %? 9 & 9 $( ^= `O YA | + $
.H +B
A
.„ 640 & $ U / -? & "& $ " 1383 . g G )=
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across a Mississippian carbonate ramp in the Esfahan-Sirjan Basin, Iran: implications for the amplitudes and frequencies
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of late early Cambrian successions at the northern Gondwana margin: The siliciclastic- carbonate successions of the
Lalun Formation in central Iran. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 98: 199-228.
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R, Soussi M, Waltham D., 2009. A dominant tectonic signal in high-frequency, peritidal carbonate cycles? A regional
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Catuneanu, O., 2017. Sequence stratigraphy: guidelines for a standard methodology. In: In: Montenari, M. (Ed.), Advances in
Sequence Stratigraphy, vol. 2. pp. 1–57 .Stratigraphy & Timescales
Geyer, G., Bayet-Goll, A., Wilmsen, M., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., 2014. Lithostratigraphic revision of the middle
Cambrian (series 3) and upper Cambrian (furongian) in northern and central Iran. Newsl. Stratigr. 47, 21–59
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uplift in concert with eustasy: Earth-Science Reviews, 151, 288–350.
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Torsvik, T.H., Cocks, L.R., 2013. Gondwana from top to base in space and time. Gondwana Res 24 (3-4), 999-1030.
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Pet. Geol. 39, 1–25.

117
 ! " #$%& !
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

* !"# $ % & ' () .1

danialbehrad@yahoo.com
parviz.armani4@gmail.com 01 ""02 ' () '% / ) & ,-% . .2
mehranarian@yahoo.com * !"# $ % & ' () '% / 4 - &* .3

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

$ 4 5 A* @@ ? 4 !" 900 9- , 4$ < % :;) " 33 9- , 4 5 6 78$ * / & 4 *

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L! % * , C& L M NI"I N 78$ ;-, G% 4. 5 A 4 . K % EA%F. - J A . G / D

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% %29 4 EI C& L M ( . 5 /' -, % - B% C& L M *& V % N 78$ 5 /'

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:- . 8 . NI"I %11 , & EI . & EI : M< 5 4) NI"I * , %14 ( 4 EI .

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/ ,I H% 9-, G% 4. * / & 4 * :

Evaluation of reservoir quality of the Sarvak Formation using

petrophysical logs at one of the south west oil field of Iran
Denial Behrad, MSc Petroleum geology, Science and Research branch, Azad University
Parviz Armani, associate Professor, Imam Khomeini International University
Mehran Arian, Professor, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University
Abstract:
Azadegan oil field with an oil field of nearly 33 billion barrels and an area of nearly 900 square
kilometers, is one of the world's largest oilfields, located 80 km southwest of Ahwaz. In this research,
the Sarvak reservoir in Azadegan oil field was studied petrophysical. The purpose of this research was
to investigate the trend of changes in petrophysical parameters such as shale volume, useful porosity,
water saturation, amount and type of existing minerals and type of lithology. This project was carried
out using software (Geolog) based on data from 1 well. This research was carried out using data from
petrophysical well logs (such as neutron, density, sonic, gamma, photoelectric and caliper logs). Due to

118
the Volume of different shale and a mixture of shale in the formation, its effects on water saturation
were calculated using the Indonesia method. The average water saturation in the oil zone is 29% and in
the water zone is 94%. Based on the results, the average water saturation trend from the beginning of
Sarvak to the end of it increases and the trend of the average porosity is reduced from the beginning to
the end of Sarvak Formation. The porosity of the formation was measured using porosity logs such as
sonic, neutron and density. An oil zone with an average of 14% has a higher porosity than the water
zone. The water zone has 11% porosity. Finally, based on the calculated parameters, the Sarvak
Formation was divided into two zones, the oil zone beginning at a depth of 2697 meters and extending
to a depth of 2912 meters. From the depth of 2912 meters to the end of the Sarvak, a depth of 3334/5
meters, is the gross or water zone.

Keywords: Azadegan Oil Field, Petrophysics, Sarvak, Reservoir Quality, Zagros

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

D* M 0 * 4<( '! H% _ ( % ! - M2&) : : H% 5!(2 B

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.(1389 M D&) :4 / * ;4)2
<- : 4<A - A 4 . - 40 C& L M % V! NI"I N NI"I * , N L! % 78$ 5O!2!4 2 L!
- :" ! 4) ' % .(Asquith et al., 2004) ! :41 ,I : * .5 ;-, G% 4. -
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* - G K6 ' (- 6 1N; .(1387 5 & :2 ) ?D % * / & :U !A 41 5 4 !" 100
. ' ' *) */ &

119
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◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

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=

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120
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Petroleum Science and Engineering, 40 (3), 145-157.

123
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‫٭‬Bahrammanesh69@gmail.com, 2 geo_naderi 69@yahoo.com, 3kimiaalaeddini@gmail.com
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Sedimentary environment interpretation based on Brachiopods

from Central Alborz, Emamzadeh Hashem and Geirud Sections

‫٭‬Bahrammanesh Tehrani, M.1, Naderi Changi, S.2, Alaeddini, K.3

‫٭‬Geological Survey of Iran, Email: Bahrammanesh69@ gmail.com
Islamic Azad University, Science and research Center, Iran- Tehran E mail:
geo_naderi 69@yahoo.com
Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch. Email: kimiaalaeddini@gmail.com
Abstract:
Geirud with a steep erosional unconformity exists at the Mila Formation and its border with dark
deposits of marl and carbonate formations have been blessed. Geirud deposits in a shallow shelf
environments intermediate microtaydal influence and storm surges, coastal, bay crater. Sea deposits of
the two categories are divided into slow and unstable conditions. Deposits calm conditions include
near shore facies (sandstone) and offshore deposits (dark-colored shale and silt) are. Studies show that
the deposits at the mouth of the Gulf Sea Level have emerged. Studies show that deposits at the mouth
of the Gulf Sea Level Time of delta have emerged during the receding sea. Sections of the Alborz
region and have located at the type sections are located. Close this area because of the rich fauna of
brachiopods during the Late Devonian (Frasnian - Famennian) respectively. Detailed and systematic
studies have been performed on these samples research is trying to accomplish this goal.
Keywords: Formation Geirud, Late Devonian, depositional environment barrier-beach.
: 4
&$ 5Z - C+DN ($ MN $ 2 & >0$ % .C & /( XY (1963 Assereto) %9 $ 2
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124
20 8( $ =D / 0 15Z ( " A + &($ ($ .$ + $ 2 " 1- ( C & H> =D
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.C d N H- N 15 D+0 / 0( / &( 6 # d Y /K
: 5.
& Y 5 1- 6 > > 0 - % S =! $ 2 /0 1 5 b / 0 5$ - Hb # / 0 &$ $
5 ($ T / / &( DG( Y (* 5 5 _* 5 P )/ (K2 / 0 * / &( DG( & Y YZ / &( DG(
.C & &$ $ e 0 % CD 1 9 & f / 0 &( DG(
: 6 7 , '8 9 :) & 6 7
(<,"=) ?,@= % 0A %) @
:(A1B) % 0A
$ 2 1- !> / K2 5 C %30 K 1- 56 - 1 6H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
K 1- Earland sp. Ind. H 8N / @ ($ ( %5 $ %10 f 5 %10 ($ / 0 CD! -
1 C < H- N ` 40 $ + &( %2 Bischaera sp. Ind. % 5 Archaesphaera sp. Ind. %10
O / K2 " 1- 0 C!6 +h ($ C %1 A6 / 0 %1 C D! %10 K ( H K !> O / K2
C C5 > %16 H K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 &( DG( 5 ($ Q 1- %1 4 K 1- !>
.(1H> )

.(40×) 5 + iK- A1&( DG( ($ c 1EZ 1N c - ( ($ K ( / 0 1 $ $ 2 -1 H>

.&K5(,6 ( ($ Bj>" /$ " ( ($ A j>"

(A2) % 0A
K 1- ($ / 0 CD! -$ 2 !> / K2 5 56 -1 6 %40 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
1- %7 K K !> O %15 K 1- Earlandia sp. Ind. H 8N / @ ( $ ( %10 f 5 %10
K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 %1 C D! / 0 1Y( %1 l ! & 6 %2 A6 / 0 %7K ( & +0
.(2 H> ) C & H > C5 > %7

(40×) 5 + i(K- A2&( DG( ($ A6 / 0 1 $K5( / 0K ( & +0 1- 6 - -2 H>

.&K5(,6( ($ Bj>" /$ "( ($ Aj>"

125
 :(A3) % 0A _
/ 0 CD! -$ 2 !> / K2 5 %40 K 1- 56 -1 6H &( DG( 5 ($ !b !> / K2
H 8N / @ ( $ ( %5 f 5 %10 ($ Earlandia sp. Ind. 5 !> O / K2 .C %5
&( %1 & 6 H> 1- A6 / 0 %1 C D! / 0 1Y( %5 K ( %10 K 1- 0 C!6 1- K &( DG(
1T ($ C / (K2 YZ / 0 &( DG( - &( DG( 5 .C /( l C D! %23 K + ( / K2 .$ +
. C Z - 9 /? -, m H E$ 1-
40 & 0 15Z 8 8: 5 ($ 1 6 $ - ' H E$ 1- 6 > H> 1- 5 6 4> H E$ +0 1-
Z - 1- 12 - 0 C!6$ 2 .(15-3 14-3 H> ) C $ C D! / 0 1Y( - 8: 5 ' D> Y 6 `
.(3H> ) & % $ 2 1- 0 4 E% 5 $ G n ($ 1 C P< / 0 C!6 m 9 /? $ -

(40×) 5 + i(K- - A3 &( DG(Earlandia sp. Ind. A5 c - ( ($ C D! 2 -3 H>

.&K5(,6( ($Bj>" /$ " ( ($Aj>"

(C F -C < ) ) D2 'C " % 0A %) @ -

:(B1) % 0A -
K 1- ($ / 0 CD! - $ 2 !> / K2 5 5 6 - 1 6 %40 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
($ 0 C!6 %1 A6 / 0 %1 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( K !> O / K2 .C %10 $ %10 f 5 %20
& H > C5 > %17 K + ( / K2 C %1 4 0 % K $Y & 0 Q 1- &( DG( 5
.(4 H> ) C
◊

(40×) 5 + i(K- B1 &( DG( !> / 0 &$ G -4 H>

j>" Aj>" /$ "( ($ B.&K5(,6 ( ($

:(B2) % 0A -
K 1- ($ / 0 CD! -$ 2 !> / K2 5 56 -1 6 %40 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
H 8N / @ ($ ( %3 0 f 5 - %5 $ %5 5 6 4> %5 f 5 %10Earlandia sp. Ind. 1-
%5 K Endothyra sp. Ind %5 Bischaera sp. Ind. %3Tetrataxis sp. Ind. 1- 0 C!6 .C %2
1Y( %1 l ! & 6 %1 A6 / 0 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %7 K K !> O / K2 "
.C & H > C5 > %4 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 %1 C D! / 0

126
 :(B3 ) % 0A -
1- $ / 0 CD! -$ 2 !> / K2 5 56 -1 6 %40 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
H 8N / @ ($ ( & +0 1- %10 ($ %15 K Bischaera sp. Ind. %10 Archaesphaera
sp. Ind. %10 C D! / 0 1Y( %2 l ! %2 A6 / 0 %3 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( K !> O / K2 .C
%7 K + ( / K2 C %1 4 0 % K $Y & 0 Q 1- &( DG( 5 ($ 0 C!6 %1
.C & H > C5 >
:(B4)% 0A -
K 1- f 5 / 0 CD! - $ 2 !> / K2 5 5 6 - 1 6 %40 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
%3 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %10 K 1- 0 C!6 K !> O / K2 .C %5 $ %10 ($ %15
.(5 H> )C & H > C5 > %16 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 %1 A6 / 0

.&K5(,6 ( ($ B j>" /$ " ( ($ A j>" (40×) 5 + i(K- - B4 &( DG( ($ 6 - 1 6 -5H>

:(B5)% 0A -
H 8N / @ ($ ($ 2 !> / K2 5 56 -1 6 %40 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
Earlandia sp. Ind %10 K 1- Bischaera sp. Ind. /( n% 105 ($ / 0 CD! - ` 40 %10
15 A6 / 0 %3 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %10 K 1- 0 C!6 K !> O / K2 .C "
.(6H> ) C & H > C5 > %16 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0

(40×) 5 + i(K- - B5 &( DG( ($ C 6( G A5 1N ($ " -6 H>

.&K5(,6( ($ B j>" /$ " ( ($ A j>"

:(B6) % 0A -
%10 ($ / 0 CD! -$ 2 !> / K2 5 56 -1 6 %50 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
H 8N / @ ( $ ( ` 40 %3 f 5 -Earlandia sp.Ind. K !> O / K2 .C %7 K 1-
%1 C D! / 0 1Y( %1 l ! %1 4 A6 / 0 %1 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %3 K 1- 0 C!6
(7 H> )C & H > C5 > %23 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0
.

127
 (40×) 5 + i(K- - B6 &( DG( ($ P< / 0 C!6 & +0 1- 6 - 1 6 -7H>
.&K5(,6 ( ($ Bj>" /$ " ( ($ A j>"

:(B7) % 0A -
%15 ($ / 0 CD! - $ 2 !> / K2 5 5 6 - 1 6 %50 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
%41 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %3 K 1- 0 C!6 K !> O / K2 .C %3 f 5 - %5 $ %10 f 5
& H > C5 > %5 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 %3 C D! / 0 1Y( %1 l ! %1 A6 / 0
.(8 H> ) C

i(K- - B7 &( DG( ($ f 5 - A5 >` c - & +0 1- 1 $ K5( / 0 K ( ( ($ c 1EZ 1N -8 H>

.&K5(,6 ( ($ B j>" /$ " ( ($ A j>" (40×) 5 +

:(B8) % 0A -
%10 f 5 / 0 CD! - $ 2 !> / K2 5 5 6 - 1 6 %45 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
/0 %7 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %10 K 1- 0 C!6 K !> O / K2 .C %5 f 5 - %10 $
.C & H > C5 > %12 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 15 A6
:(B9) % 0A -
K 1- .Earlandia sp. Ind H 8N / @ ($ (H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
%10Endothyra sp. Ind. %10Biscchaera sp. Ind. %10Septabrunsiina sp. Ind. %10
1 6 / 0 CD! - $ 2 %5Paleospiroplectammina sp. Ind. %10Tournayella sp. Ind.
K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %7 K 1- K !> O / K2 " 1- 0 C!6 .C %5 ($ %20 K 1- 5 6 -
%7 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 %1 C D! / 0 1Y ( %1 l ! & 6 %1 A6 / 0 %3 1 $
.(9)H> C & H > C5 >

(40×) 5 + i(K- - B9 &( DG( ($ P< / 0 C!6 ( ($ Earlandia sp. Ind. -9 H>

128
 .&K5(,6 ( ($ Bj>" /$ " ( ($ A j>"

:(B10) % 0A -
H 8N / @ ($ (H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2 Earlandia sp. Ind. %20 K 1-
Septabrunsiina sp. Ind. %10Endothyra %3 $ %10 K 1- ($ / 0 CD! - $ 2 %10
& 6 %1 A6 / 0 %1 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 %10 K 1- K !> O / K2 " 1- 0 C!6 .C
.C & H > C5 > %34 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 %1 4 l !
% 0A %) @ -
:(C1) % 0A -
K 1- Endothyra sp. Ind. H 8N / @ ($ ( H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
K 1- 5 6 - 1 6 / 0 CD! - $ 2 %10Earlandia sp. Ind. %15Septabrunsiina sp. Ind. %15
%1 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %10 K 1- K !> O / K2 " 1- 0 C!6 .C %10 f 5 %10
H> )C & H> /( l C D! %28 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 & 6 %1 4 A6 / 0
.(10

(×40) 5 + i(K- - 1C&( DG(($ P< / 0 C!6 ( ($ Earlandia sp. Ind -10H>
.&K5(,6( ($ Bj>" /$ "( ($A j>"

:(C2) % 0A -
Bischaera %30 K 1- .Earlandia sp. Ind H 8N / @ ($ (H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
1- K !> O / K2 " 1- 0 C!6 .C %30 K 1- 5 6 - 1 6 / 0 CD! - $ 2 %15sp. Ind.
%8 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 & 6 %2 A6 / 0 %3 1 $ K5( ( D- K ( & +0 1- %12 K
.(11 H> )C & H> /( l C D!

(×40) 5 + i(K- 8: ( ($ 2C &( DG( ($ .Earlandia sp. IndH D ( ($ O ($ / 0 C!6 -11 H>
.&K5(,6 ( ($ B j>" /$ " ( ($ A j>"

:(C3) % 0A -
%5 f 5 / 0 CD! -$2 !> / K2 5 56 - 1 6 %40 H &( DG( 5 !b !> / K2
Endothyra sp. %15Archaesphaera sp. Ind %15 K 1- Earlandia sp. Ind/ @ ($ (

129
C D! %8 K + ( / K2 . $ Y & 0 %7 K K !> O / K2 " 1- 0 C!6 .C %10Ind.
. C & H > /( l

Figs. 1 a-d) Subcuspidella sp. Mittmeyer, 1965

12345 642‫ دو‬:69
Figs. 2 a-d) Subcuspidella sp. Mittmeyer, 1965
(12345 642‫ ?>از‬3@ 64:; 642‫ )?>از‬64:; 642‫ دو‬: 69
Figs. 3 a-d) Subcuspidella sp. Mittmeyer, 1965
12345 642‫ دو‬:69
Figs. 1 a-d) Schizophoria sp. King 1850
6‫ﯾ‬E42‫ر‬G@ :69

Figs. 2 a-d) Platyrachella sp. Fenton &Fenton, 1924

(642‫)?>از‬64:; 642‫ دو‬: 69
Figs. 3 a-d) Subcuspidella sp. Mittmeyer, 1965
12345 642‫ دو‬:69
Figs. 1 a-d) Spinocyrtia sp. Frederiks, 1916
=>?@A B@>‫ دو‬:BE
Figs. 2 a-d) Cyrtospirifer sp. Fredericks, 1919
B@FA?G :BE
Figs. 3 a-d) Subcuspidella sp. Mittmeyer, 1965

: ' I 0:) & J @ KF

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H ( !# / 0 C+ 1- * 5 P * 5 5 1L Q- & 1 8 PZ ($ 1 D- 5 5($
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0f 5- 0 2 56 - 5 5($ $ 2 / (K2 / 0 * 9 1 5 + 5 ( ( YZ)1 D-
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: ' ,1, " J @ KF
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130
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u" 8: 5 1T ($B 1 H ( 7( 8 6 sQ- - *$ f 5 - 5K ( -$ 2
1- * $5 P * $5 5 1 L Q- & 1 8 PZ ($ @5( C 6 1 L ($ 5 5($ / (? 4 9 ($
. - v 8 ( ($ 5 5($ / 0P% - / (K2 / 0* 9 1 $ H ( !# / 0 C+
: :L
( 0 % j!: - & +0 5 /0 2 / 1" +T -(1377) .7 ( D G . / 0 &$ +#
.65-64 .w (
.( ( 5 – (1385) .m 8 N%
&' + – 5 * + ($ 7( 8 6 5 6 - – (1388) .P E - - N% ! % .* E T% . s -
. E - ( 8! -2010 15( – $6 - !!+E -
!" 5 +0$ Y +0$ 15 / ( [ $ 1 # ($ 5 5 = - / 0$ 6 - 1 E L -(1379) . s -
..(
# , $ %&' $ 56 -d - ( E b ( ` c -) ( ( P O * + ($ = - / 0 1 ' - -(1389) .m ( 6 h ,O
w115 . (
References:
1. Ahmadzadeh Heravi M. (1971)- Stratigraphisch e und Palaontologische Untersuchugen im Unterkarbon des Zentralen
Elburs (Iran). Clausthaler Geol 130 pp. Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany. (Ph. D thesis)
٢. Asserto R (1966) – Geological map of upper Djadjerud and Lar Valleyrs (central Elburz , Iran), 1:50000 With explanatory
notes: Pubblicazione Instituto di Geologia dell Universitadi milano,(232): 86.
٣. Bahrammanesh M. (2008) – Brachiopods from the Early Carboniferous of North Iran: Classification, Biostratigraphy and
Paleobiogeography (Tesi di Dottorato di Ricerca): Universita degli Studi Milano, 1-172.
٥. Geatani M., (1968) – Lower Carboniferous Brachiopods From Central Alburz, Iran Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e
Stratigraphia, 74(3): 665-774, pl. 47- 52.

131
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:T &) (progradation) F 8 *+ * > : KL )( KL R 9 +8 S+J . L :A
8 + KX" ( .F *+ : W L :T &) (backstepping) ! L F 8 *+K * " )* QB + VU" F&" -2
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Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Middle Member from

Ghelli Formation from the Northeastern Alborz Basin (Kopet-Dagh
region)
Nasrin Bahrami*, Farzaneh Bagheri, Aram Bayet-Goll, Mehdi Daraie
Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan,
Iran

Abstract
Detailed sedimentological study of the Middle Member from Ghelli Formation in the Northeastern
Alborz range of Iran (Kopet-Dagh region) documents a gradationally based stratigraphical unit that thick
upwards. Three facies associations representing, from sea to land, namely (1) heterolithic beds of
prodelta, (2) tidal bar complexes (deltafront), (3) distributary-channels deposits, indicate that the
succession reflects deltaic progradation rather than the backstepping pattern typically displayed by
transgressive estuarine deposits. This interpretation is supported by the bidirectional and seaward
palaeocurrent trends, and the forestepping character of strata within the Middle Member from Ghelli
Formation. The high abundance of cross-bedded deposits and the very large size of individual bedforms,
strongly suggest a macrotidal regime. The proposed presence of distributary mouth bar and elongate
tidal sand bars and facies distribution and geometry (gradient patterns of proximal and distal facies of
prodelta–delta front successions and increasingly distal position and decreasing thickness

132
southwestwards from the sandbody center) imply that the middle member of the Ghelli Formation was
deposited as a SW-prograding lobe in a tide-dominated deltaic system.
Keywords: Ghelli Formation; Middle Member; Sedimentary environment; Progradation; Tide-dominated
delta.

7 8
-L +- '] ) * L * + VU" F&" : -2 : :W L 8 K O) )* QB - -2 8 :G-K
G-K a ' \ 2 [ ) ' 8 44 '( )* QB '] ) ' L * ) G > 8 `+[ ^ +8 : -2 _ ) .
-2 : KL C !X" ' ) Y2 Z .(Legler et al., 2013) ) 8 O9J ` -K : 9B* bc"
*+ : :W L )* QB : KL C !X" ( e : . ) +d 8 N! ) : 2 " )* QB
* B . : +8 8 B " 8 ) 1 12 3) ( . F N! ) *+K )* QB : -2
KL A ) * \ 2 [ ) +8 8 + +B F4B ' : ` * +[ * 8 : -L 2 ' 8 # O9J ) D
. -L + 5 0 ) 678 )* QB : -2
9. : ;#
* R+8 E 8 F) 7H * )* QB 8 : -L . L , fX> N 2 8 5 0 ) 678 12 3) (
12 3) ) : - 4 ) 678 b 8 T &) + KX" .(1 N! ) F -[+, +0 12 3) ) (F) 7H +-) 92)
: - ' h . ) 8 O9J ' -4B * . ) 8 O9J ' , 6 ) )* QB + VU" : +8 8 50
-X ` FK j3 * -K : B* '( A 1[ 8* S 3 'Gd ) # + c" 8 N) * i XL )* QB
. 8 # O9J E 8 F 8 : 2 " ) D 2 * * -L 'G L
<4
%$ & @A B & CB ) = 62>?
) '(prodelta) -2 KL ) :N) 50 8 : 2 " KL )
Lower distributary ) 8$ F ( 678 L :A KL ) * (delta front) -2 B KL
.(2 N! ) F (channels
(Prodelta facies association) 1 = 62>?
B 8 : -L a " * * +[ 8 + : ) * N F) 7H * * +[ F9K 9) +8 KL )(
* + $[ :k )) B * (N! B )* :C - 2*+-:) A K L * 8 * B ) '+ $[ 8 O9J
. ) 8 O9J ( )* QB :F -
(lenticular to wavy bedding heterolithic) A =
N ! "k ) * -K- l N .* " N! B ) * 8 E * C - 2*+-: _" KL (
0 678 Y2 Z J 8 F Q )* - :N= # m 8 8 E * > KL ( .F
) * -K- .* " A KL E 8 678 . ) : ) KL )( G 7H E 8 F 8 2 "
2 8A 8 + +B F4B . ) ` [* 8 , :6 N! " B ) :N= 8 k
. ) : ) [* 8 KL ( P n+" * V N! + c" : -L * F @+ A * .+Z . B
(flaser-bedded sandstone and rhythmites) B =
N! " G 7H E 8 F 8 2 N * -K- : E ) * E G 7H :k ) _"
* +X ) , 6 . 8 ) k )* # O9J B ) * + $[ 8 D * C - 2*+-: o7 ) ,p *
6 * +B N= 8 )E * > ) # O9J . ) KL ( Q F - 8 O9J * ]* Q)
* > lKL ( . l ) lKL ( Q O-) * O-) B ) :N= .Fll i 1llH l )E 8 ,

133
.+Z A Y2 Z +B F4B * P n+" ' * Y2 0 ' Lr )E _ " ' -[ N! + c" -L
. 8 )
(B # A = )1 = 62>? DE
)* QB + VU" F&" -2 :T &) 8 KL )( ' : ) 8 :FL * R 9 +8 S+J ^ +8
: B* 8 = k ) 8 + :k N, N * k ) C - 2*+-: .* " . ) F9K
Tänavsuu-Milkeviciene and Plink-) Fll )* QB # +B ll * 8 : -ll 4 ( N !ll " > , 6ll
-L 8 -K- * ) : E ) * \+ G T + : -K- * : - ) .(Björklund, 2009
.+Z . B Y2 Z F4B .(Shanmugam et al., 2000) F # +B + VU" F&" E 8 \+ 8 T + : + $[
6 Q[ N8 O) * , E ) 6: .F H > F4B Y2 Z J 8 . N > : +B : )E
F A KL 8 K O) B KL / 6: : + $[ 8 O9J 8 ) : E )
(Delta-front facies association) 2 = 62>?
G 7H , -K- /k ) : KL E 8 F 8 F * G 7H : 2 " _ " KL 2 "(
. N ! " (D KL ) ^ O) t Q8 u +" :k ) * (C KL ) E 8 -K -X ` 8
(bioturbated thick muddy sandstones/siltstones) C =
N ! " ( 9 B +-K , +-) : m ) E 8 9 B R+-K , * E 8 F 8 G 7H : 2 " _ " KL (
678 ' ) : , . ) a*+ E 8 -X ` FK 8 , : -K - *k ) 8_" 2 " ( .F
8E8F 8 N! " * B ) '+ $[ 8 : -L 8 C - 2*+-: .* " KL ( 0
N 9" +B :N= * ) )E ' h :u +" '^ O) CD u +" 8 O9J 8 ) : >*
) * +B N= )E 8 E n _ " KL ( : N ! " # O9J ' ) Y2 Z .(A2 N! ) )
: ). ) : ) C KL E 8 678 _E 1) 8 ). ) 8 D * > +"G 7H # O9J * F
)* QB : - N ! " (foresets) 9 + . ) N 9" C 2*+-: .* " 8 (bottomset) -&" 678 u +"
( +"G4) . l ) ` l A 1[ 8* S 3ll * ]* Q) * +X ) , :6ll ) +-ll 8 : )
Y2 Z u +" : ) .F N) * i XL )* QB : - B* ) : ) L 678 : ,p *
. ) Q @+ A 8* +B F4B ' E 8 678 B* ( 8 . -K: .+Z . B F 8Y )
.(D2N! ) ) : ) KL ( Q P :n+" * V N! + c" -L
(large-scale cross-bedded sandstones) D =
Gd 678 '. L _ -9K , B 8 F " T -) :k ) +-K, N! : " KL (
T -) u +" . ) 8 O9J Y +) : ) * 8_" KL ( . : ) N ! " 5 0 ) : - 4
A 1[ 8* S 3 * 8 u +" : ) .(B2 N! ) F N ! "A h * j3K) 8 O9J '^ O) t Q8 *
: + . ) [* 8 : ` * +8 , # 130 * S 3 ( KL ( ! J 8v ) B G:
: + . 8 ) ]* Q) * +X ) , :6 8 + : ) :, : ) )* QB : - N ! " Y
N! ) ) : ) -K -X ` 8 ) +- 8 -K: -&" : ) 8 ^ ) ^ " j3 -&"
) w30 * " j3 # m 8 +[ : L+D B* +V +8 _ 92 Z 'u +" ) +: E 8 : + .(B2
. ) N 9" E 8 u +" ) Y : + h 678 8 "# m 8 fX> ) :, 2*
( N ! \ 2 [ ) N! . ) h ) :, * * 'j3K) # m 8 KL ( Y +
.(C2 N! ) ) . &) E 8 j3 * j3K) +[ 0 j3 8 N! : ) # m 8 KL

134
 (D # C = )2 = 62>? DE
F&" : ` N ! " > (...* h 'j3K) 'u +" . ) 8 O9J) : ) 8 : -L 8 B " 8
" + c" (Bayet-Goll and Neto de Carvalho, 2015) -K: )* QB ) : )* QB # +B + VU"
+ c" : D KL j3K) . ) # O9J ^ O) t Q8 : ) 8 C KL C - 2*+-: 8 : )
B* * G 7H E 8 F 8 * .F .` / 6: 8 \+ + 8 \+ G T + H > ! ) * :G\
)( D F N ! " , -&" : + 8 t Q8 : * #+B 4) - ^ O) t Q8 u +" : )
.(Willis, 2005; Legler et al., 2013) . ) A ". /J ) B ) )* QB ) : Y2 Z 38
E 8 # O9J E A ! #+B 4) 8 KL ( B) h . ) 8 D(8 A 1[ 8* S 3
: ` \ 2 [ ) * :N K[+V ( h * a " 'G -K -X ` # * ) F9K ^ !1) +B F4B 8
8 :T &) Y2 P [ ! : KL 2 " (Bayet-Goll and Neto de Carvalho, 2015)
.F -2 e : 3 &) T + * #
(Lower distributary channels facies association) 3 = 62>?
:k ) G 7H : >* 8 5 0 ) 678 )* QB -2 E 8 F 8 G 7H : 2 " E 8 678
. ) G-L E KL j3K) * u +"
(planar tabular cross-stratified sandstones) E =
0 j3 * > ) Y2 Z F N ! " G 9 B R+-K, 8 G 7H ) : >* KL (
+[ 0 8 A # m 8 KL ( C \ 2 [ ) N! .(D2 N! ) 8 ) +1O) j3K) N! 8 " +[
# y KL ( . : ) E8F 8 n *Q * * 8 T -) " Q : ) ` F
)E * ^ O)CD u +" # O9J E 8 F 8* 8 0 678 ^ O)t Q8 j3K) $ * u +" 8 -L 8
8 + F4B * 8 E 8 6 +[ * , : # m 8 D KL 8 KL ( z 9" . ) +B N=
.F 8+Z . B 'Y2 Z +B * -4B C Y2 Z J
(E = )3 = 62>? DE
2 N! 8E8F 8 Q * ' , :6 'Ebb tidal + +B F4B e : )* QB : * +[
Dalrymple et al. ) F )* QB :A KL ( N ! " > # O9J ) * O9J ^ O) * +:
.(1992Tänavsuu-Milkeviciene and Plink-Björklund, 2009

2& I
9) +8 + KX" ( D . ) i +1" -2 )* QB :G-K *+ :. 2 8 12 3) ) : 2 "
-A -K : KL 8 -2 : KL : KL ) D * * 8 : -L 2 G 7H *
* t Q8 ^ O) 8 u +" . ) 8 O9J * +[ _ ) . (3 N! ) F L :A * ) : A K *+
A 1[ 8* S 3 ' E C F) 7H # + c" 8 )* QB : - ' h )* QB : - :
8 2 " E 8 678 ) +"G 7H : 2 " .(Willis, 2005) A "*+ ) 8 G \ +8 F2E : ` ( 8
(distal delta front) -2 B 678 A -K * -2 , : KL * +8 ) -2 B : KL *+
:A ' )* QB : 4 : 50 ) 678 -2 E 8 678 : - 4 B* . ) i +1"
' 8$ F : KL * L* :A '(upper distributary-channels) -2 F E 8 678 L
' : N ! " m >* 8 ` B) ) : 8 12 3) ) )* QB -2 : - 4 : )
+-K, : B* . -[+, +0 F 10 ) 8$ :F * L* :A F9K m[
* F 8 F) 7H 6: 8 A K + -A -K * )* QB ) : L A : KL

135
 2 8 -2 . 2 C 50 ) 678 : ) .+Z . B F 8
+B F4B * F) 7H 6:
.F ( " )* QB -2 G-K C (SW-prograding lobe) .+Z . B F 8 *+
?-
' ) : " E 8 Gh 0 * 9 B R+-K, 8 j3K) * u +" . ) 8 E B* ' ) : . L , B
: - ' h )* QB : - ' h . ) 8 D ' -4B* . ) 8 D ' , :6
678 : - 4 * +8 )* QB # +B + VU" > A 1[ 8* S 3 ' E C F) 7H # + c" 8 )* QB
: - : * t Q8 ^ O) 8 u +" . ) 8 O9J * +[ . -K: )* QB -2 T &) C 50 )
+8 F2E : `(8 A 1[ 8* S 3 ' E C F) 7H # + c" 8 )* QB : - ' h )* QB
i +1" -2 )* QB :G-K *+ :. 2 8 12 3) ) : 2 ". A "*+ ) 8 G\
: KL : KL ) D * * 8 : -L 2 G 7H * 9) +8 + KX" ( D . )
.F L :A * ) : A K *+ - A -K : KL 8 -2
J C
Bayet-Goll, A & Neto de Carvalho, C., 2015. Ichnology and sedimentology of a tide-influenced delta in the Ordovician from
the Northeastern Alborz range of Iran (Kopet-Dagh region). Lethaia, 49, 327-350.
Dalrymple, R.W., Zaitlin, B.A., & Boyd, R., 1992. Estuarine facies models: conceptual basis and stratigraphic implications:
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62:1130–1146.
Legler, B., Johnso, H.D., Hampson, G.J., Massart, B.G., Jackson, C.L., Jackson, M.D., & El-Barkooky, A., RavNas, R., 2013
Facies model of a fine-grained, tide-dominated delta: Lower Dir Abu Lifa Member (Eocene), Western Desert, Egypt.
Sedimentology 60: 1313–1 356.
Shanmugan, G., Poffenberger, M., & Toro Alava, J., 2000. Tide-Dominated Estuarine Facies in the Hollin and Napo (“T” and
“U”) Formations (Cretaceous), Sacha Field, Oriente Basin, Ecuador. AAPG Bulletin 84: 652–682.
Tänavsuu-Milkevicien, K., & Plink-Björklund, P., 2009. Recognizing Tide-dominated versus tide-influenced deltas: Middle
Devonian strata of the Baltic Basin. Journal of Sedimentary Research 79: 887–905.
Willis, B.J., 2005, Deposits of tide-influenced river deltas, in Giosan, L., and Bhattacharya, J.P., eds., River Deltas-Concepts,
Models, and Examples: SEPM, Special Publication 83, 87–129.

: * 8 + () O -A :1N!
12 3) ) * &) ' ` i -7) 8 - -L
: + %" -B .F o7 ) O
) + %" .C . 12 3) ) > | N, ,
` E 8 +) * 0 E8* ) 678
) 678 -D .} " w3O) R+8 8
.L L * , fX> 8 0
. * R+8 )* QB- *` : > *

136
Gd ) # + c" * )* QB : - -A . ` :T &)+ + KX" * : KL 8 0 ) 678 8 T &) - :2 N!
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: E Y +) 8 D # O9J C " + %" -C .(D KL ) EA! #+B 4) +V : ` A 1[ 8* S 3 * , :6
N! -D .(D KL )* QB ) : A K *+ 678) A ". )* QB ) : -0+, +0 G: * )* QB
)* QB 8 : -L * # O9J F) 7H 6: 8 + : 2 N! * +[ 0 j3 8 )* QB :A KL : C"
. :F - * * B ) '+ $[ 8 O9J 8 ) * N C 2*+-: .* " 8 )* QB u +" :k ) N 9"*

. )* QB -2 : 0 ) 678 8 A ) -3-N!

137
 * + " '($ )$ %& -" )
4 3 2 *1

parhams@ripi.ir
! " # #$% &" #" '%
& ()% "
$* % + "

! "#
. " $ ( 2 ("C) / 0E 4 ?- @ ,3 0; < =3> 6 :/ 839 0 6 53 6 7 2 34" ! 1 /0 ,-.
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$C ( $C #K ,J =% 03< 8#" 8 # % 0 * .$ & " - >3 >6 FK E6 8#" C" J $" 6 %
P 83 ) E1 P 4 ( FK E6 8#" $ N % 0 . " & M $C 3# ,J 6
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1 2 , - . / . 0 )* ) )*+ : !$%& '

Regional Tectonic on the Maastrichtian Deposits along Kuh-e

Shahin to Kuh-e Shu transect (NE-SW), East of Fars Area
Parham, S.1*, Piryaei, A.R.2 Ghorbani, M.3, Moosavi Harami, S.R.4,
1-PhD of Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, parhams@ripi.ir
2-National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration and Production Directorate
3- Hormozgan University
3-Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

Abstract
Northeast Arabian plate tilting towards the Neo-Tethyan Ocean led to development of a foreland basin in
the Inner Zagros resulting in thickness and facies variations through the Late Cretaceous. This study is
focused on the Maastrichtian time interval and Fars area as part of this geodynamic history. The
Maastrichtian interval is recognized by Tarbur Formation and also upper and lower parts of the Gurpi and
Sachun formations respectively as well as some local radiolarian-ophiolite complexes. In order to follow
the foreland basin evolution, sedimentary features of 4 surface sections (Kuh-e Shahin, 2 sections in Kuh-
e Darmadan) and Kuh-e shu and a subsurface section (Dasht-e Kunar- 1) have been studied along a SW-
NE regional transect perpendicular to the basin and Zagros trend in a sequence stratigraphic framework.
The effect of foreland basin creation and migration on Maastrichtian deposits is shown by Thickness and
facies variations, wedge-shaped geometry and prograding stacking pattern towards the SW. In the studied

138
sedimentary units, the Tarbur Formation has been deposited on the fore-bulge and the Gurpi Formation in
the back-bulge positions.

Keywords: Maastrichtian Deposits, Tarbur Formation, Gurpi Formation, Foreland basin, Fars Area
3
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$ 0+( "4 % " ^ 0 6 * " @ ,3 0; < =3> 6 , " " + ($ " 53 6 7 2 34" &$
- M 83 =% E1 #C E1 P $ M 0 $ <" Z 2 ("C $ -/ V 16 Q# . "
$ %& . 3( % " ( >- $Y ( a ? - ) &"$% ( >- $Y ( 0 Q# ) P ) &"$% 1
& F " ( "0 $ 0 " $ a ` 0 _ ?- - C" 83 # % 0 * % J;
- 0 _ ? - C" 9. 3 ,3 8#" "$ %" b' J% 5> Z " 9. F" 33S6 .$ %
$ C ) 0; < X3-/ <" 0 k % Q#ci Q#ci - 9. C" 83 # % "$ " 1 5 > . % $# a `
'." b' b' 03 < ` . b' 03< 0 k % F v36 6 0 4 3 2 5 > . " $ =3> 6 ( (
0; < 3JY6 3% R 0 * C" => % '." b' d3E% 9. 5 5 > . " $ =3> 6 ( 6 $ C )
2-&"$% 3% '." b' d3E% 0 * 1- 83 P (& M $ C ) GE%
.$ % $ 9% " @ ,3 0; < Q# F 8#" =3> 6 " 9. % J; F" 33S6 8#" .$ " 3 ,3
:e`" %
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145
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Analysis of petrographic and geochemical characteristic of

dolomites of the Bayandor Formation (Late Precambrian) in type
section, South of Zanjan

Sara Pourdivanbeigi Moghaddam1, Mohammad Ali Salehi2, Mahdi Jafarzadeh3, Afshin Zohdi4
1- Msc student of Geology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan
2- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan
3-Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology
4- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Zanjan University

Abstract
In this study, the type section of Bayandor Formation in south of Zanjan was measured. The thickness
of the Bayandor Formation is 402 meters, consisting shale, sandstone and dolomite sequences. In this
research, we have studied the petrography of dolomites of Bayandor Formation. Some of these
dolomite layers have microbial stromatolite structures. Based on dolomite fabric and according to the
size of the crystals and the shape of the boundaries are divided into three groups such as: fine
crystalline dolomite, medium crystalline dolomite, and coarsly crystalline dolomite. Fine crystalline
dolomite are formed under continuous flow of dolomite fluids at low temperatures. Medium crystalline
dolomite was formed at shallow burial condition. Coarsely crystalline dolomite was formed in the late
stages of shallow burial diagenesis and by dolomite fluids.

Keywords: Dolomite, Bayandor, Late Precambrian, Petrography, Geochemistry

146
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: 7 5A ( Q'T .(1384 * 3Q J ) &21 ,4? d (A , : W G- > A 1: 7 15 Y : )(
' ) ) S' ( :UA 1: 7 .(Warren, 2000) 5&>() 5G b( Q'T P 1V . , L\U ' 1O : .G 5' f
- 7 A .(Adabi, 2002) B . A () & 56 2 A ( Y 1: 7 7 (A 1 1: 7 () & 56 300
Y ( 0 W RUA ' .(Tucker, 1982) &21 (AL G0 N E ( > 5 :42 '(4 B4? 5A ( 15& 1: 7 T 1
5 ' & 7 15 G D2 ( 3 A T' G EF 3 . (. g M[ R ( > () (&3 V 07 9 O ( 5 :
. 5&H (3 ' & 7 ' (> ( 2 A ( 40A *h ; A

1 2 3.
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' 'I ( : 3 ' iY V j : () #7 8( ' '(' ( .(1B. ) .G (? & L G
(& 402 8( ' ' " ( )" : ;< .: ) a Q1 V j 5 9, ' 1 G H + GA
0G6 . " 1 Y 2, 1 J ' T & 7 15'I : # 5 , 15'I B. & 47 P 5 (2 B. )
5'I : 1 ' : ( m& (& 8 A (& 1/5 Y : ;< 5 : " ' ' " A A 5'IS & & 7 5'I " T
V 07 9 ( ;& & 7 5 G 30 0A ' (U! V 07 9 _3 .(A C; 3B. ) &21 & 7 A (& 1 &H J & 7
Sibley and ) n() ,4 *(Friedman, 1965) '(> 5R4[ 1: 7 ^)+ ( . ' () 5 A g M9R Y > () (&3
5 * ( D2 ' 3 3 A T' T 7 Y : 6 T : 7 5 G 10 0A .: " " & (Mazzullo, 1992) 7 (Gregg, 1987
NG 5 18 D 2 13 ( 1q A T' T . ' () ;& T F ' ( fpA T S U ( Q J ' G EF S' ( ( o
.: " ( )" G7Y # I " # G EF " # ' Y (ThermoFisher Delta V plus MS) (6 (& (&.r " #&

5 R ( 507 9 5R9 ' > (m6 : 0? :1B.

1:100000

147
 6 *t A M9R ' > (# A (& &7 & :2B.

4 5
5 5 *(K92 ( P ' K92 ) 1 , ( B. (L ,3 ' L ') 1 , " M' A 5 56 A N'( > O ( ' 1: 7
:: " 5&H (3 Y u( 5 (' 5 Q 2RA , : AS & , S & * , T' 1: 7 " ()

(Fine crystalline dolomite) 57 (6 .

1( ( (. 36 # ) (. 62 A 16 " T' Q (& 1 , * >(0 L d : 7 - 5 : 7 d '

N 3 A ' ' N'( > L 0 : 7 d ' .(B C; 3B. ) : " B . A (Subhedral to anhedral) B. A B. 5G K92
(Mazzullo, 1992) 7 P-K92 : 7 (Sibley and Gregg, 1984) n() ,4 P-N 3 A ' ' *(Friedman, 1965) '(>
d ' . ' '3 : 7 VI 5& 3 '(6 :UA 1 , + Y (f B. 5G K92 N'( > .
1 B. A 7 A (& 13 J & ;< &21 : 7 A (& "( A (&2 H 5 ' 1: 7
. &21 " (3 `,&; 1C;

(Medium crystalline dolomite) 58 9 (6 .

1 , " .(C C; 3B. ) " B . A B. A B. 5G K92 1( " Q1 .E v A G- 1 , * 1: 7 d '

H5 7 &2'( u 9 X 4A Y w0 Q R&2 1 , g(& 1( . ( (. 135 # ) (. 250 A 62
S-N 3 A ' ' *(Friedman, 1965) '(> N 3 A ' r 1 N'( > L 0 , S & 1: 7 N'( > .(Adabi, 2009) : " cJ
Mazzullo, ) 7 (Sibley and Gregg, 1987) n() ,4 S-K92 1: 7 (Gregg and Sibley, 1984) n() ,4
7 A (& 56 J & ;< 5 A(b L : 7 A (& J ; 15'I H( "( A (&2 H 1: 7 . (1992
. &21 ' (> '(& , S & 1: 7 .: " (3 `,&; 1C; 5 1 B. A

(Medium to coarsely crystalline dolomite) 5 6: 28 9 (6 .

5G A B. v A G- 1 , .: " B . A ( (. 600 # ) (. 1100 A 250 : AS & 1 , 1: 7 d '

A N 3 A ' *(Friedman, 1965) '(> N 3 A ' :> L 0 :> ' .(D C; 3B. ) : K92 ( P 1 , ( &21 B.

148
 ' , : 1: 7 .: (Mazzullo, 1992) 7 (non planar) B. *(Gregg and sibley, 1984) n() ,4
. &21 V(b L : 7 A (& :> (& 3 : ;< 5 5'I

1 , :C .L d , T' : 7 3 . (. (' jA :B . ' & 7 H( & 7 A (& 1 &H 6 :A :3B.

& 7 B. 5G A B. v A G- 1 , :D . , S & : 7 B. A B. 5G K92 1 ( " Q1 . E v A G-
. ' , :

: ;-

15 G ( q A T' T O ' ( .: " " Y1L 6 ' & 7 d D2 ( q A T' (' R

" ( )" -8/15PDB ‰ A -5/94PDB ‰ 18 D 2 q A T' (' R 2/02PDB ‰ A -1/63PDB ‰ 507 9 & 7
& 7 15 G d D 2 q A T' V ( mA 5 : :4y 507 9 & 7 1 5 G (y ( q A T' .(1 L 6) :
.: T b

' 1: 7 d D2 ( q A T' (' R :1 L 6

0 : 6 . < (PDB) B (3 a2J( 18O (PDB) B (3 a2J( 13C

B4 , T' -6.63 0.08

B6 , T' -6.62 2.02
B8 , T' -6.70 1.22
B1 ,S & -7.15 0.60
B2 ,S & -5.94 -0.20
B5 ,S & -6.02 0.92
B7 ,S & -8.15 -1.63
B9 ,S & -6.72 1.50
B10 ,S & -7.02 0.22
B3 ,: AS & -6.64 1.29

149
 > : 9 . = &

5 I G0 " 1 B. 5G K92 1( " N' 1N' V j ' " 507 9 , T' 1: 7

Y TA " (3 15 1) &21 B 2> ? > . &21 & 7 A (& 5 I 1 &H J (y . &21 Q (& "( A
B (3 -6/70 A -6/62 Tb 2 V ( mA Y D 2 q A T' : ( m& B (3 2/02 A 0/08 Y ( q A T' . &21 H BH
. 1 L ' A(& ' I A L ' A (3 9U '3 * U9 B . A S' ( 15 G ' > () (&3 )D' . 1
D 2 q A T' (' R .: 1: 7 ' ( .' E & 1 Y ( fA + - " 1 & 7 ' ( q A T' V ( mA Q 5
(o ' " B. A: 7 7 -5 A : 7 ' ^7 : (A # , S & 5 :42 , T' & 7
A B. 5G K92 1( " Q1 .E v A G- 1 , V ! 5 a,P ' , S & 1: 7 .(4 B. ) :>()
'3 : 7 VI 5& 3 '(6 :UA 1 , 5 & G- ,. 5G K92 N'( > . " 1 B.
B. A & 7 ,4A ' ,4? .1Y . &F' 6 (# & 7 d ' '( .(Sibley and Gregg, 1987)
C' T> " 1 A I G&J , T' & 7 52' R 15 G ' D 2 q A T' (&G &42 (' R . &21 5 7 "
, : AS & " Q1 1 , a,P ' , : AS & & 7 . > A WG- C' T> : 7 VI
( P :> .1Y 6I 5 '1: 7 I G0 . " B . A ( (. 600 # ) (. 1100 A 250
, S & & 7 : 7 d ' V A 15 G ' D 2 q A T' 1" LU ' . &21 , : K92
. " ' 5< J + Y (> [ WG- Q > A S' ( T & 7 d '5 : 3 b A ^7 .(4 B. ) 1 G

. ' & 7 d D2 ( q A T' (' R :4B.

: ? 0@ 9

& 7 1C; , : AS & ]G1 , S & * , T' : 7 d 5 5 1 ' 1: 7 507 9

V 1 . " ' 1: 7 5 R 5 :42 (> '(& , S & 1: 7 . 6 t A M9R '
Q 5 .: , T' 1: 7 ( L ' A(& ' I A L ' A (3 1S U '3 * U9 B . A S' ( " 1 > () (&3
D 2 q A T' (A # (' R .: 1: 7 ' ( .' E & 1 Y ( fA + - " 1 & 7 ' ( q A T' V ( mA
N'( > . ' G h; ' " B. A: 7 7 -5 : 7 ' A , S & 5 :42 , T' 1: 7
5 & G- , T' 1: 7 5 :42 15 G ' D 2 q A T' (AN4 &42 (' R , S & 1: 7 B. 5G K92
,4A ' ,4? 1N1Y . &F' 6 (# '3 : 7 VI 5& 3 '(6 :UA 1 ,

150
 S & " Q1 1 , a,P ' , : AS & 1: 7 . &21 > A WG- C' T> 57 " B. A 1: 7
, : K92 ( P :> ' 1: 7 b I G0 " B . A ( (. 600 # ) (. 1100 A 250 , : A
. 1N1Y 6I

:A5 =

* ( A"# V & *B;,;A B .A T F ' X 4A 5A ( .1384 *.u * 3QJ

Adabi, M.H., 2002. Petrography and geochemical criteria for recognition of unaltered cold water and diagenetically altered
Neoproterozoic dolomite, western Tasmania, Australia: 16th Australian Geol. Conv., Australia (abst.), p. 350.
Adabi, M.H., 2009. Multistage dolomitization of upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation, Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran, Carbonates
and Evaporites 24 (1), 16-32.
Friedman, G.M., 1965. Terminology of crystallization textures and fabrics in sedimentary rocks: Journal of Sedimentary
Petrology 35, 643-655.
Mazzullo, S.J., 1992. Geochemical and neomorphic alteration of dolomite: a review, Carbonates and Evaporates 7, 21-37.
Sibley, D.F., and Gregg, J.M., 1984. Epigenetic dolomitization and the origin of the xenotopic dolomite texture. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology 54, 908-931.
Sibley, D.F., and Gregg, J.M., 1987. Classification of dolomite rock texture, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 57, 967-975.
Stocklin, J., Ruttner, A., and Nabavi, M., 1964. New data on the Lower Paleozoic and Precambrian of north Iran. Geological
survey of Iran, Report 1, 29 p.
Tucker, M.E., 1982. Precambrian dolomites: petrographic and isotopic evidence that they differ from Phanerozoic dolomites,
Geology 10, 7-12.
Warren, J. 2000. Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important associations. Earth Science Reviews 52, 1-81.

151
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" 0 / $%! &'( + )@F = -= )@F $ -= G- H 5I - - $ J0 300 5 +,- ' +6
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Microfacies analysis and Sedimentary Environment of Lower
part of Dalan Formation in Golshan Gas Field
Abbas Torabi*1 . Mohammad Hosein Adabi2 . Mir Reza Moussavi3
1*MSc, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University.
2Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University.
3Lecturer, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University.
Abstract:
In this study, a subterraneous section of the Dalan Formation in well Y in Golshan Gas-field is
studied. The Dalan Formation, Permian, in folded Zagros region and the Persian Gulf contains giant
gas resources, so that the Dalan Formation with the Triassic Kangan Formation in the Persian Gulf
sedimentary basin, contain about %50 of gas reserves. Based on petrographic studies, the Dalan
Formation҆ thickness in studied area is 300 meters with dominant dolomite, dolomitic limestone and
limestone lithology which anhydrite interbeds are well visible in subterraneous section. The lower
boundary of the Dalan Formation is a continuous and gradual, with the silisiclastic Faraghun
Formation. The Upper Dalan is overlain by the Kangan Formation. According to petrographic studies
and microfacies identification, 16 microfacies are determined for the Dalan Formation. These
microfacies are presented in 3 facies belts including tidal flat, lagoon, carbonate shoal. The
sedimentary environment of the Dalan Formation is introduced as an isocline ramp.
Key words: Dalan Formation, microfacies and sedimentary environment, Golshan Gas Field
5 6
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( %! ;!
+,- ' . "/ * * \J N% 5 [ )* 5 +b = @ Q< ,! 9 +
Dunham, ) 5 +(E> U Om . 23 4 7 = o 4 5 +,- ' h &> ( ?!
Wilson, ) " Q *= = (Flugel, 2010) K3 2 5 @ O 2= = 5 l +! 5 @ Q< (1962
o , O 2= 16 : * . * 3 +Q* ( (Flugel, 2010) K3 2 +! T 5 @ O 2= R = (1975
. p +0 6 ^ > + K6 $? + * 5 Q< ? 3+
.3 4- > >- ?@ (%! ;! < =
:(Tidal Flat) ' !AB 5=CD %! ;! =
Crystal Anhydrit (F1)! ) G>! 4 %! ;!
=5 +? = 5 \* F = + 2 8@ 5 @ = , 8@ 5 @ E !K $* +*/ Q< *
RMF [ , = 5 = RS 5/ 5 JE N % * + W Q< * . -= 5 @ ?@ 5
.(A * q! 15 !) . (2010) K3 2 25
Dolomicrite or Dolomuestone (F2) . 8' > G> # 8'
< k != H 8 D C + "= 70 !10 $ -= 5 @ O 2= M *
O 2= * " ! $Q * D B D C + + -= $2 5 XF p 0= + . @ 8(Q
.$ (2010)K3 2 22RMF- [ , O 2= * . E KJ J!= K Q2 + 3 @ 4 2 O 2= *. @
.(B * q! 1 !)
Dolomudstone with Sparse Evaporite Crystals (F3) G>! 4 % = D (H8 I ' (! ) . 8'
* -= = 5 @ Q< 7D C+ =Z J 5@ =[ * 5 @G- 4 = @
5@ S= . $< = K Q2 4 2 Q< * .(C * q! 1 5 !) + 2 * ` Q3 * -=
5 @N % 5 l @ " " E 7K3 5 @ Q< -= * Q O *! 5 JE! 7
* .(Flugel, 2010) ( JE ) 5 = RS 5/ ! 5 = RS + 7 \J ) < = 3 8 4 / 5 +S
. (2010) K3 2 RMF 25 [ , Q<

153
 Dolomudstone with Nodular Anhydrite (F4) >! 4 (J' 4 . 8'
$* . @ Q@ * 5 @[= = " /5 + " -= > J O 2= *
K !+ 5 6+ @3 * 5 @)@ 3 +, ! .$ K 5 +t ! * , 8@ R* G H @ )@ 3 "=
C ! "= . @[= '4 .(Warren, 2006) @ (Chickenwire) 5 7 OU4 )* 2 $*
RMF 25 [ , Q< * .(D * q! 1 5 !) K !K = t . ! 6 = "=
. K3 2 (2010)
Stromatolite bindstone (F5) . => G 8 '
@5 JE! = E S 5 @$ V 2 ?@ f 7 u @ 3 = 5 = Z* v 5 @+ / K L * O 2= *
1 5 !) $ ?@ $ Q = $* "? 7 [ Q 2 5 @KJ J! = U F$Q* XF @ b 7 5 =
K3 2 RMF 23 [ , = $EQ 5 = RS N % */ \J + Q< * K ! N % .(E * q!
. (2010)
Intertidal oolitic Grainstone to Packestone (F6) ' !AB 5=CD 8 . #D . => ,
5 @[ +! 5 @+ = 6 6 3 5 @ Q< ?@ + 5 = RS "= 5I 7 6 Q< *
+ 5@ b = * K6 + EQ. 5 @ ? D C + &'4 3 + 7 + 5 = RS
)E S < = 5 Z 5 @ U 2 5 +U = 5@ < * 7 $ V * 9 * @8 -F ( + R* ! N
.(F * q! 1 5 !) 8 +*= + S= ] 5 +*/ 9 * @$< .$ K ! "F ?@ R RE
\J + Q< * K !N% . 3 @ "F 5 " / = 5 = RS " * S X K - +
. (2010) K3 2 RMF 29 [ , = $EQ 5 = RS N%
Pelloidal Intraclast Dolomudstone Wackestone (F7) . '/. 8' G ) => J L )D
4 * 5= 6 != * + )* + @ K ! Q< * C 5 RS Q * D ,'4
2 ! 0/ 6 5 '4 5 9 = * ! ? = < "? < 42 Q * D ,'4 .
* .(A * q! 2 5 !) @ R b 7 5 XF 7 D C + @$?Q4 < .
. (2010) K3 2 RMF 24 [ , Q<
(Lagoon) . ,3 %! ;! =
Bioclastic Mudstone (F8)! G M > .
* V Q< * .$ + " 3/ N ! F 5I + Q +? N % )* O 2= *
)* + 5 +U = D ,'4 K Q< * 5 RS . $ V * C ? 5 =
.(B * q! 25 !) (2010)K3 2 RMF 19 [ , Q< * . + * +
(F9) >- N OP ! M > . '/. 8'
Bioturbated Bioclastic Dolomudstone/Wackestone
.$ F S= + Z J D S N ! + k + Q*
U F S= Q< * 5 @ 3x*=
< + Q* U F .(C * q! 2 5 !) . Q< * @ K ! C 5 RS V * D ,'4
+ FWWB _' * = 5I 8 N* K3 H 5 @ Q< = * ` Q3 3/ 5 @N %
. o ,! " 3/ 5 Q< ? + + (2010) K3 2 RMF 19 [ , Q< * .(Flugel 2010)
Peloid Bioclastic Packstone (F10) . #D G M > L )D
) 5@ U 2 D ,'4 + " ! + Q< * @ K ! 5 RS * ? V * D ,'4
! ? -= $ t $ -= ! )@F k Q< * 5I - - . $ 7 < = b= * 5 +U = 7= 3
) 5@ U 2 S= . t " Q 7 !" Q= R Q< * $2 . -= 5I - - 5

154
 Q< * .(D * q! 2 5 !) .(Flugel, 2010; Adabi et al., 2010) $ " 3/ N % 5 l @"
. o ,! " 3/ 5 Q< ? + + (2010) K3 2 RMF 20 [ ,
Peloidal Wackestone- Packstone (F11) . #D-. 'J L )D
.(F,E * q! 2 5 !) @ K ! +! C 5 RS @ b 7 = 2 5 @$ 7 Q< *
Q< * . @ Q< * R 5 +U = = E S D ,'4 @ 7= 3 $ 7 < 9 * @$ V *
y6 + +S ! -= $Q " F @ b 7 j J ! . * \@ @ U 2 " R = \* R2 @ b 7 = 2
Tucker and Wright 1990; Flugel ) + ,2 ! @ b 7 J K4 6 5 +U = = 7= 3
. o ,! " 3/ 5 Q< ? + + (2010) K3 2 RMF 20 [ , Q< * .(2010
(shoal) = 5 +D %! ;! =
Ooid Grainstone (F12) . => , L
K3 5 XF = + 2 3 4 5 m " ? + )* + Q< * @ K ! 5 RS * ? @ b
+ "/ * * \J RJ Q< * ! C " + Q< * .(A * q! 3 5 !) ? *
b 5/ = 2 .(1383 " ?@ = 7 Z'-) $ K ! S * + 2 *[V% 3 F5@ b ! ?
Tucker and Wright, 1990; Tucker ) 5I 7 N % 5 @ 3x*= K3 S= = R ?- % $< b
= / 5I N* @" Q< * ] < 3 3= 3 S = K3 S= b = 2 .(et al., 1993
Q< * .(Tucker and Wright, 1992; Insalaco et al., 2006; Flugel, 2010) $ FWWB _' !/ $
. o ,! +! + 7 5 Q< ? + + (2010) K3 2 RMF 29 [ ,
Bioclast Peloid Ooid Grainstone to Packestone (F13) . #D-. => , L L )D G M >
"F 5 @8 -F + !N 3 S R* + " Q 7 ! " Q * 3 )* K O 2= *
5 @ < ) 5 @ U 2 5 +U = 7= 3 9 * @$ V * + N ! R* 5 @ b= K
+ (2010) K3 2 RMF 30 [ , Q< * .(B * q! 3 5 !) Q@ R* + 5 @$ V - = @ b 7=
. o ,! 5 Q< ? +
Intraclast Bioclast Grainstone (F14) . => , G M > G ) =>
D ,'4 = ) 5@ U 2 . Q< * @ K ! 5 RS * ? V * = Q * D ,'4
5 l Q< * .(C * q! 3 5 !) Q< * V * 5 RS * ? ES
@KJ J! M ] < W E! = $ EQ 5 @+ = = / KJ J! $ + + +! 5 @+ 7 \J * !5I 7
K3 2 RMF 27 [ , Q< * .(Lotfpour et al 2000) $ 2 , "/ "RJ k * " + * *
. (2010)
Pelloid Ooid Grainstone (F15) . => , L L )D
.(D * q! 3 5 !) @ K ! Q< * C 5 RS * ! ? + * @ b = ). 5 @ b 7
* RJ $ U . * Q< * * 5@ U 2 = 5 +U = 9 * @$ V * f?@
!N RJ $ U 5 Q< * K . * " ? = E- 4 5 @KJ J! W E! Q<
[ , Q< * .$2 3 9 Leeward Shoal * Shallow Subtidal " ! Q< * $ N % . */
. (2010) K3 2 RMF 30
Ooid Intraclast Grainstone (F16) . => , G ) => L
= + 2 3 4 5 m "? 5+ + Q< * @ K ! C 5 RS @ b = @$Q *
E- 4 5 @KJ J! + " ! Q< * @ 5 @KJ J! .(F,E * q! 3 5 !) . ? * K3 5 XF

155
 5 l Q< * .$ / ! N RJ $ U 5 Q< * . 5 U6 = 5 +
. (2010) K3 2 RMF 30 [ , Q< * . +! 5 @+ 7 5 * + = \J ! 5R \J
.3 4- > >- ?@ ! RN !0
5 @Z* S= K - + = (Flugel, 2010) K3 2 5 @ Q< +Q* ( = 7 = 5 @ Q< +,- '
L* ! t! = 5 b 5 5 @ Q< ?@ 5 = RS 5 @+ 7 EQ ` Q3 * ! 5 @+ =5 zR
$ (Homoclinal) G 8@ T M +! U!V7 )* "/ * * \J N% * * + @ Q<
+0 6 ! 6 N< + < * = 8*V EQ G 5 T M * .(Tucker and Wright, 1990)
Shark ) - h = @ : 2; < { K6 9 06 +! 5 @T + =$
.$ (Bay

15 !
-= 5 @ ?@ + (5 +*/) E $* Q< :A * q!
$* -= Q< :B * q! .(xpl ) (F1) 5 = RS N % * .
Q< :C * q! .(xpl ) (F2) 5 = RS N % * ." -= *
(F3) 5 = RS N % * .$* 7 5 @ G- 4 = @ " -=
N % * .$* 5 @ [= " -= Q< :D * q! .(xpl )
Q< :F * q! .(xpl ) (F5) 5 = RS N % * . S )* 2 -! = " * Q< :E * q! .(xpl ) (F4) 5 = RS
.(xpl ) (F6) 5 = RS N % * - " Q 7 !" Q* 3

25 !
) (F7) 5 = RS N % * ." Q = $Q * [ b 7 Q< :A * q!
) (F8) " 3/ N % * . $ V * " Q< :B * q! .(xpl
U F 5 V * " Q =- " -= Q< :C * q! .(xpl
:D * q! .(xpl ) (F9) " 3/ N % * .5 +U = K Q2 5 . Q*
* q! .(xpl ) (F10) " 3/ N % * ." Q 7 $ V * b 7 Q<
) (F11) " 3/ N % * ." Q 7-" Q = [ b 7 Q< :F * q! (xpl ) (F11) " 3/ N % * ." Q 7-" Q = [ b 7 Q< :E
.(xpl

156
 35 !
+! 5 @+ 7 5R $?Q4 N % * ." Q * 3 b Q< :A * q!
-" Q * 3 b b 7 $ V * Q< :B * q! .(xpl ) (F12)
(xpl ) (F13) +! 5 @ + 7 " 3/ + = $? N % * ." Q 7
5 * + = N % * ." Q * 3 $ V * $Q * Q< :C * q!
." Q * 3 b b 7 Q< :D * q! .(xpl ) (F14) +! 5 @+ 7
5 @+ 7 5R $?Q4 N % * " Q * 3 $Q * b Q< :E * q! .(xpl ) (F15) +! 5 @+ 7 " 3/ + = $? N % *
.(xpl ) (F16) +! 5 @+ 7 5R $?Q4 N % * ." Q * 3 $Q * b Q< :F * q! .(xpl ) (F16) +!

. * 5 @O 2= ?@ + "/ * * \J N% 5 , + * ? p > :1 K

."/ * * \J +! T @O 2= 3 7 : 2K

! 2S =
.+%UC 586 , D2 = " " * .1383 .M ! E 4F
4( - E = != -! = ) = 5 @ Q< .1383 ?% [ * 4 Q6 ?% F ,Q 7 Z'-
.(365-341) 2 ? . S ." ! + L .: 3 + 6 : * !- 7 l3 x*= "

157
Reference
Adabi. M.H., 2009. Multistage dolomitization of Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation, Kopet-Dagh Basin, N.E.Iran,
Carbonates and Evaporites. v. 24, no. 1, p.16 - 32.
Adabi. M.H, Salehi. M.A, and Ghobeishavi. A., 2010. Depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy and geochemistry of
Lower Cretaceous carbonates (Fahliyan Formation), South-west Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 148-160.
Dickson, J.A.D., 1965. A modified staining technique for carbonate in thin section, Nature, v. 205, p. 587.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture: American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 1, p. 108-121.
Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer Verlag, New York, 996
p.
Folk, R.L., 1962. Spectral subdivision of limestone types, in: Ham WE (ed) Classification Of Carbonate Rocks- symposium.
Tulsa, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir1, p. 62-84.
Insalaco, E. Virgone, A. Courme, B. Gaillot, J. Kamali, M. Moallemi, A. Lotfpour, M. and Monibi, s, 2006. Upper Dalan
Member and Kangan Formation between the Zagros Mountains and offshore Fars, Iran: Depositional system,
biostratigrarhy and stratigraehic architecture: Geo Arabia, v. 11, p.75-176.
Lotfpour, M., Moallemi, S.A., Adabi, M.H., Taghavi, A. 2000, Reservior evaluation of Dalan and Kangan Formations in the
South Pars Field, NIOC-RIPI upublished report, 250p.
Read, J. F., 1982. Carbonate platforms of passive (extensional) continental margins: Types, characteristics and
evolution.Tectonophysics, 81, 195-212.
Tucker, M. E., Wright, V. R., 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 482 pp.
Warren, J.K., 2006. Evaporites: sediments, resources and hydrocarbons. Springer Verlag, 1035p.
Wilson, J. L., 1975. Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 471 pp

158
 ( ) !"
%&'( ) #$
3 2 1

1
taghizadeh62@gmail.com ! " #$ %
2
srmehrnia@yahoo.com ! " #$ %
3
geoman1988@yahoo.com ! " #$ % & '

:
( #; < =4 < ; (> 3%& 9 (; : & 78 %& 2 34 56 2 78 (9 ( ,- .& $/0 1 (&) * +#
< & 9 I@ < ' ) < > ( ,- & G 1 F6 D& 8 -& .:6 ( ,- <@ A '; (BC , (9 D 8 E <
(; 1 0 (9 .: (BC , "& #P Q (#4R (GIS O N ) % M $/0 7 81 &8 L +' 9 ( J 2
1 '6 8 -2" 1 ('A & 8 ('A S M P ( ,- ' - - &L +' 9 F6 "& & -2
8 21 ( C 9 -' * N "& W8 ' 78 .: 2 +' - 9V * J 8 U& ' 1 (- 9 T- (9 ( ,-
98 2< S M B9 "& '4; 78 (BC , "& 9 -2" 8 ( 9@ #FS M $/0 (&) (9 Y#'X < 8 5 LX
-(&) (' <@ Z4$ .: 2 +' ( ,- & G 1 F6 & -2 : R " @ 1 ;1 9( "'FR 9
56 2 78 (9) % 1 * +# 1 9 -'2 1 ' 9 : 9 , 1 &8 L 7 1 [/ 9 (; 1 2 1
: @ 8 : 4 C L-$ 8 & ; S -; 1 8 V < - 40 ]& V& =A T- (9 " -\4 . 2 ('A S %9 ( 2 34
( ,- 1 ;1 & & 6I 5 X M 2 +' & G 8 1 F; 1 F6 56 2 < -$ (9
& VX9 B 0 1 a 8=& & D4 W 4'G 9 & G 1 F6 1 -; `@ R8 &_ ZP G U& ' . 2 ^ A (BC ,
. 2 A B A '; M BC , ( : R - B VX9 *0 - < -B9 (; 2 9 < > 'A 9@ M 9
. / /$ 0 ! / %&'( ) : - $ , *+

Potential of Epygenic deposites in Dachan (East Azarbaijan

province) using index overly method
Zahra Taghizadeh, Seyed Reza Mehrnia, Taghi Nabaei
Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Payame Noor University
Abstract:
The combination of the information layers an area by the index overlay method is one of the
methods, With the integration of all data in the same time, can be paid on a vast exploratory study in
that area. therefore the map of distribution of reductive facies in Dechan area (East Azerbaijan
province) amongst the main goals of this study,that is using satellite images and geographic
information system (GIS). The identification of these facies carried out using the ASTER data. and the
geological and tectonic findings of the area are used to optimize the results and to evaluate the
predictions. The most common method of this research is to generate control maps and allocate
different weights to faults, drainage, and geological data, and also the Linear band prediction method
have been used in the Aster images to map the iron oxide minerals in the area. In fact, those control
layers that matched more to the satellite images were used in combination of the geological data
(overly index). Furthermore, in order to increase the reliability of prognostics, the minerals dispersion
have been used two elements of limonite and apatite as an index of oxidizing and reducing facies to
determine the potential of type in the quaternary formations of the study area. The results confirm the
existence of scattered facies with the probability of natural radioisotopes accumulation some parts of
Dechan alluvial sedimentary basin that have been identified as promised areas for further studies.
Keyword: index overly, remote sensing, Epygenic deposites, Dechan.

159
 : .1
- 1 -9 <@ & 4 2 gf 1 (P 6 8 7 'FS Z%d2 E d d9 !-d (d ed 8 . 'f & 6I
& G -< F; 1 -&@ A W/6 8 & 4 dd2 gf 1 O N dd 8 18 G M ; F ; "& . d2
< 9= j- 6 : "%4 --; G Z $ .(1373 -FN 8 9 N ) -9 & D4 8 2 !- ( < 9= 8
A 8 !- ( & 6I 7 'FS W %2 "& W8 ' %& . S (A <@ (9 k d6 d& 8 d2 9 ('d2 R8
T ) 8 1 (&) " 9 8 !- ( ( 0 <8 1 -9(&) l, 9 4$ F ; <@ (d; :d <@ Z%d2 dC/
(intermounatin basins) 'ddddF ; " dddd9 1 ( G ) dddd4B dddd ddddF ; Z J "& . S LN (Z 2
P -$ -n 1 (d; d-B "& 9 ( Finch and Davis, 1985). -&@ R8 (9 & 4S 1 E J 9 m 8
1 'N ) + @- 9 1 F6 M 8 & <8 8 ; I + 4& J # 1 <8 (9 (1 ] ; 9)
l, (9 .& = ) ^d; 1 A f 8 !' 6 ] "& 9 . 2 (:& 4-!& 1 J : C & ' S Q
M ; < F; O& 2 . S M P d- d& d& N, 1 o@ O <@ M ; W/N 8 ('2 J ("
9 'F ; " dd9 1 dd (dd G (9 (dd 6 8 O M R p 8 2 8 6 & 4S !' 6 8 18 G
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1I + 1 ]& X 8 V& dd A Z C (9 !& Q 0 .(Finch and Davis, 1985) R8 (: 8 A W8 e ) !-d
Wd ' d4 dF9 Vd (; - Z% 1 ( 6 8 1 j- ( ( + @ j- 6) VRFVX9
+& 'F ; " 9 1 ( G Z6 !- (d d& 8 1 (d 1 d (d&) Dd4 ZdN (d9 d!' 6 d 8
.(LeRoux, 1985) d--;

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: F M r 9 -' W8 (R - 8 M BC , 1 - .: 2 +' <@ :6 -2 1 9 J - +01
: m OATZ : Oxide Anoxide Transition Zone 1 S Z%2 9 R D9 - E 9 (; 9 .& A (9 8 A " @
1 ( G V 8s . 2 & & G <8 8 A " @ 1 'N 8 F; <8 .& A " @ 1 'N (%& ,9
( t 1 F ; & & 6I Z % : R ;q (&) : 4 ]FG 9 -2" 8 ( 9@ ZFS < 8 2
+' 9 2 C 1 A M P (9 (; $/0 < 8 1 (&) p3 . 2 C -2 ; T +' 9 !-
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. 2 ^ A !- ( e 8

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1 9 " -\4 . : 9 DN & (9 < 8 8 k X' E 91 1 ( p%$ & 1 -9 (
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160
V <% 2 * +# !& %& 9 2 34 56 2 ^'& !C +' 9 (; @ : 9 Y#'X 1 < 8 9
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$) 5 , 6%7 $ 9 – !" ! 8" $ 34+ 5 , 6%7-
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o "C %C@ 1 .(1383 J@) J < & 9 I@ 'FS 1 (N+P :6 " S & 8 9 9 n C (9
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& 1 ( 2 & " !C (1383 J@) (:& & 8= : - - 8= Z 2) 1I +
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9m (; -2 9 o n o -R – v 2 W 42 8 1 8 #N 8 N 1 ZFS . 2 9 (( ,-
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161
 8 9 6I Z % (9 (R 9 1 (- > j- 1 G 8 m 8 ( ,- -2" 1 Ss&8 (9 (R 9 (&) "&
-Q 8 1 1I + 6I Z % ;8 (9 (R 9 !- 1 G 8 (9 < 8 : R 8 -'A S J 9
2 ('A S T < 9= < -$ (9 !- ( (&) 8 | - j- < -$ (9 (1392 < %4 8 8 A) '& 4-!& 1
- } L'6 = (9< 8)1 ' 9 < 8 8 -2 9 6 9 1 ' 9 : 4 (R G 8 & (9 : F ] "& 9
.: 2 } L'6 (1< 8) '& @ + @ 9 1 G 8 (9 < 8 "& '4; <@ W (9 8 2

:; G F (1 1 o@ 8 - & 1 o@) < F; O& 2 Z 8 1 W #N -n =& 9@ 1 ( G

] - 1f C ' C 9 V-; 8 ( ' | G < F; 1 O N (9 < 2 8 " G ( ,- A S ] 2 : R 6
S E 8 =; 4 8 o ]R 8 V ; Z 8 < & < = C@ 2 ) 9 1 &q I + 9 (& j-
.& A " @ M ; o (; M P "& (9 'A v + " @ 9 m :C G "& p%$ .(Rasa, and Barati 2006)
W #N :C G (9 .& A " @ M ` z$ 9 < F; O& 2 . 2 9 | G O N .& 8 A " @ < 2 W #N 8 < F; O N
o R Z 8 (9 | G 1 O N (; C G 49 J 9 W #N :C G (9 E 8 (; 2 z$ 9 8
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-Finch, W. I. and Davis, J. F. (eds.), 1985- GeologicalEnvironment of Sandstone- type Uranium Deposits .I A E A,
Vienna, 408p.
-Berberian,M,King,G.C.P,(1981),-Towards a paleogeography and tectonic of Iran, Canadian journal of Earth
Sciences.VOL.18,NO2,P.210-265.
- LeRoux, J. P., 1985- Tectonic and Sedimentologic Environments of Sandstone - Hosted Uranium Deposit with Special
Reference to Karoo Basin of South Alp. In: Finch, W. I. and Davis, J. F. (eds.), Geological Environments of
Sandstone - type Uranium Deposits. I A E A, Vienna, P. 279-290.
- Rajesh, H.M. (2007) Mapping Proterozoic unconformity-related uranium deposits in the Rockhole area, Northern
Territory, Australia using landsat ETM+., Ore Geology Reviews 33, pp. 382-396.
- Arris, J.R., Wilkinson, L., Heather, K., Fumerton, S., Bernier, M.A., Ager, J. and Dahn, R. (2001). Application of GIS
Processing Techniques for Producing Mineral Prospectivity Maps- A Case Study: Mesothermal Au in the Swayze Greenstone
Belt, Ontario, Canada. Natural Resources Research. 10(2):3-13
-Rasa, I., Barati, M., (2006) Study of redox reaction in conversion of magnetite to hematite in depths of Iron mine, W
Iran.2th Symposium of Applied Geology and Environment, Islamic Azad University of Islamshahr, Iran. (in Persian)

164
 ! "
5 !" # 4 3Rudy Swennen 2 *1
m.janbaz90@basu.ac.ir !1
2
mohseni@basu.ac.ir !
Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium. rudy.swennen@kuleuven.be3
4
a.piryaei@niocexp.ir %& ' () (* + ,* (' ' -./ 01
5
bizhan.yegane@gmail.com , 2 !
% &'
-( 2 : ! ,= >?2 1 7 5 .( <= & 4 5% 6 78 9 ' ' : ' &3% , 2
-( 2 . I )& (%2) , 2 7 (%98) D7 ( 2 ! @1 A . %B . 5% 7
planar-s & non-planar 7 . M)N 3 . 7 I ' 1 J I' : . 3 <K& I' : ! > L D7
(<5-15 µm) D1 ! > > . S >* ,< R N : O) & &8 NP < 2 &* 7 , * , Q
(D4) ( 2 planar-s & palnar-e * = 7 . M 2 J I' : . 3 <K& (40-70 µm) D3 (15-40 µm) D2
X2 L 8 . >1 . . 7 ICP-OES 7 X 8 2 Y >W , . ,< & 7. W. & 8 N P < 2
' Y \ .(Al-K . . R2=0/78) ( . N 3 ,= 2Y 8 7. ? 3 K,< >1 . >*
7 ( 2 . X ' 8 . > B7 A > ( ]- ^ _ . . < ' (` Q a& 7 2 X
R O *)
2
R *8 Y >1 . ' O * % Y . K (D3) ( 2 7 . O' 8: . K ' , D1
.(Al-K . .
( )*+ !, -. !/ ) - 0 1, : 3 %4,* 5

Impact of impurities on crystal size of dolomites: a case study, the

Shahbazan Formation
Mohadeseh Janbaz1*, Hassan Mohseni2, Rudy Swennen3, Alireza Piryaei4, Bizhan Yousefi
Yegane5
1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. m.janbaz90@basu.ac.ir
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran. mohseni@basu.ac.ir
3
Earth and Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium. rudy.swennen@kuleuven.be
4
NIOC Exploration Directoriate, Geological Department, Tehran, Iran. a.piryaei@niocexp.ir
5
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Iran. Bizhan.yagane@gmail.com

Abstract:
Dolomitization is the most important diagenetic feature of the middle-late Shahbazan Formation.
Based on petrography of dolomite samples which are collected from four surface sections, replacive
dolomites (98%) and cements are recognized. Replacive dolomites are differentiated into two fabric-
type. The first fabric-type includes interlocking mosaics of non-stoichiometric, non-planar to planar-s
crystals which show dark red to purple CL color without zonation. According to crystal size, they are
categorized in three groups: D1 (<5-15µm), D2 (15-40µm) and D3 (40-70µm). Fabric type-2 includes
planar-e to planar-s dolomite crystals (D4) with red to orange CL color and show zonation. Elemental
analysis revealed intimate correlation between K high Al content of dolomite as impurities (R2=0.78 in
Al-K cross plot). Their corresponding vertical distribution pattern against stratigraphic logs are
identical. D1 dolomites contain mazimum value of K and Al. Evidently, increasing in dolomite
crystals size (from D1 to D3) accompanying decrease in Al and K and their relevant correlation (i. e.
decrease in R2 on Al-K cross plot).
Keywords: Zagros basin, Lurestan Zone, the Shahbazan Formation, dolomite

165
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c . , . : > ' N 7 >, % . . b ,] . ^ _ . 7 a, ! * = ( 2
d5& . .7 ( 2 7 . L . (Geske et al., 2012) ' %Y 7 6 * ' '.
- . <L. . . 8'. , 7 . <L. . M & 7 ( 2 >* c. e ' > >2 . . <L.
( 6 . 8 78 9 ' d @ J .(e. g. Al-Aasm et al., 2009) ,< . ( . ,< ' ! 7
(Mcllearth and ,< . ( . 8 * > W& . . . 5& ' M & : 8 9 ' . >* ' ( 2
& ( 2 . . . . 5& OK 7 . >,: ! c. e c ?2 1 > D .Morrow, 1990; Warren, 2000)
c a& f . . 5& >* Machel (1997) . * . Kaczmarek and Sibley (2014) Machel (1997) >
e g & 8' 7 , * , ) 5 * & c a& ( ' , 3` >D. ) . 7. ,L c a& (M ) ,:
7. < >* * > ' ' P _ a 7 !h' . a& (^ 7 . 5 7 M i *
. * > W& . 78 B . . 5& 3* ( ' N7 ( 2 , 2
. Wynd (1965) >* ' D & ( <= & 4 5% . 78 9 ' ' : ' & 3% , 2
>* ( "barren dolomitic limestone" 5% S! 7 ,<' 7 . <L. A. 8!
. , . ' 7 . ,<' >* 7 @ > . . 5% ,<! , 2 >
P ' &=A =82Y ), 5% 7 ( 2 7, *, . . . >?2 1 .( *
. . 5& (' . j 2 * >* ( >,: ! c. e (1394) . <@ d & XRF 8 2 Y
. %! . = \Q . ,< 7 L & 7 8 . 7 ' : Me k (' . j 2 Y D > (' 2
. ! >D. O' 8: (' . j 2 M & (' . j 2 > (' 2 . . 5& > 8 (1395)
5% ( 2 7 . . . . 5& 8 X2 L OK > >?2 1 ' . . * . 5%
.( >,L = @1 A . %B .
7) 8 9*: :2
>?2 1 , 2 7 '9 ! * . *O 7 > @1 A . %B , 2/5 > e : > 250
7. 7 A . 7. Y ' . * 7. 5% ^ A > . .(1 M )
> 8 N '. 8 2Y ( < * ( 2 l ] & 7 m n_ K > %& P= .( >,: ! . N 7. Y ' . =
P= .( W Sibley and Gregg (1987) S ( 2 7. o . 78 Y R . Dickson (1965) A .
(CCL: Cold Cathodoluminescence) P < 2 &* g K e m n1K 20 m n_ K >?2 1
pL . j Y 200-400 & = ' D (2 * 13 9 ,2 CCL >?2 1 _ . d' . >?2 1
(SEM: Scanning Electron , 2 g / ' !.8 >?2 1 7 .( 0/05 torr , *. :
JEOL JSM- , \_ O = P= > %& q I' > O .` ' 7 . ), Microscopy)
.( jY 300 5' K& ' D c (2 * 15-20 >?2 1 ' . ), . 9 ,2 . >?2 1 840A
ICP- A . > 8 ( 2 J M > 40 (( s ], ' '. 7 . <L.8'. ) , > r=
,2 3 . & P= . = ! 100 > .` ' . 82 Y : e e 7 OES
3Wk (./ 2/5) HCl , 2 7 (%48) HF , 2 3 (%70) HClO4 , 2 2 (%65) ./ 14 HNO3
n_ K . 8 2 Y ICP-OES , ^ @ ,2 15 Pj . ,2 25 > 1K iY N
CL >?2 1 . SEM : ! ,= c ?2 1 > %& ' () (* + ,* (' ' d & m
. W I'h KU-Leuven . ICP-OES 8 2 Y

166
 I )& 7 A ,<! :1 M
.(R . 85 7 O] ) 5% u 7. Y
> K 7. 8 >?2 1 7 A M@
K )& > %& > K .( l]
S K Zagros structures > K
() (* + ,* (' ' ) 1:1000000
i Qi D > K (1380 '
O] ) 1:1000000 S K '
' () (* + ,*
.( (1969

; # * < / :3
( , 610 ( ]- J W ) >?2 1 A . %B . 5% %95 >* : ! ,= c ?2 1 >W ,
M @, Y %84 (partial) ] , 2 . B %11 , 2 7 ( ]- J W .( , 2
L . >,:. \ * > 2 I Y R (: Y . >* (1 ^ D) ( (pervasive) ,<! , 2
.(Tucker and wright, 1990) ( N 3* 2Y & 6 %& .
A . , 2 J e. > >?2 1 7 A . 5% ( ]- :1 ^ D
. *O '9 !* 7
( , ) ( ]- 135 93 150 232
( e. ) ] , 2 1 1 2 42
( e. ) ,<! , 2 99 99 96 42
( e. ) , 2 100 100 98 84

3( )*+ >, 1* / :1-3

- ( ( 2 %98) D7 ( 2 ! > 5% 7 ( 2 : ! ,= c ?2 1 S
- +ok >?2 1 ! ' 5 'o= , 2 7 I )& >* W Y . I )& (%2) , 2 7
1 J I' : . 3 <K& 2 J I' : 1 J I' : ! > I' : J S D7 ( 2 .
<5-70µm @ . ( 2 planar-s & non-planar 7 . M)N 3 . 7 I '
!> > . S Pj . ,< 7 N : O) & & 8 N R . > P < 2 & * . . >*
7 . .( 52 N ^ ,< : M] ]& M >* M] ]& e. > <5-15 µm D1 :M >* <K&
& b2 2 7 M ) ,< 7 > planar-s & planar-e 7 . M > , 2 g >?2 1 . ( 2
%30 >* (s u c 2 7 M ) 15-40 µm D2 . v X,L L > . ( 2 %58 k >, ' .(g
%12 : (x-w 2 7 M ) 40-70µm D3 . 7. M] ]& %2 v X,L L > . .
* =7 . 7. o D4 >* 2 J I' : . . 7. M] ]& %5 >, . N >5& .
W. & 8 N P < 2 7 >,< 40 & 15 . ( 2 Planar-s & Planar-e
, 2 ' D4 nN . .(. y 2 7 M ) ( \* ' > ] '8 ' D >*
.( 7-4 M ) !.L . ' > k SEM backscattered ' X& . .( ]

167
> >* & ^ b' . . I' J I' : :2 M
. . D3 D2 D1 ! ' X& q & &
z { i ' X& j ' X& w c b2 ' X&
SEM ' X& x s g ' X& CL . ' X&
2 J I' : . %B b' . . . !
' X&(. CL ' X& (y | j ' X& ( :(
.( SEM backscattered

3( )*+ @ . ?4 :2-3
. Y 2 ^ D . ICP-OES 8 2 Y 0' ,
.(

7 > 7 . ICP-OES 8 2 Y r' , :2 ^ D

- '= ' &/ ^ b' . . X 7 . 5%
b' . . 7 ! . K '&
.( . Y. ? + @

Dolomite- Dolomite-
Sample type Dolomite-D1 Dolomite-D3 Mudstone
D2 D4
No. of samples 13 12 12 3 5
21/6-23/0 21/7-23/9 21/8-24/0 22/8-23/7 24/8-31/1
Ca (%wt)
22/1±0/53 22/6±0/70 22/7±0/76 22/3±0/47 27/7±2/6
13-13/8 12/7-13/6 12/9-13/5 12/5-13/2 2/5-9/1
Mg (%wt)
13/3±0/26 13/3±0/26 13/3±0/43 12/9±0/40 7/2±3/0
288-442 174-496 215-471 253-427 190-312
Na (ppm)
362±47 332±98 321±89 319/5±94 253±50/7
73-110 57-93 53-110 64-93 122-339
Sr (ppm)
96±31 71±10 70±16 78±14 179±117
155-2555 265-2141 71-864 59-933 3131-6278
Al (ppm)
1201±732 856±568 512±292 416±458 4410±1249
52-1745 14-1667 15-882 55-506 1536-3034
K (ppm)
738±531 452±439 230±247/5 239±237 2197±612

. >?2 1 7 A > 7 > B , M K . ( 2 3 ,= 2Y 8 a& 3 M .

0/91-1/03 D2 . 0/03 . ? + @ 0/94-1/03 D1 . Mg/Ca 2 e. . . % \ *
(5< ' .( 0/04 . ? + @ 0/88-0/96 D4 . 0/04 . ? + @ 0/90-1/02 D3 . 0/04 . ? + @
. , < * 7 > k ' >,< > ( D4 . (5< ' S O * ' : _ . ' O * D3 > D1
! . N ), . ( 2 ^ 7. lL > ( 2 . 3' . d5& ( 2 7 .
-312) ( , 7 > , ( = = 300-496) ( 2 %69 3' . K .(Land, 1980; Rao, 1996)
I' : 7 > 3' ' K . ,< Y &. ' '. 7. ( 2 c/ >* ( ( = = 190
` > M ,@ n S K . . . 5& >* ,< 8 N : >* (2 ^ D) ( 2 1 J
( 2 < , . K .( = = 122-339 Y , 7 > < , . K .(Machel, 1997) .
n' & q' - M 2 > (Brand and Veizer, 1980) 8 9 ' _ . < , . K O *. * a& = = 53-110
. K .(Land, 1980; Veizer, 1983; Vahrenkamp and Swart, 1990; Tucker, 2001) ( ( 2 . < , I' , *
Sr/Ca 2 (5< . * . b2 -4 M .(2 ^ D) * . D3 & D1 ( 2 < ,

168
 ( ]- M K . 2Y 3 ,= e (` Q a& :3 M
.>?2 1 . 7 A . 5%

. >* . D4 & D1 . O' 8: Mg/Ca

7/ . K .( &S <@ D3 D1 7 ( 2
3'8 = ( < * ( D1 . < , 3'8
.7 * ' X2 L 6}, ' >2
b2 -4 M . * 7 ! D D1 7 . . >*
> ~ (R2) ?& q' - . K > >D & >*
. K % & (0/14) D1 7 > (5• A dL
3 K,< >1 . D1 7 > e. 14 3'8 < ,
( .( / O] . 8* & M 2 > >* . (5•
^ ? D3 . 0/63 ^ ? D2 . . K ' .( .
' X2 L OK > €< ' .(b2 -4 M ) ( 0/41
O' 8: 7 ! D . D1 7 h' > . . 7 *
c * ,L . 2Y 3 ,= . * R . = .
. K . ^,* X2 L d & * (*.
= = 14-1745 q& &> ( 2 2Y 3 ,=
>* i-4 M . * a& = = 59-2555
k ?& q' - ,5• 3 K,< >1 . X '
' . K ' 7 .(3 M ) ( > A > . X (` Q c a& . • . . 0/78
. 7 > X2 L >* * & . ^ ,k ' (2 ^ D i-4 M ) ' O * D4 > D1 X
c B ) 3' . K 8 2Y 3 ,= < , O *. *M D1 ( 2 7 . .
. ( 2 J I )& > A dL ?& q' - . * (' K& . / <)& D2 D1 ><' K . D3 . ( , *
D1 . ?& q' - . K ) ' O * q' - ' D3 > D1 . O' 8: >* i- 4 M
' . <)& ' D4 . . > 3* ?& M 2 > .(( 0/39 ^ ? D3 . 0/55^ ? D2 . 0/89^ ?
. ! c. e ~ ,k !
8 (b2 :4 M
. Mg/Ca (% mole)
Sr/Ca (% MK
O' 8: mole)
O * .
. K Mg/Ca
(i .( < ,
. 2Y .
>1 . ( 2 J I )& > A dL . ‚ ?& D2 D1 > X ' &/ ' K ( X ' 3 K,< >1 . 3 ,=
.( l] B >1K e A dL . & R. = , B * 7 . . . X
.( . IB * 7 ( 2 . h' > 3 ,= 2Y X ' 3 R . = 7 ? > > €< '
= = 500 O > e. 60 . * a& ( 2 . = = 1200 & 460 2Y . K
* 2Y 7/ 8 ' .( = = 1000 O % Y e. 22 k 2Y . K . 2Y
.(Weaver and Pollard, 1973; Swennen, 1986) * M ,@ . .
169
 A 1 B / :4
7 . M)N 3 . 7 I ' M 1 J I' : . 3 <K& ! > I' : S ( 2 7 . .1
D3 (15-40µm) D2 (<5-15µm) D1 > . > >D & >* ( R N : O) P < 2 ( 2
.(D4)ƒ„ ( 8 N & W. P < 2 ( 2 * = 7 . M 2 J I' : (40-70µm)
c a& > \ * . .( X2 L D 3 ,= 2Y 7/ 8 ICP-OES 8 2 Y r' , S .2
. * M ,@ % Y 7 m , X ' I' 8 ,<5 > B , . X ' (` Q
.P ' O * X2 L 8 ( 2 7 . O' 8: .3
. 1 J I' : . ( 2 7 . O' 8: 7 > , 2 P= . . 5& -4
.( x. IB * . < S K . @ c. e > ' : '
<' > > h= q2 N . > '8 ] &7 h= ( ? : ,+: C * &DE
82Y W 7 KU-Leuven . 7. 8 j m 7 A > %& 7 () (* + ,* (' '
. . N &P < 2 & * c ?2 1 W ICP-OES
F# :5
. 5% 7 ( 2 J ' : ! ,=" (1395) .z K 7 ' .J . @2 e . . .S %! . = \Q
. * ? c : ,* O' ."(^ : ! ,: : ^ ) ./ ,) 1 . B
7. R 7 >' = ( 2 7. > 5 3` . ,L W X " (1394) .i ? :. . . = … 5 .z <@
* . > W "( * , iQi D 5% 7 ( 2 7. . ) XRF XRD
.43-54 c @)e 1 D 23 . '
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Asmari Formation, Gachsaran area, SW Iran: petrographic and isotopic evidence", Journal of Petroleum Geology, 32(3), p. 1-
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metamorphosis on isotope (δ26Mg, δ13C, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr) and elemental (Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Sr) signatures of Triassic
sabkha dolomites", Chemical Geology, 332–333, p. 45–64.
Kaczmarek, S.E., Sibley, D.F., 2014. "Direct physical evidence of dolomite recrystallization", Sedimentology, 61(6), p. 1862-
1882.
Land, L. S. 1980. The isotopic and trace element geochemistry of dolomite: the state of the art. In: Zenger, D. H., Dunham, J.
B., and Ethington, R. L. (Eds.), Concepts and Models of Dolomitization. Society of Economic Paleontologists and
Mineralogists, Vol. 28: 87–110.
Machel, H.G., 1997. "Recrystallization versus neomorphism, and the concept of ‘significant recrystallization’ in dolomite
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Mcllreath,I.A., Morrow, D.W., 1990. Diagenesis. Geoscience Canada, Reprint series 4. 338p.
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Wetenschappen, Vol. 48: 67–108.
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Vahrenkamp, V. C., and Swart, P. K. 1990. New distribution coefficient for the incorporation of strontium into dolomite and
its implications for the formation of ancient dolomites. Geology, Vol. 18: 387–391.
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Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Short Course 10: 265-300.
Warren, J. K. 2000. Dolomite: occurrence, evolution and economically important association. Earth- Science Reviews, Vol.
52: 1-81.
Weaver, C.E., Pollard, L.D., 1973. The chemistry of clay minerals. Developments in Sedimentology, 15, Elsevier. 212p.
Wynd, J.G., 1965. "Biofacies of the Iranian oil consortium agreement area", National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration
Division, Tehran, 212p.

170
 " %&'( $ " Cyclolog " # !

jamshidi_f68@yahoo.com *

! "
# $ % & # ' jalilian@pnu.ac.ir
# $ % & ' Arzan2@yahoo.com
$ % ! ( )' *+ , - " Arshad.a@nisoc.ir

!"
6 &% 78 9 :% 1 "2 ) $ .# & / 0 1 2" % % 34 ' '5 &
1 '5 6 1 2 % % 1 27#C <2= 3 5; <2= 3 > ?"@A & $# .- 1(
1 7 KL L ;% & '; ; L @ 7I,J ' " % K 7G,9 4 $ DE #% * E? 7F G $# ."
/ "% #C O) .# " % % 0# 7 ) 1 2 % % 6 .- " M NC ,4 ; % ' @ ,J
S TE 2 % $# / " % 1 "A J O) Q R6 7 1 2O) "2 54 PE 6 5 * E?
. & J % 2O) $# '5 ) 1" %- % 7 "2 @ 1% P E ( ?3 J " K
. /0 1 23 & 2 456 #7 & #7 , &Cyclolog #$ % & ' () : + , -

Abstract:
The Bangest Group, composed of Kazhdumi, Sarvak, Sourgah and Ilam, is the second most valuable
hydrocarbon reservoir in the Zagros Basin. The lithology of this group consists mainly of fossil
limestone, clay limestone and thin layers of gray marl. In this paper, the subsurface adaptation between
4 wells from Nahan oilfield in Ghaleh Nar in the north of Dezful Depression has been done based on the
climatic stratigraphy principles and using cyclopleg software. Some reservoir zones, especially two
zones of the Ilam Formation and the upper part of Sarvak Formation, show very good alignment with
the levels of the sequence, but in the middle parts, and especially the main part of the Sarvak Formation,
these zones correspond to It is not significant with borderline levels that the zoning of the Bangestan
reservoir needs to be reviewed in these parts.

Keywords: Time levels, Cyclolog software, Reservoir zones, Bangestan reservoir, Ghaleh Narvar oilfield.

171
 / 8
= 7 " " 7' &% 78 9 , 7? W % 1 7A @M $ V –$ TF= 76 K @2
.(1385 ? T J=) " ; I 1 X& .# & / 0 1 2" % % 34 ' '5 & A -D?
$# " '52 # ' % ) $# ?^ % 4# ($ ?–$ TF=) 7 ? $ .# / 1 2" % 7 # M = %
1 2" % % 1 2% NC ,4 ; % ' O 7IF E .- " @' " % $# 1 7IF E
12 K % 1 2% 7IF E ."# & ; I # 7I,J ' " % % #% : 4 .# /
` - $' " 2 K ' 1 3 _ ( "A 3 F 7 1 9 6 _ W A.+ % ' '
3G . "2 6 1 1 5 _ "J ; 1 2 K 1 7 @ ` 3 ; $ a@2 1 9 1 2 6
." ^ 2 6 1 ' 7M ' 7 1 '@ 5 % - ( 2 K `,b 1 7 4# ; ' 1 2 @ % '
- ' $ % 7( ? ; ? ' ,4 W IF E 4# ; ' 1 2 @ % ' % # %
e <# W 7 ' & @" 4# '4F @ <# .- 4# '4F 1 2 @ d# 4 . 1 2 76 K -Tc =
7 7 " '52 d# 4 . 1 76 K @2 -G G9 2<( $# .- " 3 4 ? e 1 #% "I? % 7 f ;`
7 ` e @ # ^ ' "# ; ? ' ,4 7IF E 1 ." % 5 4# '4F 1 2 @ ١^9 e 1 54# @2
M# 7IF E $# M % h"2 . ' NC ,4 ; % g $# 1 ^ 7# M? = " 2 3 4 ? 1 (
7 - 7I,J " 7IF E 1 2 K .# / 1 2" % 12 F ? % ! K K <#
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6 35& 7 9 " $# .- " jJ L ;% ' b L @ 1 ' , 35 7I,J 1% &/ ' "
$ % &"# % L ;% & '; ; 7GE . J C O@6 L ;% & '; ; F @ 7 9 '; $ #
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1
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"# & NC ,4 % ; 7I,J 1% &/ ' " % K 7G,9 4 4# ; ' 1 2 @ 6 1 2 7IF E $#
" 7 @ 1 2 @ 7IF E - )8 7 7( ? (SGR) & @ 1 2 % ' 7 F 12 %m
7 - & ? @ ? 1 2e L + o + " INPEFA @ ." 7 ? ; n ?2 " O 1 E6
@ 7 4# '4F 1 2 @ NC ,4 ; ."2 2 # # ; W 7 & ? W _?
? ; $# % ' . F ? 7 K #% `T @ $# 5 ? 3#"T? + _?
.(De Jong et al.,2006) @ ^ 5G? 1 27'5 7 pE 7 "A J % F ? <#
f ; : $# . ' 7I,J " '5 & % * E? 1 INPEFA @ % 7IF E $#
.(De Jong et al.,2006)" * E? - , J 2 @ ( 1 2" 74 #
^ ,J % W _? # 7IF E 12 K = 34 _? 2 @ W _? "
- #( @ 3- & q G 2 K $ S TE 1 J INPEFA @ Q 6 - @2 . 1 7 K
" (pb) # (Positive break) -Tr " C 7 # ; " .(De Jong et al.,2006)" _? @ " 7
7EG " 2 -Tr 7 " _? .(234 )" (nb) # (Negative break) " = # G 2
(Negative Turning point) - & 7EG 7 -Tr % " _? (Positive Turning point ) -Tr - &
P E (nb) W _? "2 t (sb) 5 4 1 2% (pb) -Tr " W _? r ." s)
.(Cyclolog user guide, 2010)"2 (mfs) . r "9
-Tr - & 7EG -; & g 1 = ? 7 - , > ?"@A 3 ; ( " 2 @ -Tr "
-; & g -Tr 1% pE A7 ? " # 3J 2 K # 7 ? -Tr " $# 1 "'
2 K # 7 ? " $# 1 "' - & 7EG " 1 5 7 > ?"@A @ "
q E6 = S TE 1 .(Cyclolog user guide, 2010)^# & g 1% pE <# A7 " # 3J
" # 1 2% 7 7( ? # R'6 " <# # @ <# pb nb 2 1 o,') 1 2 K
. & J S TE <#
) 5 /5 " <6 (=
u DF 7 7I,J 1% & / ' " % K 7G,9 4 7IF E 1 2" % 1 7 K % * E? g 7 O2 0 $#
; (GammaRay) & ? @ % ' 4# '4F 1 2NC 4# ; ' W A.+ $# '
*TE NW-SE "' 7IF E 1 2 K 7I,J " % 5 4 3 2 @ 1 2 K ."# & M Cyclolog,2010
PB(Possitive break) 2 K 7IF E $# .(5-5 34 ) - "2 3 J #% 7I,J m#"J ? v '
$# 7 ." '; & J S TE @2 q E6 I #"4# 7 = L R? " # 1 2 NB(Negative break)
NB 7 q 7 12 @ # " R'6 @ <# 2 K @? 7 PB # NB 2 7 7 W
$ %$ 7 " '; & J 1 7 K % * E? 2 K $# >.@A "# & 3R' #"4# 7 2PB
S TE 7IF E $# .(5-5 34 ) - " =Lr 1 C <# @ K ."# & , 5; 1 2 n ? =
.- "2 3 J 1 L "( 3 J = J W A.+ 7 "# & 1 X PB % NB % `)' K4 " M
(Correlation panel) J TE W K <# " " 3 ^2 7 2 K 7 , @2 1 7 K 1 2"9 2% '
.(6-5 34 )."# & M# 7IF E "%

2
INPEFA
3
Turning point
173
 .(Cyclolog user guide, 2010) NC ,4 ; INPEFA D 5 ?% # @ -234

#7 <6 (=
S TE " "' ) 12 % ? J TE W K % " = - 7 % q E6 * E? % '
1 ' -J 2 % $# % 7IF E $# % ' . @ LT ) Q 6 - )8 g % 2 % $# T ( W _?
%77 ` ? _? 4# ; ' 1 2 &0# 7# 7I,J " '5 ) .- s ) ? 3 J
- I8 % 2 % q E6 K 2 ) 1 2 % $ S TE M# .(1387 " )- " ^ 5G? )
2 % 7 , 7 " "2 -; & J 5 -6 34 7 7( ? ) 1 2 % 7 -T5 5 4 P E 1 & J
: - #% P 7 S TE $# y# ' ." 6 6 S TE % T5 + 7 7IF E 12 K

. 7I,J " '5 ) nb pb W R) -1 L "(

174
 I1 #7 ,
6 5 G E? " - 7'; # "' NB1000 % n6 7IF E : 4 2 ) % $# 1 '
$# - )8 . 7'5 NB1000 2 K @? = "A J .# " % *TE % $# ."2
.- 54# > T# G? 2 K @? ) %
I2 #7 ,
) % $# ." PB2000 Nb2000 PB1000 Nb1000 3 7IF E 1 2 K 7@2 ) % $#
& . @? PB2000 QR4 ( 7 2 K 7@2 l Nb1000 7IF E 1 2 K @?
. & J % % $# "A J QR4 K
S3-1 #7 ,
@? PB3000 2 K 7@2 l PB2000 QR4 ( 7 7IF E 1 2 K l @M % K 4 ) % $#
. & J % % $# QR4 K & .
S3-2 #7 ,
$# 7 7I,J 5 K ( 7 ." # 7@? 6 PB3000 % b= Nb3000 7IF E 1 2 K 7@2 ) % $#
. & J % % $# QR5 K & ." Nb3000 3 ) %
S3-3 #7 ,
." # 7@? 6 PB5000 % b= PB3000 7IF E 1 2 K 7@2 ) % $#
S4 #7 ,
2 7I,J K = "A J . & % b=PB5000 7I,J " % 7IF E 1 2 K @? ) % $#
* TE? NB8000 T# G? = "A J - #C - )8 1 ) % $# 4 7I,J . " * E? % q E6 3
." NB7000 PB7000 PB6000 NB6000 PB5000 % q E6 3 K $# S4 ) % .
S5 #7 ,
12 K # ." '5 1 ' ? 1 9 3 @4? "A = -,A 7 - " o# I? 3 7I,J K ) % $#
K . & ^'6 NB8000 7 = "A J -5 s) = 2 7I,J . " )@2 #"4# 7IF E
." PB9000 > T# G? = "A J NB8000 > T# G? = 4 7I,J
S6 #7 ,
% $# .- " "2 2 7I,IJ 5 7I,J K ? 7IF E 1 2: l @M % ) % $#
BP9000 K 2 = 7@? 6 NB9000 NB8000 % q E6 ` ? ? 7 5 2 7I,J K )
." NB9000 PB8000 % q E6 3 ) % $# 2 7I,J ."
S7 #7 ,
7@? 6 PB10000 % b= PB9000 2 7I,J = .- " "2 2 5 7I,J K 2 ? ) % $#
. & ^'6 PB11000 7 % b= NB10000 > T# G? 5 7I,J K ." #
> /? 2
1 7 K " @2 % ! K K 1 1 7 K ,A % - ' $ % &"# % ) <# 1" %
- , J # ? 7 7( ? . @ " 5 4 ; ? ' ' F : 7 nG; "# T ' @ ,J 1 7 K 54
1 7 "G A7 ; $# % ' ) 1" T % 1 2$ K S TE NC ,4 ; ,@A
p DR? # " # ? 5 4 1 7 K , @4? W IF E mV 7'; & g 1 " 2 % ) 1" %1
." & J

175
 ) 1 % $ .- 6 6 5 S TE % K 7G,9 4 " # q E6 7 7( ? .# " % 1" %
12 % % 1 2% > ? " - J 6 S TE = " # % q E6 " / " % % S4 ?S1
2 K r J / "% 7IF E 1 2 K 7 , S1 % $ a@2 " 4 jEJ )
^ S TE % ^ <# K3 " ^ I? % q E6 S7 ? S5 ) 1 2 % ." *TE pb2000 % n6
." 4 jEJ ) 1 % q E6 $# 2 K {I " '52 6 6O
7' 1 ' 1 X& c ? 1 @ = % ?$ # 1 2" % 7IF E 7GE 1 ,5& 7 $# 7 7( ?
1 2 35& c ? - " 5 4 1 2% 3D = 7 K ' % ) hX9 `(
/ " % - @2 1 2 % "A J %C * TE? "A 7 7( ? . " ? '5 *; ) 1" % -
. & J % 3 +7 / ) 1" % $# 7IF E 1 2:
! =, 8=
! ( 6- *+ , - " @( #" v# 1 2-# @9% " %C 6 &" 5#
." 7' "J 4 ? L @ O2 0 $# M 1

) $ @6 5
.Q 586 "I W ; ' $ % % W ' # $ % 1383 .l. ? T J=
79) #- , - ,6 : & . 7I,J " '5 ) 1% L" $ % 7F E 1387 . .l "
.6239 – | @ ( ! ( 6- *+
.Q 536 $ % % W ' : &% 7 K # $ % 1372 . I E
References
1-Cyclolog Version 2010C User Guide, 2010, Enres International Company
2-De Jong, M., Smith, D., Djin Nio, S., Hardy, N., 2006, Subsurface correlation of the
Triassic of the UK southern central graben: new look at an old problem. Vol.24, p.103–109

176
177
 ( ) !"# $ %$
" ! & ! ' ! (: *

4 3 2 *1 !"#
1

abolfazljamshidipour1994@gmail.com
!" # $% & ' (!" )*%+ ,"2
mkhanehbad@um.ac.ir
!" # $% & ' (!" )*%+ ,"3
moussavi@um.ac.ir
!" # $% & ' (!" )*%+ ,"4
mahboubi@um.ac.ir

: % &'
+ 9< .) ;%# = 59& < ;% 8 & 9 + 89: 4 % 4 567 & % 1 23 /0% &
;# ) )% 7 ( ! D E+) )%6! B C 8 4 (% A ; A 5 %6 & $9 @ /? 9
#% # ' J %(+ ( + 8 8 $% + 4 5 7 8' I) $+< %6 ( ) H%!% (;#
5% 7 (D1, D2, Vd) 4 5% 7 N!5O + & ( + 8 KLM + )% 7 4 5%7 !%5 ) 9 %(%
.) 4 59 %I 4 6%!% ( /0% & +45 7 ) E%6 * 56# ( + )% 7 P9 ) KLM 4
B + T )9 .) S ( 9 5 8%7 ) / ? 9 & = Q5 ;R /? 9 + 9< $9 & +
. <) / ? 9 ;R %6Q= U 8 4< #%5 ? I 7 = ' 5I & ;C R +

& 1) 0 .) / . - : ( %) * +,

Study of Diagenetic processes affecting on Sibzar Formation

(middle Devonian) in East of Neyshabur: Applicable for
paragenetic sequence of diagenesis
Abolfazl Jamshidipour1*, Mohammad Khanehbad1, Reza Moussavi Harami1, Asadollah
Mahboubi1
1 Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
* abolfazljamshidipour1994@gmail.com
Abstract:

The Sibzar Formation in the Kharv section in east of Neyshabur composed of dolostone and
intercalations of sandstone and andesitic sill. The diagenetic processes affecting on this Formation are

178
very diverse and include types of cementation that are calcite (equant and blocky), dolomite (euhedral
and anhedral), silica (overgrowth), iron oxide (vein filling in dolostones and interagranular in
sandstones), mechanical and chemical compaction (stylolitization in dolostones and pressure solution in
sandstones), various phases of dolomitization (D1, D2, Vd), dissolution (especially in dolomite),
fracturing, neomorphsim (in the dolostones of the Sibzar Formation), silicification and pyritization. Each
of these diagenetic processes has occurred in different stages of diagenesis (eodiagenesis,
mesodiagenesis and telodiagenesis). Finally, based on observations and data from the petrography
studies, a paragenetic sequence was obtained for the interpretation of the diagenetic stages.

Keywords: Sibzar Formation, diagenesis, paragenetic sequence, Neyshabur

2
8 & Z%I 4 4 & = Y%M 4 85 4 & & B B 0% = + 'P9 8 = %%X= 8
< ]J B %%X= \ 0= = / ? 9 8[O9 = .(Tucker,2001) 85Q' / ? 9 + ' ' Y%M
8 ; _ & HI ( & 569& 9 %(% #9/% + 9< & 56' N%^ / ? 9 . 9
Y%M 9 I 9 %(% b? 5 K D= a9 8 = + Z 8` R _Q 4 % + < 8%7 B
& _ 8` R 4 8 4 % + < (% $% = 8[O9 = ) c% =.(Schmid et al, 2004)
+ 62 Y%M + 89: + ;# B $ .(Kim et al, 2007) ) / ? 9 _' %@ = ; " 8!(d
B: % 4 9 d )" ' A 0 8d 8 56 + $9 (= %@ = .(Tucker, 2001) /? 9 ( Ze
fg 2 3 /0% & @ /? 9 + 9< 8D7 J 8 Z+ PI $9 .(Gonzalez et al, 1992) /? 9
.(1 ;# ) ) 852 I / ? 9 + 9< #%5 & I 7 = 8 %5 U 8 % g 5 !% 30

.(.) iO 5 ) L" 3 ) % 1 23 # )%Dg (1 ;#

3 2 0 4*
g 0" 4 /9 LI l # #% ' 5I 8D7 J k& fJe 60 D= / ? 9 + 9< 9 U 8
/% < 8= 4 (% A 9 U 8 (Dickinson, 1965) 3 8 / g-$9 /%7< 8!% f^ e & D= .) '
. 9 '

179
 5
:) 9& n 8 & $9 /? 9 + 9<
:(Fracturing) 718&9 -1
;%# = + 9< 0 .) ;(5M 4< A g K (5R ;R (= 8 /? 9 + 9< & 56# 9 I
8 \ 5 % k 5 1 Q= 4 (% & HI (" ^ 8 #% 5#= B %@ = & ;C R + 56# + &
.(l N7 -2 ;# ) (Baroen and Parell, 2007) ) / ? 9 9 5 o%(" / ? 9 2< ;R
:(Prytization) < 9 0 -2
B & d ) 9 %I .(Butler and Rikard, 2000) 9 9 %R Y 9 8 %7 / ? 9 ^ & d ) 9 %I
(Goldhaber, 2004) 56 9 I 9 9 I #% ' $ 9_I Z $+< B Q7 +4 94 T 5 8 99
.( -2 ;# )
:(Silicification) < 9 8 + -3
9 5 = o%(" /? 9 ^ = 2 $9 + S P9 + 4 567 ;2 8 / ? 9 + 9< &
.( -2 ;# ) ' ;C R
:(Dissolution) => -4
8 + 4< %@ = 8p ' 5 1 Q= / ? 9 ;R (= 8 ' 6M / ? 9 + 9< & #9 KLM
& B: % q Q + & d B: % ,R .( l-2 ;# ) (Tang et al, 1997) 1 N!5O + 4 (% +
J 8 ) 4 B D7 J .) _' %@ = /% Z9 / 9 %(% Y9 6M KLM !C ; "
r ! / 8= #%!% + KLM 8 /% 9 5 = A 8 %7 / ? 9 & B KLM K (D
.(Wahab, 1998) ) Z9 / KLR B: % 2 $9 _' %@ = ; " 8 + S 9 5 /? 9 ^ 5 %
:(Cementation) < 9 -5
Tucker, ) ;9 0= )O 8 )6 4< ^ 8 ) /? 9 + 9s< $9 5( & #9 4 (%
.(Flugel, 2010) ) ` 4 (% 8 )06 K % A 0 1 Y9 4 (% ;%# = .(2001
! B C 8 c!u 4 (% $9 ) & $9 + 8 4% 4 (% A $9 = t9 4 (% $9 :@ * <
' 9 5 % / ? 9 ^ )% 7 4 ( % ! J . /9 8 ;# + ! 9 ;# +
.(q v-2 ;# ) (Dill et al, 2005)
. 9 ! D E+ B C 8 8 k& f^ e 9 4 (% 9 )%6! 4 (% :@ 8+, <
.(q n w-2 ;# ) (Salem et al, 2005) ;%# = / ? 9 9 5 8%7 ;R ^ (" ^ 8 4 (% $9
%6 + 4 5 7 d 56# + 8 $% , + 8' ,R B C 8 $+< %6 :A(B 8, <
$+< %6 87 + . + 8 $% 4 (% B C 8 + 8 + 56# + 8' I B C 8 $+<
) 4 %6 Y%M a 9 d & R8 _ 4 /(+ 8%7 / ? 9 ^ + 4< ;%# = & 4 +8 x ^
/? 9 4 85 + 8 $% B QR + 56# + 8 & B 0% = $9 ;%# = .(Gotte et al, 2013)
.(y-2 ;# ) (Poursoltani and Giblling, 2011) ) 9 5
! ". 9 + 8 ( (overgrowth) 4 (% B C 8 B %6 6%!% 4 (% : 8 + <
B C 8 H%!% ;%# = 9 #9 (+ c , H%!% 4 9 & A 0 B: % d : :^4 &

180
 ' 5 8d 90 = 70 & =: H%!% ;%# = .(Goldstein and Rossi, 2002) @ N!5O
.( q-2 ;# ) (Lander et al, 2008) / ? 9 ;C R 5 % 4 (% A $9
:(Compaction) D E -6
9< 8!(d & ' . 9 )%7 !%5 KLM #% # ' B z + 8 ( ;2 ' 9<
! B z .(Kim and Lee, 2004) 8 9 5 / ? 9 = 8 %7 / ? 9 & _ {M 8 8 /? 9 +
/ ? 9 8!R / ? 9 8!R & (" ^ 8 #% # ' .(Flugel, 2010) ! E R Z+ |" '
+ 9< 8!(d & ( KLM ) 9 %(% ' .(q-2;# ) (Makowitz et al, 2006) 9 4# = 8 %7
8d 90 & =: & KLM & A $9 d .(Renard et al, 2000) ) 9 ' 6M o%(" /? 9
9 I .(q-2;# ) (Schmid et al, 2004) 5 1 Q= o%(" 8!R 8 5 !% 2 & Z% o(" ' 5
(+ + ! KLM + Y%M a %= 5 5% 7 + Z = (+ Z9 / Y9 %@ = )M= 4 5%7 !%5
;%# = 8= + c% = ' ' ; " (Choquette and James, 1987) )
.(B-2 ;# ) (Baroen and Parnell, 2007) ) @ + )%7 !%5
:(Dolomitization) < 9 1 * -7
;# ) 9 N!5O (D1: x<30µ; D2: 20-150µ; Vd: 40-700µ ) )% 7 A 8 )% 7 + ! & T
5 U & D1 + )% 7 (Sibley and Gregg, 1987; Gregg and Sibley, 1984) 5 8e0^ T .(S B-2
Nonplanar-a (Xenotopic mosaic) + )% 7 & } /% D2 + )% 7 Nonplanar-a (Xenotopic mosaic) A &
& Vd + )% 7 . g Planar-e (Idiotopic mosaic) Planar-s (Hypidiotopic mosaic) 4< & HI 8 ;%# =
Planar-s (Hypiditopic mosaic) Planar-e (Idiotopic mosaic) Nonplanar-a (Xenotopic mosaic) A & 5 U
+ Y%M 5 % + ! /9 & T D1 + )% 7 . 56+ Nonplanar (Saddle) ;# 0 $9& + )% 7
+ )% 7 E6% * & D2 + )% 7 .(Al-Asam and Packard, 2000) ) ;%# = /d o(" E
. ;%# = 9 5 / ? 9 = / ? 9 ^ Vd 8' + )% 7 .(Adabi, 2009) ;%# = D1 A
:(Neomorphism) I8 E H -8
9< $9 . + D2 + ) % 7 Ye 9< $9 9 ' 4 5% 7 ZO = Z%I 8 J (+
.(B-2 ;# )(Scoffin, 1987) $9/ 9 d (+ 9 %(% c% = 9 d + ! 8!% (9 g + !
:(Dedolomitization) < 9 1 -9
$%9 I E%6! & u + K !M %@ = )M= ]J 8 a9 / Y9 & $9 + 4 567 4 5% 7
10 & Z% ) #+< + 4 567 9 cd 9< $9 .(Flugel, 2010) ) S 8d 50 & 5( CO2
.(S-2 ;# ) ) (4 5% 7 @ )%6! 9 C
:(Paragenetic diagenesis sequence) . ) / & 1) 0
8%7 ) / ? 9 8!R 8 7 = $9 E% = /0% _ & / ? 9 #%5 ? I 7 = ' 5I B D7 J T
:(3 ;# ) ) 9& n 8 a9 + B %C z2 8 ( 9 5
:(Eodiagenesis) * .) /
+ < %@ = )M= 9 %( J 4 & $9 9 8 $% = A = _ 4 && / ? 9 8!R $9
4 & $9 /? 9 + 9< $9 5( & .(Salem et al, 2005) %' g q Q B: % B 9 T 0M

181
 D1 A + )% 7 4 5 9 %I 9+ 9 I #% # ' $+< %6 5%6! + 4 (% 8 4 =
. ( KLM
:(Mesodiagenesis) KE . ) /
$9 + 9< $9 5( & .(Morad et al, 2000) ' 5 8d 70 5 !% 2 R 8!R $9
. 4 6%!% E%6 * 9 %(% 4 5% 7 5% 7 + 4 ( % 8 4 5% 4 &
:(Telodiagenesis) / L1 . ) /
$9 v R + 9< $9 5( & . #% 5#= + )%7 D + ' < ; 8 )69 8!R 9 5 /? 9
4 6%!% H%!% KLM )%7 !%5 Vd 8' + )% 7 6%!% $+< %6 5%6! 4 (% 8 4 5% 8!R
. + 56#

+ 4 < 4 #%I + )% 7 KLM + 4 # 4 #%I (N7 :4 /9 LI l # #% 9& k& f^ e 9 z= (2 ;#

)%7 !%5 (B /= 8 56# (l )% 7 4 5 9 %I 4 6%!% ( . $+< %6 56# 4 I 56#
4 (% (y 5%6! 4 (% 4 I + 8 ;2 56# (w )% 7 4 (% (v . E6% * 8 D2 A )% 7
KLM ( (. 9 / g 8 8 )%6! 8 )% 7 ;9 0=) 4 5% 7 (+ 8 D1 A )% 7 (S 5%6! 4 (% (n $+< %6
4 < 9 (/ g $9 /%7< 9 ) )%6! )% 7 4 (% + 4 & 9 (q 4 5% 7 R H%!%
+ 4 & 9 ( . #% # ' + Z 9 ( & 4 #%I KLM # 4 #%I 6%!% 4 (% +
&) J2 T %e ) (. (q) 9 z= < + 9 & #9 & 5 % 9 ( ' / 9 z= ( ) 9 z=) 6%!% 4 (%
.( 4 #% 400 (

182
 .( 5 % /?9 9< %@ = = I 8p + \ J2) 2 3 /0% & /? 9 + 9< #%5 ? I 7 = (3 ;#
: D M1
4 5% 7 56# (H%!% $+< %6 )% 7 )%6! ) 4 (% :; & $9 / ? 9 + 9<
f^ e ' 5I B D7 J & ;C R + T 8 E6% * KLM 4 6%!% 4 59 %I '
8%7 & E" / ? 9 ;R (= /? 9 + 9< . 9 ( 9 5 8%7 ) / ? 9 ;R k&
4 (% 4 5% 7 ) & $9 + 9< $9 = (" 8 8#9 J 6#9 _' %@ = 9 5
9< #%5 ? I 7 = $9 85 _' d 6#9 %@ = 09 e= 8!R 8 $9 (= (KLM '
+ 9< 5 1 Q= / ? 9 + 9< $%7 4< T 8 <) / ? 9 8!R A 89 I /? 9 +
5%7 !5% ; e S 8%7 / ? 9 ^ 8 D1 A )% 7 KLM #% # ' 4 (%
5 1 Q= 9 5 / ? 9 ^ 8 & $9 @ /? 9 + 9< $9 2< & Vd A 8' )% 7 4
.)
N K
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184
 !"# $ %
&'! ( ) *+
5 # $ % & ' 4 ! 3 ... 2 (*1)

! " # $ " % &' % ( .1

mahmood.jamilpour@um.ac.ir
moussavi@um.ac.ir & .2
mahboubi@um.ac.ir & .3
mkhanehbad@um.ac.ir " , & .4
hamed_hooshmand60@yahoo.com ! " # $ " % &' $ - . /&0 12 3' .5

Identification of Asmari reservoir time lines of Qale Nar oilefield

for reservoir zonation using Cyclolog software

Mahmood Jamilpour(1*), Seyyed Reza Mousavi Harami2, Asadollah Mahboubi3,Mohammad

Khanebad4, Hamed Hooshmand Kouchi5
1. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, PhD Student of Sedimentology and sedimentary petrology

2. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Professor

3. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Professor

4. Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Assistant Professor

5. Senior Geologist of National Iranian South Oil Company (NISOC), PhD of Sedimentology and sedimentary petrology

:* +#
<= $ - " % " 4 ! 5./ , . ! 6 & 67 " 8 &0 5 / , " 9: 4 5 %" 7 ; 5./
3 @ CD; < 5 , " %" 7 ; %B @ & @ .3 9& " 4 5 & A 5 & @ % & % 9 > " "? !
. ! " CD; %" E
0& ! " , .3= 6 @A ; 'GD @3 9H " 5./ , % ! 0 &/ % D % ! 5 5 ' F
pb3000, pb4000, ) 3LM " N 9' & " 4 F & 1! OF 9:@ O " N 16 I? ".
%D ) D$ ; ! %D , 9' Q / F (nb3000, nb6000) 0 (pb5000, pb6000
./ % ! 5 R OA S@ ! R OA . ./ % ! 5 R OA 9' , ( ; . ! 1LO T L, EF ( U
. , 7 VO4 :F I? ". " 9' " ( 0 9N 3LM 9N) R OA , L (,
12 % 0< < = >! 89 ,+ 1: ; 6,7 45 - 3 -12 : ,$ - ./ 0
Abstract:
Asmari Reservoir of Qale Nar oilfield is one of most important reservoirs in north of dezful
embayment that is situated in south of Balarud Fault, between Lurestan and Khuzestan provinces.
General lithology of Asmari Formation composed of limestone, dolomite and some argillaceous
limestone. Several zonations are presented for this reservoir yet, but none of them are not perfect.
Hence, using Cyclolog software, 16 wells were studied and correlated in cyclostratigraphy manner.
Four positive breaks (pb3000, pb4000, pb5000, pb6000) and two negative breaks (nb3000, nb6000)
were determined that these breaks have coincidence with stages limits. Whereas reservoir zonation
limits are time lines therefore, positive or negative breaks which are determined in Cyclolog software
shouldn’t cross the reservoir zonation limits.
Keywords: Asmari reservoir, Qale nar oilfield, Cyclolog software, timelines, reservoir zonation

185
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.(De Jong et al., 2007) 7 0& 9: " 7 q t Z _F 9! [ => ,. &X % D" 7

186
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: 6A > ?>% B C2D 0 E : F G 67
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_& " =! 5 , " %" 7 ; 3 /p .3 , < 7 F %" 7 ; 5./ " E! 5 &= ! 1 " D N
F & Z :@ O ( 3 - . " f " & 411 > 9! 5 $ n " & 305 9 ," 2 9! !
. 0& %" 7 ; ./ b/! " N 16 9: " 7 % D
:H
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" ! " " 9: 4 5 " 9:@ O " % D N " INPEFA " 7 " " q , !. 0& " 1! OF
Y 2 " INPEFA " 7 . " !" ' %" 9 N " 8 4 Z _F , " D" 7 , < _F .3 " 4
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. (nb) , (Negative break) 0 "s "INPEFA
a O| | D 5 | . (nb) 0 % D " n; D {" (SB) = % D " (pb) 3LM % D " s T L@ n
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. 7 0& 9 N 1! OF 3 - 5 .7D ]O C, 5 9! 5; 5 F
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. 9 N 1! OF " L& e ! %" 7 ; @ F% " !5 & @ C & B , Z k~F
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5 & CGR I? % ! short INPEFA 5 & CGR SGR I? % ! ' INPEFA % D 5 & I? 5 & 17
b/! " Z d2 , & ! % " 17 " 7 N 9' , ( ; .(1 < ) ! 5./ % ! 5
N , " ( 0 \A 2 3LM \A 4) \A 6 9&A L N 5 9! N , S@ 3 %" 7 ; ./
7F % ! CGR SGR % D " 7 ' INPEFA % " 6000 4000 3000 % Dpb 1, 2 , ! . Q/ F
187
 Q/ D N 7F % ! 6000 3000 % D nb pb 5000 short INPEFA " 7 0& ! . Y, :F D N
. ! 6 L4 <! 4 9' 3 " 4 "! " ( . 6000 4000 3000 % Dpb % " 4 3^U W7D W7D
9' 3 'c 9! ? .(1 6 -) ! , 1, 2 9! 9' Q/ N D" . R OA , 9! R ! f 7 tg
9 7- 5; 9' ! (SB) = %D ! 1LO (pb) 3LM R OA A ! D ._ ! " Z :@ O 9! 9- F !
. 7 " pb4000 pb3000 9! 5 F
" 9: 4 5 N D" !X [ " I? ". " , R OA 9! R ! 17 :1 6 -

:* & I 6J < = >! 12 % -0< K >J

' 7 VO4 " R OA ./ % D 5 R OA 9' 3 Z" U , ! R OA [ ! ./ % ! 5 1! OF
% F" N 0& ! . VO4 " ; 7 3 :LF R OA F F % D > 3=, ! 5./ " 9' N
3 /p q 9OE 5./ &= " " , L - Z _F ./ % D 5 5 F (Correlation chart) E! OF
Q / F <! 4 %" 0> % D N " % & ! 34 ! D 5 9:@ O , 0& ! . 7 6 L ./ } A
€ X 9! # m' F" _F ,. &X % D z, 9, X ! " 9: 4 5 %" 7 ; 5./ [ , !. !
.3 8 = EF 5

CGR " 7 0 2 , rF 7D 9! " 9: 4 5 17 " 7 N Z" N 3, g ' :1 <

% ! 5 9, X 5 9! C, " 7 N &! ./ % ! 5 ! R OA /7D 5 . :F 3 - bD zX , "

. " " 4 2 5 " pb5000 pb4000 R OA . " /7D pb3000 ! L, EF 1 5 4 N , " . $ /&
% !5 ! :F R OA 9=, E . V4 pb6000 , " . 5 4 % D 5 3 35 4 pb6000
188
6 9& . " - % !5 30' q N 9& 5 , " 9' D 5 5 , %D N" -
9& , %D N" 9H " % ! 5 ! R OA /7D 5 . 9' ! 11 1 9 16 7 3 % D N <
5 ! 6 5 14 10 2 17 13 4 8 12 % D N < 9' 9& " @. ! , " $ A " =!
9& , % D N " 6 M " 2 9! " 5 F 3 ./ % " T U r/ :F R OA ! ! A 1! OF % !
45 % 4 b/! (pb6000) \A , " " 4 3 5 4 " pb6000 5; " 9' 1 " 7 N ! 9=, E "
.(2 < ) " ] ^rF 9! 5 4 3%D5 " q 9! '" L

17 12 " 7 % D N 11 " 7 N ! - ./ % ! 5 F & 1! OF :2 <

: L 3 M% G N (pb 0 nb) < = >! I I 6J

5 .7D D N 7F " " . , " :F R OA ,; 9' 3 , aO
( , " 9' 7 6
5./ %" 0> % D A D ._ % " ! 9& Z" U F & , ! Z :@ O 9! 3=, ! b X , 9! • X % ! ‚
" %" 7 ; ' ._ 9' 17 " 7 N % " ! &! F & , ! Z :@ O " q
, ! . 7 s -" %" 7 ;
. 9=, E (11 7 6 3 2) D N , % D ._ ! tg . , .' 7& ! - 5;
Benedetti, 2010; Ozcan et al., 2010; van Buchem et al., 2010; Taheri ) 9& Z" U F
& , ! Z :@ O 9, X !
9! nb pb R OA :F €, & 9UdA " 2 9! (1396) <, " X '9@ (1395) % D 2 W7D (et al., 2017
: F" L " r&A
Discocyclina sp.Y &/ % D 9 - 9! 9- F ! @ F , /! :pb6000 \A F ! X ! ! " @ F
, " 5 L - . ! (5 L ) H % " Nummulites Halkyardia minima 7D 9!
%D9 " ƒ5,X. " 5 ! " ! &=/ % ! bD zX , " 9' ! % 9& !X %? ! %" 7 ;
.3 (%" 7 ; ) H X X " % D 9& n; H 5,X9 ?! 'c
! " 9' Q/ Subterranophyllum thomasi Archaias operculiniformis " ƒ , A; ! :pb6000
.3 V4 upper Rupelian lower Rupelian
Nummulites 5 .7D s Subterranophyllum thomasi Archaias operculiniformis " ƒ , A; :! :nb6000
. ! upper Rupelian 9! Q/ Lepidocyclina
Archaias " ƒ n; Nummulites " „> , A; ! , .3 V4 Chattian Rupelian ! " :pb5000
. Q/ Archaias hensoni Archaias asmaricus kirkukensis

189
,Archaias Archaias kirkukensis" ƒ 5 , X ! 9' 3 V4 Aquitanian 9! Chattian ! " L, EF :pb4000
Elphidium " ƒ n; Spiroclypeus blanckenhorni Miogypsinoides complanatus asmaricus Archaias hensoni
. Q/ D H Favreina spp. Miogypsina sp. 14
Borelis " ƒ s D H Favreina spp. Miogypsina Elphidium sp. 14" „> , A; ! :nb3000 pb3000
Burdigalian 9! nb3000 V4 Burdigalian 9! Aquitanian " Pb3000 9' Q/ melo curdica
. !
" :F R OA 7F 9' Q/ " ._ % D N , % " ! F & , ! Z :@ O ( !
F $ N" N 9H " ! I? ". , ! !. ! D N 9 ' " 5= , % " I? ".
. ! 9& 5./ % ! 5 " ! O " =! Z k~F
: . M4
(nb) 0 \A 2 (pb) 3LM\A 4 , e ! " 9: 4 5 N 16 " %" 7 ; 5./ @ F " !
. & 3E! O
= % D ! 3LM R OA A ! ! " Z :@ O [ ! 9' ,
". " :F R OA
! ! A 1! OF D 5 , 9' 8 =EF 5 5 9! " 9: 4 5 %" 7 ; 5./
T U r/ (6 5 14 10 2 17 13
4 8 12) D N 9 E! " @ & 11 1 9 16 7 3 % D N " I?
D N 9& , " % !5
<@ 7D 9! 7 VO4 " ./ % R OA 5 4 3 % "
. ! % !
R OA 5 %" 7 ; 5./ " " 9: 4 5 %D N 3 ! % D ._ % " ! F & , ! Z :@ O
% ! 5 3 - R OA , 5 F " , ! 5 .7D D N 9 ' " I? ". " :F
. 7 0& 5./
: :O %
(o ,$ - "A N[ F V0F [ ) "? C ," F % D t, 4 F " %" 7 ; 9 N (1396) . <, " X '…

.9^0U 215 .5 0U <= 9 N % &' 9@ "

9 N % &' % &' 9@ " . S, $ n $ - , , &0 5 S, 9EO " %" 7 ; 9 N (1395) ." . % D 2

.9^0U 306 .5 0U <=

:I J9 O %
Benedetti, A. (2010) Biostratigraphic remarks on the Caltavuturo Formation (Eocene-Oligocene) cropping out at Portella
Colla ( Madonie Mts., Sicily). Revu. de Paleo. p 197-216

Berger A. (1978) Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climate change. Jou. Atom. Sci. p. 2361-2367.

De Jong, M., Nio, D. S., Smith, D., Böhm A. (2007) Subsurface correlation in the Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian) of the
Anglo-Dutch Basin using the climate stratigraphic approach. Frt. Brk. V, 25, p 49-59
Nio D. N., Bohm A., Brouwer J., Smith D. (2006) Climate stratigraphy, principles and applications in subsurface correlation.
Eruo. Asso. of Geosci and Eng. 132 p.

Ozcan, E., Less, G., Okay, A., Baldi-Beke, M., Kollanyi, K., Yilmaz, O. (2010) Stratigraphy and Larger Foraminifera of the
Eocene Shallow-marine and Olistostromal Units of the Southern Part of the Thrace Basin, NW Turkey. Turkish J. Earth
Sci. Vol. 19, p. 27–77.
Schlager, W. (2005) Carbonate sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy. SEPM Pub. 200p.
Taheri, M. R., Vaziri-Moghaddam, H., Taheri, A., Ghabeishavi, A. (2017) Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Oligo-
Miocene Asmari Formation in the Izeh Zone (Zagros Basin, SW Iran). Bolt. Da la Soci. Geolo. Mex. V, 69. P 59-85
Weedon, G.P. (2003) Time-series analysis and cyclostratigraphy. Cambridge University Press.

190
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Corresponding author: aghaderi@um.ac.ir

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Microfacies and depositional environment of the Tirgan Formation in

Aghdarband Anticline, Kal-e-Malek and Ab-Balouch stratigraphic sections,
East of Kopet- Dagh Basin
Hamed Jahani1*, Abbas Ghaderi2, Morteza Taherpour Khali-Abad3, Mohammad Khanehbad2

1. M.Sc. Student in Paleontology & Stratigraphy, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2. Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract
In this research we present a detailed of microfacies study of the Tirgan Formation at the Kopet- Dagh
basin in NE Iran. For this purpose, a couple of stratigraphic sections in the Aghdarband anticline (Kal-
e-Malek and Ab-Balouch sections) are selected and studied. Petrographic analysis of thin-sections is led
to the recognition of 14 microfacies types grouped into 4 facies zones of tidal flat, lagoon, bar and open
marine environments. Tidal flat environment (intertidal to supratidal) characterize by dolomite,
bioclastic mudstone and peloid wackstone-packstone; restricted lagoon via bioclastic wackstone; lagoon
with packstone-grainstone and oncoid grainstone; high energy shoal with ooid grainstone and ooid
packstone and open marine environments through the bioclastic mudstone and bioclastic packstone-
wackstone. According to these microfacies types, the Tirgan Formation was deposited in a carbonate
ramp (inner to middle ramp).
Keywords: Tirgan Formation, Aghdarband, Kal-e-Malek, Microfacies, Carbonate ramp.

191
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1 V1 P . 1 ' ; 6 h X ): & \ F 1 >)1 ' ' u 3 . 1 L$ J
N $1K2 F 1 (a d; 1 !0 ) 1 C+9 ) g& &9 . > ) 1 u3 " h (2007) Lucia et al. )
)_ V_% 1 C L$ J F 1 S , . > ) 1 ) 1 u3 h 1 C+9 ) 1 V_% 3
. )9. \ K '

195
 Plate 1

:1 A
& 0 12 .3 ( 70 5 6 70 5/ 9996 70 ' ) MTA2 & 0 12 .2 (6 73 999 70 5 6 73 ) MTA1 & 0 12 .1
70 5 2 ?//> 6 70 ;2 <) MTB3 & 0 12 .5 ( ?//> 6 70 ;2 <) MTB2 & 0 12 .4 ( 70 5 6 70 ;2 <) MTB1
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MTS1 >/! & 0 12 .13 ( > #3 6 73 ,/ ) MTD3 & 0 12 .12 ( 70 5 6 70 ;2 <) MTD2 & 0 12 .11
.(L M7 N;3 #3 )MTS2 >/! & 0 .14 ( 2 L M7 N;3#3 )

196
 P ;
. O 6" ) ' .D @ :' .(1373) .a K 3 "
1 A3 : ' ; ' - 5 &.2 !&+$- .(1396) . .a % .a ? .# 12g $: 0 . S .w )_.
.240-223 :104 # $% $X" .' 1 > 1 Permocalculus? halimedaformis "O G @
Bachmann, M., & Hirsch, F., (2006). Lower Cretaceous carbonate platform of the eastern Levant (Galilee and the
Golan Heights): stratigraphy and second-order sea-level change. Cretaceous Research, 27(4), 487-512.
Dunham, RJ., (1962). Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture in W.E. Ham, ed.,
Classification of carbonate Rock- A symposium: American association of Petroleum Geologists, Mem, 1:108-
121.
Embry, A.F., & Klovan, J.E., (1971). A Late Devonian reef tract on northeathern Banks Island: N.W.T. Bull.
Canadian Petroleum Geology, 19: 730-781.
Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies of carbonate Rocks analysis Interpretation and application. Springer-Verlag, 984p.
Lucia, M., Parente, M. and Frijia, G., (2007), The Orbitolina level of southern Apennines: a tale of
nutrient fluctuations and stratigraphic condensation, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 9, p. 06495.
Robert, A.M.M., Letouzey, J., Kavoosi, M.A., Sherkati, S., Müller, C., Verges, J., & Aghababaei, A., 2014-
Structural evolution of the Kopet-Dagh fold-and-thrust belt (NE Iran) and interactions with the South Caspian
Sea Basin and Amu Darya Basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 57: 68-87.

197
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$3$ 41 2 2 / -01 : +, -.

Comparison of Asmari Reservoir Fractures in Parsi and Balarud

Oilfields
Abbas Charchi 1& Abbas Maraveneh1*
Geology Department, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Chmaran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
Abbasmaraveneh@gamil.com
Abstract:
In the study of oilfields, the study of reservoir fractures in the stages of production and development of
the field is very important and necessary. Today, the use of reservoir software to help solve this
problem is of great help to oil geologists. The purpose of this research is to compare the pattern of
Asmari reservoir fracture in two fields of Balarud and Persia using OBMI, UBI image analysis and the
effect of these fractures on porosity and permeability of the reservoir by calculating and plotting the
velocity deviation. In this study, firstly, in order to get acquainted with the types of domains in the
Asmari reservoir, two fields, thin sections were prepared and then, using the charts of the wells, the
study of illustrators and the comparison and adaptation of the results of the diagrams from the wells
Different were studied. In this reservoir, porosity fractures and porous zones have a significant effect
on the characteristics of the reservoir rock, in which two general patterns of tectonic fracture
associated with folding of the longitudinal and diagonal type and also the types of tectonic fractures
associated with corrosion faults in this reservoir it is possible. Among them, the longitudinal pattern is
considered to be the dominant type and often forms open fractures. The extension of the fractures is
observed in the N45-90W Balarud field and in the Parsi field N50E-W50S and more in the upper
asymmetric zones, which is due to the folding in the shear zone of the lateral field, and in Parsi field
fractures are affected by the Izeh-Hindijan fault.
Keywords : Fracture Analysis, Asmari reservoir, Image Logs

198
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% 7 ! v [ 6 O [J6 w% #$ #*/ $ % N &7 <q %
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4 JX
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% X 0n ( * ( '6 :"O FMI bE $ G6 % < % N % 0 "J( X % 0% R % 7 % 2= [ 6 x (<0" E ]
: C @ % 8 6 :"O 9 . $ :?7 ) (Graghic Well Log) ! 0 " E 7 " F V$ * *=
. *= % X t D % (ROHB) ( #! (NPHI) 6 ،(DT) B 0 " E y D 0 &+ ! s 3 6 ]
FMI $ G6 bE 0 : =: @ A +# OBMI-UBI FMI $3$ 41 $ 1 -4
nJ :< 8$ = zn % 2= &*/7 & &7 &< 7 (Digital Log Information Standard) DLIS4$ = Z% U &7
7 Y *3 0 ! &7 u 7 * ? + $ G6 &5 $ % .(Abraham, 2005) 7 + 47 X
/.6 :$ " % t D % 0% R % 7 $ Y$ '6 % 2= 0 7 &< /.6 t D Y *3 45 .*
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$ 0 t% 6 $ ' .* %E 7 %D0 0% F 23 % #*/ % 7 :"O UBI
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4U 5 : 43 36 $ ? X% 6 6U 0 % &7 u 7 0 .* 7 .: <
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. _ Excel % 2= [ 6 : C @ % 8 6

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~ D F $ *$% 7 l 6 &< : F0 1 % 0 & 7 ( * ( ) 0% 7 7 0 .5
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.(1 4 )

%E 7 L 6G %D F 6 A 0% .5 0 + & "6 S TK ? D $ G6 .1 4

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0 ~ 7 ~$ % % ~ " ~ ~ &~7 B~ < 0 7 0 m +s3 6 $ G6 0 % /.6 C
Z~ &7 B < 2 F $ o= : 'X #*/ $ *. 0 O $ 60 0 0
(% ~ *= ~ (Perforation) 0 ~ BJ N !4 6 5 K% % $ ] . 7 0% .5
Serra, ) <=>?@ ~ 0 ~ 7 &~?JK Z% ~U & &7 FMI $ G6 .(1381 ( @ ) &*= B < (Hydraulic Fracturing)
:(1989
~/.6 ~*5 % &~7 7 ( 0 P( X 4/ #*/
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.: J
% $ w% < $ B$ &< $ 0 7 : /X $ % : $ 3 -M D /. $ 1O P
(Features) w% ~ ~ 6 8 ~ 7 &*~ 0% F 23 % Y *3 % &'( ) % 0 !0 % 4U =

200
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Dense ) 8< ~* 0 & % ،(Conductive Seams) % S 0 &$E : ( * 4/ 0 7 &$E M #*/ M
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% F %E ~7 ~ ~ % D ~ % ~ &*+ w% 6 6 ^$ & % &< 7 (Fractures
.

- ! $ (: % : $ G6) %D 0 ! $0 % & U = 4< % $ w% 6 B6 ^$ .2 4

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p.287-323.
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from image log. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 67 (2009) 65–74
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and Mir Aliakbar Nogole-Sadat Iranian Int. J. Sci. 5(1), 2004, p.107-121
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Geophysics, v.21, p.41-70.

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Biostratigraphy of Tirgan Formation in west of Kopeh-Dagh

sedimentary basin, NE Iran
Atefe Chenarani1, Mohamad Vahidinia2*, Seyed Ali Agha Nabathi3,Seyed Abolfazl Hosseyni4
Farideh Amiri4
1- Phd student of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran
2*- Associate professor of geology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi university of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3- Geological Survey and mineral exploration of Iran, Tehran, Iran
4- Paleontology and Geochemistry Researches and studies Department, Exploration Directorate, NIOC, Tehran,
Iran
vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir (Corresponding Author)
Abstract
Tirgan Formation in the Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin consists mainly of Oolitic, Orbitolina, dolomitic
limestones that conformably overlies the Shurijeh and Sarcheshmeh formations, respectively. In order
to stratigraphy study one stratigraphic section at Estarkhi was measured and sampled. Based on
biostratigraphical studies, two benthic foraminifera and calcareous green algae fossil assemblages have
been identified. Twoenty one genera and 24 species of benthic foraminifera and 16 genera and 26 species
of calcareous green algae in frame of two biozones 1- Salpingoporella muehlbergii+Comptocompylodon
sp. Assemblage Zone(65 meters), 2- Palorbitolina lenticularis Taxon Range Zone(64 meters) in west
of Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin have been identified. This study has been suggested the Barremian-
Early Aptian( Bedulian) age for the Tirgan Formation at this locality.
Keywords: Kopeh-Dagh sedimentrary basin ,Tirgan Formation, , Benthic foraminifera, Green
calcareous algae.

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Ellis & Messina 1941-) - O; ( %46 4 5J#K 5 ; 4 1 nn nn& ! / nn ;
2009, Henson 1948, Bassoullet et al 1978, Arnaud-Vanneau 1980, Loeblich & Tappan 1988, Carras et al 2006,
.0 & 1 (Velic 2007, Schroeder et al 2010
1- Salpingoporella muehlbergii+ Camptocompylodon sp. Assemblage Zone
r & ; ( ; ' ' ( ( . & ; 33 / 1 4 8 , & 65 E ? F ; * -8 / ( ; ' 0 X<
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:0 ) * B & * E ( ; ,E * ( 4 ) $ 8 . & tX lenticularis Total Range Zone
Quinqueloculina sp. , Salpingoporella sp. , Salpingoporella muehlbergii, Udoteacean algae, Mayncina bulgarica,
Comptocampylodon sp. , Derventina filipescui

Palorbitolina lenticularis Taxon Range Zone ( Total Range Zone) -1

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Haplophragmoides cf globosus, Nautiloculina oolithica, Charentia cuvillieri, Novalesia producta, Istriloculina
elliptica, Permocalculus sp. , Cuneolina hensoni , Rumanoloculina robusta, Nezzazata isabellae, Deloffrella
quercifolli, Vercorsella arenata, Pseudocyclamina sp. , Voloshinoides sp. , Iraqia simplex, Rumanoloculina
pseudominima, Dictyoconus pachymarginalis, Marssonella oxycona, Simplorbitolina sp. , Paleodictyoconus
cuvillieri.
:( /* J$ F ; ' * & * %46 IJ 5J#K 4 ) $8 ' q84
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Cayeuxia sp. , Linoporella sp. , Salpingoporella aff. cemi, Permocalculus minutus, Montiella elitzae,
Permocalculus sp. , P. halimedaformis, Salpingoporella hasi , Boueina hochstetteri , Deloffrella quercifolli,
Salpingoporella dinarica, Balkhania balkhanica, Carpathoporella occidentalis, Spiroloculina cf. cretacea.
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.197-180 :2 (2) .1393 C (
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Yavarmanesh H, Vaziri1 S.H , Aryaei A , Jahani D, Pourkermani1 M, Khademi Bouriabadi E. 2017. Benthic Foraminiferal and
Calcareous Algae Assemblages in the Tirgan Formation (Urgonien Facies Type) in South Flank of Ghorogh Syncline (North
of Chenaran), NE Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 2017, 7, 796-805.

Plate 1 ( Estarkhi section) : A: Acicularia sp. , Sample number 43 B: Bryozoa sp. and Gasteropoda, Sample number 43 C:
Charentia cuvillieri ( Neumann, 1965), Sample number 43 D: Montiella elitzae ( Bakalova 1978) Radoicic 1980, Sample
number 43 E: Bryozoa sp. , Sample number 43 F: Montiella elitzae ( Bakalova 1978) Radoicic 1980, Sample number 45 G:
Deloffrella quercifollipora Granier and Michaud 1987, Sample number 45 H: Nautiloculina cf. oolithica ( Mohler, 1938) ,
Sample number 45. Scale bar represent 0.5mm.

210
Plate 2 ( Estarkhi section): A: Debarina hahounerensis (Fourcade,Raoult & Vila, 1972), Sample number 64, B: Valvulinid,
Sample number 64, C: Quinqueloculina sp. , Schwager 1878, Sample number 64, D: Unidentified foraminifer with fine
pseudoalveolar structure of the wall, Sample number 67, E: Orbitolinid (Palorbitolina lenticularis (Blumenbach, 1805)),
Sample number 68, F: Salpingoporella muehlbergii (Lorenz, 1902), Sample number 68, G: Orbitolinid , Sample number 68
H: Istriloculina elliptica ( Yovcheva, 1962), Sample number 68. Scale bar represent 0.5mm.

211
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Sedimentary environment of Tirgan Formation at Kuhe-Zav

section in west of Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin, NE Iran
Atefe Chenarani1, Mohamad Vahidinia2*, Seyed Ali Agha Nabathi3,Seyed Abolfazl Hosseyni4
Farideh Amiri4
1- Phd student of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad,
Mashhad, Iran
2*- Associate professor of geology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi university of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3- Geological Survey and mineral exploration of Iran, Tehran, Iran
4- Paleontology and Geochemistry Researches and studies Department, Exploration Directorate, NIOC, Tehran,
Iran
vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir (Corresponding Author)

Abstract
Tirgan Formation ( Lower Cretaceous) in the Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin consists mainly of Oolitic,
Orbitolina, dolomitic limestones that conformably overlies the Zard Formation. The upper contact of
Tirgan Formation in this section is coverd. One stratigraphic section at Kuhe-Zav was measured and
sampled. The thickness of the Tirgan Formation at this section is 639 meters. According to the
lithological unites, fossils and sedimentological characters, 4 microfacies facies were realized that
include open marine, shoal, open lagoon and restricted lagoon. According to this microfacies a
carbonate ramp suggested for this section.
Keywords: Kopeh-Dagh basin, Sedimentary environment, Kuhe-Zav section, Tirgan Formation

212
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Taherpour Khalilabad M, Aryaei A , Ashouri A, Ghaderi A 2011. Introducting some echinoderms from the Tirgan Formation
Kopeh- Dagh basin, Ne of Iran. Jgeope 1 (1), 2011, p 83-94.
Samankassou E, Tresch J, Strasser A 2003. Origin of peloids in Early Cretaceous deposits, Dorset, South England, Facies,
V.51, P.264-273.
Tucker, M.E, Bathurst R.G.C 1990. Meteoric diagenesis. In: Tucker, ME Bathurst R.G.C. (Eds). Carbonate diagenesis. Reprint
series Vol.1 of the international association of sedimentologist. Blackwell scientific publications, P.181-183.
Tucker M.E 2001. Sedimentary Petrology. Third Edition, Blackwell, Oxford, 260 P.

219
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( .) 6 % 6% l / b .1387„u & >[ „ -
( + _ DF "#. ! ' •.
- Al Sabahi, E., Abdul Rahim، S., Wan Zuhairi, W.Y., 2009. The Characteristics of leachate and
groundwater Pollution at Municipal Solid Waste Landfill of Ibb City, Yemen. American Journal of
Environmental Sciences، Vol 5 ،p. 257.
-Ayala.Irasema, (2002), Geomorphology, natural hazards, vulnerability and prevention of natural
disasters in developing countries , Geomorphology 47.

224
- Chen.C., Wang.C., Chen Kuo.L.(2010), Correlation between groundwater level and altitude
variations in land subsidence area of the Choshuichi Alluvial Fan. Taiwan . Engineering Geology 115
:122–131
- Doukas, I.D., Ifadis, I.M. and Savvaidis, P., “Monitoring and Analysis of Ground Subsidence due to
Water Pumping in the Area of Thessaloniki, Hellas”: Intercontinental Athenaeum Athens, Greece,
2004.
- Flowers, T. S. and Yeo, A. R. 1989. Effects of salinity on plant growth and crop yields
Environmental Stress in. Plants. NATO ASI Series, 19: 101-119
- Galloway, D., Jones, D.R., and Ingebritsen, S.E., “Land Subsidence in the United States”, U.S.
Geological Survey, 1999.
- H.Guo , (2015) , Groundwater-abstraction induced land subsidence and groundwater regulation in the
North China Plain, piahs-372
- Montgomery, C. W., (1951). Environmental geology, Sixth Edition, McGraw – Hill Companien, pp
239-240.
- Phien-wej, N., Giao, P.H., Nutalaya, P., “Land subsidence in Bangkok”, Thailand Engineering
Geology 82:187– 201, 2006.
- Zheyuan Du, Linlin Ge *, Xiaojing Li and Alex Hay-Man Ng,(2016),Subsidence Monitoring over the
Southern Coalfield,Australia Using both L-Band and C-Band SAR TimeSeries Analysis,Remote
sensing magazine

Study how land subsidence results from groundwater harvesting

and its causes

Marzieh Changani Khorasgani 1 *, Mohammad Javad Amiri 2

1-Student of Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran

2. Assistant Professor of Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran
* Corresponding Author: changani.marzieh@ut.ac.ir

Abstract:
Groundwater is referred to as water, accumulated in juicy and saturated layers of groundwater. One of
the important sources of water supply in all countries is the use of them in agricultural irrigation and
urban and industrial use. Increasing abundance of dry and dry soils has had negative environmental
impacts. The consequences of groundwater abnormal harvesting can be summarized as land and
drought, which has environmental, economic and social dimensions, and ultimately increases the
amount of salts in water. The results indicate that the drought is caused by the fall Groundwater levels
continue.
Keywords: underground water, subsidence, drought

225
! " #$ % "
& '"( )

aliabolfath@znu.ac.ir *

! "
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.. /, !0 , 1 !,% ) * + (: ( %&

Clinoptilolite, an indicator of diagenetic conditions in sedimentary

basin of Lower Red Formation, Southern Zanjan

Ali Haji-Abolfath*, Assis. Prof., Dept. of Geology, University of Zanjan, aliabolfath@znu.ac.ir

Afshin Zohdi, Assis. Prof., Dept. of Geology, University of Zanjan
Fereshte Baghi-Zadeh, MSc., Dept. of Geology, University of Zanjan
Javad Izadyar, Assis. Prof., Dept. of Geology, University of Zanjan
Abstract
The studied outcrop is located in southern Zanjan, at the Zanjan-Bijar highway. Based on the field
observations, it seems that here, the red colored weathered horizon of Lower Red Formation overlies
the Karaj Formation. Mineralogical investigations on two samples taken from the Lower Red
Formation and tuffs of the Karaj Formation indicated presence of clinoptilolite in both analysed
lithological units. Formation of clinoptilolite as product of altered silisic volcanic glass suggests the
relevance between volcanoclastic materials of Karaj Formation and that of the Lower Red Formation.
Presence of Clinoptilolite and its stability between 25° to 150° C reflects the diagenetic temperature
range for Lower Red Formation. Since formation of clinoptilolite needs higher concentration of
cations such as Na+ and K+, therefore the Lower Red Formation could be deposited in saline
intracontinental basins. Weathering products of tuffs of Karaj Formation could have effective
influence to alkalinize the basins.
Keywords: Clinoptilolite, diagenese, Lower Red Formation, Southern Zanjan
226
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231
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A review on geotourism phenomena and sedimentary-erosional

geoparks focusing on aspiring geoparks in Iran

Hananeh Hamimotlagh1, Nazanin Badri Kolalo1, Alireza Amrikazemi2, Reza Jadidi1

1.Geological Survey of Iran
2.Manger of Qeshm Global Geopark

Abstract
The geodiversity basis is a variety of events that occurred at different periods in the history of the
Earth. Iran is a country with unique geodiversity. It is noted that among different types of the
geological phenomena in the world, there is almost an example in Iran. The most important criterion
for the classification of geological phenomena and geosites of Iran is based on their nature and how
they are formed. Furthermore sedimentary-erosional phenomena and potential geosites are the most
common examples all over Iran. Also the main approach of the most geoparks in the world, which are
considered geotourism attraction, are the important sedimentary- erosional geosites. In this study, we
will review the sedimentary geosites and phenomena that are considered to be of importance from
geotourism point of view, as well as the global geoparks and aspiring geoparks of Iran with special
reference to the sedimentology and erosion.

Keywords: Geotourism, Geopark, Geosite, Sedimentary phenomena, Geodiversity

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References:
6.M.Gray, 2018, GEODIVERSITY: BACKBONE OF GEOHERITAGE AND GEOCONSERVATION,
Elsevier
7.http://www.unesco.org

241
 -
M.hassanigiv2010@gmail.com *

Kamiabi1356@yahoo.com

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Halokinetic impact on the Jurassic-Cretaceous sedimentary

succession in Gardan structure
Mohammad hassani-Giv1* Hossein Kamyabi shadan2
1, 2: National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration Directorate
*M.hassanigiv2010@gmail.com
Abstract:
Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of sedimentary successions has an important role in hydrocarbon
exploration. Detailed stratigraphic correlation of Jurassic-Lower cretaceous sedimentary succession
provided using electrical logs of three wells in Gardan structure (located in sub coastal Fars) revealed
two depositional gap in upper part of Dashtak Formation (in wells 2 and 3) and Neyriz Formation (wells
1 and 3). Also, the thickness of Dariyan Formation decreased sharply in well 3. The mentioned evidences
occurred in such a local scale is related to pulses of halokinetic activity with a focal shift through time.
The microscopic study indicate no considerable sedimentary gap in Dariyan Formation, instead confirm
growth strata pattern deposited contemporaneous with salt activity. In conclusion, located the Gardan
structure on the Fars paleo-high, uplifting the Gardan structure during the Jurassic-Cretaceous time
amplifying the accumulated volume of hydrocarbon in this field.
Key words: Gardan, Halokinetic, Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous succession
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Bordenave, M.L., 2008. The origin of the Permo-Triassic gas accumulations in the Iranian Zagros foldbelt and contigous
offshore areas: A review of the Palaeozoic petroleum system: Journal of petroleum geology, V. 31(1), p.3-42.
Jahani, S., Callot, J.P., Letouzey, J., Frizon de Lamotte, D., 2009. The eastern termination of the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust
Belt, Iran: structures, evolution, and relationships between salt plugs, folding, and faulting. Tectonics 28 (6), TC6004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008TC002418.
James, G.A., Wynd, J.G., 1965. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area, AAPG Bulletin, V.49,
N. 12, P. 2182-2245.
Jahani, S., Hassanpour, J., Mohammadi-Firouz, S., Letouzey, J., Frizon de Lamotte, D., Alavi, S.A., Soleimany, B., 2017.
Salt tectonics and tear faulting in the central part of the Zagros Fold- Thrust Belt, Iran, Marine and Petroleum Geology 86,
426-446.
Motamedi, H., Sepehr, M., Sherkati, S., Pourkermani, M., 2011. Multi-phase Hormuz salt diapirism in the southern Zagros,
SW Iran. Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 34(1), pp 29 – 44.

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251
 The Relationship and mode of expansion of the trace fossils in
volcanic ashes of the Karaj Formation, the east of Tehran

1*
Hosseinzadeh, Mahnaz, 2Ranjbaran, Mohsen

1. Undergraduate student, Faculty of geology, College of science, University of Tehran, Tehran

Hosseinzadeh.mah@ut.ac.ir
2. Assistant professor, Faculty of geology, College of science, University of Tehran, Tehran

Abstract

Karaj Formation is located in the central Alborz in eastern Tehran. The Karaj Formation is
lithologically composed of thick green layer of tuff, tufa shale, a little lava, pyroclastic, Tuff-breccia
(mainly composed of the middle tuff), which is characterized by the predominantly laminaria
sedimentation. At high levels of tuffs, the trace fossils of Planolites annulatus, Planolites
beverleyensis, Phycodes isp., Taenidium isp.,Thalassinoides and the traces of worms related to Eocene
time which are adjacent to rockballs.
Sedimentary environments in this geographic location due to variations in the basin's energy and
frequent occurrence of volcanic activity, in light of the evidence available from the trace fossil of
Planulite on calm environments and the trace fossil of thalassinoids on enriched environments Is
justifiable. Among the traces fossil, there is also a different trace fossil with diagonal strips.

Keywords: Ichnology, Trace fossil, Rackballs, Eocene, Karaj Formation, Alborz Central

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Feiznia, s.,1990. Different types of rockballs and their genesis from the Karaj formation (middle Eocene) in central Alborz
Of northern Iran, Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, vol.1, No.4.
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256
 3671641167 ! " # ! $ % &! ' ( #) * -1
E-mail: hosseininejad@du.ac.ir.com
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E-mail: Hamidehnoroozpour@yahoo.com

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:
Evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential of the Garau Formation in
one of the oil wells in Lorestan Province
Seyyed Mohammad Hoseininezhad, Hamideh Noroozpour

1- School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, pr@du.ac.ir, P.O.BOX 3671941167Damghan, Iran

E-mail: hosseininejad@du.ac.ir.com
1- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University (PNU),P.O.BOX 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran
E-mail: Hamidehnoroozpour@yahoo.com

Abstract
The Garau Formation is introduced as high oil-prone source rock in Lurestan basin with different
hydrocarbon potential in different parts of the basin. In this research, 6 drilling cutting samples were
selected to perform Rock-Eval pyrolysis. The results indicate the probable kerogen type of most the
samples to be of type II and a few types III. The collected TOC values of the samples in this section are
good and very good. Based on the result of Rock-Eval analysis the maturity of samples is in the mature
level. Using average Tmax, thermal maturity is estimated as average and type of hydrocarbon are estimate
as oil and gas. According to S1+S2/TOC diagrams, hydrocarbon potential of this section is good to very
good.
Keywords: Evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential, Garau Formation, Kerogen
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.GR-2131
. ] I 536 UF # 5" H | a U #! 9 < # ! +5$ U(R ! + $2) " ! +5$ U1372 U .* U!9$:
Barker, C. , 1974, “Paralysis techniques for source rock evaluation”, AAPGBullrtin, Vol. 58, pp. 2349-2361.
Espitalie, J. , Madec M. , Tissot B. ,Menning J. J. , & Leplate P. , 1977. Source rock characterization on method for petroliom
exploration, proceeding of the 9th annual Offshore Technology Conference.
Peters, K. E. , 1986. Guidlines for evaluating petroleum source rocks using programmed pyrolysis, AAPG Bulletin 70: 318-329.
Peters, K. E. and Cassa, M. R. 1994. Applied Source Rock Geochemistry, Magoon, L. B Dow, W. G. (Eds.), The Petroleum
System from Source to Trap. AAPG Memoir, 60, pp 93–120. ,
Tissot, B. P. , Welte, D. H. , 1984, "Petroleum formation and occurrence", 2nd ed, Berlin, springer, verlag, 538.

264
 % -# ! "
2 ! " 3 2 *1

1
! "#
$ %&
2
! "# $ %&
3
) *+ " * & *+ , * %& (
# $%
-< = 2: ;( 50 7 8 - 2 ( ) 4# ( 5 6 ( 12( 3$ 0 ") &-- ( & - ) . )
- 3 $ ) ( . D% 2 6 -"4@ C" B 6 "; AB @ 2 ( ( ( 5-? -> 8 (
7B8 # I ( -% %"8 F8 3 . 6 6 H 4%2( 6 -# 4 + 8 -F. G ( . 6
-8 %4"6 A 6-< = ( B8 L -< = 8 6 % J % *K) 6 %"8 . & %& . )
.* 8 -< = N% + ( 631 * . F 7"1 3 DI -< = ( ( 5-? -M 8 ( -< =
6 .7 "5* ."3 4 ." 1 * . ", - ' . / 0 1 2 0: )* +#& '

Palaeotopography and controlling factors of Lower Cretaceous

strata in the Kopeh Dagh-Amu Darya Basin
Gholamreza Hosseinyar, Reza Moussavi-Harami, Iraj Abdollahie Fard, Asadollah
Mahboubi
Abstract

Lower Cretaceous Shurijeh-Shatlyk formations are one of the main reservoirs in the
Kopeh Dagh-Amu Darya Basin, specially Khangiran and Gonbadli fields. Based on
integration of 3D seismic data with boreholes data and five outcrop sections two
paleohighs identified at the base and middle of the strata. These paleohighs and evolution
of the depositional environment were controlled by closing of the Central Iran and
Helmand basins, basin rifting and tectonic activities of the basin.

Keywords: Pakleotopography; Fluvial; Cretaceous; Shurijeh; Kopeh Dagh; Amu Darya

" 8
6*. 4 $ + F) F 6 & 8 ( 5-? -> 8 ( -< =
? -> ( . D% 2 ( 5 ( 7 % $. 0 . & 85*. 6 . ( ( 4& -8 @ ( 8 ( 6
63 & -8 O"F ( 5-? -> 8 ( -< = ( & %& % 6N% . ( ( 4& -8 5 4
(Kalantari, 1987; & 8 ( 5( 5J F ( 0 ( P) 8 4H ( 3& (C ) 8- P8
"; O %# -8 - ) ( 5 S 8 0 ( P -) %8 6 . ) .Robert et al., 2014; Saadati et al., 2016)
& - 2 %& ( 5-? -> 8 ( -< = AB 6O T. U S8 - ) 6 ( 12( 8 46 AB
(Afshar‐Harb, 1969, 1982; Kavoosi, Lasemi, Sherkati, & Mossavi‐Harami, 2009; Kryuchkov, 1996; Moussavi‐Harami & Brenner,
.1990; Ulmishek, 2004; Hosseinyar et al., 2018)

265
 "; AB @ 2 ( ( ( 5-? -> 8 ( -< = 2: ;( 50 7 8 - ) . )
(Afshar‐Harb, 1979; 6 3 $ ) ( . D% 2 "#! 8 V )( H S 0 . & 85*. 6
3$ -< = ( 8 ( . ) .Kryuchkov, 1996; Pashayev, Gavril'cheva, & Redzhepov, 1993; Ulmishek, 2004)
8 1W 1$8 1%4 ) 6( ( - (& 8 ( - * - 2 ( ) 4# ( 5 6 ( 12(
(Afshar‐Harb, 1979; Brookfield & Hashmat, 2001; Klett et al., 2006; & XB 0 ") & ( J 3 8 I 6
.Moussavi‐Harami & Brenner, 1992, 1993; Ulmishek, 2004)
&3$ ) ( 8 Z ) T. U Y I & - 18 ZU 0 ( P [ ( ? -> 8 ( -< =
" % 3 & ? -> 8 ( -< = & 8 8 A46 \ 8 ( .(Ruttner, 1991; Zanchetta et al., 2013)
6 . ) $ %# -8 ( ] 63 & - & - 2 %& (C %# *K) 3 & 1 " N% -
8 4H - ( .(Robert et al., 2014; Saadati et al., 2016) & - 2 %& -< = % N%
-8 8 4H . & 3 $ ) (C ( 8 ( 1U 0 ( P) ( A -) %8 . ) ( )- 1U P 8)
-8 ( ( 46 ( ) ( A -) %8 . ) - ( 8 ( ) ( ^ -8 -< = _ & ` %@ . D% *4
(Moussavi-Harami and Brenner 1992; Kavoosi et & "= O^ % ( 5 6 ( 12( -8 3 D) a ( )
.al., 2009; Zand-Moghadam et al., 2016)
-8 %4"6 A 6-< = & - 18 ( 2 8 c ( - ) 3 -0 ( P 2 ( ( b 1U 8
(Thomas et al., 1999; Golonka, 2004; 1U 4 $ 2 2( ( ( 5 ? -> -< =
- (& .* ? -> -< = ( ( ] 8 ( -8 d & - ( & ( 5 6 ( 12( Brunet et al., 2017)
? -> 8 ( -< = I & = -F. G ( -eG% ( . & 3 D) ( ( 8) ) -) %8 -8 ( ) ( ^ -8
O4#f ( ) . [K ( I 7B8 ( -2 ([K ( 7B8 ( - ( & ( 5 . )
(Moussavi-Harami and Brenner, 1992, 1993; Mortazavi et al., 2013; * (] 8 (
.Moussavi-Harami et al., 2009)

266
 (modified after Stocklin 1977; Berberian -< = f 6 ( 2 ; %# ( 5-? -> 8 ( -< = (a :1 3$&
MKF: Main Kopeh Dagh Fault; Agd: Aghdarband erosional i.and King 1981; Ulmishek 2004; Klett et al. 2006)
window; SCB: South Caspian Basin. Major gas fields: 1: Khangiran; 2: Gonbadli; 3: Toos; 4: Dauletabad; 5:
‫ و‬A‫هھ‬AB C;<=>? (b .Shaltyk; 6: Bayram-Ali; 7: May; 8: Islim; 9: Gazli; 10: Dengizkul; 11: Shurtan; 12: Setalantepe.
‫ده‬ARST‫ه( ا‬I=I= ‫ب‬IV ‫ه و‬I=I= ‫ق‬IX ،‫ ?\دوران‬P]‫د‬I^ ،‫`غ‬NI;a]‫ ا‬،Pab‫>ر‬X :‫ب‬IV PN ‫ق‬IX ‫)از‬cTAQXPQ;B ‫ی‬A‫شھ‬IN ‫ی و‬O<N٣ ‫زهای‬IJ ‫ی‬A‫دادهھ‬
P<JAd? eb‫ه در ا‬OX
9' '
( \ #j^ .(1 3$&) ( ( I ? -> 8 ( -< = I & 7B8 ( _ & J 4& ( -F. G ( -eG%
6 6 H \ #j^ ( A - &( ( - (& KG 4%2( 3 & -F. G ( +
. &8 2 F8 3 ( . 6 _ & J 4&
( A - ?j8 - (& ( 6l 8 3 & - ( & KG %&-% H l 8 4 -F. G (
286 190 143 92 m ) ) -8 6l 8 ( - (& * B< .(1 3$&) * & *& 8 -F. G I I

267
 6 ( 12( %% K pG 8 ( ( 2 ; %# 8 (
6 ( 12( KG 6*& 8 ( .* &
. & -F. G (8 $ 8 5 q D)( * 6
( += 6 2 ( += 6 AW 3 & (1 3$&) 2 H -e"= 7 F) 6 \ #j^
f ) 5 %&N% ( 8 -F. G ( (* e . H \; 231 U ) 4 U H 6( 4
. &
* [ ) - (1 3$&) 2 F8 3 ( . 6 ( 8- (& 1+) ( L% -8
6 H \ #j^ $A U 6( 4 _ DG ( S8 * & - ) *+ " * & ,
(trace wiggle) . c \( ; -8 e fr I 63 U ( 8 6 1+) . F) ( . 6 8
A( 6( A ! ( s8 X B ) 7 A m@ - (visual enhancement technique) ( l ( -8
( . "; O 8 . c (polarity) * DGI -8 -@ ) 8 .* ! (OpendTect) *$) %U (Charisma)
. & %& - ( & ( 8 2
%& F) ( ( . 6 8 6 H 3; = P . . 4 U H 6( 4 8 _ DG - 5
6O l 1 (Zeng and Hentz, 2004; Wood, 2007) * + ( 18 % 6 ( 12( e l 1
- ( I + ( . P . ( rP . ( -% H m. I ( 8 ( -< = %& 1+) ( & 1+)
-% M46 +" B (attributes) 6 . 6 ( 8 ( ; %# s) -8 ( L% -8 .*
6O ( 8 (coherency) 146 (spectral decomposition) + ^ - A ) (seismic amplitude) .
. & J 4# & 1+)
:! ' ; <,
( H -8 ) 5 ` %@ 6 4%2( . D% 2 6 ( (- ( & %&N%
%8-% H 8 - S [ )V 6N% - 3&3 & = (C. :(Y ( -8 # I ) f 1e) A =
3 D) ( 3DU 6N% - 8 46 `( %8-eD^ 8 - S f B< " % -8 S 8 *4 -8 - * tG1 `(
4 ( 3DU 6N% - 8 46 `( %8-eD^ 8 *&( - 6N% - 3$ ! = (` . &
6- S 4 8 46 & A ( S 8 *4 -8 -) %8 63DU \ FGI 8 " % 3 &! = (u . & 8
8 46 - S V ) - S f B< 6N% - A I = ( .* I 7B8 ( % -
.* & 3 $ ) I 7B8 ( ( Z> P 63 &
_ +) ( 5-? -> -< = ( -eG% $ 2 0 ZU - ) ( 5 . ) & ( & - ( G 46
? -> _ & ( ( 12( . ) O8 G) .* %& 38 I -< = ` %@ _ & ( - 2 ( 6 ( 12( 8 - .*
7B8 ( A -% %"8 ^ . &8 - ( & # I ( -% %"8 0 =
. & 6 (-) %8 63DU \ FGI 8 " % )! = #I( - ( &
%8( _5 %U - 6 ( 5 7B8 8 5 _ DG ? -> _ & ( - ) 8 ( . ) (8
\ F. G a ^ . 8 q D)( ( $ 8 FI ( 8 -% %"8 B8 5( A2 8
-C ( 6C ( l 1 3 $ ) 8 q D)( ( -< = ( - ) . ) #I( - 2 (f 1 l 1 - 6
J % - U 0 ( P ( -< = & 8f1 [ ) 2- * 8 -< = ( 1U 0 ( P - 6
.* &
\ FGI 8 " % ( ] 8 ( 8 \ W) . &8 b D1 - ) ( 5 . ) 7B8 ( \ W)
3 $ ) . & XB -< = _A& ` %@ ( " % 6 ( 12( ( ] 8 ( ? -> _ & ( -) %8 63DU
* -< = ( ] 8 ( ( 8 $ $) 6 % c) = -< = 1 ( 5 \ W) " % 6 ( 12(
6 ( 12( 3$ )- 6 . 4%2( 6 6 ( 12( A . 5 . & 8 -< = ( Y tG D1

268
 S4 = $ $) 6 % c ) *K) - - ) 8 ( . ) 7B8 ( %"8 5 @ -8 c (
.* &3$ ) 8 % U 631 &JF
; <,
%"8 . - ) ( 5 . ) 7B8 # I ( -% %"8 %& -8 % -F. G a
& ( 5-? -> -< = 8 5 ( 2 8 %4"6 A -< = & - 18 $ 2 c ( . ) #I
-8 -< = 8 v J 4&-J 4& 7B8 U -< = N% + ( 631 * . F c ) *K) A ! %"8 .*
.* 5 @
6 %"8 - ) ( 5 . ) 8 ( 6 ( 12( d - 2 (f1 3 $ ) - *+ ) " ( ^ -8
.* 8 -< = 8 ( 6 % -# 4 J % *K) -%

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270
 !
"
. !

h.kiamars89@gmail.com

:
.. . +, (/ 0 1 2 3 &! '45 % " ! #! $ % &'$ ( % )* " +, - %
"6 78' &! * . -9 &! # 9 . : . ; 78' % -<2 ! . -9 &! % 7 <=
"/@ A . 3 , # BC . +, 8 1/2" +, > % '+ ?. ". ' (5= "/@ A 7 .
9 GE % /'H I J (> 9 E ) +, 7 4 &7 % - +, " % 1
+, ' CA % " % %" ! ". K . . ! "6 % # (5= K%L
! M #J ' C ! )@ N #J &7 % +, ' C C % &7 % ' CB %
(OM +, P' +, (2 "7, &! . ( % J &! ML . % 7 &! . 'H
!% - 2.( "9 . 40 % J Q , P ' GPM #! $ "' % # +, (2 # . P '
! = "' % T &! . . . "'H. -J'H - 2 2 (OM " % #! $ ! # U2 .
2 ". X4C = V $ +, (2 -J'H 78' 2 ". "J7Y Z! +, "@ @ #V W 7 W ".
. . W ". ! = "' % % /. M "'H. - 2 [! /M "'H. - 2
. :

Investigating of mud loss and its effective variables in one of the

oil fields in the southwest of Iran
Kiamars Hosseini, M.S student of sedimentology and sedimentary rock, university of Hormozgan, iran.
h.kiamars89@gmail.com
Abstract:
Mud loss that causes time loss and cost increases is one of the most important issues in the drilling
industry. In order to prevent this problem, the causes of the mud loss and the variables that affect it
should be investigated and the solutions to this problem are based on these variables. In the studied
field, Sarvak Formation is drilled in a 1.8 "hole to access the oil resources. In the present study, the
study of daily reports of drilling, mud, geology and plotting in the hole (Sarvak reservoir) mud loss -
prone areas were identified and strategies for reducing mud loss have been presented. The
investigations have led to the identification of the three zones, which in the zone A of the drilling
parameters and in the zone B the geological parameters and in the zone C, both the parameters of the
drilling and geology play a predominant role and the other parameters have a augmentor role. In this
case, zone B has the highest rate of drilling. In this area, the controlled drilling speed and drilling
under control are reduced by the speed of drilling and weight reduction on the drill and increased GPM
control and the maximum amount of mud loss is 40 barrels. Many factors reduce or increase the risk of
being mud loss as independent and dependent factors were investigated. Accordingly, the weight on
the drill, the flow into the well, the rate of rotation of the drill pipes in one minute as an independent
variable and the drilling speed and pump outlet pressure are defined as dependent factors and
dependent factors are a function of the weight of the drill and the flow into the well.
Keywords: mud loss, Drilling variables.
:

271
] 45.) ! % +, 1 7<42 &7, % @V \$ 47 N ! +, - &'$
&! 'Y . ( . 5 % (+ W +, 1 7<42 % N: "7@ %% - % -9 (1390
(George E. Totten ($ Y ' "7<EM ! 'J742 W +, " ($ V ". = <9 "@`H
"<4= % Mb9 . % -9 -, a 0 L 5 7<7 " L '+ 5' Victor J. De Negri .,2011)
; % ". )7 : +, - !% c , &'$ ( % W $ - % &'$ ( % "@ @ 7
&94 % - &7. $ ab'V ! ; . % K (Darly H., and Gray, R., 1988) ! %
! %: W d! ' . K .! " ! C 1 7<42 ! . -9 &! -, (5=. 7 W "@ @ (
7@ M % ". ! )7 : - < ! 6 = % . ! W " 7 $ 9 %E
"7, !fCe + # % f$ ". - ! 1 e P J' )* '7 - % (1390 ] 45.)(
. E 1L 7 1 *7 M . - ! 747 # )* ( &94 - '<7$ &! . b2. Wa g
% OM " ! C 1 7<42 ! . -\/ &! ?$ (5=. . ! # Wa g E !fCe + -79 M
". +, (/ 0 % (Davidson E., 2000 , Fidan, E., Halliburton, Babadaghli. T., 2004) K 7
% #7. - (100-500bbl/hr) ! (10-100bbl/h) i'E (10bbl/hr % '4 ) ( : 7 c7HJM 5W
- 1 70 iV % (H9 $ ! "<4= % $ 78' .(1390 ] 45.) 7 c7HJM (500bbl/hr)
k $ -Q +, 78' % N 5$ 9 = +, P , % j= +,
W +, K - % J 7. #7C " ! $ "'V "'V 78' X4C
.(Davidson E., 2000 , Daccord, G. 2006) 'H ; +, - % 1 . -9 l V % Z!
: . ; - 2 % J &77/M (5= (Flow Rate, Loss,Depth,Wob,Rpm,ROP,…) +, ' C .
&7, - c , #! $ ! # . !% (74 9!m @ '7@ . : d! ' n *A c7 M o42 ". (*H
! = ! - !% c , % q Y P 4', . M " ( ?! 7H. ' p " +,
: 7 - % . a9 %E +, K &! . b2 . . W ". E P 7
-7H 'C . -0 $ M : " 7' " . W ;r 'H9 = P 4', . . 7+ 7H.
7 % 7 Y +' % 7 &77/M ' 7. " . G7E M 7 ) 5.
% 7 "* O (! 5 M0 . M% . ! j, % +' . 7Ve ZM - c ,
s ". % 7 Z4 ". a 9 1 70 iV &77/M +70 M "* = % . . GE % % . Z! /4 M
T . 5 : ! % +7 &74EM Z! J42 "<0 $ Z! ;r a 9 G7E M ". O t 42 !
"7, !fCe + # % f$ ". - ! 1 e P J' )* M - % .( /4 M % 7
. E 1L 7 1 *7 M . - ! 747 # )* ( &94 - '<7$ &! . b2 . Wa g
% OM " ! C 1 7<42 ! . -\/ &! ?$ (5= . . ! # Wa g E !fCe + -79 M
"<4= % $ 78' .(Fidan, E., Halliburton, Babadaghli. T., 2004 & Davidson E.,2000) K 7
N 5$ 9 = +, P , % j= +, - 1 70 iV % (H9 $ !
7. #7C " ! $ "'V "'V 78' X4C k $ +, 78' %
. (Daccord, ;r +, - % 1 . -9 l V % Z! W +, K - % J
G, 2006 & Davidson E.,2000)
: ! "#
P4 ' <7 74 N ' <7 70 "<0 $ n 2 ! % 1 % ". . ( % 7
( (5= c "7 7H, &6 V 4'V . . = @4 ' j! Y M &! . Y &6 V N
7.( ! % 7 7<5$ B > o42 )7M M ". E 5W Mj $
d! ' +, " M & ". 7<5$ % ' 4634 o42 M +, W &7@ [ 1999P "/@ A

272
 7C " 7 % /7! ' 5340 o42 M +, 2008 P 4 9 7 &! E B! W
2 ". % '+ 7 > % $ ' W d! ' T . ($ Y . !% Z7 m %
. 7 ! ] 3 ". $ ' ' W K 4M B! &! ?Y a ' "M . E Z!
$% ! &
, 8 1/2" +, W% 7 4 - &7 % +, s . . "/@ A &!
. V "6 % % 7 <= (5= ) 9 GE % -!L %
' (
26"
"' f = "@ @ ' 146 o42 M +, =N %' 150 o42 M 26" "' x M 26" +,
.( WOB :10-20 kbl ROP: 5.11 min/m x ' 47
17 1/2":
1516 o42 M = "@ @ ($ ! " Hy % M ' 1517 M q
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Daccord, G. 2006 Cement-Formation Intraction, Houston: Schlumberger,.

Darly H., and Gray, R., 1988. Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids, Gulf Publishing Company,
Fifth Edition, Houston, London, Paris, Tokyo, PP 435454-.
Davidson E., 2000 "Control of Circulation in Fractured Limestone Resevior," IAD/ SPE,. p. 9.
Fidan, E., Halliburton, Babadaghli. T., 2004. Use of Cement as Lost Circulation Material-Field Case Studies, paper
SPE/IADS 88005 Peresented at the IADC/SPE Asia Pacifc Drilling Technology Conference and Exhibition held in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, 1315- September
George E. Totten Victor J. De Negri , 2011 “Handbook of Hydraulic fluid technology”Taylor and France grop, London.

275
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# 9 3# .! 30;. I # # # 4 J;C , &#, ! 7) % F# &:G 5 D C H , & !0# ?
, 30 0. 3# 20 , C K 35 @5D &5 , L ? !0 4M 0 N , & &#, REE
7 5D , / 0 T0 S 3 D !0; !0 R ? = > 3# P+ Q..& + 0 O!
! #!2 &:G );:2 La Ce W > & &#, .! 00 REE Q@UV2 !# . T05
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! & &#, 7 &:; M !
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Geochemical study on Marvast Monazites and its comparison

with Monazite Mineralization in the iron apatite deposite Bafgh
Area
Kiamars hosseini1, mohamad rezashakri varzaneh2
1-M.S student of sedimentology and sedimentary rock, university of Hormozgan, iran.
2- M.Sc. student of mining engineering, Yazd University.
h.kiamars89@gmail.com
Abstract:
Marvast Monazite as plaser is located in the south and southeast of Yazd Province. Geochemical study
indicates more enrichment in the LREEs and MREEs than HREEs. Although study monazites show
more similarity with Bafgh monazites in the spider diagram pattern for REEs, They separate from
carbonate monazites, low grade veins and metamorphism. Also, the presence of monazite minerals in
other sedimentary sequences in the source clastic of these monazites has been confirmed..Ce possitive
anomaly do not confirm theirs deposition from marine phosphates and post diagenesis in the during
diagenesis. Therefore REEs value due to hydrothermal fluids reaction with alkaline basaltes in The
former Cimmerian tensile alkaline phase in Sanandaj Sirjan. Following the absorption of these
elements by clay minerals and iron hydroxide and manganese, in black shales rich in organic matter
due to the instability of the complex REE deposits find. Two elements Ce and La very good
relationship with each other and with good correlation to the elements (Tm, Nd) and correlation
relative to the subgroup elements B1 (Dy, Ho, Pr, Tb, Lu) connected. Group B2 (Gd, Eu, Sm) with
each other and have a good community with good community have been connected to subgroup B1.
Bafgh Area monazites are associated with apatite ore, which are present at intrusions at the surface of

276
the apatite mineral or along the fractures and show a high enrichment relative to the marvaste
monazite.
Keywords: rare earth elementsT Marvast Monazites, Monazite esfordi and choghart,bafgh.
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(Alipour asll et al.,2012) & 796 30 , 7 9 -1 T@

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M v v 2? v< = > ! 78 5 7 7+ ? ! !# ; 3# 2? Eu J
vY v v -. v< v v= > , % 5 . . &#, 7 )0 Eu J Ce
v % !v9 &v#, 7 2 7 4 J? 3# ! % ! ! L Wf) &#, &#,
6< ):; ! HREEs30 < = > 7$5 6 7 2 2? ! ) 0 4! ,
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14,8 v? 6,6 &#, -. 28,8 ?14,430 R ) 6 ! L Wf) &#, 3# < = >
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.! c? T0 ! . 4 W &#, L .! 7)C ( ` 2 !, L $ U y `D
7v < v+ & D 2? &#, 7 ,D b: # 30 A N# C ,
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.! 7) TW) B1 #, 7 &:G );:2 7) #!2

278
 .& &#, -. ; < = > ! 7 <7 Z 1 ! -2 T@

0 BC 70Y &#, )@05 { @ @0 R ? 02 q< 4 $5 6

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4 =7 3# 7 ! T@ ? T@ < 720 U 4 W 0 4 iA ; &#,
! 1 # 020 30 , .! [Y @);@ !) # &0? . U \6 # L<
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&#, , T; . 7)< La/Ce La/Nd La/Y &:; , &#, , T; 3# .!
T; 7 &:; 3# LREEs 7 ! La/Y &:; .& 00i? , != 2.3 ? 1.9 30 Ce/La &:;
.! ); < )< Th U , )02 # 9 BC 70Y &#, .! ); ? 7)C # B# J? 1
&#, Th # 9 & 0A 1 0 # 9 4 iA J &#, .(Harlov et al., 2002)
j2 & , @ D !Y #, Ho # 9 .& ./5 ?0/05 4 iA &#, 0/25 ? 0/0430 J
, != 49/8 ? 38/3 4 iA &#, 57/7 ? 37/1 W > 4 = 7 J &#, ∑REE+Y
3# 7 ! Eu J Ce &:G %0 & &#, 7 2 2?.& 00i?
## 4 J;C , % ! 7) % & # <k 3# T0@ ? # 0K ? 1!>, Y Eu J
? J) T#M ! ? 7$5 6 7 2 Eu J # (Pichler H., Reigraf, C.S.,1995) !
'#, ? b# z 7 ! ! 1 p0; 7)0 C , $ ? $ Eu `0@J? _ 7 ? $5 6 ! 7)
#, ! !0. N# C '#, ? b# z p0; 7)0 C N .&;0 6< ' ? `# p0; 7)0 C 7 &:; Eu
p0; 7)0 C 7 # !f ( Henderson, 1984).& ! < $= ! P Eu 2+
/ Eu 3 + &:;
% ? 30# . U0< p0; 7)0 C $# SQ@> )C ! < * J? ) 0 P Eu 3 + `0@J? F# #M
Eu '#, ? b# z N# C 7 T05 3# 7 S ! < !0J Eu J 5 D \# ? 302 & ! < + Eu 2 +
0 Eu J 5 D ( Henderson, 1984) ! < N# C ) 0 7A Eu J 5 D Eu 2 + N# C
!9 % D `0@J? ! ); Eu U= ! T2Y 7U2+ , %? V !UC #, ! # N# C 4 V !UC d U:? 7U0 ! ?
F# ~0$z &:G !9 < = > 2 .( K.Johnson, 2001). ! < N 2 W > 3#
+ < R0f , )Y #, ! TY q f? &0U ( F# 7 # D , . !
.(T. Mulja, 1995)! 0 )5D 0 ~0$z &:G %0 7 0)

279
 .(Boynton.,1985) &# ! ) BC 70Y &#, & &#, < = > '#, ? ! % 5 – 3T@

.BC 70Y &#, & &#, < = > 7# ? d) •# ) -1 L !+

Esfordi- Choghart - REE in monazite REE in placer

bafgh bafgh marvast marvast
Mon1 Mon2 Mon Mon
Y 4800 4233 2385 2500 Ce 142000 151000 67641.8 146285.1
La 145648 84001 151413 118559 La 61100 64500 29836.5 64390.5
Ce 295696 184764 253617 195925 Pr 11700 12100 6263.8 12002.9
Pr 28475 18778 21600 16833 Nd 42000 43400 21867.8 42885.3
Nd 86860 63699 58228 42761 Sm 7640 7910 3826.9 7626.8
Sm 8633 7985 5171 3783 Eu 1260 1310 631.9 1275.3
Eu 506 713 447 289 Gd 6730 6970 3363.6 6839.1
Gd 4261 4974 2575 1948 Tb 326 339 164.0 335.1
Tb 351 397 195 164 Dy 934 958 476.3 954.0
Dy 1340 1344 703 661 Ho 65 66.9 33.2 67.0
Ho 177 162 89 90 Er 38.7 39.6 23.6 47.6
Er 316 256 145 167 Tm 4.29 4.36 2.2 4.5
Tm 24 17 11 16 Lu 4.46 4.43 2.6 4.8
Yb 82 57 37 64 Ce/La 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Lu 7 5 3 6 (La/Ce)cn 1.12 1.11 1.15 1.15
Th 3930 1156 958 653 (La/Nd)cn 2.81 2.87 2.6 2.9
U 136 24 101 49 (La/Sm)cn 5.03 5.12 4.9 5.3
(Ce/La) 2.03 2.19 1.67 1.65 ΣREE % 27.3 28.8 6.6 13.6
(La/Ce)cn 1.28 1.18 1.55 1.57

280
(La/Nd)cn 3.24 2.55 5.03 5.36
(La/Y) 30.34 19.84 63.47 47.42
(La/Sm)cn 10.61 6.61 18.41 19.71
ΣREE+Y 57.7 37.1 49.6 38.3

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3 ; R:? &#, & &#, -. &#, < = > ! % 2
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7 2 2?.! 7< + & 2? &#, 7 , , b: #
# 0K ? 1!> ! Ce &:G .! Ce &:G %0 ‫ و‬Eu J %0 7$5 6
q< # &#, #, BC 70Y &0? .D 3 ; .! # <k 3# T0@ ?
7 ! # &#, , ? J) T; ; 3# ! &0? . ` ; Z :? G 02
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:<-

Aftabi A., 2009. Mohseni S., Babeki A., Azaraien H., “Fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Esfordi apatite-
magnetite deposit, Central Iran- A discussion”, Economic Geology 104- 137 – 139.
Daliran F., 1990 The magnetite-apatite deposit of Mishdovan, East Central Iran. An alkali rhyolite hosted, Kiruna type
occurrence in the Infracambrian Bafq metallotect (mineralogic, petrographic and geochemical study of the ores and the host
rocks, Ph.D. thesis, Heidelberg, Heidelberger Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 37- 248 p.
Daliran F. 2002. Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite ores and apatitites of the Bafq district, Iran, with an emphasis on the REE
geochemistry of their apatites, in Porter, T.M. ed., Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold & related deposits: A global
perspective, PGC Publishing, Adelaide, v.2 303-320.
Geological Survey of Iran (GSI), 2004. Exploration of rare eart element and monazite in the alluvium of the southern
Marvast (eastern area). Tehran, 66 pp. (in Persian)
Harlov D. E., Anderson U. B., Forster H. J., Nystrom J. O., Dulski P., Broman C., 2002 Apatite –monazite relations in the
kiirunavaara magnetite- apatite ore northern Sweden, Chemical geology 191 - 47-72.
K.Johnson, 2001, Petrology of iron magmatic segregation associated with strongly peraluminous trondhjemite in the
cornucopiastock.
Pichler H., Reigraf, C.S.,1995 Gesteinsbildende minerale im duennschliff, translated in Farsi by Mehrabi F., Stuttgrad,
Fridinand EnkeVerlag, .
P. Henderson, 1984, Rare earth element Geochemistry.
Samani B.A., 1988“Metallogeny of the Precambrian in Iran”, Precambrian Research 39 -85-106.
Torab F.M.,2008 Geochemistry and metallogeny of magnetite-apatite deposits of the Bafq Mining District, Central Iran, PhD
thesis, Technical University of Clausthal (2008) 131p.
T. Mulja, 1995, The rare element enriched monzogranit-pegmatite-quartz vein systems in the Preissac-Lacorne, Quebec.

281
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Study of microfacies association and depositional environment of Asmari

formation in Masjed –Soleyman (MIS) oil field
Roholah Hosseini1, Vali Mehdipour2*
1. Sedimentologist, Mapsa Company, email: rh.hosseini26@gmail.com
2. Petroleum geologist, Danaenergy, Iran,

Abstract
In this study, microfacies and depositional environment of Asmari formation in Masjed –Soleyman
(MIS) oil field have been studied. About 900 thin sections provided from cutting (well#306) and core
(Well#153) samples have been studied. According to Flugel and Buxton, 5 faices association have
been determined which belonged to open marine, Bar, lagoon, intertidal and supratidal depositional
environments. This study shows, depositional environment of Asmari formation is ramp platform with
low slope. Outer ramp dominated in lower part, middle ramp dominated in middle part and inner ramp
dominated in upper intervals of this formation. Therefore sub-environments changed from utter ramp
to inner ramp in geological history of Oligo-Miocen.
Key words: Asmari formation, Masjed –Soleyman (MIS) oil field, microfacies, ramp

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Facies association 1
٢Open marine
٣Bar
٤Lagoon
٥Intertidal
Supratidal ٦
Supratidal ٧

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(Dolostone) E1 ٨
(Dolomitized lime mudstone) E2 ٩
(Gypsum and Anhydrite) E3 ١٠
(Fecal pellet Packstone) D1 ١١
(Intraclast Wackestone) D2 ١٢
(Bioclast intraclast wackestone to packeston)D3 ١٣
١٤ Rao
(Borelisemelo- Miliolid Bioclast wackestone to packstone) C1 ١٥
(Miliolid Wackestone to Packstone C2 ١٦
(Bioclast Wackestone to Packstone) C3 ١٧
(bioclast/peloid wackestone to-packestone) c6 ١٨
(Coral Boundstone) C4 ١٩
(Algale bandstone) C5 ٢٠
٢١ Prothero, and Schwab

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(Briozoa wackestone) A3 ٢٥
(Echinoid Wackestone) A4 ٢٦
(Algal Wackestone to Packstone) A5 ٢٧
(Tubiphytes Wackestone to Packstone) A6 ٢٨
(Globigerina Wackestone to Packstone) A1 ٢٩
(Globigerina mudstone to Wackestone) A2 ٣٠
٣١ Cosovic

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References:
Buxton, M.W.N., and Pedley, H.M., 1989. A standardized model for Tethyan Tertiary carbonates ramps, Journal of the
Geological Society, London, V.149, p. 746-748.
Cosovic, V., Drobne, K. and Moro, A., 2004. Paleoenvironmental model for Eocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic
carbonate platform (Istrain peninsula), Facies, 50, 61-75.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture, in: Ham, W. (ed.), classification of
carbonate Rocks, AAPG, Mem. 1, p. 108-121.
Flugel, E., 1982. Microfacies analysis of limestone, Springer, Berlin, 633 pp.
Flugel, E., 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks 2nd ed., Springer, Berlin, 976 pp.
Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996. Sedimentary geology: an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy, Freeman
and company, New York, 575 P.
Rao, C. P., 1996. Modern carbonates, tropical, temperate, Polar: introduction to sedimentology and geochemistry: Arts of
Tasmania, 206 pp.
Wilson, J.L., 1975. Carbonates Facies in Geologic History. Springer-Verlag, Berline, Heidelberg, New York, 471 p.

287
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. &$ -
0 & 2' 3 0 : 5 /'0 ! 1
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b8 T4 - $ 7 8 7 (Postuma, 1971) , (Permoli Silva & Verga, 2004) # .- - K7
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(Hart, 1980), (Keller et al., 2004), (Armestrong and .4 $ - #D - A: 7<S "cT fM "
h ,N i - B, 7 3 Z $* Q8 # 9 P$ ! - (Hart, 1980) J - Brasier, 2005)
.

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.4 (0-20) m A)

$ ! 4 Whiteinella, Praeglobotruncana j a .6 , , $- # ,# # - H * (2 B, 7
# # - : ! M - 8 7 g, [ .% 1 J - (Permoli Silva & Verga, 2004) $ : 7- ,n - 9%T -
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- l - B, 7 , -l - : ! , $ - .4 , ! , : Globotruncana, Marginotruncana

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( ! B! -5
B, 7
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f, g , $ - <, @A) f, g A 4L: 4 @A) f, g : # , Marginotruncana
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290
291
 D
. ?L_ 1010 "# S7 "c $ , 7i `" # " 2 1 (K "J ! 4L 1372 - ". " . 1 (1
Armstrong H. A. & Brasier M.D., 2005. Microfossilis. Second Edition. Blackwell Publishing. P. 305.
Coccioni, R. and Luciani, V., 2004. Planktonic foraminifera foraminifera and environmental changes across the Bonarelli event
(OAE2, latest Cenomanian) in its type area: a high resolution study from the Tethyan reference Bottaccione section (Gubbio,
central Italy). Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 34, 109–129.
Hart, M.B., 1980. A water depth model for the evolution of the planktonic foraminiferida. Nature, 286, 252–254.

292
Keller, G., Pardo, A ., 2004b. Disaster opportunists Guembelitridae: index for envi- ronmental catastrophes. Marine
Micropaleontology 53, 83–116.
Postuma, J. A., 1971- Manual of Planktonic Foraminifera, Elsevier.
Premoli Silva, I. & Verga, D., 2004- Practical manual of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera, course 3. In: Verga, D., and
Rettri, R. (Eds.), International school of planktonic foraminifera: Universities of Perugia and Milano, Tripografiadi di
Pontefelcino, Perugia, Italy , 283 p.

Determination Paleobathymetry of the Surgah Formation in

Qala Bardi, West of Khorramabad.
A. Hayatyany 1*,I. Maghfouri Moghaddam2 ,Gh. Darabi Zafari3
1*-M.sc. Student of stratigraphy and Paleontology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science,
Lorestan University
٢-Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University
3- Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University
Abstract
The thickness of Surgah Formation is 90 m at Qala bardi and contains Late Turonian and Santonian
planktonic foraminifera. Study of planktonic foraminifera morphotype shaw and shallow to deep
environment the abundance of these morphotype related to oxygen are. The environmental factors such
and salinity and temperature.

Keywords: Surgah formation, Qala bardi, Paleobathymetry, planktonic foraminifera.

Author: Ashraf hayatyany

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 ;
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Premoli Silva, I. & Verga, D., 2004- Practical manual of Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera, course 3. In: Verga, D., and
Rettri, R. (Eds.), International school of planktonic foraminifera: Universities of Perugia and Milano, Tripografiadi di
Pontefelcino, Perugia, Italy , 283 p.
Postuma, J. A., 1971- Manual of Planktonic Foraminifera, Elsevier.
Sigal, J., 1977. Essai du zonation du Cretace mediterraneenne a aide des foraminiferes planctoniquess.
GeologieMediterraneenne, 4: 99-108.

299
Biostratigraphy and Paleobathymetry of the Surgah Formation in
Qala Bardi, West of Khorramabad.
A. Hayatyany 1*,I. Maghfouri Moghaddam2 ,Gh. Darabi Zafari3
1-M.sc. Student of stratigraphy and Paleontology, Department of Geology, Faculty of
Science, Lorestan University
٢-Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University
3- Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University
Abstract
In order to biostratigraphy study of Surgah Formation at Qalah Bardi , on stratigraphic section was
choosen at Northerh of Sepid-kuh anticline the thickness if surgah Formation is 90 m and contains of
Limestone and mary Limestone. The Lower and Upper boundry of Surgah Formation with Sarvak and
Ilam Formation are sharp. Based on the biostratigraphical in study section, 9 genera and 14 specis of
planktic Foraminifera was identifled that related in two biozone:
١) Dicarinella concavata Interval Zone (Sigal, 1955) , 2) Dicarinella asymetrica Total Rang Zone
(postuma, 1971). Based and the pelagic Formation and two recognized biozone. The age of surgah
Formation is Late Turonian-santonian.
Keywords: Surgah formation, Qala bardi, Biostratigraphy, Planktonic foraminifera.
Author: Ashraf hayatyany

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Diagenetic processes of the Asmari Formation in well No. 2 of the Chaharbisheh Olifield
Reza Heidarian1*, Asadollah Mahboubi2, Mohammad Khanehbad3, Sayyed Reza Moussavi Harami2,
Kiarash Ghanavati4
1-M.Sc. in Sedimentology and sedimentary petrology,Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,
Mashhad,Iran
2-Professer, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3-Assistant professer, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
4-M.Sc., Department of Geology, National Iranian south Oil Company, Iran
Abstract
In this research, diagenetic processes of the Asmari Formation were investigated in well No. 2 at the
Chaharbisheh Oilfield. For this purpose, was petrographic studied of 153 thin sections from 424.5
meter thickness of well No. 2 at the Chaharbisheh Oilfield. The diagenetic processes affected these
rocks include micritization, boring, fracturing, physical and chemical compaction, cementation,
dissolution, neomorphism, dolomitization, anhydritization, hematitization, silicification and
pyritization. These processes have influenced the Asmari Formation deposits in marine, meteoric,
burial and uplift diagenetic environments during eogenesis, mesogenesis and telogenesis stages.
Key words: diagenetic processes, Asmari Formation, Chaharbisheh Olifield.
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306
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6 7

† . - ( ;. V $( < $ L ) U $* F $/ * .1394 -.v - + $/ -.' - ' $Q

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Bordenave, M., 2008. The origin of the permo-triassic gas accumulations in the iranian zagros foldbelt and contiguous
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foldbelt, Iran, Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 28(4), 339 – 368.

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sedimentary basins. Editions Technip, Paris.
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312
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of Contaminant Hydrology 99 112–136.
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Sedimentology, Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 251, 9–29.
Alonso-Zarza, A.M., Tanner, L.H. 2010. Carbonates in Continental Settings: Geochemistry, diagenesis and applications.
Development in sedimentology. 62, 1-319.
Bustillo, M.A. Alonso-Zarza, A.M.. 2007. Overlapping of pedogenesis and meteoric diagenesis in distal alluvial and shallow
lacustrine deposits in the Madrid Miocene Basin, Spain.Sedimentary GeologyVolume 198, Issues 3–4, 1 June 2007, Pages
255-271.
Carver, E., 1971 Procedures in sedimentary petrology , Wiley-Interscience.

318
 67

Sedimentological study of alluvial fan systems

Saeed Khodabakhsh*
Geology Dept., Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
*skhodabakhsh@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Alluvial fans are continental sedimentary environments in mountaineous regions. A close relationship
exists between alluvial fans and their watershed in upstream; their formation is controlled by tectonic,
climate (weathering condition) and lithology of their basin. Many civil engineering projects are
founded on alluvial fans; on the other hand they are the place that many natural hazards (i.e. rock fall,
slide/slump, flood, mud flow and debris flow) occur which indicate their significance. Their primary
sedimentary processes are debris flows, fluvial and sheet flows. Their classification is mainly based on
these processes. Secondary sedimentary processes in alluvial fans are bioturbation, chemical
precipitation and soil formation. This research introduce some characters of recent active alluvial fans
in Iran.

319
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320
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: O d? d ? ? D O=0 ' 3 & I5 '4 8 H ?:
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326
 ?@ " 0@ -5
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.81-72 € 16 - /O ?( : D #- 6 O* 2% ! Q RQ= E ? * I D- / !'4 - #= - D 7 - H0-
Al-Ameri, M. B., and Shebl, H., 2011, Reservoir Rock Typing of a Giant Carbonate Field, SPE Reservoir
Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Alavi, M., 2007. Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. Am. J. Sci. 307, 1064–1095.
Amel, H., Jafarian, A., Husinec, A., Koeshidayatullah, A., Swennen, R., 2015. Microfacies, depositional environment
and diagenetic evolution controls on the reservoir quality of the Permian Upper Dalan Formation, Kish Gas Field, Zagros
Basin. Mar. Pet. Geol. 67, 57–71.
Bordenave, M.L., Hegre, J.A., 2010. Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and
contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 330, 291–353.
Francesconi, A., F. Bigoni, P. Balossino, N. Bona, F. Marchini, and M. Cozzi, 2009, Reservoir Rock Types Application
- Kashagan, SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, Society of Petroleum
Engineers.
Ilkhchi, A. K., M. Rezaee, and S. A. Moallemi, 2006, A fuzzy logic approach for estimation of permeability and rock
type from conventional well log data: an example from the Kangan reservoir in the Iran Offshore Gas Field: Journal of
Geophysics and Engineering, v. 3, no. 4, p. 356.
Mathis, B., J. P. Leduc, and T. Vandenabeele, 2003, From the Geologists’ Eyes to Synthetic Core Descriptions:
Geological Log Modeling Using Well-Log Data.
Rabiller, P., 2005, Facies prediction and data modeling for reservoir characterization. 1th Ed., Rabiller Geoconsulting.
Sepehr, M., Cosgrove, J.W., 2004. Structural framework of the Zagros fold-thrust belt, Iran. Mar. Pet. Geol. 21,829–
843.
Serra, O., Abbot, H., 1980, The Contribution of Logging Data to Sedimentology and stratigraphy. SPE of AIME,
Transaction 55th Annual Fall Technology Conference.
Stinco, L. P., 2006, Core and log data integration. The key for determining electrofacies, SPWLA 47th Annual Logging
Symposium, Society of Petrophysicists & Well Log Analysts.
Tucker, M. E., 2001. Sedimentology Petrology: an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks: Blackwell, Scientific
Publication, London, 260p.
Wolf, M., and J. Pelissier-Combescure, 1982, Faciolog-automatic electrofacies determination, in SPWLA 23rd Annual
Logging Symposium: Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts.
Yazdani, R., 2014. Biostratigraphy and Facies Distribution of The Asmari Formation in Aghajari Well#66, Zagros
Basin, SW Iran. Intrnational Res. J. Geol. Min. 4, 101–115.
Ye, S.J. and Rabiller, P., 2000, A new tool for electro-facies analysis: multi resolutiongraphic based clustering,
SPWLA, 41st annual logging symposium, June 4-7.

327
 Identification and interpretation of electrofacies of Asmari
Formation in one of the oil fields of Southwest Iran
Taher Khodamoradi1, Alireza Hajian2, Bijan Maleki3

1. Department of Petroleum Engineering, Omidiyeh branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidieh, Iran
2. Department of Physics, Najaf Abad branch, Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran
3. Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

Abstract

In heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs, due to the complexity and heterogeneity, porosity and permeability distribution are
variable and uncertain. Accordingly, the use of new methods is necessary in order to better understand these reservoirs.
Among these methods, the determination and use of electrofacies (log faces) is one of the most important methods in the
production of hydrocarbon reservoirs and field development, Because the designation of high-quality reservoir zones can be
useful in the production of hydrocarbon reservoirs and field development. For this reason, in this study, using the Multi
Resolution Graph Based Clustering method, facies of the Asmari formation was determined in one of the fields of southwest
of Iran. This method is based on multi-dimensional dot pattern recognition based on the nearest neighbor and graphical data
display. In this study, using gamma ray log, density, acoustic, neutron and also effective porosity and water saturation were
used for testing and fabrication of electrofacies model. Using the available petrophysical data, Asmari formation in the
studied well was divided into 6 electro facies. Due to this electrofacies from the point of view reservoir quality, facies number
4 has the best reservoir quality and facade number 1 has the worst reservoir quality. Also, facies number 1 and 2 are of the
type of tight limestone.

Keywords: Electrofacies, MRGC, Asmari Formation.

328
 A BC
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Facies and sedimentary environment of the Fahlian Formation in

A, B ,C oil fields in Abadan plain
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Abstract
Fahliyan Formation is important as reservoir structure in Abadan plain area in Neocomian age. In this
area, Fahliyan formation is located on Garo structure with discontinuous border below Gadvan
structure. Discussion of 564 thin sections of microfacies excavated pertain to Fahliyan structure in
Abadan plain (A, B and C wells) resulted to identify 16 carbonated facies and one facies of debris in
four groups of tidal flat, Lagoon, open marine and shoal facies belt. Succession of structures and their
type show that debris environment was carbonate rimmed shelf.

Keywords: Microfaces, Sedimentary Environment, Fahliyan formation, Neocomian, Abadan Plain

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.(1 + #) F e a < j b =

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G F B\+E #9 N 5 ?P5 9 65 P ($ 8 e WX7 1 . ? %10 $% b
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(? =* B @* < 9 @( 8 1 (% 5 ) b P +Y 6E ( P8 65
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1 =# m 6E =# 6E ! 6< .$ ! ( " !$ ?A @_A 5 @( 8
=W: X (L 3 @ 8 \ ( P8 65 5 . 8 b L = $@ @ m' ? :
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. ( %2 ! 6 = 6# ' @= = ! # ( P8 5 +Y m 6E .$ ?5 Q 5
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! =# @ Y@' 1F $c + i = 5 ? T 2 5 _ ' 7 Y@' 1F ! 6 !
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(shoal) 6 ' 2-2

= ! # ( P8 65 5 +a 6E ) bioclastgrainstone (B1) @ k < Y ($ $ X2 $

oX Go X p C @( P8 65 5 . ( $ N +G ?P+ 5 $N @( 8
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330
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@( 8 G F $N B @* < !' U+ A 6E 5 ? $a 45 $% $ N +G ( P8
@= F$ F.(2004 1F +<)$ U+ A @! j ! Q P 5 F ?< 1 Y # 1 : .? 9
= < 5 _@ < j $@ ! $ # j G @T 2 @= 5 < # 1: P 5 F @_A
$W# = @ F B5j&G @ * < g+m ( P8 65 5 )Peloidbioclastpackstone (B3) .((2004 1F +<)?
$ P@ 65 @( $ pQ a $ 1 ( P8 bqC ? P7 = @? & . ($5 B @* <
$ N +G +Y m 6E .9 ($ 8 e WX7 d * ! ?5 Q 5 : $ # \C @!' C < @ b :'
.? ($@ 1 7 A C @( L ( P8 5 .? ! \ G = ( P8 5 B5 <. 9 ! # %20 <
$ r# 9 ($ 8 e WX7 ( @ = BL @( $ d* ! E +\7 @( P8 = ?\P 1F _@
@T 2 +Y m +Y e WX7 5 E= E ?"E =h % < j _@ T 2 j _5 6< ($
5 ( @= = @U5 = F = 5 : ! $ )Coral bound stone (B4) .(2004 1F +<)$ U+ A
@= ! ( @ .$ = P =# $ +E T2 5 = ( & ! ! P ) *5 @( P8
=* ! Y &G I =:Q ?5 Q 5 ) f j T 2 @= (6\ B\+E $ N $G F $ N +G) < jb T 2
5 f j T 2 = =# 9 *#&G " _A 1 % ($ @ ! 5 $# $ = ?8 ! (! Y &G
.((1995 Q)? 5 ' sX ! Q !

( lagoon) +4,> ' 3-2

P ( P8 65 5 +Y 6E ) Bioclast mudstone (C1) @ k < Y ($ ! FQ X 2 $
55 @_A U ! ! < R # .? =* B ! ! 1 ( $a 5 ) H$
+a a C) Bioclastic wackestone/ packstone (C2) (Amodio,2006) $ 5 _@ < j b P ($ $2
5 $ N +G ?P+ 5 .? * < $N @( 8 $ & @( 8 ( P8 65 5 ($ @ 1 Y #
T5 ! @? & !$ 8 .? ($@ 1 7 6 t 6E &2 . ($5 b $c = k < Y
5 )Peloid bioclast wackestone/packstone (C3),(? ! < # kG T5 % Q 1F ! 6 <#
= ($ F ($ E @$ N +G +Y m 6E .? ($ 1 Y # ! PYG # ! P ?< ( P8 65
$: + $ 1 !' +Y 6E ($ C .$ @ 1 Y # @= %۴٠ \5 c# i = = ($5 ?5 Y
Q#= ' * ' u pQ % $ ($5 ( P8 65 5 = 9 e WX7.$ B @* < 5
G P+G @ = 6 L $% ? & 6E ! $ p \5 c# ( P8 65 5 ) clay stone (C4),($ ($
u T8 5 ?P =# 9 ' p \P T 2 B5 !' 1 Y # ($ @ ! ( P8 5 =# 1F E . 9
f j ( +F @H # $ ) ' v 8 u' @! 8 \ Y@' 1F E .(1990 #)$ Cv
j 1 Y # T5 ? ! \ G 1F ( P8 65 5 B5 < .(١٩٨٢ 1F +<)$ $ 5r# e 5 !
1 P< $W# 5@! k < Y 5 )Silty mudstone (C5),(1990 #)$@ ! b #T
n%.$ ($ +5j ' @ 1F 5 $c % =W: X Zi c ( P8 5 .? ($ 1 Y # Q # @
' ( P8 65 (C6),(? T 2 5 = " ' P Q# = K @ =5Q Q= Q Q @!
65 @= ( P8 5 . ($@ A ( L ! +"< $ @B@' # ( P8 5 ) shale1
L = 5 = =E # . ($5 :' ( 1 m' ( P8 5 @= 8 .? ($ 1 Y # 1
v u $% 5 9 ' j b T2 ' @= $ 9 ' T5 = ?P =# = 65 e
.(1990 #)$ 5 G ( P8 5 T 2 j ? = < F e a

331
 (tidal flat) @ $ ' 4-2
Silty/sandy mudstone (D2) Dolo mudstone (D1)@ k < Y ($ $ = "G X 2 $
. ($5 P < = : 1A+A# e a = p @ F = ( P < B5 < D1( P8 65 @ F`5 5 #b" .$
+\# L $W 1% = + 65 @? : 1 ( P8 5 5 I PF !$ :
<$# 6 j 5 =+% ? : @ + $ !$ : _5 6< .? ($ ? : @ + $ (
6E p \5 c# D2 ( P8 .? ($ ( P8 5 T 6A ? * 5 wC P < 1A+A# E
5 ?P =# ($ @ ! P+ 6E \ .$ E 5 Y = 6# ' @= $ P+
.(Amodio, 2006) ? $ < # $ @= "G ( P8
.46 7 83 A-3

=# 9 *#&G " _A 5 ( P8 $ .$ $E Q # T 2 5 P+ @$
=# 9 *#&G g _A A1,A2, A4,A5 ( P8 @=C .(1995 Q) $ 5 =W # 5 fi=
$E Q # 5 T2 *5 / P+ @$ .? ($ = " f j =h % _A A3 @( P8
@k < Y $ _A B1k < Y .$ K \# b@ @$ E @ T #T2 5 .$
@$ ? G = !' 1 : = Q # T 2 .$ 7$ +E _A B4 ( P8 $ ? G _A B3 B2
Lagoonal shoal _A C3k < Y .$ 5 _5 6< ' ( $2 !' ' H 2# 7 @U5
e E R # .? ( $5 # G ) $ < ( $5 # 5 ) $ ! % 1 $ = "G . 7 margin
1 % T 2 5 = !< # T # $ < =cX e E # WX7 ? Y : ( $2 $ = "G
?+ ( $ ) 6# ' @= 1 =W: X =% ($ 5 $ @( P8 .(Tucker & wright ,1995)
.$ ? : (V

: .46 3-4

k < Y e W: X A B C ( L = ! +"< ^< (6y < F 9$C e C&i ?5 $2 1 : = ^ c2# 5

! +"< $ T2 C + o i B5 ? = < F e a *% @( 8 V "# T2
= =E # "' C \E $ = @( P8 65 R # = =E # . =N $ B5 g: 7
=cX ! +"< $ =h % $ q = (2004) 1F +< (1975) ! P+5 T # ($ =N @ $
f j T 2 =# 9 *#&G = $ @ ! ! +"< $ @( P8 .$ = % U+ R =# 9 *#&G =W: X
.(21Y )? ( ! P @ (Read 1982, Wilson 1975) $5 +< = % 9 *#&G !' 9 *#&G

, $C -5

=# k < Y 16 $W# R ! +"< $ @= " =W: X (L3 ($ 9 @ = =E #

$ 1 ( P8 $ 4 ! +"< : # G Y Y @( P8 =W: X =5 G .$ 5 'k < Y B5
.$ 5 5 ( P8 $ ! FQ ( P8 $ $ ( P8 $ $ = "G ( P8
1 ! '? =% ! +"< $ T 2 = $@ ! ($ 5 ( P8 @$ 5 1a % d5
.? ($ b A C(L? = B(L? ! +"< $ S < j.? = % U+ R =# 9 *#&G B5
.? <j 5 A (L 5

332
 Bioclastpeloidgrainstone (c Dolo mudstone (b Bioclastgrainstone (a -٣CDE

Silty/Sandy wackestone (f Bioclast bindstone (e Peloidbioclastpackstone (d

Fossiliferous mudstone (I Bioclast mudstone (h Shale (g

Peloidbioclastpackstone (l Argillaceous mudstone (k Mudstone (j

Bioclastic wackestone/packstone (o Silty mudstone (n Bioclast wackestone (m

Peloid bioclast (q Claystone (p

wackestone/packstone

333
 f ?5 5$ = < F ) C B A @( L ? W7 -1 1Y SF " G $ - 21Y
(! 5 ?* + ? =W: X =cX ! +"< $ e

:!. 3

* @! $ ! +"< $ P Y = L @T 2 " 1382 .9 .9 5 68 .o 8$ 2 . Q

-323 ! "*a ( ! 5 _5 @ *@ eQ c =C " E < F < < 65 8 B $ * z
.327
= ! 5 G "H 8 =cX ! +"< $ 1A+A# e y# @T 2 @bP < Y =W: X " 1374 .R +W
.{107 & '( $
.{536 ! e "V F = L ! 5 " 1372 .( W X

$ = !5G " * !$ 1( (L : I ! +"< $ < # " 1385 .| P% @

.{197 ! "# (
=% < 5 !$ ! +"< $ 6A ? * 5 T2 @( P8 =W: X " 1391 9 $ @
.{117 & '( $ = !5G " : <
REFRENCE:
Dunham, R.J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: W.E. Ham (ed) Classification of
Carbonate Rocks., A.A.P.G, Memoir 1, p.108-121.
Flügel, E., 2010, Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Analysis, Interpretation and Application Springer-Verlag, New York, 2nd
ed.,976 p.
James,G.A.&Wynd,J.G.1965,Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. AAPG BULL, 49:2182-
2245.

Kheradpir, A.,1975,stratigraphy of khami Group in south west Iran. IOOC Rep. NO.1235(unpub.):388-402.

Lasemi, Y., 1995 Platform carbonate of Upper Jurassic ;Mozduran Formation in the KopeDagh basin, NE Iran- facies,
paleoenvironment and sequences: Sed. Geology, V. 99, p.151-164.

Read,J.F.,1982,carbonate platform of passive(extensional) continental margins types,characteristics and evolution,

Tectonophysics,81:195-212.

Selley, R.C., 1971, Applied Sedimentology. 2nd ed., Academic Press, San Deigo, 446 pp.
Tucker , M.E., and Wrigth , P.V., 1990 . Carbonate Sedimentology.Blackwell, Oxford , 482 pp.

Tucker, M.E. and Wright, V.P., 1994. Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 482pp.
Wells, A.J.,1965,Lithofacies and geological history of khami Group in south west of Iran, IOOC Rep.NO.1082(unpub.):103-
147.

Wilson, J.L., 1975. Carbonate Facies in Geologic History. Springer-Verlag, New York, 471 pp.

334
 ! "
The Effect of Diagenesis is the Reservoir Quality of the Fahliyan
Formation in one of the Oil Fields in Yadavaran Field in Abadan
Plain
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09133274750: )* anahita.khalili@yahoo.com

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6 78 9: ** 5 '%& ' _

ghazanfari.parviz@gmail.com

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fahime.talezari@gmail.com 09376048126 : )*

:( )*

! .D D A '$ D = " 9 % B 7C A! @6 ? =' > =' * < !

A % 9 I JKL 219 '. F !B ! 6 = G ' B! H' = G ' *<
M ! 6 !A =N5 K %M < B GO8 A ' '$ D *<! =' P ' )"
6 L RA$ 1@ S ! ? * < ! .D %! = 9 ' 6 ! BH ! 7F = G =' = Q' % Q9 % B
.! ' * <! 7C D ) ' $ TU 7V 6 A!6 < ' =N5 K 6 W!A .! ' A X
! ! 6 @ =' TU * < ! O ? <! 1" = 7V 6 A! 6$ < =* F
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.D %\ '] $ 6 < = .D %! %!A % )" %\ ' %\ *'

1 .2 3 , + ,1 &, 0 ,-. ./ : (+

Abstract
The Fahliyan Formation (Neocomian) is an important reservoir the khami group in Abadan Plain
Area. In the Abadan Plain, the Fahliyan Formation transitionally overlies of the Garau Formation and
its upper boundary changes into the Gadvan Formation.the study of 219 cutting Thin Sections, from
Fahliyan Formation in Abadan Plain and petrographic study yielded Four Groups, Such as Tidal Flat,
Lagoon, Shoal and Open Marine Facies Belts. The fahliyan formation is mainly composed of lime and
variable values of clay minerals. the aim of this study is to investigate the processes of diagenetic and
its effect on reservoir quality.The Important Diagenetic Process That Offected The Quality Of
Reservois From Deposition to Deep Burial are Cementation, Neomorphism, Dissolution, Compaction
and Dolomityation. In the studied sections, porosity is observed in moldic, fenestral, intercrystaline,

335
intraparticle, interparticle and vuggy porosity forms. The most abundant of them is of an interparticle
poorosity type.

Keywords: Porosity, Formation, Fahliyan, Diagenesis, Reservoir quality

$2 62 -1
) [ C D 6H ' 9 % B A! <V[ A RA$ DQ = ' %! ? Z =' * < !
6 = 9 = C < XF ^ QB 6 '= ' A . =' < B < <
!` 65 _ ' F A ' ! A !` 50 _ ' =@ 6 =' =F '.(Ehrenberg&steen 2009)D
6 W = 6 R C = B 6 ' ! 8 = ' C = 9 ' !A
.D = < B 8 ' '$ D ) ! @6 * < ! =N5 K 6 .!6 ' !A

: 0 8 9 -2

! a *G Q DQ* ' *6V $ 1 Q< = ' % Q9 % % Q9 < B G b N5 K c '

– Q@G DQ* ' ! ' DQ* ' Q 6 B ! a *G DQ* ' Q 6 B DQ* ' Q@G DQ* '
$ % Q9 R6 Q ! / * 5 * Q@G- Q DQ* ' ! a *G Q
B < [Q < > ! ! 6@ 7V 6 A! 6 < ! 6 C 6 1
.D< B 8 ' e ! b' ! 5 Q6 & ) $ #2
66 R < Ah2 B b ` * Q< b NK8 f G gH N ! 6 @ :1 : )2
h g ! ? 6 @ _ G .(Lee & Friedman ,1987) 76 AD< ' < ' iY !A
' $ b )" 5 9 lG ! 6 !% )" *@ A% 9 19 = R 5! A '
= F 9 _C' = B 6 @ _ G 6 m? ' ! G ! )" 6 @ . ! G D6 @
6 @ A_ G .(Tucker,2001) ! !5 %! 6 @ # g f R6 : ! B
f" e&' f = % ' =' O ? n9 ? =' ! R 5 !$ A ' 1` "
Zeff & ) ! ' %! 1 " ' o ? =' D @ A = !M A D ( 200 100 )
.(A 11@ )(Perkins,1979
= ' DC =' = ' DQ R6 = D @ V 6 = 5 ! 6$ < ! :1 : %0
Kaufman & Meyers ) B b ` ! ' ] Y o < !" =' e) = 6 F pg ` ! 16!Y
! 9] *' 1 D < ) % ! 1@ 1 ] q` % ) A N .(1988
' ! =N5 K =" *<! = ' 5 .(Flugel,2004) ! ' 9 Q' ' *'
% \ ' s< G % )" b ` =' .! %!A D Cr [A *' ]
6 . 1 @ A & Q@ Z 7 #2 1` " Y5 8 A1C*C *@ b "
6 . ! ' (Subhedral) 1@ = (Euhedral) 1@ A *' %! !N'[A 6 *' b ` t9
@ 10 B 7' SH N A *' % ! .!' 6 _6 7< % )" 7 D =' % )" % 6 A *' % ! ]
1@ < Ah 2 v A (Shallow meteoric)uK =' R6 7 F 7V 6 h 2 6 .! '
!M @ % !M )D h % ! ' 6 A *' b t' *' .(B 1 1@ )(Flugel,2004)
%!6 1@ = 1@ ' *' AR6 ' < nC *' A i*w x 9 BD F !8 < ( *
Aq6 b ! =' <! h 2 R6 > 7V 6 Ah 2 N Z =' 6 . (Flugel,2004) !
Z =' = D = 5 7 V 6 ! 6$ < t2 D Cr [A .(C 11@ ) %!A 66 A! B A

336
 ! 6
6 " M M R6 %! 6 ' ' 7 A h2 h % QB
% ' N< w 6 6 R < =LK =' P ' e . B <! 1" A= !N' B < [ J
A=@Y (Acicular Fringes) =X A= " b ` =' i*w %! =N5 K A= (Tucker, 1991)
.(D 11@ ) %!6 A! a *G %! 6 @ A! a W Z 76

A= R6 7 _6 $ ' B b ` 6 6 b LYZ < TU D2 = D ! 6$ < [ 6 B < : ; <&

@ @ B <. B b ` 6 @ @ b ` =' B < 6 [ . B 1C*C [ " _A m? '
< !`! M _'H N 6 B <= 5" . w$ e&' lG =*` <#' D @
.(Tucker 2001)

=*` <#' D @ = % ' 8 < b LYZ < B < 6 :(Mechanical Compaction) @ @ B <
= % @ 6 @2 M M % ' a7F = 5 =*" 6 . ] eB !N'
$ 19 ! A= ! 9 R #G 1@ X %! A 1 @ A= _6 $ X m? ' B <
' Y G 1B 1 5 =' *< ! @ @ B < b T .(Tucker & Wright,1990) B &6!@6
.(E 11@ )! ' *@ A= ! R6 7 A =) % 9 & Q@ 1 D I! Q' A Q9

Buxton & ) ' !A 9 X A b ) V5 5 R6 ' < =' = Q' %!6!G 6 ] 1@ : 6 B <

' D Q* U D F NY v A D Cr _A 1 ?! 6 B <.(Sibley,1981
5#2 A =vB (Fitted Fabrics)[A A R6 ' < b ` =' = ! ' = ' b' !
' < #2 .(Tucker& Wright,1990) %!6 (Stylolites) D 5 * (Dissolution Seams)
v A %!6!G 6 . B <! h 2 %! b' 1C*C _6 7< m? ' ! D Q* #2 _6 7<
.(Flugel,2004)! [A < bH Y? ' 6A !

_A !6 < 6 TU 7 .D B <[ A!6 < 5#2 A= B 6 ! 5*

_L @ @ A & Q@ AD5 * ' % #? .(Burgess & peter,1985)D ) 6 1C*C
) 7C 6eG\ ) _A m? ' ! G '= 6 A & Q@ .! ' !A C < %2
.(F 11@

H' R !A < 6 G b " =F co2 H ' < ! PH = 6 Ah 2 D Q* #2 : =>

6 $= B b ` & A %! DC ARA$ = ' b' A= #2 . B : ! '
@6 > Ah 2 uK =' R6 7 7V 6 Ah 2 UY5 w ! 6$ < 6 .! ' ] Y D2 b ' =' DYQ
b ` ( 6 B < T ) <! 7V 6 Ah 2 v A (Longman,1980) P *C
=' P ' Y5 8 1C*C UY5 w) 1C*C 6 iF %! =N5 K A= #2 ! 6$ <.(Moore,1989) B
.(G 11@ ) D %! ( %! 1" ADQ* '

= )B 6 i X !' &6 =' R6 16!Y ! 6 < =' *@ 6 [Q < > : & ?2?@
: B [ QL 16\ z =' = 3 =' !A y $ s" = ! 6$ < 6 . (H 11@ ) (Flugel,2004)

337
Aggrading ) ||| 6 7< [|||Q < > $ =|||' =||| D|||6 @ |||w {||| {||| @ 1 @||| .1
. = )B [A(Neomorphism
D Q* =' D B $ 16!Y .2
D| |@ 1| ? 6 = )B A [Q < > $ =' = D Q* 76 A *' =' D A *' 16!Y .3
. B = 6 A[ 5$ ! 6 @ m? '

(Un Consolidated ) %! DC DQ b ' A [Q B D 5 N< T !6 < 6 : A :

& A 6 @ D< ' (Mottled Fabric) =@5 =@5 R6 ' < 6 ! 6$ < 6 b ` t9 6 @6 . 6
.(I 11@ )(Flugel,2004) ! ' (In Homogeneous Micrit Fabric)

%!A 1' 8 =N5 K A= = D @ V6 A! 6$ < 6 $< @6 :1 : 2?"

i ' A $ O ? < eB lG =*` <#' N6 7 V 6 1" ' ! D 5 .! '
AD< ' .(1383 ' $) 1@ ( Q' A $ 6 $ 6 6 R6 a A $ P *C ) b ) 6
T D< ' ] 6 = ( < G D< ')D 6 @ %! G b ` =' 1@ : A *' D 5 !
A Q 6 ! %! G = Q* A= QA [ !L 6 h 2 6G
R6 _L ! ! 5 7V 6 ! 6 < 1 .! QA < =N5 K =" *<!
.(J 11@ ) 7C Y ' iY *' ' 1C*C _6 7< ' = Z =' .! ' = 7C !

A B C

D E F

G H I

338
 J

& Q@ 6 B <(E D Cr [A (D *' (C (B ! 6 @ (A : 11@

Q6 & ) $ (I [Q < > (H #2 7 V 6 ! 6 < (G A = cs c ' %! G 5* A=B (F
! 5 (J
: ) + " ?/
R < @ V6 h 2 #2 A = ! 6 @ 66 1 i =' *<! @ V6 5
A & Q@ < #2 < @ V6 h 2 ! 6 @ @ B < 6 $
' ! A _6 ' 7 A 1@ V 7 1@ ! 5. Q6 &) $ = ' #2
.D = _L 6eG \ ) 6 ! 5* !N' 1C*C = D $ & ' %! : b N5 K .D
=N5 K 7C A 5 (Fabric Selective) R6 ' < =' = Q' A1C*C 6 }7F Y5 8 A1C*9
R6 ' < ! D9 @6 iY ! 1 ? R6 ' < %! i6 C b ` =' *' ' 1C*C .(A 2 1@ ) .! '
1@ )D % x t 9 9 =' *< ! 1C*C !L 6 ' % \ ' 1C*C .(B 21@ )
R6 ' < B 6 #2 =* '(D 21@ ) 7C D ) _6 7< m? ' * D5 " % )" 1C*C (C 2
SAB !6 6 Ah 2 5 A% Q9 ' Q < 1C*C .! D NY
1C*C .(E 21@ )D %! G l{6V D6 ! 'S ~ = F * < 7C A 5 !6 G
.(F 2 1@ ) 6 !" A= b NK8 D [ * <! %\

A B C

D E F

%\ 1C*C (F Q < 1C*C (E % )" 1C*C (D %\ ' 1C*C (C *' ' 1C*C (B Y5 8 1C*C (A :21@

339
 : ; $B

6@ ! 1 ' =" * <! ' eB TU 7V 6 A!6 < •

7V 6 Ah 2 = D & Q@ Q6 &) $ ! 5 [Q < > #2 B < !
b' eB TU 7V 6 ! 6 < 6 < .! % 8 TU D2 * <! < 66 A
D ! 6@
iF S Y5 w %! =N5 K A= #2 ! 6$ < . D Y5 8 1C*C %! 6 1C*C ] 6 •
.D %! Y5 8 1C*C 6
_6 < 6 9 'PY 6 ! QA 7C D ) 6 H' A Q 6 B 7C 6 •
6 ' %\ ' 1C*C .D %! %\ ' % )" Y5 8 A 1C*C ^ QB =' = D F
.D % x t 9 9 =' * < ! 1C*C !L
:!8 2
.=2)` 448 6$b ' aV (1383) .z : ' $

Burgess, C.J., Peter,C.K 1985, Formation, distribution, and predication of stylolites as permeability barriers in the Thamama
Group, Abu Dhabi, 4th SPE of Aime Middle East Oil Tech Conf(Bahrain), p.

Buxton, T. M. & Sibley, D. F., 1981. Pressure solution features in a shallow buried limestone. Journal of Sedimentary Petrol-
ogy, 51: 19–26.

Ehrenberg, S.N., Nadeau P.H., & Stee n.Ø, 2009, Petroleum reservoir porosity versus depth: Influence of geological age,
AAPG Bulletin, 93, p. 1281-1296.

Flugel, E., 2004. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks, Springer Verlag , 976 P.

Kaufman, J., Cander, H. S., Daniels, L. D., and Meyers, W. J., 1988, Calcite cement Stratigraphy and Cementation History
of the Burlington-Keokuk Formation (Missisipian)”; Illinois and Missouri, Sed. Petrology, 58, p. 3112-3126.

Lee, Y.I., Friedman, G. M 1987, Deep burial dolomitization in the Ordovician Ellen Burger Group carbonate West Texas,
Sedimentary Petrology, 57, No. 3, p. 544-557.

Longman, M. W., 1980 Carbonate diagenetic textures from nearsurface diagenetic environment, AAPG Bull. 64, No. 4, p.
461 – 487

Moore, C. H., 1989. Carbonate Diagenesis and Porosity. Elsevier, New York, 338 pp.

Tucker, M.E., and V.P. Wright, 1990, Carbonate Sedimentology: Oxford (Blackwell). 482p.

Tucker, M. E., 1991- Sedimentary Petrology: An Introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks: Blackwell, Sci. Pub.,
London, p.260.

Tucker, M.E., 2001, Sedimentary Petrology: an introduction to the origion of sedimentary rocks, Blackwell, Scientific
Publication, p 260 p.

Zeff, M. I. and Perkins R. D (1979) Microbial alteration of Bahamian deep–sea carbonates: Sedimentary Geology, 26:
175–201.

340
 2 1

e.khoshaein@gmail.com .1
s.karimpouli@znu.ac.ir !" # .2

,5 ! 2 6# .( !4 + !-./0 -1 +! 2 3# , )* +$ % &' ('!

CB' D# )9 5 , ;B' , " ,5 A"7 + #8!9 - 6# . !: $ ;*1*0 < = !-> 0 (?0 @
+ 9 @ !--G0 6# . !--G0 ; F ,5 $ ;*1* E9 , + , F ,5 , 9 # D# )9 +, " ! 9 6-9 0
, +H-? % &' ('! @ !--G0 I !5 , 4 J 6# +. + !: !-> 0 (?0 $ 3- # 3#)-9
H-? % 45 40 35 30 25 +;*1*0 5 , H-? ' M , B 5 5 K 6# ,5 .( , *
,1R! 3 "! 9 !> S+ 8 9 !9 # +, < D# )9 5 5 ,1R! . Q ' F ,5 )9 P!
,& ? , 9 !5 )0 3#)-9 + "T# U!9 5 % &' ('! ;*1*0 8 3#)-9 +! 2 VW . ,-&
, 5 # D# )9 +, B B0 % &' ('! 8 , - , 9 # D+ ;*1*0 " ! 9 D# )9 5 , X# . # !"
5 +, B 6# , 4 R ( JZ Y 5 ;*1*0 5 +, B @ !--G0 6# .( $ ( = D# )9 ,5
. % Z JZ (4 R S ;*1*0
! -. /0, 1 2 3 4 53 6 ! . 7* 8* , # &' ( )! # * #+ , ! :# $ # %

Grains packing effects on wave velocity in sandstone type

hydrocarbon reservoirs
Ehsan Khoshaein, Sadegh Karimpouli
Mining Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan,
e.khoshaein@gmail.com, s.karimpouli@znu.ac.ir

Abstract
Wave velocity variation through sandstone type hydrocarbon reservoirs is one of the most important
parameters effecting on interpretation and inversion of the seismic data. This parameter is highly
affected by porosity value and type. Following to increasing depth of a pre-mature sediment,
sedimentological processes can change the porous structure of the rock by increasing overburden
pressure. These effects change the physical and mechanical properties of the reservoir rock. The aim
of this paper is to study how velocity changes by increasing grains packing. Therefore, 5 synthetic
samples with a granular medium have been numerically constructed with the primer porosity of 45, 40,
35, 30 and 25%. Then, packing process has been simulated in three steps by increasing the grains
radius. Assuming Quartz properties for the grain phase, porosity and wave velocities were computed
for all models. Results showed that porosity decreases by increasing packing effect and, therefore,
velocity increases, which means increasing rock strength. In high porosity samples, these trends are
linear; however, in low porosity samples they are not linear.
Keywords: Granular media, Wave velocity, Packing, Digital Rock Physics

341
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!--G0 )- 8 !-> 0 , ( A"7 #8!9 +, " ! 9 )- + !--G0 8 3#)-9 + "T# , -
!-" !: 9 (?0 $ +, , + .(.- ,Z 5 Z ,5 $ 3- # 3-0 +! 2
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Evaluation of hydrocarbon production potential of shale gas from

Noonkanbah Formation in Western Australia's Caning Basin

Samad Daneshamouz, Master Degree of Petroleum Exploration, Shahrood University of Technology

Seyed Reza Ghavami riyabi*,Assistant Professor Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology
Behzad Tokhmechi*,Assistant Professor Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology

Corresponding author*: Samad Saneshamouz

Abstract:
In this study, to study the hydrocarbon potential of the Noonkanbah Formation in the Caning basin of
Western Australia and the full knowledge of the oil and determine the relationship between the oil
produced from this formation and its adaptation to the characteristics of each other and the
determination of the mother rock of these oil, a number Geochemical evaluations have been carried
out on samples of this formation.
The results of the Rock eval analysis on drilling chips showed that the samples had kerogen type III
and IV, most of which were in the oil producing window, and only one of the samples was observed in
a dry gas window.
The results of gas chromatography show a different pattern in which the hydrocarbon binary
distribution is well visible. The study of geochemical logs shows that the production of hydrocarbons

347
continues at an interval. Also, in order to better compare the obtained values, gas chromatography is
used as a stellar diagram.
Keywords: Rock eval analysis, gas chromatography, geochemical logs, Caning Basin

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352
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' "D F 5' @ # ; ' ) 0#& 1 ; 9 + 5 (= . & 5 ; 9 5 ) A 6B <= 1 4 C! : (D1
0#& <= <; F : ' . + ' 51 4 5 ) 6 & 1 5' (= ("= 5( GHI 9 ) 2 ,% <= <% (% ! 9
# ; ' ) 0#& M= N 1 <% )5' @ 5 (= # : ( "= K L . ! & !'(= 6 & 5' (= ("= ' 2 (J A #;' )
-6 & ' P' 0M% 9' % ! & % 7 1 9 !'(=) # ; ( H 5 ) !'(= P ! (= <% ! Q R & = ' ' B(= O =
. <, ' "# #9 : . (4 (W0 ;2 , & = ) 2 U M9 ( & (T # ; ' ) 0#& = 1' <= <% ' = 5 )
6 O 1 # <% U 9 <= 8 0 = (N (B 9 M & L 3 ! 1 1 4 ; 9 5 (= ) 2 1 ! & > = 8 0 = (N
. ! = ) 21 ; 9 X 5 Y N 1 4 : H , N 2 8"
) ( * + ,- . / . 01 + ,- . 01 " 2& ' 34"( : '!% & #$

Evaluation of drilling methods in gas shale

Samad Daneshamouz, Master Degree of Petroleum Exploration, Shahrood University of Technology
Seyed Reza Ghavami riyabi*,Assistant Professor Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology
Behzad Tokhmechi*,Assistant Professor Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology

Corresponding author*: Samad Daneshamouz

Abstract:
Shale gas is compressed group of dark-colored clay rocks containing rich material having low
permeability hydrocarbon gas which prevents proper flow of gas wells into production. To increase the
production of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling or arrow can be used to help them exploit
shale gas permeability can be increased. In this paper, hydraulic fracturing and its effect on exploiting
shale is investigated. Choose the best location for drilling the high functionality of hydraulic fracturing
is also the subject of which is based on petro logical study (Evaluation of mineralogy of quartz, calcite
and clay in the Barnett shale that leads to the evaluation of hydraulic fracturing) and integrate them
with organic geochemistry possible is.
Keywords: Hydraulic fracturing, Conventional reserves, Unconventional reserves, Shale gas

353
 :5 6
$ % <= D 5 ): 1 ! = 9 ! & [\9 ' ,) 5' =(% ' ) 7= <= 1 ' 1 <= <D 9 =
$' ( BI +) % = ( B . ! A ' . & ]! H )1 : <= < B (H D ( BI 7= 1 5' (= ("=
- ("= $ % 5 !<= ' ! &' % : ! " 5 ( 7X Q<= $' ( BI % ' 5' =(% ' )
: (9^' = . & = . B 2 5 ( : 9 5 (= X! : D (# <= Q <= 9 ! % $' ( BI 1 5' (=
= _X9( 5 ) = 1' = ( BI 1 (4 : = 1' 5 )[ ' . ! ) 2 5O = ' 0= 8T@ $' 5 )' =(% ' ) = GD
5' @ 5 )5 ; #9 <b! <= 1 ( . ! $' ( BI <= 5 ) !'(= 1 L= ' 6N @ =` a 3!
-5' @ 5 (= # : ( "= K L . ! (4 ( GH # 5 Y N ' c<= )< O : 1 1 4 ; 9 # ; ' ) 0#& F
!'(=) # ; ( H 5 ) !'(= P ! (= <% ! Q R & = ' ' B(= O = # ; ' ) 0#& M= N 1 <% )
U M9 ( & (T # ; ' ) 0#& = 1' <= <% ' = 5 )6 & ' P' 0M% 9' % ! & % 7 1 9
. (4 (W0 ;2 , & = ) 2
(h 1 51 4 5 ) 6 & 5' @ 1 : 9 . & f T (g' ) ( ' 1825 . ! ' ' = : ; 5 (= ) 6 & 1 d (L !
1 ! = . ! : ' . (4 1 ?2 6 & M 5 )<R @ 5< ! 9 $ % 2005 . ! ' . X < ( <= (F 5 Y N
. (4 1 ?2 P M!' 6 & < ! 9 ` M,Q 2010 . ! ' . (4 f T ' = 6 & ' 1 4 $ % D 5 )5' W >
6 & 1 4 6j 1 # ( 2 ' Xc 1 4 ; 9 1 , <= 2035 . ! ' # ( 2 5 ( ,9' H =+ H P ! (=
. = ) B

:78 & 9 68 :&

+ ,- . / & + ,- ; * . 01
`' ' (N B ` 'I : = 6Y 8) <= 5 k ' ' 1 4 <% #)2 !<! 5 )< O 1 ; 9 $' 1L '
' a 3! L R ( `' XQ<= . ( 4 a ;2 1 ? M & 5 )< O 1 1 L : ' 1 4 . ( 4
< (4' (N ! ' 1 =( 1 <% A ( @ . , 5 )[ ' 1 ! = ( ,% < ) $( = <% ! 5 < 4<= ) 2
-<! 6l : H (9 = 5 ) 1 ! 1 ; 9 $' 1L ' . & ! 14 . Yj ! 5' (= ("= "D
<= . (4 . Yj ! a 3 ! B 1 1 4 CM? $' 1 L ' . ( 4 `' 6 & 3 !. ?1 8#j 0 5 )
0#& . & f T R (9 T "D L (j9 ` M,Q <% ! f1O 9 ,Q ) 1 ! : : H (9 6 ;
' 14 <% 0) = 7N ' . ! 51 4 5 )6 & 5 (= X! ' 0= (j9 [ ' L #;' )
-[ ' 1 = 2 1 4 . Yj ! 5 (= 0 . Yj ! 6= N f !( 5 )[ ' = L > R <= <D 9 = ) 2
. &X 5 Y N ! : H14 , N <% b (& ' ! :#, <% (% ! 5(9+ = < ) = (9 m H 5 )

[4]$' ( ? $' 51 4 1 L 1 & (= [ ' :(1) 6#&

354
 : = >< 5$ ( 46 ! < 5- 5 + ,- . / ; * . 01
Tight gas (@2
1 (98% 1 L > : ' 5( GHI . < ! 9 $' 5 ,Q 5 ) A <M ! <= ' ) 2 9 , <% 0) 51 4 1 L
: . ) ' $' ( ? L > : $' 51 4 1 L 5( GHI 2 6#& . ! !' M 0/1
. & 1 L # ' CM? = $' 51 4 1 L 1 (97 ! ' 0= 9 ,Q 1 L

[6] $' ( ? $' 51 4 1 L 5( GHI (2) 6#&

D= C / !. ' ; * A (B
(D ' . & 3 !. ?1 5 )( 0= ' 3 !. ?1 (,) )1 4 : ! pL 2 f 1 <% < 4 ,)
(,) <= 1 4 : . & ; 9 )1 4 ( ! K2 (,) <= 1 4 5 1 ' 0= 8T@ 3 !. ?1 <= ;2 6 X9 2(
3 !. ?1 > 7= 9 : ' & ( BI 1 4 . & = (% `(D " 3 !. ?1 <= ! :#, <% 51 4
. ' = Mb % 0) U ,Q ' 0= ,Q 1 L : . ! 1 4 > X& <D' '
; *) (A
: 1 5' (= ("= < 1O . f <= Xc 5 )$ #& G ' L 3 ! > <= < 0= 1 L : ' D 1 4
qM L # A 1 L ; ' ) (% ' #& 2 . X <= rb! ' <bF 1 1 F 5 ) A 5' @ 1 L
. ' K2 <= ( ' 0= 1 ( : <% & =
; * ; 'E '
. & )P N ) ' t ,Q : H ' 0= 5 ' = K2 = s ML ; 0 (% ` D ] `' <=
. & f T 5 1 ` F Fj9 )[\9 < 1' u ! = <M@( ' 1 ) 51 4 5 )` ' ) 1 5' (= ("= 5 ; #9
. ! & "D ' &< B & $' ( ? 5 )1 4 ( BI 1. D'

355
 "D ' &< B & $' ( ? 5 )1 4 ( BI :(1). D

+ ,- ; ' * + ,- ; ' * )$ Tight Gas Shale Gas CBM F .GH 56I=

ýĂ üÿú ýĀ ûĀÿ þă & 2 .-

þý üýý ýă ûúă Ăÿ 2 (; ".
ûāā ûÿĀ üĀ ûĂ ûûü 9 ;& ( ; ' J$
ûýü ûüĀ þĀ Ăú ú 5 & 0 & 6 .F
ûĂ ăĂ ýā Āú û K L; ".
ûþ ýĀ ûü ûĀ Ă M&
þüü Ăăă ûăĀ þþĂ üÿÿ A H )$

; * ) ( (N
5 )3 ! 6 & 6 & )3 ! : . ! & ( BI ;2 1 ? ' 5 )3 ! ' <% 51 4 1 ! `' XQ 51 4 6 &
<Q ,T . ! < & &' <= ' O c 5 <mL ' 9 1 4 1( 1 7= $ % . & = ' & T; ;264
w D 7= 1 (4 : . ! (= (9O = ' ` M,Q d' L < ) 51 4 5 )6 & ' v <= F 5 )5' @ ` M,Q
1 ! < ' 3> (% . ! (J 51 4 6 & 7= 6 # 9 ' ;2 > . & K 0j $' ( ? 7=
= 1' 5 )' 1 ( # .' KGD 5 (= 5(9O = (y 2 > (% <% ; @' % ; 9 1 4 B x M=
6LML9 <T ' + RO ( & = ( = <A () <% . ! ;2 9' (@ x M= 51 4 6 & 7=
. & ( =5 ; 914 "' + ( BI (y
6F ; OP
5) @ : . &= Xc 1 4 M & 5 ) MH < ! 9 ' 2 +F , F 5' @ <% F : (98" &
' k@ ; ,& 5 # ( 2 1 ! 5 )+L= ( 1 ' = Xc 1 4 1 "D 96= N ( F 5 @ : H 5( GHI = !
z{! f T F 5' @ ! @ ' ) %(& ;2 1 ? 5 ) 6 & ' ) A ) ' = (j9 5 (= . '
' #= ' & T < 0#& <! & 6 @ <M ! <= <% Q Y 5( GHI T "D ' # ; ' ) 0#&
,) <% ; @' , T ' LM @ A 9 ,) `' <= # ; ' ) 0#& F 5' @ f T . =
. , ) B ; 9 ' 1 4 1 g 5' F " 9 5 ,Q `' <= A
:1 `' XQ F 5' @ >
; OP Q-J2 " (
(D '[': . & ! ) 6 & ' & zX@ 1 4 1 5' (= ("= 5 (= A A <bF 1 [': '
. ) +) % ' : 1 1 ! ' rb! 51 !( 1 5 )< ) + '14 ; 9

356
 [ 6] ) 6 & ' & zX@ 1 4 1 5' (= ("= :(3) 6#&

5> H = ; OP
F A [': ' u ' 5 ,Q A 1 F A A 5' @ ' MXN [ ' = 5 1 ) X& [ ' :
+) % MQ <= ; 9 }( [ ' : ' . ' !( ! B U,Q ' 6 & 1 M L @ <= ` 5 ) "D '
. = + 9 5( 48 A ' c<= < ! 9 5 )< )

[6] <X D A 5' @ :(4) 6#&

3 H ; OP
<= 5' @ 8MQ ~\b ' . & ( @ M & `\ # 9 <= !( ! 5 (= (' < 1) ' "D 5' @ F 5' @ (= \Q
< 4 ' "D 5' @ pL $ ) <= !' 5 (= &: 9 + H 1 6 ( 0 ' A (@+
\XN <% ! 5) @ 9 & C %(9 # ; ' ) 0#& = (,) ' "D 5' @ <% N : (= = u &
`' XQ & ( @ ' "D F 5 ) A <% 5( 6 O . % 6 X9 5 ; t' B Xc 1 4 ; 9 <= ' = 8 FQ
:1
rb! ' 51 4 : < ! 9 ` (J +) %
. & 51 4 5 ) 6 & ' I }( (= O = ' % + •Q = <% (h ' <Fb <= ( = !( !
. & = (4 M B :#, ( ? 5' @ <% D U,Q ' ! ' 5 )z (! CY
:<% ! 2 5 ,Q( ? <% (4 ( @ ) A <# 6 ;
+ : < ! 9 6 @ ` (J +) % ' T 5 ): 1( 1 ' ) <= !' 5 (= F ' "D 5' @
5 (=' % 5 )z (! CY :#&' 5 ) A € @ ) 0#& &K 0@ 7bN A ' % ; 9 <Fb
`' <= < ' . < (4' (N ! ' ! "= (4 ` &<= :#, ) 2 ' 5' @ <% ) D' 1( 1
. ! 2 F ( ? 5 ) A 5' @ 6 ; [ 5( Y9

;. *5R -
14 5 ' ^' = ; j9 51 4 5 ) 6 & 7= 5< ! 9 <% (4 <T 9 &f T ` ; b <= <D 9 =
51 4 $' 7= <= X0 ( = 5 )< ) 5) 4 m H. ' "D Y N 5 ' 5 ,Q ( J 9 7= : . !
( BI : 5< ! 9 M 7 1 51 4 5 ) 6 & b j 0 1 5 ) H 1 )' % 1 B(= ,Q ' # : m,)
357
5 2' ! < ( <= 5 Y N • j; <= <% ' ( ' =) # ( 2 6l )' % 1 k = ' ; . 0)
; ,& 5 # ( 2 ' $' ( ? ‚1 4 ( BI 1 , 1 + = . = ) B 7= : 1 5 ( ; 9 5 ,Q +L= ' A<
R F9 + 6 0 H Uc : ' \Q<=. ! g ƒ X0 2 ! ! 0 ' <% ' ' (N < ! N !2 <Fb
c <% k 6 ; : ,) <= u ! (% H t ! Uc : ,! <= )5' G4< (! ( B 5 ). ! ' ': 1 . !O =
(4 ' (N 5 D < ; b ' @ (c ) 2 ' 5) (H 1 L= @ 51 4 5 ) (H (l% < &G4 ; !
v <= 5' @ > 51 4 5 ) 6 & 1 5' (= ("= "D . 5 )[ ' 1 # : m,) . ! ( „9 . @ ' Q(!<=
. ' 5 ( 04 (=' % <% ! ' "D 5 )5' @

S =
z 9 0 g `' ("9 f MQ # ! &: 1 (4 ! &: 1 1081 R' ,j R' -1
B Uc M %(& ,@ = : ; :' 5 < H R'O j9 ! &: 1 1088 < R ' O :0@ 5( <; T@ 5( -2
K D
`' 1 5 '< (= B 1 4 5 )' % 5 (= 5 "9 $' ( ? 51 4 7= 1389 5 " M Q ,! -3

4. Amy M ye r s J aff e 2010) How Shale Gas Is Going To Rock the World: Huge discoveries of natural gas promise toshake
up the energy markets and geopolitics. Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition). New York,N.Y.: May٢٠٠ ,٠. pg. R.
5. Norton Rose Fulbright,. “Shale Gas Handbook”, November 2213.
6. Prospects for unconventional gas in Europe-Andreas Korn- 5 February 2010.
7. unconventional gas white paper – schlumberger.
8. National Post, "“The new energy order; Unconventional U.S. oil and gas change everything,” 17 February 2212.
9. ‘Understanding hydraulic fracturing ’Canadian society for unconventional Gas (CSUG).
10. RS/RAE Shale Gas extraction in the UK:a review of hydraulic fracturing. Jane 2012.
11. Ambrose, R. J., Hartman, R. C. and Y. Akkutlu (2011) Multi-component sorbed phase considerations for Shale Gas-in-
place Calculations, SPE Production and Opera-tions Symposium, Oklahoma, 10 pp.
12. The Rise of UnconventionalGas-Samuel Fenwick- Mar. 26, 2010
13. Directional and Horizontal Drilling in Oil and Gas Wells- Hobart King-2010
14. Sinopec to Boost Unconventional Gas Output- Xinhua-june 2010.
15. Working Document of the NPC Global Oil & Gas Study-2007.
16. Prospects for unconventional gas in Europe-Andreas Korn- 5 February 2010

358
 # $ % &' " !

S.davodii@ut.ac.ir, sepideh.davoodi73@gmail.com

!
vtavakoli@ut.ac.ir

.& & '( )* + ), - . / $ " $ 0 " " 1 0" $ 21" ( 3 45 " 6 1 7 89 : #$ "
. ! .I 1 ! ( ' 6" 1 ( )H ? @ 1 < 71 / A B C DE F G > ' 0) = 0 ( ; < 1 $ " 0 ( " .6"
0 " 1 !" MN 0 " L ! 7J 0 1")K # 0 " .6" $ '2 5 " <1 9 ! #$ 9 0 " .6" ) E ;
' ! / - ! 0) = 0 ( ; < .& ! #/ # $ 2 R " I/ Q " #DE F " E O / P $. 7 $
1 -, , " ' $ " .& " B ST &N ! #/ " " E )< ! 1 /. ! 1 82 !
, #$ &V. 82 / , '( #2 & ; 2 + ; 0 (" ' 8 1 ( <1 U N #$ #K $ 1
#$ &V. /$ " V / -7 0 ( " .6" &. # S " '( .&. 0 , #$ 1 & /'2 &V. #$ # $ 2
.& ' & DV 1" '( ) 0) = 0 ( ; < # " 1 $ /'2 ,
( & )* ( +' ' "# $ % & '% :

Investigating the Degree and Nature of Heterogeneity in Tight

Carbonate Reservoirs with an Example of Dariyan Formation in
the Central Persian Gulf
Sepideh Davoodi, Vahid Tavakoli
School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran
Abstract
Daryian Formation is a fifth member of the Khami group in the role of reservoir rocks and, in some
cases, with hydrocarbon reservoir potential. Sedimentary facies and diagenetic processes are mainly
identified and interpreted by detailed petrography studies and descriptions of cores and outcrops. Facies
analysis led to the identification of 9 microfacies in 5 facial belt of peritidal, lagoon, shoal, restricted
open marine, and open marine. Based on the results, it appears that the sequence studied is deposited in
a carbonate ramp platform. Diagenetic processes include micritization, cementation, compaction and
fracture, and increasing magnitude of the sequence of Dariyan Formation after sedimentation.
Evaluation of porosity and permeability diagrams according to the distribution of microfacies and
plotting its diagrams indicates that the heterogeneity of tight reservoirs is relatively less than other
carbonate reservoirs and is not similar to normal reservoirs. Such heterogeneity was lower than the
normal ones due to the primary mud-dominated facies followed by the same diagenetic trend.
Keywords: Tight Reservoirs, Heterogeneity, Porosity and Permeability, Facies, Dariyan Formation

359
 ,% -%
0 (Q(; 1 ( " ( - ! $ " . ; Y .+#$ 6 1 7 " ' ), 3 " # $2
/6 $ Y K " " .& #/ [2 0 (- ! $ ; J $ 1& 9" 1 7 #JZ
1 ( " .6" " $ #DE F " .(1372 D F ) & $ 0 (" 2 " V * ! " 8( 1 " \ /.7
.& ! " $ P" < O 6 0)2 4,$ " 82 / ), '( ) " " c " b $ "G N
. #
I/ $1 " $ 7 7 0 (#V K # ' 600 01" $ < 71 / C DE F A 5N d ( #$ $ & & K #DE F "
.& ! h , -7 < L #$ #K $ ( ; $ " G N g ! 9 ( " .6" 0" f7 0 $#5Ve
. ; & #$ # ' D '( 01" $ " B I/ $ 1 1 - $ B I/ $ -, ,
/ 0 1% 2 3 %
: ! 0 " .6" 1 7 5 ! #$ 9 #DE F " b" " 0 (#/ "$
(0 1")K # ) :T " .6" # '9 -1
/0 (&'.B " & /.21 / &< $ $ (; 3 :& l2 $ 01 + /.21 / / :T1 " .6"
$Q / l 0( I <mn ! # ; " #2 (# ' " 1 @" 10 /'2 (# " .6" ) "
- G N .& ( -$ B Ue 5 0" .$ # " ) "# 0" 1; C $ " 1 )< ! .& Qb 2
&6 1 0" 1; C $ " " :+ .& $ " G N 4,$ A' 82 #2 ! $ 0 1 ")K 0# #$ o $ <1
.& G N 0 ( 7[ 1 L /. <
( 7J) :L0 " .6" # '9 -2
) " C DFB Z Ue 5 '2" '! " 1 & 82 E; 1 $ 1 / &< $ 0 " " $) " .6" : / :L1 " .6"
-7 0 #/ " ! 6 C" @#$ @" 3-1 1 + 1 < $ & !-$ B ; & " 6 C DFB #2 & l2 $
K1 .& ( , , < 71 / #DE F " .& / ="; Q(; 1 (; ; !3 . ! (;
1 82 2" e#$ .& " C K &. 0 $ m G ! V 1 Y; 1 N 46 b 0# " .6" " - .<
G ! $ 0 T 1 D Ve 0 " #$ &V. Y; + 4 $ 0" ! ( + 0 (G N " (- .< $ 2
.(Flügel, 2004) & J $ ,V 1 /. m

0 " #2 & /.21 &< $ $ Q(;3 <1 :" 1 l2 01 + /.21 & l2 $ :L2 " .6"
/ " 6 l2 0 ( QV K Qb 2 Q / $ 0 ( I <- ! ; / C DFB Z 1 $ 82 /. p
)< ! (82 E; ! / " S; .& $ - ! ; / n 0 )K 1 ! $ E 1 #I21
d @ q F $ - ! 6 0 (& E1 (# ' 6 $ " 1 ElN 0 (#7"1 / E / 7 < -@ + 0 (&6
! ! / mE n -7 &< $ 82 " .$ /. p # 'K K G ! #$ #K $ .& ( -$ B 7 # "
1 N FN $ 0" f7Y " G N 0= " ME 6 $ Q(; ! / E " :+ ( 82 E;
. ! $ * 0= 1 Y; 82 46 b $
( E / $" ) 0 ?2 $ 1" - ! / $ #2 & /.21 &< $ $ Q(;3 : 1 < E / $" 01 + /.21 L3: " .6"
Y " .& (; # " 1 d @ 0 ( 6 " 2 0 ( 6 &. 1" 0 ( 6 )V QV K 0 " ; $ 1)< 1
E / $" " :+ . ! ) (# ' / $ " ! / 1 )< ! 1 ( @" 10 /'2) Z " 5 #$ 0" 1;

360
 ( " .6" " $0 " G N / 0 (# V 1 (; 0 (-7 1 1 / 7 1 )V 0 (QV K ( '( $
.(Tucker & Wright, 1990 - Lasemi,1995)& ? " & fn n 0 (G N 1 " MN 7J
;# !+1 G N :S " .6" # '9 -3
2 r")$ )K @" 10 -B + #2 & /. < &< $ $ (; 3 " .6" : / l2 $ /. < :S1 " .6"
" . /.( ( 2 $ 1 (QV K @ 0 )K .& !- ?" C K r")$ 0 )K 1 /.( /
!ql@ 0 $#5Ve P $ " .6" . 7 ' ( ! / 1 , , # 7s ( 1 C DE F
G N -7 " :+ 1 / l2 $ C DFB r")$ #$ #K $ .& ! 0" f7 (1971) 2 1 0 V G (1962)
.(Burchette and Wright,1992) ! #/< 7 c " " .6" 0 $ 0 " &'
/. 7 /. &< $ $ & (; 3 " .6" : /. 7- /. L E / $" Q / l2 $ :S2 " .6"
n 0 (# 1 d @ 0 ( 6 " 2 0 ( 6 &. 1" 0 ( 6 )V QV K ( E / $" ) 0 ?2 $ 1" - ! 1
1 V / # #2 " .6" &< $ #$ #K $ .& K Z ) #$ ) )< ! 1 $ /
#2 #/< U'9 /. 2 $ 0 ( L ! " J> '/+ 1 & ! #/ J $ 0= $ G N " > 5 & ) b & 0"
0 ( ' # 1#$ L ! # + .(Flugel, 2004) !UB 1 R " # ! + 01" + G6 C #$ C $ " 0 / #$
. ! #/ " Y; tF $J$ " #2 ! #/6 ! /.7 "
( 6 R "" !" MN ) :R 0 " .6" # '9 -4
& " 6 - ! #2 /.21 &< $ $ & (; 3 " .6" :p / - .< '( /.21 &. 2 $ :R1 " .6"
#2 /.( ( /. ! . ! $ / n 0 ( # 1 E / $" l2 2 / 1 E G / 1 <
1 < & " 6 K1 # '9 8 0 ( 7[ 1 .& ( -$ B 1 N C" @#$ )< ! 1 ! & .2 $
.&
( $ 0 " G N ) :O 0 " .6" # '9 -5
n1 / 0 (# 1 Q / l 0 ( I < 0 " 1 /.21 &< $ $ (; 3 : /.21 & l2 $ :O1 " .6"
.& ( -$ B ) )< ! 1 ! & . 2 $ #2 ( /. ! .& Z " 5 #$ /
" 0 " .6" 1 7 0" f7Y " 1 <& 1 / l 0 ( &. 2 $ 1 $ #+ " 0= )
. (Lasemi,1995- Wilson ,1975)& d"= " GN
" . /.( @" /'2 (# #2 & / &< $ $ (; 3 :" - .< (; / / / :O2 " .6"
! / 1 , , s ( < 71 / C DE F " .& ! ( & " 6 1 A ' Ae 0 (- .< Ue 5 :D$
0 1")K 0# / " .6" #$ " .$ " .6" .& $ K )< ! G5< (
.&. $ 0 " G N #$ o $ " ; 1 2 K ; " " .6" A ' Ae 0 (- .< ( '( 1 ! $
#DE F " b " " $ " 0 ( " .6" ! :#DE F " " $ " 0 ( " .6" 1 < @"
$ " 0 (# '9 ) 1 ( " .6" 1 < @" ), & I 2 01" $ ( " .6" Q ( ST ) D " c #$
!" MN G N # '9 " D1 " .6" #$ A D/ 1 < / $P $ .& !#V N # 7 K C" @#$
. ( " ! #DE F 0 ( " .6" 1 (G N 1 < 2 1 1 0 (- ! . ! $

361
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/ 5 %
0 ( " .6" 1 ' #* " V 0 E ( " .6" o V " 1 & Dv1 t N@ &6 ! 1 /E 1 B /< 7 c " $
0 ' C H "$ ( <1 ) E ; ! 9 C DE F #$ #K $ . 2 $4 #/6 ! Ae " " [1
Q " 0" f7Y " (Wilson,1975- Flugel, 2004-Schlager, 2002)#/!f7" !#* " $ " 0 (L $ #. 5 1 ( ;
# $ 2 0 ( " .6" V I " 0 ( " .6" K1 . ! $ -'/N #DE F " C $ " 0 $ 8 l m ! $ # $ 2 R "
I/ Q 01" $ # $ 2 E # 2 * 0 ' - <1 " ( " .6" 9 " C H 1 ! #/ " $1
(Read, 1985-Burchette and Wright, 1992). ! $ R " p # $2

( & / 5 % : 3+

362
 +' ' 7 ( # (8 3
0) = 0( < .& #/! 0 /'2 ST < )= 1& 0 K )= ! / $ C DE F " 0) = 0 ( ; <
:& " - ! '
0 " (# /<" 8(" C" @ #$ ) < 82 " S; .& ( -$ B '!1 C" @ 1 #$ :82
1 /E / - $ '( ' ! 82 " S; 1 (# /. ! 1 - ! H Y N - D5 q F - V/ #
.& C VS -$ B ElN 0 (#w7"
0 (# ;< e .& C K ' -@ + #2 & 0) = 0 ( ; < p ! / : ! /
.(Maurice,1994) ! - V '( & #$ - 2 ,$ C" @#$ C $ 2
& " ! &!" 0 (" $ - #$ 9 1 & )< p >J 'D (; 0 (3 " ! : !
0 / ! mV ;< " b #DE F " .(Tucker, 1990) 7 ), & I 2 4( 2 x $
." ), & I 2 $ " 1 < ST m n ; < . ! - V " g 1 #$ " 0" .$ " K
'/6 0 " & E1 & -, , 4 )< ), Q " ! / E1 8 #9 / : ! / E1
" " . 7 ), & I 2 V $ x $ C I+ 4 )< $ 1 & & . 2 #$ &V. 0 < 0" $
.& #/! b 45 ; < #DE F
(y $ ' .& " " 0) = 0 ( ;< O" / .2 ' - : / .2 '
1 ; " CJ L6 K1 (" $&!" !-+ 0 (#/ 2 $ VE B & ( d I! 1 &6
.& !- < G N " ( /. ! 2
CJ 0 $m |( . #$ $ \ {{/.7 |){{ = Ae {{' " #2 z' : /. !
! ' G ( /. ! 7 . 2 I ), & I 2 4 )< " ' 45 1 2 -' " $ 21" (
. ! ( 6 0 f } I 1 ), & I 2 4( 2 x $
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Refernces:
3- Burchette, T.P. Wright, V.P.(1992). Carbonate ramp depositional systems: Sedimentary Geology, V. 79, p 3-57.
4- Flügel, E.(2004). Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application: Springer Berlin, Heidelberg,
New York, p 976.
5- Lasemi, (1995). Platform Carbonates of the Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation in the Kopet Dagh Basin, NEIran-facies,
palaeoenvironments and sequences, Sed. Geol. No. 99, p151-164.
6- Lucia,F.J. (2002). Rock-fabric/petrophysical classification of carbonate pore space for Reservoir characterization, p 26.
7- Larsen,G.Chelinger, G.V. (1979).Diagnosis in sediments and sedimentary rocks. P.579.
8- Maurice.E.Tucker (1994).sedimentary petrology an introduction to the origin of sedimentary rocks. P 278-279-p 493.
9- Read, J.F.(1985). Carbonate Platform Facies Models , AAPG Bulletin, p1-21.
10- Schlager, W.(2002), Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy of Carbonate Rocks, Geological Society Special
Publications, London, p146.
11- Tucker, M. E. & Wright, V. P. (1990). Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford, p 482.
12- Wilson ,J. L.(1975). Carbonate facies in geological history, New York, Springer–Verlag, p 471.

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Fletcher, W.K.; 1981; Analytical Methods in Geochemical Prospecting, Handbook of

Exploration Geochemistry, Vol. 1, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Graybill, F.A. and Krumbein, W.C.; 1965; An Introduction to Statistical Models in Geology,
McGraw – Hill, New York, P.473.

David, M.; 1987; Geostatistical Ore Reserve Estimation, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.
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Ghannadpour, S.S., Hezarkhani, A. and Eshqi H.; 2012; Average and variance estimation
programming in normal logarithmic distribution, Global Journal of Computer sciences, Vol.
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6 C D"+ +@ - -1< = >05? ! " -&@ ? # A*+ 6 &"& 70 "+ 8 6+ 69: ; &
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-

Study of depth fluctuations in upper part of Aitamir Formation

and lower-middle parts of the Abderaz Formation at Mozduran
pass section, east of Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin, north eastern
of Iran

Neda Dorafshan 1, Mohammad Vahidinia2*, Meysam Shafiee Ardestani 3

1*-Msc student of geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2*- Associate professor of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3- Phd of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran and National Elite
Fundation
*Corresponding author: Vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
Abstract
In this research upper part of the Aitamir Formation and lower-middle parts of the Abderaz Formation
at Mozduran pass section have been studied based on paleobathymetry. The thickness of the studied
section is 552 meters and was composed of shale, marl and chalky limestone units. Also, based on
statistical analysis of foraminifera assemblages, it has been proposed that studied section was
deposited at upper Bathyal open marine environment. In the upper Cenomanian-Lower Turonian
substages sea level was low and at the upper Turonian was high. In the Turonian-Coniacian transition
382
sea level was low and in the Coniacian-Santonian transition was againly high. The Santonian stage
was display variant depth. Finally based on statistical analysis of %P, M3 and Vander Zwan depth
equilibrium were display studied section deposited in 278 meters depth. Comparing planktonic
assemblages recovered from the studied section with those of Cretaceous biogeographical provinces
indicate a close similarity with those of Tethyan provinces.

Key Words: Kopet-Dagh basin, Aitamir Formation, Abderaz Formation, Mozduran pass section,
Planktonicforaminifers, Van der Zwaan Depth equilibrium.
( 8
6-5& 6- P' 6 ! !" b ! % %! ^ ! "+ _ -* ` G % ' ' a 9: ;
.(Be,1977) " R ' ! 7+ ;< S@ % - W U c 0 6+ = : O< & O& "= 6 = %
+ >5&F0= O) d < ! % %! &\ : 4: R "8 6;G 6 % + 7G1 0= e0=
O) d % % ! JK . P$+ "f b G-5 " K g 6+ < a d & >5& 70 ! "+ 6 45 & !
1977 3 Be . : < PK ! 6- R -U > d U % +F "+ h Co2 = O) d & ! + >5&F0=
j ? @ !" = "# ' "R ! k& < j "+ O - lR = X& < # + b 5G< j 6 % +
ah 9 " ' + "$& ! O - lR = X& < # N- & 6 D! ! + 9 A=!mR & . + =
. "' b "< 69: ; 6G; S@ T; )5 a " n< ! 70 9<
./ (1/./ 5 6 9 : (;</ :
! J5 -0= -+ .> 6-#"&PR % < 1387 3 6 &"& 70 6 N -* a 9: ; % "&
R ' a + > 70 % F -5 < O - + ! O - lR ="N "# 69: ; j "+ 1387 3 % 0=
N- + $: D"+ +@ 6 &"& 70 -5 < % 0= ! - 9 N 3 % 0= . !@ > +
! 0- % &"nW 1389 3 . !@ > + Van der Zwaan 1990 G0 6: 9 ! O - + ! O - lR ="N "#
3 % 0= ! 0/ . " 9< - &"- a G)g 6 &"& 70 l a & D"+ F " "): 6H / % 0=
. 6) 1 Van der Zwaan G0 6: 9 N- + = R D"+ o < S@ 6 &"& 70 -5 < 1391
p S @ ? 6+ ` +" a G)g 6 &"& 70 -5 < % 0= ! - 9 N 1393 3 >&
. 6) 1 Van der Zwaan 70 6: 9 N- + q 6p + 6H / c"
:( 7 = + 4.* (* . >?
6 "' k;G & 6+ % "+ . + d - :0 ! 6 > k? ! 6= "+@ %! +@ X < k;G
D"+ M1 6+ ]U" - W d"5 "- 3 ! / % 0 R ]R ! " > "/ c" >0 6+ % ! F
(2! 1M ) b = U "8

6G; 6+ "- = ! & # "nd > 9? 6 G (1M

383
 q 6p + 6H / c" % ! F 6 "' D"+ +@ < &"& >05? ! " -&@ &h + >05? (2 M

1*. % / .FG >,.6 @+A (8=1 & A B: .C - - *0 - .3+DE+ *

7
6+ Tethyan ! Boreal >: & ! QG# : 0 ] g ! + !" "-0 - 6+ J;? & "' J ٬6 <" 3 g
& .(Bailey and Hart, 1979) d "$& 0= 1; +@ "' &"d M0 ! ( : G- ) +"0 6 !
3 -9 6G; O& 6 + Tropical "' 6 / Austral " 6 / 6 &d ٬ ] 9 F + d " 0 $:
. + +l % &"d ] -< 6 1; "' +@ M+ G 6G; &6 d & "'
*0= s & ! h + ' a " / + ! % % ! = "# 6 + % < W t-U Austral ! Boreal " /
. + / &6 0< )&"G< M ٬ - $ 6 C J <"< &@ 6 6 &=] d.
Hedbergella, Globigerinelloides, Heterohelix, Whiteinella, Archaeoglobigerina, Rugoglobigerina,
Globotruncanella
6 '. + K M + &F ! b *H & + = 6 ' 6 -5= &= 'm&! "' S@ + /
Globotruncana ,Globotruncanita,Marginotruncana, Planomalina , Rotalipora,Dicarinella,Contusotruncana =
"' +@ $-* @ 6 - ` * #!" M + d ! : 0 3 -9 7g . 3n Tethyan 6 /
6+ Tethyan # >? =M <> 0 1; "' = S@ = % &"d . -5= ? = % &"d " !
)&"G< < & S@ d 1; ' @ h + O& . + 3 - - R =& JK 6 ) :0 ! + d /
S@ T; a " n< e0= . + # M =6 '6 +_ !" + = >05? 3 n "+ > 0 "- 50
0 + d! :0 ? = al# ! "+ - &"- 7 0 ! "' +@ !" R ! R &
);? >0 6+ = 6 ' ' e R ! 9< A= 6 + " ! "' = >: & + a! N< g 6+ . = T H < >
"= v 3) j ? 3 g / +"0 6 -?! ٬ ! % % ! ` )< ' F+ a! N< . %
w F+ 0= & = 'm&! -5= "' +@ 6+ ! 1 6 & = 6 ' g 6+ .(Caron,1985) 0
- 90d z 1: 6+ e0= ! -5= " S@ = 6 ' 6+ >)5 "< e R = X& < # ! b *H & ,x W
! "' XC Ae R "- + " +@ ZU = 6 ' . -5= " +@ ! 1 = 6 ' 6+ >)5 "<h + ^ <
. + d < M+ ? ^ < - %! + ! >U & >: / O& F - 90d z 1: 6+ ! !" a " /
6 >#"' 6 - % < 6 <" % # "' [\ + = >: & + +@ @ > + ! % % ! 65& G +
69: ; & e0= . 7 9< + "' = ! S@ 6 ] -< >: & 6+ 6 <" % 69: ; 6/
69: ; D"+ j & "+ 6 > @ > + ; 1 Q& " a " n< 6+ ! G = 6 ' ! "# % F
,M.pseudolinneiana M.marginata D.canaliculata A.Cretacea H.planispira !H.delrioensis !H.globulosa
a " n< 6+ > ! G &"- + G.bulloides, M.renzi D.concavata D.asymetrica G.linneiana M.schneegansi

384
P.delrioensis C.patelliformis G.elevata H.carinata = 6 '! h + ! "# +@ P: + ; 1 Q& "
. -5= ; 1 a " n< 6+ >)5 > ! G &"-0 ! ! "# &"-0 S. multispinata G.cretacea

(1/./ 5 6 9 : &H - I% (* 1 - JBK 9 :

& W > 0= .> U"+ =6H / F : @ F ! 60& ? + =6H / >U & > 0= 6 &"& 70 9<
a " n< "f ! ' F+ 9< "+ Cb= .> + =6H / !"# ! ' @h + 6e*& < + ^H
$ 6 C ! + Q 1 a 9: ; 6 & 0H > =6H / 6 &"& 70 9< "+ & = F+ 6+ S@ T;
A& ) $: " 5N< ! +A R < ! + N 5+ + 6H / 70 ! / 6+ kd < lg - 5
. & 0 & O0 5 b { ; > 0= 9< ! + =6-5+
N- -5= =O < & &"<7 ? |h 0-/ ! N- & "+ !" 6 & =O < J K
!% % ! M | ): K 6 N- O - + =6 ' k& < = $: =O < & .> \ : - 4: R!"
.(Van der Zwaan et al., 1990) > = "-
" } 6+ h .(Jorissen et al., 2007) > _ ! ! % %! + >)5 70 9< "+ R F+ "$&
N- "& 3 "H / 69: ; > 6[ N -* a &"8 && =Q 1 b 5G< 6 & 6+ 6d < + 6 >
:(3 M )>

b "< + Bergrren, 1998 6-#"'"+ & & =Q 1 W a 0 5G< (3 M

(P/B) - I% (* 1 - JBK - * (1/./ M1 5 6

6+ ! % % ! + >)5 "+ % l a 9: ; Grimsdale and Van Morkhoven 1955 3
+ 6;+ 6+ 6 +1951 3 Phleger a 9: ; 3 ) 6+ @ 6-): . " " - 6 &"& 70 -U "+ _
! % % ! >)5 + 6;+ 7&"g 6 &"& 70 9< "+ =Dl< M & +. + " P/B >)5 ! 70
< 9: ; b5& - "N & 6 H"# N- + " N< "~ 0= 8 & "+ . K@ 70 + _ !
. N- 6 &"& 70 9< > d 6 W / •& - 6- P' Q& " % + % 5 & €"# + ! >#"' a W !" =&
: + "? & + 6 " R 6 &"& 70 9< "+ 6: 9 _ -* =& 69: ; + Wright 1977 3
(1) Depth = e (0.042 × %P + 3.48)

?" 6 / "- 2119 < 40 c 0 6+ ` +" & =6 0 1987 3 % 0= ! van Marle 9+ 3 C

: !@ > + O - lR ="N "# W N- + 70 9< "+ "& 6;+ ! "? 69: ; F!
(2) D = e (0.061 × %P + 1.25)

385
 : &@ > + "& 6;+ (%P) ! % %! W (2) ! (1) Q+ !
(3) %P = (P / P+B) ×100

.(van Marle et al., 1987)> _ % %! 9< B ! ! % %! 9< P %@ 6

= * & ! % % ! 6- R *+ % M/ > 6+ & c 0 >)5 & 6 0 % Cb= @
>)5 5% "-0 F ! (93% O - lR >)5 ) "- 1600 A + c 0 "+ 3 & & "+ + .>
a! N< " % 0= ! van Marle 6 ; 0= . -5 0- M+ ? A& @ = ;U > d 6+ ! % % !
"-5+ +@ "-0 %m 5 6 - ! h + 6 :! : < > 6+ >& R 6;+ + @ a 9: ; 6 W / •& -
` +" "+ a 9: ; 6 0 R @ > & + . + 3 " ! + = & >)5 6+ @ 69: ; 6G;
+ b "-5+ %m 5 ! h + 6 :! : < "' ! (1) Wright 6: 9 > + 3 " ! + 6g +" & "' 6- P' 6+
+ 6 -5= "fƒ P/B >)5 "$& M 70 " K 6+ 6 % 9+ a 9: ; . N- (2) @ 6;+
R 6 &"& 70 9< "+ & d 6;+ 1990 3 % 0= ! van der Zwaan M & -#"' "8
. "

- ? O/ :+ + (P/B) - I% 1 - JBK - *- *0 - (1/./ 5 6 9 :

( 7= + 4.* 1
!% %! = M j "+ 6 &"& 70 7 ? 69: ; % ! F 6 "' D"+ +@ 6: G &
) M2 ٬(1 p& < # !"' ) M1 = "- R 6) 1 "+ D"+ & . -#"' "? % ! ! 70 6: 9 ! P/B >)5
# t< D 0 6+ (70 6: 9 ) Depth ! ( ! % % ! W ) %P ٬(3 p& < # !"' ) M3 ٬(2 p& < # !"'
.> 6-U "R 300 9< 6+ _ ! ! % % !
) "+ ! " S *- # t< g 6+ 6 0 45 > "+ 6 0 155 % ! F 6 "' D"+ 6 &"& 70 9< "+
"# 300 9< + *- = 6 0 230 ! 120 O: 6+ 6d < + .b& "? "+ ! % % ! = X& < #
6 0 %P ]p .b& 0 6) 1 X& < # !"' "= W ]p ! D 0 (3 ^ 2 ^ 1 ^ = X& < # )
6) 1 (3) 6;+ 7)g 120 O: @ _ ! ! %! 300 # t< D 0 ]R 6 :! + *- =
% < @> + = 6+ 6d < + . & "' 9< "8 a+ 70 (2) 6;+ j "+ >& .>#"' "?
: T H < "& {" 6+ % ! F 6 "' D"+ 70 Q& "
%F ! < 6+ S @ P' ! 6- & F# ! M1 % F D"+ -+ 5R S @
"- + A& F# "+ : U & .> „ t-U U 6+ &"-0 = M3 % F ! + "- + = M1 ]p ! = M2
%F &"- + = M2 % F - R ! <S @ . + 5R S @ 6+ >)5 S@ T;
S @ & - F M3 ! 6-# & A= ]p ! 6- A& F# -+ M1 % F .> "$& X& < # ! 6+ >)5
M1 % F S @ & - . + "- + = M1 % F 5R ! < < ! < - . +& A& F#
5R ! < P' . S@ 70 A= % 6 = ! M3 ! M2 = X& < # ! 6- & F# !
F & 6 = % A= "$& X& < # ! ! b -5= = M1 = X& < # A& F# -+ 6+
A& F# M2 ]p ! 6-# & A& F# M3 % F S @ - 6 > P' & 70 A= "+ :
:! > "$& !"' ! 6+ >)5 % F &"- + = M3 -+ - 6+ S @ P' . = %
6 :! A& F# "+ >:h U F & = % A& F# M1 X& < # % F € ! 6-# A= 6+ ! ! 6
@ > + $ 70 % ! F 6 "' D"+ "+ >& . S@ 70 = ! 6+ ]p 6 S@ 70
70 "' & + 7+ ;< @ > + 70 . + "- 278 + "+ "+ (Van der Zwaan et al., 1990) 6: 9 Q <
.(4 ] ) + upper Bathyal G0 ! 1 = % (Berggren, 1998)

386
 ! % % ! X& < # j "+ % ! F 6 "' D"+ 6 &"& 70 % - (4 ]
M1: Morphotype group 1, M2: Morphotype group 2, M3: Morphotype group 3%P: percentage of
Planktonic/Benthonic Foraminifera ratio, Depth:e (0.061 × %P + 1.25
. 3 (M
– -1< A*+ ! " -&@ ? # A*+ ! "+ q 6p +
6H / c" k? ! % ! F 6 "' D"+ 7 G1< &
.> @ > + "& •& - ! +@
L "8 . + 6 CL / ! 5 "0= 6+ "- 552 > *H + ( $: ) % ! F 6 "' D"+ (1
L 6+ % ! M "- 192/5 ! ! "-5 U L 6+ O=@ L "- 9/5 M " -&@ ? # A*+
6+ % "- 137/7 + +@ – -1< A*+ ! + > ' 6 M 6&h % + ! "-5 U
6+ % ! M "- 133 j " & ! > @ = M 5#!" "0= 6+ =@ % = 6&h % + ! "-5 U L
99 [ ! j " & > @ = M 5#!" "0= 6+ N †' O=@ L 6&h % 3 + ! "-5 U L
.b + M 5# "f ! j " & "0= 6+ "-5 U L 6+ % "-
A& F# 6; + 5R % 6 b&" ' 6 - $: D"+ ! % % ! X& < # !"' 3 "+ + (2
h + S@ T; % F M2 A& F# 6+ 6d < + R ! < 6+ 5R P' .> + [ R S@ 70 T; M1
+S @ & - ! + h + S@ T; M3 !"' A& F# -#"' "8 + -+ – R ! < ! +
P' .> 6-# & A= 70 5R ! < – ! < - .> 6- A& F# S@ T; M3 !"' A& F#

387
6+ P' .> 6-# & A& F# S@ 70 - ! 6- A= S@ 70 -+ 6+ ! <
% ! >)5 ) "+ % ! F 6 "' D"+ 70 9< . + & A= S@ 70 6 ! b& S@ 70 A& F# -
69: ; D"+ 70 $ ! >#"' (Van der Zwaan et al., 1999) 6: 9 j "+ P/B _ 6+ ! %
G0 ! 1 % < (Berggren, 1998) 70 "' & + @ > + 70 7+ ;< j "+ .> 6) 1 "- 278
. 0 9< $: D"+ "+ upper Bathyal

P* 1
j "+ q 6p 6H / c" k? ! = R D"+ o < S@ \ : 4: R , H" , /! 01 , 0/ ,<"
134 < 119 61NW, 1391 , 5 d , + = 5U , O - + ! O - lR % %!
j "+ p - - " -5& k& ?! 69: ; ! 6 &"& # \ 9< . ? W j ) . /! 01 - 9 N b~
6 C )64 < 45 61NW 94 0 C ! >5 + 3 93 % -5 .% "& ! U 3 0 ٬ q 6p 6H / ! U ! % "+ % !
( S !
="N "# N- + $: D"+ +@ 6 &"& 70 9< . G "& ! 5/ m 0 ? b = "+ - 9 N b~
56 < 45 61NW 4 0 .(1387) C ! d %" < $ 6 .O - + ! O - lR
.O - + ! O - lR ="N "# j "+ R ' 6 &"& 70 9< . A&! !" + m 0 ? b = "+ J5 -0= b~
173 < 157 61NW 4 0 (1387) C ! d %" < $ 6
l a & D"+ 5R - &"- a G)g 6 &"& #\ 9< . - 9 N b~ m 0 ? b = "+ 0- % &"nW 95
34 < 27 61NW 87 0 b-5 + 3 89 % -5 . 6 t# .O - + ! O - lR % "+ % ! N- + F " "):

Bailey, H. W., Hart M. B., 1979, the correlation of the early Santonian in Western Europas, IUGS ser.1, 6, 159-169.

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A.T.S. (Editor) Oceanic micropalaeontology, I, 1-100

Berger, W.H., and Diester Haass, L., 1988; Paleoproductivity; the benthic/planktonic ratio in foraminifera as a productivity
index; Marine Geology 81, 1–4.
Berggren, W.A., 1998. Marine Micropaleontology an Introduction; in: Haq, B.U., and Boersma, A.: Introduction to Marine
Micropaleontology (Second Edition). P 3.

Caron, M. 1985. Cretaceous planktic foraminifera. In. Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B., Perch Nielsen,K. (Eds), Plankton
stratigraphy .cambridge university press. 17-86.

Grimsdale, T.F. and Van Morkhoven, F.P.C.M., 1955: The ratio between pelagic and benthonic foraminifera as a means of
estimating depth of deposition of sedimentary rocks. Proc. World Pet. Cong., 4th, Rome. Sect. l/D4, 473-491.

Jorissen, F. J., Fontanier, C., and Thomas, E., 2007: Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal
assemblage characteristics. In: Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography (Pt. 2): Biological tracers and biomarkers,
edited by C. Hillaire-Marcel and A. de Vernal, Elsevier, 843 p.

Phleger, F. B., 1951: Foraminiferal distribution, pt.l, Ecology of foraminifera, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Geology. Soc. Am.
Mem., 46: 1-88.

Van der Zwaan, G.J., Jorissen, F.J., and De Stigter, H.C., 1990: The depth-dependency of planktonic/benthic foraminiferal
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Van der Zwaan, G.J., Duijnstee I.A.P., Den Dulk M., Ernst S.R., and Kouwenhoven, N.T., 1999: Benthic foraminifers:
proxies or problems? A review of paleoecological concepts; Earth Sciences Reviews 46, 213-236.

388
Van Hinsbergen D.J.J., Kouwenhoven T.J. and Van der Zwaan, G.J. 2005: Paleobathymetry in the backstripping procedure:
distinguishing between tectonic and climatic effects on depth estimates; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology 221, 245–265.

Van Marle, L.J., Van Hinte, J.E. and Nederbragt, A.J., 1987: Plankton percentage of the foraminiferal fauna in seafloor
samples from the Australian-lrian Jaya continental margin, Eastern Indonesia; Marine Geology, 77:151-156.

Wright, R.G., 1977: Planktonic-benthonic ratio in foraminifera as paleobathymetric tool. Quantitative evaluation; Annual
American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Convention
(Washington, D.C.), 65 (Abstract).

Plate 1. SEM Planktonic foraminifera the Cenomanian-Santonian from the Mozduran pass section. 1a, b,c Marginotruncana
pseudolinneiana (Pessagno, 1967), sample 120. 2a, b,c Marginotruncana tarfayaensis (Lehmann, 1963), sample 120. 3a, b,c
Marginotruncana paraconcavata (Porthault, 1970), sample 120. 4a, b,c Dicarinella imbricata (Monrod, 1950), sample 120.
5a, b,c Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana (Pessagno, 1967), sample 120. 6a, b,c Marginotruncana marginata (Reuss, 1845),
sample 120. 7a, b,c Dicarinella canaliculata (Reuss, 1854), sample 124. 8a, b,c Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana
(Pessagno, 1967), sample 124. 9a, b,c Marginotruncana sinousa (Porthault, 1970), sample 122. 10 Pseudotextularia nuttalli
(Guembelina nuttalli Voorvijk 1937), sample 122.

389
 -
'(!# )* + ,- $' !" # $ %! !# % & ! !
%! ! - $ . /$
3 *2 ,1
!" # $ % %&' ( (1
, - % *(2
, 12 / 0 , - ' .& (3
(Vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir) ' 4 56 :8 9" "-

!"
,% : # ; / % % /< = .6= >2/ .-< ? >2/ '% # $ @"- >A BC - %
& @ 2G .@ #. % ? % / % % , % , % ' 1 / (, - D 8 5 ) E #F& / % #G 4 D >2/
' A #-N , / ,% ! ! .-< ? >2/ ' A #. . 202 ! . 558 #IJ K % ; /
' 2 ! ,% ! . % /< - .6= >2/ ' A #. . 356 % ' ."& O P % #/ . &
T = 5." U% V/ # 5 155 I= . / % ' 2 P % #/ ' S ! TA< P #-N , # 5A #/ %
.@ #. % ? - % !-\ Y = = #/ , - / 5 YJ ? % Z [ 19 #/ X I. % % , % # 75 I= @ /
1) Rotalipora cushmani Total Range Zone 2) Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Total Range Zone 3) Marginotruncana sigali-
Dicarinella primitiva Partial Range Zone 4) Dicarinella concavata Interval Zone5) Dicarinella asymetrica Total Range
Zone
% = % /< - .6= >2/ "C - .-< ? >2/ X ^6= - ] /
.@ I= . –
% , % , % '% # $ @"- % /< .-< E #F& / % #G 4 : #$ % #$

Biostratigraphy of Upper part the Aitamir Formation and Lower-

Middle parts of the Abderaz Formation base on planktonic
foraminifera at type section, east of the Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary
basin, NE Iran
Neda Dorafshan 1, Mohammad Vahidinia2*, Meysam Shafiee Ardestani 3
1-Msc student of geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2*- Associate professor of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3- Phd of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran and National Elite
Fundation
*Corresponding author: Vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
Abstract
In this study, biostratigraphy of upper part the Aitamir Formation and lower- middle parts the Abderaz Formation, in the
Mozdoran pass section, eastern part of Kopeh-Dagh basin (NE of Iran), have been investigated based on planktonic
foraminifera. The total thickness of studied section is 558 meter, including 202 meters deposits of the upper part of the Atamir
Formation, Shale and Marl with glauconite interbedded in light gray color, and 365 meters deposits of lower-middle Abderaz
Formation, yellow Marl and Shale with three chalky limestone interbedded. One hundred and fifty-five samples were
systematically gathered; 75 planktonic foraminiferal species belong to 19 genera in frame of 5 biozones were realized such as
the below respectively:1) Rotalipora cushmani Total Range Zone 2) Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Total Range Zone 3)
Marginotruncana sigali- Dicarinella primitiva Partial Range Zone 4) Dicarinella concavata Interval Zone 5) Dicarinella
asymetrica Total Range Zone. Based on this research age of Upper part the Aitamir Formation is Middle- Late Cenomanian

390
and age of Lower- Middle part of Abderaz Formation is Middle Turonian- Early
Santonian.
Keywords: Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin, Aitamir Formation, Abderaz Formation, Biostratigraphy,
planktonic foraminifera
' (
WNW- % %
. & 700 4 / , - D 8 5 % (" % :A ' A & ! E #F& '% .O – / % # C
,` 4 % ) , ." a b O % , - , ." 5& = '% 5[ %c ZC d< %:O ' -% D #& @ ESE
#/ #& @ & Z .= #/ % 8 5 % e? ' A ! J5 , - f .(1380
.-< ' A .(1383 = 1 ?<) h "^= / [ F & . #G 4 E #F& % ' # C g@5"?
-- A; / . /% . / (, - D 8 5 ) E #F& / % #G 4 % 'A 4 4 , % /<
# = & !- - #O $ - % 5A % /< / .-< -N / (-% = # / .-<
, = 1 ?<) @ % /< i TA< P #-N - O< / X1K (-% = j = `< / % /< -N / @ "C
P / , % /< N/% % @ & ! - % P # ,>2/ P / .-< .(1389
# $ @"- ' % / 'A % /. / e? E #F& #G 4 % ' S ! TA< P /4 =3 /! ,%
< @ / ' I. l- . #. -cC U% m ' I. , A BC n = < / o - I= '%
X5 Vande Zwaan,1990 X5 I= UN I ] / ' p& % ,% , % S. / 2015 . % I S .@
1&= = . - / T- ." = (2014) , % 5A ' 4 .@ % ? % / % J ; / % % /< #--
. % / @ / #IJ K % ( ' / % Earliest Campanian = Early Turonian / A ( % /< '% /
. & ? ."- q 4 ."- X/ K= '% # $ @"- % / / (1393) , % 5A . % IS
IS ' 4 . % ? %/ % # $ ; / > % E #F& / % #G 4 ` d D % % % /<
E #F& / % #G 4 ` d #/ D # $ ; / > ' % / % % /< '% # $ @"- (2017) . %
' 4 . % IS i5A . % ? % / % , - % % / J ' / S- % % , % , % S. /
#G 4 D % @"- n 6 X5 / < #K/ % T . rC ' A S #4 & @f 6 U 6Sm o 1397
- .6= >2/ .-< ? >2/ '% # $ @"- % / #/ #J ^ - % . & % / % E #F& / %
. #.O C % ,% , % ] / % /<
')* + ,-. '. - /0 1 -23 4 5+
; / - .@ #. % ? N 36˚ 10’ 40” E 60˚ 33’ 00” - a[ @ I? / E #F& #G 4 D % #IJ K % 6
# Y- 2= Z- ? = ? 8 - % ) , % : ' . % ' . & 3 # m % ZO – m [ " D %
.(1 ! ) @ #. % ? (, % :

E #F& ' # C @ I? , - '% .O – / % ' A # C -A : 1-1 !

8 5 % E #F& , ; ." -B (Heydari, 2008) , - ? 8 5 %
(Berberian & , ." a 8 5 , ." 5& = ` d ` [ , - D
% % /< J ; / #/ . ' A % ' # ^ -C King, 1981)
(#IJ K % #^K ) , % : #

')* ,
#^K - A' " ZO 1:250000 # ^ % / ZC
U V2 #/ #[ = / - 6m ' A % / ] /, f %
.@ @ / # 5 155 T = 5." ; % #/ P

391
.h- 5 I= % A , @"- A! " %/ / & I= % A P @ m VO #/ #[ = /
- A # 5 .h- ." ; % #/ % A # 5 P ] / , . rC , % , % #IJ K % / % f #/
, > 60 ),TJ # ' % / ZF % ? @ 24 U #/ % 10 (H2O2) # B "& `< 8 6 % % %
.(Zepeda,1998) h- ." %< #/ J `< / % A # 5 % ? s C #/ N / Y = = #/ #& (> 230 > 120
%< #/ `< / N / ; % ZF h- % ? Na2So4 h- U SJ % ./ % ' S ! A< P ' A # 5
(Binocular) %N & / t T5& / , T O I/ % #J :- ' A # 5 .(Peryt and Lamolda,2002) h- ."
(Premoli Silva & ,( Caron 1985) ,(Robaszynski & caron,1979) I/ ] / A! " .h- % ? #IJ K %
5 , . C@ [# % % ' A , . rC SEM ' A Z @- % . #. % ? - % Verga, 2014)
% A ,< & C # $ ; ." 8 [ A ! " % 04 Y = = #/ #[ = / . (1 @ C ) @ # = 1[
.@ #"- ^ [ ' A , @"- / @- % 5 h %
- 6 '7 8 .
p .2 ' A Z [ / = / % % p& #/ , 1 #."/ e ; ." , < - @ I/ % ,% , %
# ;/% . / / #- - 'A % / I= ' / '% "/ @ 5A ' % / - !/ ?
% [ " # 5( ; ." ] / .@ - % , % , % Z [ 19 #/ X I. # 75, % :
#/ X I. Rotalipora cushmani Total Range Zone , @"- .(1 @ C )@ T S= - , @"- 5 A # 5
% "C - ." #. - ; ." ' . 202 @ 2G = ? / .-< ? >2/
, @"- 4 ' . 356/7 @ 2G = ' . 202 @ 2G % /< - .6= >2/ % . 5 C ,< ' / , =
.@ -
: =% 1 - [ #/ h- ? - , -/5
1)Rotalipora cushmani Zone
Definition: Total Range Zone
Age: Middle to Late Cenomanian
' A #-N , / ' ."& O ! & & TA< P , P 4 / . 202 4 % , @"- - @ 2G
#/ #[ = / . ! % 67 = % 5 # 5 / '% / # 5 ? , @"- - . / ' # ! ,%
% "C - 6 67 # 5 % ,< % 04 - O< 52 # 5 % R cushmani % 04 J A
- Y = = #/ , @"- - % - 5A % ,% , % 'A# AZ[ - . C, =
: /
Dicarinella algeriana, D. canaliculata, D. elata, D. hagni, D. imbricata, Guemblitria cenomana, Heterohelix moremani, H.
reussi, Loeblichella. hessi, Macroglobigerinelloides bentonensis, Ma. caseyi, Ma. ultramicrus, Muricohedbergella delrioensis,
Mu. planispira, Mu.simplex, Mu.subcrtacea, , Praeglobotruncana delrioensis, P. gibba P. hilalensis, P. stephani, Rotalipora
appenninica, R.cushmani, R. globotruncanoides, Whiteinella aprica, W. archaeocretacea, W. aumalensis, W. baltica, W.
brittonensis, W. inornata, W. paradubia,W. praehelvetica
.@ f % "C - % .-< ? >2/ , = D 'A % / #/ #[ = /
2) Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Zone
Definition: Total Range Zone
Age: Early to Middle Turonian
J / 68 # 5 , @vv"- - .@vv A< ,% ‫و‬,,% v v P v 4 / . 102/5 , @vv"- - @ 2vvG
,% , % ' A # A Z [. / - # H.helvetica % v 04 - O< / 96 # 5 = v o v H.helvetica% v 04
: =% 1 , @"- - % 5A %
Archaeoglobigerina cretacea , Archaeo. blowi, Dicarinella algeriana, D. canaliculata, D. elata, D. hagni, D. imbricata,
Guemblitria cenomana, Heterohelix globulosa, H. moremani, H. reussi, Laeviheterohelix flabelliformis, Laevihe. pulchera,

392
Loeblichella. hessi, Macroglobigerinelloides bentonensis, Ma. caseyi, Ma. ultramicrus, Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana,
Mar. schneegansi,Mar. sigali, Muricohedbergella delrioensis, Mu. flandrini, Mu. hoelzli, Mu. planispira, Mu.simplex,
Praeglobotruncana gibba, P. hilalensis, P. stephani, Pseudoguembelina costellifera, Pseudotextularia nuttalli, Schachoina
cenomana, Schako.multipinata, Ventilabrella austiniana, Whiteinella aprica, W. archaeocretacea, W. aumalensis, W. baltica,
W. brittonensis, W. inornata, W. paradubia,W. praehelvetica
.@ I= - C % =n . 102/5 @ 2G / % /< .6= >2/ % , @"- -
3) Marginotruncana sigali-Dicarinella primitiva Zone
Definition: Partial Range Zone
Age: Late Middle to Late Turonian
# D. concavata % 0 4 J = o H. helvetica %
0 4 - O< / Partial Range Zone , @" - -
# 5 , - .@ ! = ,% . / / @ 2G . 40/5 ' % , @"- - #IJ K % ; / % . / -
AZ [. /- # @ D. concavata % 0 4 J #& 105 # 5 = o H. helvetica % 0 4 - O< / 96
: / w - / 5A % ,% , % ' A #
Archaeoglobigerina cretacea, Arc. blowi, Arc. bosquensis, Contusotruncana fornicata, Dicarinella algeriana, D. canaliculata,
D. hagni, D. imbricata, D. primitiva , Heterohelix globulosa, H. moremani, H. reussi, Laeviheterohelix flabelliformis, Laevihe.
pulchra, Loeblichella. hessi, Macroglobigerinelloides bollii, Ma. caseyi, Ma. ultramicra, Marginotruncana coronata, Mar.
marginata, Mar.paraconcavata, Mar.pseudolinneiana, Mar. renzi, Mar. schneegansi, Mar. sigali, Mar.sinuosa, Mar.
tarfayanensis,Mar. undulata, Muricohedbergella delrioensis, Mu. flandrini, Mu. planispira, Mu.simplex, Praeglobotruncana
gibba, P. stephani, Pseudoguembelina costellifera, Pseudotextularia nuttalli, , Whiteinella aprica, W. baltica,
W.brittonensis,W.paradubia,W. praehelvetica
' / Z .= #vvG 4 % (Robaszyneski and Caron,1995) nvv = (Marginotruncana schneeganci Zone) #/ , @vv"- -
D. % x J = Mar. schneegansi % x J / Interval zone U% m #/ #& .@ I %= 6
>2/ - % , - / - ' / ( 'A % / #/ #[ = / . p- I= " C %= #/ primitiva
.@ f % % "C - %= O , = % /<
4) Dicarinella concavata Zone
Definition: Interval Zone
Age: Late Turonian to earliest Santonian
# D. asymetrica % x J = o D. concavata% x J / / Interval Zone U% V / , @" - -
p- I= C . = "C & 6 / (Sigal,1955) n = % / J ' / , @"- - .(Caron,1985) / -
' S ! TA< P ,% P 4 / . 85/7 @ 2G #/ #IJ K % ; / % , @"- - .@
. /- # , - 126 # 5 % D.asymetrica % vv04 J = D. concavata % vv04 J / 105 # 5 . vv /
: / - w #/ , @"- - % 5A % ,% , % ' A # AZ [
Archaeoglobigerina cretacea ,Archaeo. blowi, Archaeo. bosquensis, Dicarinella canaliculata, D. concavata, D. hagni, D.
imbricata, D. primitiva, Globotruncana lapparenti, Gl.linneiana, Guemblitria cenomana, Heterohelix globulosa, H. moremani,
H. papula, H. reussi Laeviheterohelix pulchra, Loeblichella. hessi, Macroglobigerinelloides bollii , Ma. caseyi, Ma. messinae,
Ma. prairiehillensis, Ma. papula, Ma. ultramicra, Marginotruncana coronata, Mar. marginata, Mr. paraconcavata, Mar.
pseudolinniana, Mar. renzi, Mar. schneegansi, Mar. sigali, Mar. sinuosa, Mar. tarfayaensis, Mar. undulata,
Muricohedbergella delrioensis, Mu. flandrini, Mu. Impensus, Mu. planispira, Mu. simplex,Pseudoguemblitria costellifera,
Pseudotextularia nuttalli, , Schakoina cenomana, Whiteinella.baltica, W. brittonensis, W. paradubia,

5) Dicarinella asymetrica Zone

Definition: Total Range Zone
Age: Early Santonian to earliest Campanian
- O< = o D.asymetrica % x J / Total Range Zone U% V/ Dicarinella asymetrica Zone , @"-
"C . – C . #/ (Postuma,1971) n = % / J ' / , - . / - # D.asymetrica % x
% 04 J / 126 # 5 . @ % P 4 / . 128 @ 2G ' % , @"- - .@ I

393
# 5( .(2 ! ) / C . ' C /- # (155) # 5 - O< = o D.asymetrica
: / - w #/ , @"- -% 5A ' A #
Archaeoglobigerina cretacea ,Archaeo. blowi, Archaeo. bosquensis, Contusotruncana fornicata, Dicarinella concavata,
D.hagni, D. imbricata, D.primitiva, Globotruncana arca, Gl. bulloides, Gl. lapparenti, Gl. linneiana, Gl. hilli, Heterohelix
carinata, H. globulosa, H.moremani, H. papula, H. reussi, H.striata, Laeviheterohelix Pulchra, Loeblichella. hessi,
Macroglobigerinelloides bollii, Ma. caseyi, Ma. impensus, Ma. messinae, Ma. prairehillensis, Ma. ultramicrus,
Marginotruncana coronata, Mar.marginata, Mar. paraconcavata, Mar. pseudolinniana, Mar. renzi, Mar. schneegansi, Mar.
sigali, Mar.sinuosa, Mar.tarfayanensis, Mar. undulata, Muricohedbergella delrioensis, Mu. flandrini, Mu. holmdelensis, Mu.
planispira, Mu. sliteri, Mu. simplex, Psuedoguemblitria costellifera, Psuedotextularia nuttalli, Schakoina cenomana,
Ventilabrella austiniana, V.browni, V.glabrata, Whiteinella baltica, W. paradubia,
Barr, 1972; Premoli-Silva and Bolli 1973; ) Z .= #G 4 % #s % ' A , / / #IJ K -% - 'A, /
Vaptzarova 1976; Sigal 1977; Wonders1980; Salaj 1980, 1997; Robaszynski et al 1984; Caron1985; Sliter1989; Abdel-Kireem
Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004; Dimitrova Valchev 2007; Takashima et al 2010, et al 1995; Robaszynski and Caron1995;
, - / #& A , #"- ^ - .(3 ! ) . % ? #"- ^ % Georgescu 2017, Vahidinia& Shafiee Ardestani 2017
. % (Premoli-Silva& Verga 2014)n = #s % ' A , - / / % X/ K= - . / #IJ K % ; / % #s % ' A

E #F& / % #G 4 D ,% : # ; /% % /< .-< ' A '% # $ @"- , . (2) !

394
 Z .= #G 4 % ['A, -/ - / E #F& / % #G 4 D % #IJ K % ; / ' / <@ /'A, - / #"- ^ 8 [ (3 !

- 6 '7
X ? #IJ K % , % : # ; / % % /< = - C ' A >2/ .-< ? @5"? #IJ K - %
% , % , % Z [ 19 #/ X I. # 75 I= #. U% m U IJ K ] / .@ % ? !" # $
:@ % ? - % !-\ Y = = #/ , - / 5 YJ ? %
1) Rotalipora cushmani Total Range Zone 2) Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Total Range Zone 3) Marginotruncana sigali-
Dicarinella primitiva Partial Range Zone 4) Dicarinella concavata Interval Zone 5) Dicarinella asymetrica Total Range
Zone.
% /< - .6= >2/ "C - .-< ? >2/ #IJ K - ] / o 5( %
.@ I= . – %=

Plate 1. SEM illustations of planktonic foraminifera from the Mozduran pass section.1
a,b,c Dicarinella asymetrica (Sigal, 1952),sample. 144 2 a,b,c Dicarinella concavata
(Brotzen,1943), sample 144. 3 a,b,c Dicarinella primitivia (Dalbiez, 1955), sample 122.
4 a,b,c Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica (Bolli, 1945), sample 95. 5 a,b,c Marginotruncana
sigali (Reichel, 1950), 6a,b,c: Rotalipora cushmani(Morrow 1934).

395
 :9. :
.#6Sm 250 % & , . E #F& , - :1380 .o ` 4 %
.#6Sm 586 , = I U .& , , - :1383 .o = 1 ?<
.#6Sm [606 ]-583 I U .& , , - :1389 .o = 1 ?<
' ./ - % = ) % /< T . rC ' A S # A & @f 6 ' A% .O '% < #IJ K .1397 ' 4 . % IS
.(t $ @ % ) # V .(, - D 8 5 ) E #F& / % #G 4 D % ( F &

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397
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Abstract
The collection of different reservoir data plays an important role in the management and Protection of
hydrocarbon reservoirs. As the information increases, perspective and knowledge about the reservoir and
plans to produce optimal, increases. To achieve this aim, various sources and methods are used. In addition
to precision, the selected method should be able to reduce the cost and timing of the evaluation. Logs
data are the most important sources that are obtained after drilling wells in a field. Therefore, it is a good
option to evaluate the reservoir. Electrofacies is a method that has been considered in recent years. This
method use logs data and response of these logs about different layers to separation each layer, in terms
of rock species or reservoir quality, from other layers. Electrofacies are defined on the basis of data
clustering. The basis of clustering is to put the same logs data in same groups and distinguish them from
other groups. In this research, used petrophysical data and clustered to determination electrofacies in one
of the Iran's gas fields. After examination, 5 electrofacies were introduced as the number of optimal
electrofacies. Finally, electrofacies were evaluated in terms of reservoir quality and production potential
which electrofacies number 3 and 4 were identified as the best reservoir quality.

Keywords: Electrofacies, Cluster analysis, Well log data

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2
Self Organizing Map (SOM)
3
Ascendant Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)
4 Dynamic Clustering (DYNCLUST)
5
Gamma Ray
6 Delta-T
7
neutron density
8 Neutron Porosity

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.

1396 dO l .; $! 45! > ,G J=D B <* *! 78 ) +. ; !,I * + %v; .M [1]

[2] Tavakkoli, V, Amini, A. "Application of multivariate cluster analysis in logfacies determination and reservoir zonation, case
study of Marun Field, South of Iran". (2006)

[3] Serra. O, 1986, Fundamentals of Well-Log Interpretation, Vol2. The Interpretation of Logging Data, Elsevier Science
Publishers, Amesterdam, 15B: pp. 684.
< 8+I !+ E? 7 dO , * , 8 ) +. ; !,I 7!, I 7 ",A 7 R+ : C )@ : [3]
1384 8 !+ 8 ! ? " ;
[5] Serra, O. T., and H. T. Abbott. "The contribution of logging data to sedimentology and stratigraphy." Society of Petroleum
Engineers Journal 22.01 (1982): 117-131.
[6] Cross, T.A. and P.W. Homewood, Amanz Gressly's role in founding modern stratigraphy Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 1997. 109(12): p. 1617 -1630
[7] Karimian Torghabeh, Amir and Rezaee, Reza and Moussavi-Harami, Reza and Pradhan, Biswajeet and Kamali, Mohammad
and Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, Ali, “Electrofacies in gas shale from well log data via cluster analysis: A case study of the Perth Basin,
Western Australia” Open Geosciences},vol 6, 2014, number 3, pages 393—402
[8] Correia, Gil G., and Denis J. Schiozer. "Reservoir characterization using electrofacies analysis in the sandstone reservoir of the
Norne Field (offshore Norway)." Petroleum Geoscience (2016): 2015-056.
[9] Baneshi, Mohammad, Mohammadreza Behzadijo, and Mahboobe Soroushnia. "Evaluation of the performance of ANN in
predicting of electrofacies (estimated by SOM, AHC, and MRGC models)." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and
Environmental Effects 38.8 (2016): 1081-1088.

403
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Determination and separation of reservoir and non-reservoir zones
using Electrofacies
Ali Dehghan Abnavi1*, Amir Karimian Torghabeh 2, Jafar Qajar1

1. Department of Petroleum Engineering, School of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Shiraz

University

2. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University

Abstract
Among various methods for determination of petrophysical properties, logging is one of the most
important data resources for reservoir evaluation due to continuity in data information. The logs is
important because it is usually available in all wells in contrary with the core data and it is almost
impossible to accurately evaluate reservoirs, determine layers in deep in the ground and the conditions
of cement behind casing, and something else without using log data. A concept called electrofacies is
introduced using a combination of petrophysical logs. Electrofacies is defined based on data clustering.
The basis of clustering is to place similar petrophysical logs in the same groups and distinguish them
from other groups. Electrofacies causes separation between different reservoir locations, better
understanding of reservoirs and it is one of the common methods for reservoir characterization. In this
study, we determined electrofacies using petrophysical logs of Dalan and Kangan Formations. Then
reservoirs zones were separated from non-reservoir zones using SOM clustering method. Determination
of zones with high reservoir quality plays an important role in production issues and field development.

Keywords: Electrofacies, Cluster analysis, Well log data, Dalan and Kangan Formations

"

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1
Characterization and Recognition
2 Electrofacies
3 facies
4 Gressly ، (١٨٣٨)
5 Multi Resolution Graph-based Clustering (MRGC)
6 Self Organizing Map (SOM)
7 Ascendant Hierarchical Clustering (AHC)
8
Dynamic Clustering (DYNCLUST)
9 Pay Zone
10Non-pay Zone

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11 Gamma Ray
12
Delta-T
13 Neutron Porosity

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 ;
[١] Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, R., et al. (2013). "Analysis of the reservoir electrofacies in the framework of hydraulic flow units in the
Whicher Range Field, Perth Basin, Western Australia." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 111: 106-120.
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[3] Cross, T.A. and P.W. Homewood, Amanz Gressly's role in founding modern stratigraphy Geological Society of America
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Engineers Journal 22.01 (1982): 117-131
;: P "< * B O B = &* * (SOM) ?Y% ; ? + ) < +C ) <.( 5w /! + : & 34“ . 0 CD [5]
1393 64 ;D X 87 '5!r0 ;$ 5!r0 $%
[٦] Hector H., Perez, Akhil Datta-Gupta, Mishra S, "The role of electrofacies, lithofacies, and hydraulic flow units in
permeability predictions from well logs: A comparative analysis using classification trees", Society of Petroleum Engineers,
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and Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, Ali,( 2014)“Electrofacies in gas shale from well log data via cluster analysis: A case study of the Perth
Basin, Western Australia” Open Geosciences},volume 6,number 3, pages 393—402
[8] Correia, Gil G., and Denis J. Schiozer. "Reservoir characterization using electrofacies analysis in the sandstone reservoir of
the Norne Field (offshore Norway)." Petroleum Geoscience (2016): 2015-056.
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predicting of electrofacies (estimated by SOM, AHC, and MRGC models)." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and
Environmental Effects 38.8 (2016): 1081-1088.
$% ;: P "< * B O B = &* * < $/ .( ) <! e ;) 5 tK ; 2 + " (1392) ? $%. ) [ Q. I )[10]
45 ;D X 82 '5!r0 5!r0

410
 2 *1

rahman.rajabi@ut.ac.ir !" # $ %& (1

p.mahmoody@modares.ac.ir /0 1 $ %& - . ( +), $ %& ( )* (2

----------------------------

(0 >1 0 = 0 : %; $ <= (- : 1 $0 ( 4%$ - " "0 5 1 $0 0 6" 0 ( 7 8 9( " #3

(VMS) C =( C< $ ( "0 A* " % B - 1 - 1 $0 " SEDEX) - 1- 1 $0 ? 1 $0 ( 0 > *
1 K8 # $ $ 0 J ID & ( 0 > * ? ) 0 0 : " D 1 0 %E $ " . F0 G. 1 $0 ! - H" "
(0 >1 3 IN 0 * " 1 = QR1 0 - S 7 8 9 ( " # A )N 5 O P " $ %& .(MVT L " G *
( " # 0 (0 >1 0 %E . $ G7 : 1 $0 -0 4%$ 1 U $-(-0 ( 0 > * T"- Q1 1 $0 ( 0 > *
( "- 0 $ C 1= >: "0 E W& * ? ) 0 > * D 1 0 %& 1 1 $0 V % ( 0 S 7 8 9
=3 0 1 . 5Y $ HX 1 Q* % 1 . $ . - < . - " < C$ Q G"0 ( C< $ 1 " G
( " # 5 0[ - (\ < 90 QO< R 0 ( 0 > * 1G 1 $0 K Z ( : – >* K" & $0 1 0 ?% Q1 . $
( " # 5 ^ T >* , 9 0 ( Q] : 1 Q>" X 0 . 9 . 0 , G < = 0 " Q * A )N ( 0 >D0 0 7 8 9
anoxic 1 $0 ( K Z 0 =3 8 - 0 & C 1= >: "0 E W& * ( 0 > * 0 S 7 8 9
. & 1 dysoxic
0% 1 2 3+ ,& %-, *% - . ( ) & *+ % ' !" : $% &

The role of framboidal pyrite in determining the genesis of

sedimentary ore deposits
Abdorrahman Rajabi*1, Pouria Mahmoodi2
1) School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2) Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
The occurrence of framboidal pyrite is common in marine sediments, organic matter-bearing
sedimentary rocks, and it has also been reported from many sedimentary ore deposits, e.g. sedimentary-
exhalative (SEDEX, and sub-seafloor replacement SEDEX), volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS),
Irish, and sediment-hosted copper, but they are absent in some others (e.g., typical orogenic related
Mississippi Valley Type, MVT). The recognition of different aggregates of pyrite framboids and their
relationship with other minerals have been important in determining the time of formation of many
sedimentary ore deposits, especially in sediment-hosted Zn-Pb mineralizations. However most
framboidal pyrits have sedimentary origin, but in some ore deposits (e.g. Koushk, Chahmir, Zarigan,
Hossein-Abad, Haft-Savaran, Tiran and Irankuh) are associated with fine-grained sphalerite and galena,
and also hydrothermal alteration, indicating the roll of hydrothermal fluid inputs in formation of these
framboids. In order to approach the redox conditions of the sedimentary environments in these deposits,
we have conducted a detailed morphological analysis of framboidal pyrites from the different ore facies.
In analogy to modern euxinic sedimentary basins, the grain size variations of framboidal pyrites in the
Chahmir, Koushk, Zarigan, Hossein-Abad, Haft-Savaran, and Tiran deposits represents anoxic to lower
dysoxic conditions.
Key words: framboidal pyrite, sedimentary ore deposits, redox conditions, sub-seafloor
replacement

411
 4 5
( * " 1 A )N ( 9 1 50 _ Q1 Q* $ (G 9 ( 0 > * J 0 ( C< $ ( * " - 9 " #
(0 Q% Y ( 9 1 50 +1 $ 1 $0 ( 0 > * 0 * ". . 3 ( C< $ ( * T"- Q1 (G 9
): " Q;.0-Q.0 ) \ " ( S- ( (( 7 * ( 9 1 " ") 1 8: S 7 8 9 0 9 * %* #Q
$Q * %"= 9 `0 % " - R Z a D K" & B- 1 = W" 3 Q* (0 R1 & " % B
0> * D 1 - 1 $0 ( K Z 0 = " S- ) S 7 8 9 ( " # & *[ ( 9 1 1 . $ ( T"-
( 1 Rust (1935) K$ 0 1 <- ( 1 7 8 9 \ - . & 1 C =( C< $ - ( %< " J SEDEX J ?
" D %& . $ & Q)9 . farmboise ( > 9 \ - Q* & 1 0 1 " # G"0 0 >1 ( Q % W 5O P
( : – >* K" & $0 1 - 0 > * (0 >1 3 O 0 ( C< $ ( * " 1 = QR1 0 - 9 1
b< .(Russell et al., 1989; Sawlowicz, 1993; Rajabi et al., 2015a; Piercey, 2015) 0 ( T"- 1 $0 ( K Z
" & 7\ K" & C< $ " 1 S 7 8 9 ( " # )9 1 QR1 0 - (\ < 9 $0 1 ] " . O$ Q< X " 0
. . 0 , $0 1 0 0 Q1 ( 0 > * 1 Q>" X 0 " 1 $0 ( 0 > * D 10 =3
46 7 8
& Q)D %& ( 0 > * ( C< $ ( HN1 1 $0 ( 0 > * G \ O 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # HX $0 1 B
1U= B $ d %%$ Q% # 0 , & - 1 c 0 $ C 1= >: " (G* " 0 E - "0 W& *
$0 1 0 X _ f - X _ ge X 0 ( C< $ ( * 9 1 - D $ - (0 1 Q !8e f 1 0 c [ - U N
K$ 1 N) ge X ( O i 8 " * ( 9 D 1 " $ %& - (0 = ( h>* 0 ?% Q1 %; . 9 . 0 ,
R, ( . ( 1 F-0 " ) 1 . " . QO< R - $0 1 W"G 0 U- #- G - - ) < j $-
U N) !# 0 ?% " 1 . $ U- #- " - - ) < j $- BSE "- + C)$ S 7 8 9 ( " #
0 " # R, BSE "- + (-0 1 = A )N k X "- + ( " O Q 1 " # " (- : ( Q
" & 7\ K" & = W * Q1 - Q8$ Z 0 = 0 O l Z - ( ) 0 # (0 = QO B P" 1 !m$ - 9 .
. O 0KZ
( ) & *+ % <+= ! ' !" 9 6 :;
`0 . $ 6" 0 0 >1 $ ( )>) $ - 3 & -0 - ] : " "0 5 1 $0 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # 3
: $ ( Q$ ): - 4%$ S c[ 5 %1 * (Love and Amstutz, 1969) "0[= ( 4%$ ? " ( K Z 0 =
( * ( 1 7 8 9 5O P $ 31 , " # 0 h c S 7 8 9 9 1 %E . $ & F0 G. G
.(Sawlowiz, 1993) $ " . F0 G. G " # %$0= - " < * ): - " 9 "G% < . )%
( C< $ % " 7 8 9 ( " # & >* QP ) 0 = >*-0 - >* ( *0 ( 7 8 95O P 0 :
QP ) G " ( C< $ 7 8 9 5 O P %; .(Sawlowiz, 1993) Q)> ( . . ? ) " # #
n 1 - Q *0 ! 0 > * 0 $ < * K$ S 7 8 9 ( " # % B ? & 1 * " K$ " # % B
.(1395 0 - 8B0 L1387 (- ) (G* "0 #
" 0 E - W& * ? ) 1 $0 ( 0 > * 1G $( )>) $ - 3 & 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # g P
W $ 0-\ $ 1 B $ d %%$ Q% # 0 1= >: 0 > * - (Rajabi et al., 2015a,b) " " " 8 * $ 1 (G*
1 U- % 0 ) )" # ( 0 - Q% Y <- - $ %* # Q 50 +1 ((Mahmoodi et al., 2018)
(- : ( 5 %1 * 1G 4%$ 1 1 $0 ( 0 > * 0 Q* < : 0 .(g a1 3 &) . 3 1G 4%$ ( Q% Y
Q$ * $ 1 (1396 0 - ( Z ) , & 0 $ C - (Boveiri Konari et al., 2017) " ? ) <=
A" v ( Q% Y 50 Q1 - G"0 ( S- %* #Q 50 +1 u S 7 8 9 ( " # ( B $-d %%$ Q% # 0 " "

412
Q *0 ! ( 0 > * ? 1 $0 ! ( 0 > * - C =( C< $ ( 0 > * 0 . . 3 Q)>>.
1 Q* & 1 <= 1 k 8 0 0 " %E 5 O P 50 +1 - - Z S 7 8 9 ( " # 0 : (1387 (- )
. . B C< $ "

" + .(b, c) W& * - (a) E 0 > * ( Q"Y 4%> * 0 S 7 8 9 (Np) " # ( S- - (Clp) B -/ " # Q% Y 9 1 :1 3 &
- ( X : 0 )D $ 1 " # 78 9 $ O 0 # $- " + .(e) W& * - (d) E 0 > * 0 S 7 8 9 " # 5 O P BSE
0 > * 0 0 3 & Q - &0 Q ( " # .Q G"0 ( " < C$ - < . 1 (g) , & 0 $ C - (f) W& * 0 > * ( 7 8 9- *
py: pyrite, gn: galena, sp: sphalerite, om: organic matter .(h) 1U=

(G* " "" "8 * $( )>) $ - 3 & 0 Q* "0 ( C< $ HN1 - E W& * ( 0> *0
" #) ( 7- C$ ( S 7 8 9 3 & u 8< c S 7 8 9 ( " # (Rajabi et al., 2012, 2015a,b) " .3
S 7 8 9 ( " # Q* < : 0 . $ (W 1 * G"0 ( " #) ( S 7 8 9 5 O P 50 Q1 - (d,e1 3 & " %
( " # 50 +1 u 8< c , & 0 $ C - " (Mahmoodi et al., 2018) 1= >: ( 0 > * 0 &3
" < C$ Q G"0 0 >1 ( C< $ 0 > * " 0 . $ (W 1 * G"0 ( " # 3 ) (- * 5 O P ) ( S 78 9
Rajabi et al., 2012; 2014; Boveiri Konari et al., 2017; ) & 3 S 78 9 ( " # 1 <. -

413
 " " 1 0 "G " QR1 0 - (1396 0 - ( Z LYarmohammadi et al., 2016; Mahmoodi et al., 2018
B &0 Q - ( O1 ( 3> K$ u O1 ( C< $ ( * 3> " 0 > * " D10 . %
0- - ( GP 0 1 G"0 5 0[ , 9) ( 3 & ( 1 50 _ Q1 S 7 8 9 ( " # 1= >: 0 > * 0 . $ " .
" .3 S 7 8 9 #- 0- 50 _ Q1 u 8< c S 7 8 9 ( " # " 0 > * 0 . %& 1 -
50 _ Q1 S 7 8 9 ( " # ): - Q)& ^) - O1 S 7 8 9 , & 0 $ C 0 > * 0 Q* < :0
. & " (g1 3 &) I, ( Q X:
( ) & *+ % >+ ? 6; ' ! &" ,5+
(0 R1 (Wignall et al., 2005) %& 1 T >* , 9 " " # T >* 1 1 $0 ( K Z ID & S 7 8 9 ( " #
U= )$ 0 Q* (Wilkin et al., 1997) % Q] : A* 0 G"0Q 5 1 $0 ZR$ Q"Y Q1 - Z 0 = 3 u Q*
.(Wilkin et al., 1996) %" &0 % Q <- G \ " >N 3: e- &3 5 1 $0 (bC% 1 U= -0 " -
3 1 -x .(Wilkin and Barnes, 1997) $ K Z 0 B T >* ( )Z - " : K" & O1 &0 "
Q1 " # " (0 " # . & 1 i 0 >1 $ %& ( `0 - S e 0 = & yC: S 7 8 9 ( " #
" V 0 QC,- (2 LK Z ) \ " ( %"= 9 - G \ " 78 9 + (1 : $ Q)>1 - i 3 Q$
Q* %)> 8* " <= . T >* X9 K Z W" 0 = 3 (3 L(H2S " =) S $ 0 $ _
$ 8 * .(Kribek, 1975) 0 Q + 3 & ^ 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # lxc W" 50 _ Q1 %
.(Sawlowicz, 1993) . 3 3 & D ( " # QP ) 0 - & = g" $ 3 g S 78 9 " #
0 D0 ( 0 > * 0 " G>1 S 7 8 9( " #3 K Z 0 = T >* - >* K Z B-
$ >* hB "0 A* Q1 5Y $ 0 9 ( $ , ( Q) #) ( - S -0 ( i)> $ 0 . 0 "0 A* "
3 "0 A* " 0 Q* " 0 > * 0 Q* < : 0 (James and Elderfield, 1996) $ & = yC: - C< $
N$ 5 1 $0 -0 Q1 1 . 5 8 * - 5Y $ [ C 3 < Q1 (VMS - Irish SEDEX ( 0 > * D 1 % ) &
( " # Q1 " Q * 3 - `0 ( C< $ 5 8 * $ >* T >* X9 K Z B- - "0 A*
( " # yC: - 3 0 ( |{ - i HX <= .(Formolo and Lyons, 2007) . z 1 0S 78 9
& 3 <= 8 c 0 O 8e 0 Q* < 7 8 9 ( " # . 0 " " 0 %* 0 5- C) ( 1S 7 8 9
( " # Q* % 1 P 5 O< R 0 .(Sawlowicz, 1993) & 3" 8 3 & D ( " # Q1 - & 0 8 0 E u O" $
.(Sawlowicz, 1993) 0-= B- Q1 0 (0 " # - GP 5 0[ S 7 8 9 &3 <= 1 S 78 9
1 (Q G"0 W 1 * ( " # 1 ) 7 8 9( " # 0 B- K Z 0 = 50 +1 H2S Q* euxinic K" & 0
%1 " > Q Q] : A* 0 !m$ - . 3 U= )$ 0 R, ) - 5 3 1 D % " 8" X
D % " c 7 8 9 %& 1 T >* (- : * Q* dysoxic to anoxic ( K Z 0 .(Wilkin et al., 1996)
Wilkin) " . 3 U= -U $0 " (bC% 1 ( U= -0 - 1 ) - 10 6 1 = R, - Q)&
.(Bond and Wignall, 2010) %%* &0 % - (et al., 1996
5 0[ R, 0 O l Z - 1 ( , QR1 0 Wignall and Newton (1998) - Wilkin et al. (1996) X Q1
0 78 9( 1 &( . (0 = ( ) 0 # . 0 B- 1 $0 ( K Z ( >* K" & - S 7 8 9 " #
(StDev) 0 O l Z - (mean) ( ) 0 # Q1 QB 1 . $ & E - W& * ( 0 > * ( 1 2 3 &
Wilkin et al. (1996) K$ & Q7 0 ( 0 O / $ 1 - E - W& * ( 0 > * 1G ( )>) $ 0 = $ 1
(a2 3 &) & 1 lower dysoxic anoxic ( K Z l O S 7 8 9 ( " # Bond and Wignal (2010) -
.(b2 3 &) 0 X1 R G 0 > * 1G 4%$ " & 7\ ( 1 Q*
S 78 9( " # Q* G , & 0 $ C 0 > * 0 Q)9 . 50 _ 9 .- )# 5 O< R - 5
1 " "0 K Z 1 Q* & 1 )- 10 - 1 ) - 50 3 R, )>. (- : 1G < 0 B
414
( U= -0 uY ): S 7 8 9 ( " # Q* %* 1 & " .(Bond and Wignall, 2010) $ dysoxic K" &
1 . S $ K$ (Love, 1971) 4%$ Q <- G \ " ( )1 0 4%$/U= " - "0 A* " 0 5 1 $0 (bC% 1
. &3

- (Bond and Wignall, 2010 ^ 1) 78 9 g" 0 0 W& * - E ( 0 > * S 7 8 9 ( " # O, :2 3 &

0 (Rajabi et al., 2015a) "0 - E W& * ( 0 > * ( Q & : - ( C< $ ( Q"Y 4%> * ( 0 >D0 )>) $ ( Q O,
. $ 0 > * " ( 1 anoxic to lower dysoxic 3 K Z %%* IN Q* Saez et al. (2011) V/(V+Ni) 1 1 0 V/Cr 0

0 - U= )$ 0 " # " 3 *: E - W& * ( 0 > * 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # R, - O1

( " O Q : 0 ) 3 C& . ( 0 > * 0 Q* < : 0 (Rajabi et al., 2015) 1 lower dysoxic anoxic K Z W"
( : - -0 "0 A* " 0 " # " (1396 0 - ( Z ) , & 0 $ C - (Boveiri Konari et al., 2017)
Howards Pass 0 > * 0 . &3 dysoxic " & 7\ _ D 1 " : (bC% 1 ( U= -0 - 4%$
S )%* Q* 1 )>. - Z 1 S 7 8 9 ( " # (0 S 7 8 9 " # %c ( Q% Y
" S 7 8 9 9 1 (-0 1 & P QO< R / $ 1 .(Gadd et al., 2016) & 1 |{ = 3 0 1 $0 %%*
( " #3 Q* $ = 1( ) - 10 Y 1 7 8 9 R, ) 7 8 9 &0 - ^) 0> *
.(Gadd et al., 2016) $ Q)9 . 50 _ 4%$ 5 1 $0 (bC% 1 U= -0 - suboxic K Z 0 S- 3>
= C< $ 9 * " X (0 - K Z W" 0 g" $ H%* - | 0 9-( S 7 8 9( " #
& " 0 > * 0 Q* 5- C) 1 S 7 8 9 # b< .(Sawlowicz, 1993) & 3 . .-
0> *0 & ( X:( " #3 %; .(Stene, 1979) `0 K Z 0 = g" Q1
$ 1 i)> $ 0 . . - = 1 i* - S 7 8 9 ( " # QO$ S- 3: Q1 uY ): , & 0 $ C
0 •0G1 C: B- . 1 " Q G* $ Q1 - & J- & & : S 7 8 9 ( " # 3 .(Love, 1967)
( " # .(Sawlowicz, 1993) `0 Q <- 8 * Q1 Yu ): 7 8 9 " & ( QX : - G*
S 7 8 9 (Y 1 " X 3 (g1 3 &) , & 0 $ C 0 > * 0 ( X : 1 ( S 78 9
. $ & . . " - = C< $ H * hB
(- O O 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # -0 " # < * - " < C$ < . ? < -0 ( C< $ B-
S 7 8 9 ( " # Q% 0 " < C$ * * 0 Howards Pass 0 > * 0 . $ & F0 G. ( 0> *
( : 1 K8 - " Q * S- Q : Q1 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # 1 C< $ " 3 .(Gadd et al., 2016) $ &
E %1 * Q" # 5 G 9 ( 0 > * 0 .(Rajabi et al., 2015b; Gadd et al., 2016) % h> "0 U= 5 C< $ " " )* 1

415
 " # <*3 0 > * " 0 . $ & F0 G. S 7 8 9 ( " # -0 " # < * 0 : Tasmania 0 D
- < . ( C< $ 3 .(England and Ostwald, 1993) Q)> S 7 8 9 ( " # ( .3 & !# * 0
*: " - , & 0 $ C 1= >: W& * E ( 0 > * 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # 1 Q% 0 " < C$
< -0 ( C< $ 3 !m$ - " Q * % 0 = C< $ S- 3> % Q1 S 7 8 9 ( " # 3
K$ S 7 8 9 ( " # % B " ( $ . & 1 dysoxic anoxic K Z - "0 A* " 0 = Q% 0
A* " 0 Q* Irish - SEDX VMS ? A )N ( 0 > * 0 Q &0 ( " < C$ - < . ? O1 3> ( C< $
( < . - " < C$ ) ( O1 3> ( C< $ K$ S 7 8 9 ( " # % B . $ & F0 G. &3 "0
( " #3 Piercey (2015) .(Piercey, 2015) $ 0 > * " " Q * 0 - H"Y # D0 *:
( HN1 0 0 > * " 0 " Q * . "0 A* " Q _ 9x1 " " 0 & 3 ( 0 > * Q1 - Z 0 S 7 8 9
S 7 8 9 ( " # 0 9- " Q * J " 0 i 0 >1 & Q* `0 "0 A* " 0 "b#[ C G - "b#H%* -
. $ Q G"0 " < C$ - < . ( C< $ 1
@ 4: A+
Q* 1 6" 0 0 >1 %& 1 <= (- : - Q)& " : < : Q* 1 $0 ( K Z 0 S 7 8 9 ( " # 91
1 -x S 7 8 9 ( " # . %)> K Z 0 . . ( 1 ( )* 1 G - " # g" $ 0 8 %
Q* & G `0 = 0 " Q * ( < O9 Q* 1 $0 ( 4%$ 0 1 $0 ( K Z 0 &3
C - 1= >: " E W& * ( 0 > * 0 . $ G7 : " Q * O0 = 9 1 " $ %&
Q G"0 ( " < C$ - < .) < -0 ( C< $ - " Q * ( $. 1 S 7 8 9( " # 1c 0 $
. $ = "3 0 Q * 1 . ( %"= 9 HX *: " . &1
1 $0 1G 4%$ 1 U $-(-0 ( 0 > * 0 6" 0 9 1 % Q1 S 7 8 9 " # u _ +D " Q * ( 9 1 QO< R
,& 0 $ C - " L(W $ 0-\) 1 c 0 $ C - 1= >: L( " " " 8 *) W& * - E) "
& " 0> *0 % 9 1 " Q* 0 Q1 ( 0 > * 1 = Q>" X - ( " " Q$ *)
- "b#[ C ( : - -0 ( N$ 5 1 $0 -0 ) 1G 4%$ Q <- G \ " (0 b.U $0 0 " Q * Q*
f 1 0 1U= - U N ? " G * 1 K8 ) MVT W m ( 0 > * 0 9 1 " g, - 0 . `0 "b#H%* -
. $ 0 B- " Q * - 1G 4%$ 3 1( " Q _ 9 Q* (!8e

B ") <!
U $ -(-0 " Q * 3 3: - $ . 9 1 - D $ " Q * ( €9 .1397 . 0 # .J 8B0 . )$ 0 .j ( Z
.j E 1 0 Q % +9 D U %B C_ - "x " G 9 %1 * 0 , & 0 $ C 0 > * 0 ( "0 1)
$ %&0 * Q "# * )$ 0- 0 U c S & Q *0 ! 0 > * G \ - & 7\ $ % * $ % % .1387 . (-
./0 1 &0
\ < ) & = .0 * " 1 $0 1G 4%$ 1 ! * Q% E ( 0 > * \ < ) .1395 .l $ . (- .J 8B0
. - & )O%_ " ! ( 0> *
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417
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Distribution of cations in the conversion of anhydrite to gypsum

and modeling of parent brine in the Basal Anhydrite (Asmari
Formation), SW Iran
Saeideh Rahmani*1, Behrouz Rafiei2
1
Ph.D. of Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology, Department of Geology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2
Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

Abstract
Evaporite unit of the Basal Anhydrite located at the base of the Asmari Formation, underlain by
Brissopsis bearing Beds and overlies on the Stromtolitic Boundstone. Restoration of the diagenetic and
geochemistry conditions is an essential issue in evaporite deposit studies. The Basal Anhydrite is
mainly composed of secondary gypsum in outcrops. During uplifting of anhydrite, it was replaced by
gypsum. This is the reason for changes in the distribution of the elements such as Na, Sr, Mg and K.
Therefore, type and geochemistry of primary mineral must be considered in order to evaluate brine
origin (paleosalinity). In this study, four sections, including Anaran, Geletorsh, Bulfares, and Putu
were selected. Anhydrite, alabastrine and selenite gypsum were distinguished in the petrography and
geochemical studies. Modeling of the brine origin is achieved based on these data. Anhydrite and
selenite gypsum are more compatible with the marine brine model than alabastrine gypsum. Modeling
of the parent brine showed that the anhydrite brine was origin of brine and conversion of anhydrite to
gypsum occurred in the closed environment and diagenetic conditions.
Keywords: Basal Anhydrite, brine origin, modeling of parent brine, Asmari Formation

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BL2 >10% >3% 2217 1988 248 <100
BL3 >10% >3% 2021 2531 225 <100
Bulfares BL4 >10% >3% 1881 3682 232 <100
BL5 >10% >3% 4732 345 238 255
BL6 >10% >3% 4652 151 187 132
PT1 >10% >3% 2087 114 182 <100
PT2 >10% >3% 1013 318 199 114
PT3 >10% >3% 1069 588 181 <100
PT4 (AH) >10% >3% 850 <100 183 <100
PT5 >10% >3% 1640 1202 205 <100
Putu PT6 >10% >3% 1561 129 202 <100
PT7
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(AH+GY)
PT8 >10% >3% 1593 <100 203 <100
PT9 >10% >3% 3210 5403 241 114
PT10 >10% >3% 894 2054 208 139
GE1 >10% >3% 3347 1348 181 116
GE2 >10% >3% 1372 2247 211 195
GE3 >10% >3% 1174 1149 197 306
Geletorsh GE4 >10% >3% 2050 1493 186 <100
GE5 >10% >3% 2353 641 207 110
GE6 >10% >3% 1440 192 197 144
GE7 >10% >3% 1615 269 176 143
AR1 >10% >3% 1242 334 190 186
AR2 >10% >3% 1475 197 186 115
AR3 >10% >3% 2199 548 190 <100
Anaran AR4 >10% >3% 3221 162 169 <100
AR5 >10% >3% 2231 323 199 <100
AR6 >10% >3% 3833 206 188 <100
AR7(Se) >10% >3% 643 <100 184 <100
Selenit (Gy) >10% >3% 471 <100 236 <100
Anhydrite >10% >3% 1200 117 181 <100

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424
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& / T 3$ !2 ( , ( / & ) #( ) & :; .1397 . A 8 .S & X
.o Q W X . -"^ . C E S -? X
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Microfacies Analysis, Deposiotnal Environment and Biostratigraphy

of the Gurpi Formation in Jahangirabad Section, Kabirkuh
Anticline, SW Iran
Samira Rahimi*, Alireza Ashouri1, Abbas Sadeghi2, Abbas Ghaderi3
1,*,3: Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2: Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Tehran,
Iran
*Corresponding author email address: ashouri@um.ac.ir
Abstract
In this research, Facies analysis, palaeoenvironmental reconstruction and biostratigraphy of the Gurpi
Formation in Jahangirabad section, SW Iran, has been studied .The thickness of the Gurpi Formation in
this section is 263m and consists mainly of argillaceous limestone and limestone. The lower boundary
with the Ilam Formation is conformable with sharp lithology and upper boundary with the Pabdeh
Formation is gradational. Macroscopic field observations integrated with microscopic studies have
resulted in the recognition of four microfacies types that belong to open lagoon, shoal, proximal and distal
open marine environment of shallow inner to deep basinal settings. In this study, 76 species belong to 17
genera and 8 biozones of planktonic foraminifera were recognized. The biozones consist of
Globotruncana ventricosa Zone, Radotruncana calcarata Zone, Globotruncanella havanensis Zone,
Globotruncana aegyptica Zone, Gansserina gansseri Zone, Contusotruncana contuosa Zone,
Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone and Pseudoguembelina hariaensis. The age of the Gurpi Formation in
this section based on these biozones is Middle Campanian to Late Maastrichtian in this section.
Keywords: Facies analysis, Biostratigraphy, Planktonic foraminifera, Gurpi Formation, Jahangirabad
section, Ilam.
426
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7 + dd2 , + 8 * , (c a5 0- * +, 7'8 , " O0 . \ +
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.(1 " ) ! + ( !+6 7E + ' , 8

e Y)!= * 5 E R ) , ( 5 : , (, 7 O% ) >5 ? , d? ) `8 7 >= -1 "

:>?2
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: ! " * B.6 C , B.6 C !E% , N + e 263 + +6 & '8 9 + , 0, !
! , .B.6 C .! + , H, B.6 C K * + :# B.6 C " (, 5) E F%
# , + TeN . , = #O) ! .B.6 C , + K E. 0 I, J + >5 ? , 2 , 0,
( 7 )) 0 - [ + + 9 + ) , #O) ! )Q + -S+ 4 , + >5 ? ) , !
I, J + ")c 5 5 o 25 !+ 0 ! + + & '8 9 + , 0, ! _Q + ., (Globotruncana ventricosa
! k , (c a5 0 - * + Te? M : -. /0 , , & C ) .(2 " )7 ),!* 0
.7

427
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: ,$ )* & '(
+ .! , , 3 + + 3 t e s * 0, ! , ,& 7 ) , ! , 4+ B) ( % + B " O0 ( , ( ,
+ .7 ! \ !+( 7 ) + $ ) >5 ? , 9 + , ( " O0 ( + ( , + 8*
.Y 8 , b # _ .7 ! ) 9 + ) , B " O0 ( , ( , 76 Y 8 17 E 210 >5 ?
,Caron (1985) ،Robaszynski et al., (1984) ،Loeblich &Tappan (1988) k >+ ,b # !+ , e +
, - 0 >5 ? , . , & 4), ) e + ! # . , + . .7 I, J Premoli Silva and Verga (2004)
) ' 7 ) ) + Premoli Silva and Verga (2004) 1 * ! u ! + '0 7 ) &5 + ' 6 ) d
0, ! + 0 ) ) - [ !2 ! . ( 7 ! !)!8 + U)!=
.! +
Globotruncana ventricosa Interval Zone, Radotruncana calcarata Total Range Zone, Globotruncanella havanensis Partial
Range Zone, Globotruncana aegyptiaca Interval Zone, Gansserina gansseri Interval Zone, Contusotruncana contusa
Interval Zone, Abathomphalus mayaroensis Interval Zone, Pseudoguembelina hariaensis Partial Range Zone

2% ,$ 34 5 2 0 1 $( 2 B 8 A !
!) ) + , , 3, 4 >5 ? , 9 + , 0, ! , $" < $" J % + ' /) H +
.(1 R !8)
F1: Foraminifera (benthic and planktonic) bioclast wackestone
F2: Benthic foraminifera bioclast packstone to grainstone
F3: Planktonic foraminifer wackestone to packstone
F4: Planktonic foraminifer microbioclast mudstone to wackestone

428
 +6 & '8 9 + , 0, ! ! ) + , . , 3, :1 R !8

Main allochems
Facies code

Sedimentary Depositional
Facies name
features setting
Skeletal Non-skeletal

benthic foram, echinoderm,

foraminifera (benthic
rudist, bryozoan, coral,
F1 and planktonic) peloid bioturbation open marine lagoon
bivalves, algae, planktonic
bioclast wackestone
foram

benthic foram, echinoderm,

benthic foraminifera
algae, planktonic foram,
F2 bioclast packstone to peloid cross-lamination shoal
rudist, bryozoan, bivalve,
grainstone
coral

planktonic
glauconite, phosphatic
foraminifera bioturbation, outer ramp
F3 planktonic foraminifera grains, organic matter,
wackestone to lamination (proximal)
pyrite
packstone
planktonic
foraminifera glauconite, phosphatic
bioturbation,
F4 microbioclast planktonic foraminifera grains, organic matter, outer ramp (distal)
lamination
mudstone to pyrite
wackestone

) + , q$ S . 7 + $2* )4 * + , I J l3 , ) + 0, ! ] jN d >5 ? +
3 + , +6 & '8 9 + %84 7 >5 ? , . -S+ , Y " ) * P) , F4 , 3, !) J:
+ 8 R), ! + +6 & '8 9 + , + , F1 F2 ) ), + , . , 3, .7 xl 3
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+6 & '8 9 + 0, ! . , 3, :3 "

: 2 B 8
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), R ) R E 0 . , 3, TE% U ), O + , 3, + ), ( Q R ) ) !.
! ' + ), ( Q 1 2 , ! + : # !: + 1e* F1 *!E% !. ( P) .! + T E%
.\ ) , !d F4 F3 .7 !) ' TE% U . 7E = , ! + 5 !: + 1 * F2
.(4 " )! ! ' T E% ), R ) R E 0 7E = , K * * + ! + Q + s * + ( " O0

429
 ‫د‬XN‫آ‬M_`VXab ‫ش‬MN ‫ در‬QR‫ر‬ST UV‫ز‬XY ‫ای‬MN QNSY‫ل ر‬U] :۴ HIJ
: 1)C .$
( , ( , Y 8 17 76 _ + +6 & '8 9 + , 0, ! , + ! # ,& 7 ) I >5 ?
) u + (Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004) 1 * ! _, ! + '0 7 ) ) ( 7 ) 8 > " O0
:7 ! !)!8 + U)!=
Globotruncana ventricosa Zone, Radotruncana calcarata Zone, Globotruncanella havanensis Zone, Globotruncana
aegyptica Zone, Gansserina gansseri Zone, Contusotruncana contuosa Zone, Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone and
Pseudoguembelina hariaensis Zone
) , y6 z . ( !+ LM K E. 0 #O) ! + 0, ! )) ,& C o 25
3 + Pseudoguembelina hariaensis 7 ) ( "), ?+ ! + ),!* 04 !+ 0 ! + (6 )Q +
) ) - [ e ! > ) .( .7 ! j= 0, ! H, , 0 ) )
s 0 + Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina ( 7 ) + !+ 0 ! .! . 0, ! + 0
+ ) RE : + " ) , Pa. Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina P0. Guembelitria cretacea .( 7 )
) 8 hE. ( 7 ) ) , F: #!% ) , F: * T = , + 7'8 ! !) & !. , + E $J 7$%
, 0, ! (, 5) E F% hE. .7 !. 3 I, J E J + , + E -) ){ 8 #!%
.7 ! j= Gansserina gansseri ( 7 )

.!) )
+ , , 3, 4 >5 ? , 9 + , 0, ! , $" < $" J % + ' /) H +
( >5 ? , . -S+ , ( : # B.6 5 .!: ) 0, ! . , 3, $2* )4 * P)
), R ) R E 0 . , 3, TE% U ), O + , 3, + ), ( Q R ) ) !.
.! + T E%

430
References
- Beiranvand, B., Ghasemi-Nejad, E., and M.R., Kamali, 2013, Palynomorphs response to sea-level fluctuations: a case
study from Late Cretaceous-Paleocene, Gurpi Formation, SW Iran. Geopersia Journal, v. 3(1):p. 11–24.
- Caron, M., 1985. Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera; In: Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B. and Perch Nielsen, K. (Editors).
Plankton Stratigraphy; Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 86 p
- Darvishzadeh, B., Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Ghourchaei, S., and G., Keller, 2007, Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy
and faunal turnover across the cretaceous-tertiary boundary in southwestern Iran. Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic
of Iran v. 18(2):p. 139–149.
- Loeblich, A.R. and Tappan, H., 1988. Foraminifera Genera and their Classification, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New
York, 970 p.
- Najafpour, A., Mahanipour, A., and M., Dastanpour, 2014, Calcareous Nannofossil biostratigraphy of Late Campanian-
Early Maastrichtian sediments in southwest Iran: Arab Journal Geoscience: v. 8, p. 6037-6046.
- Premoli Silva, I. and Verga, D., 2004. Practical Manual of Cretaceous Planktonic Foraminifera course 3, in Verga, D.
and Rettori, R. (Editors), International School on Planktonic Foraminifera: University of Perugia and Milano, T
ipografidi di Pontefelcino, Perugia, Italy, 283 p
- Razmjooei, M.J., Thibault, N. Kani, N. Mahanipour, A. Boussaha, M., and C. Korte, 2014, Coniacian- Maastrichtian
Calcareous nannofossils biostratigraphy and carbon-isotope stratigraphy in the Zagros Basin (Iran): consequences for
the correlation of Late cretaceous Stage Boundaries between the Tethyan and Boreal realms: Newsletters on
stratigraphy, v. 47/2, p. 183-209.
- Robaszynski, F., Caron, M., Gonzalez Donoso, J.M. and Wonders, A.A.H., 1984. Atlas of late Cretaceous
Globotruncanids, Revue de Micropaleontologie, v. 26, p.145-305.
- Senemari, S., and M., Sohrabi Molla Usefi, 2012, Evaluation of Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary based on calcareous
nannofossils in section of Pol Dokhtar, Lurestan, southwestern Iran: Arabian Journal of Science; v. 6; p. 3615-3621.
- Senemari, S., and M., Azizi, 2012, Nannostratigraphy of Gurpi formation (cretaceous-tertiary boundary) in Zagros
basin, southwestern Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal 1, v. 7(2):p. 205–210.
- Toumarkine, M., & Lutherbakher, H., 1985. Paleocene and Eocene planktonic foraminifera. In: Bolli, H.M., Saunders,
J.B. & Perch-Nielson Series, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp .87- 153.
- Wynd, J.G., (1965). Biofacies of Iranian oil Consortium Agreement Area,(I.O.O.C)Report No.1082(Unpublished
paper), 88p.

431
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TU 8 .4 7 0@ C +QN@ 3 + R 3' %; 0 % . RC * S@ "C0N. + G >C +
. 3 + 06 ) . C B * S@ TU 8 .4 7 B . )& 7 4 * !U< . =03 6 ; >C I4 3 ; * S@
* S@ "C0N. + G >C ./ W RC K 7 4 ' . * . T )G 0 @ 7 4 5 @ C B K * !U< V 0.
0@ G J0@ B &< C0 % + G ,G . 3 + C . @ /J CX A NO . .
7 54 # > Y 5 B TU 8 .4 +/ ? ! L . @ / V%U >C 0 @ TU 8 .4 +5 ) J
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Study of progressive conglomerate units at the base of the Qom

Formation in the Amirabad section, Bukan city

Hojat Rakhshan1*, Ali Asghar Siabeghodsy1, Rahim Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi2,

Alireza Shakeri3
1. Faculty of Natural Science, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran
(hojjat.rakhshan1988@gmail.com; a.siabeghodsy@urmia.ac.ir)
2. Nargan-Amitis Energy Development Company
rahimkadkhodaee2005@gmail.com
3. Research Institute of Petroleum Industry
shakeriar@gmail.com

432
Abstract
The Oligo-Miocene Qom Formation has a significant extension in central Iran and some parts of
Azerbaijan. This formation in the northwest of Iran has sparse spread and variable thickness. Qom
Formation in the section of Amirabad valley located in the west of Bukan city with a thickness of
about 22m consists of basal conglomerate units and elevated reefal limestones. Investigation of the
conglomerate units at the base of this formation shows that these clastic units are a polymictic
orthoconglomerate developing over volcanic rocks of the area as a nonconformity surface. Their
constituents mainly derived from the volcanic rocks are angular to subrounded. Composition and
angularity of the components indicate short-term transportation, and their formation near the source
area. These clastic units are massive to thick-bedded with graded bedding structure. The presence of
conglomerate units at the base of the formation and in some areas on the volcanic outcrops indicates
that due to the volcanic activities of the region in the Eocene, during which volcanic rocks formed
highlands, the time for deposition of this formation has been associated with delay and non-deposition.
As the majority of the formation is not formed in these areas, and the transgression of the Qom sea and
the overcoming of the sea conditions have led to the deposition of the Qom Formation, which is
identified by the progressive conglomerate units at the base and on the volcanic rocks, and shallow
marine and reefal limestones at the top (member f).

Keywords: Qom Formation, Progressive Conglomerate, Non-conformity, Bukan city

;7 <7 -1
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433
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435
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Abaie, I., H. J. Ansari, A. Badakhshan, and A. Jaafari. "History and development of the Alborz and Sarajeh fields of Central
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267. (1875).

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Evaluation of Geoaccumulation Index for Estimating

Contamination of Sediments Contamination in East and East
Southern of Angouran Mine

Hadis Rashno*, Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari2, Younes Khosravi3

1
M.Sc student, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, hadis.rashno95@gmail.com
2,3
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan
Abstract
In this study, the distribution of heavy metals of Pb, Zn, As and Sb in stream sediments in the eastern
and southeastern regions of the Angouran mine has been studied using by statistical techniques and
geometric integration of the catchment area of each sample. For this purpose, the contamination rate of
four elements of Pb, Zn, As and Sb have been analyzed in 77 samples of stream sediment. Subsequently,
maps for distribution of the land accumulation index have been prepared using integration, pixel
estimation, statistical and geostatistical methods for these four elements. The results indicated that the
amount of pollution of all studied heavy metals is high around the Anguran mine, especially in the
eastern and northeastern parts.

Keywords: Aggregate Land Index, Heavy Metals, Angouran Mine

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Study of Enrichment Index of Heavy Metals in Sediments of East

and East Southern of Angouran Mine

Hadis Rashno*, Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari2, Younes Khosravi3

1
M.Sc student, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, hadis.rashno95@gmail.com
2,3
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan
Abstract
Drainage sediments are widely used as an environmental identifier. It is well known to use of these
sediments as natural ultimate reservoirs in the pollution of environment to heavy metals. This fact
highlights the importance of environmental studies of sediments. In this study, the distribution of
heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu were investigated in sediment in the eastern and southeastern
regions of Anguran mine. For this purpose, the amount of contamination of four aforementioned heavy
metals in 77 stream sediment samples was analyzed and the distribution maps of the enrichment index
were draw using by geostatistical techniqu. The results indicated that the enrichment index for Zn, Pb,
Cd in the north and northeastern parts of the region and also in the catchment area of the river Allah
Lu Chai are high due to the mineralization of lead-zinc Angouran and mining activities in that mine.
Keywords: heavy metals, enrichment index, Angouran mine, Mahanahan

7 8

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- 40 (6Y - (Yongming, 2006)
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.33-39 , 5F 17 B 7
. # 7 , > +# ' ! " & ! . B ! :6 1:100000 ! " & . L 1385 .[ R LB 4 . .z <--
Solomons, W., Forster, U.M., 1984. Metals in the Hydro cycle. New York, Springer- Verlag, 349.
Wennrich, R., Mattusch, J., Morgenstern, P., Freyer, K., Treutler, H., Stärk, H., Brüggemann, L., Daus, B., Weiss, H.,
2004. Characterization of sediments in an abandoned mining area; a case study of Mansfeld region, Germany";
Environmental Geology, 4, 818–833.
Sobczynski, T., Siepak, J., 2001. Speciation of heavy metals in bottom sediments of lakes in the area of Wielkopolski
National Park. Pol. J. Environ.Stud, 10, 463.
Eggleton, J., Thomas, K.V., 2004. A review of factors affecting the release and bioavailability of contaminants during
sediment disturbance events. Environment international, 30, 973-80.

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Luo, W., Lu, Y., Wang, T., Hu, W., Jiao, W., Naile, J.E., Khim, J.S., Giesy, J.P., 2010. Ecological risk assessment of arsenic
and metals in sediments of coastal areas of northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China. Ambio, 39, 367-75.
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sediments. A comparison between kinetic and sequential extraction procedures. Environmental Pollution, 127, 175-82.
Odu, N. N., Igwiloh, N., Okonko, I. , Ndjoku, H., 2111. Heavy Metal Levels of Some Edible Shellfish From
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são paulo, brazil. Energia Nuclear, 14–72.

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[1] B. Bohloli, C.J. de Pater. (2006) “Experimental study on hydraulic fracturing of soft rocks: Influence of fluid reology and
confining stress,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 53 .1–12.

=0 .« XFEM B &'( 51 #1$ (1 9 # #$0# %( »1393 .%/2 O 1 W# ] /2 %/ 2 %#1 6 %# 8/( $02 [2]
.> :O- 1 18 17 1 02 %( ': > + #1 1 02 %( ': %/ > 7'

[3] Clarck, J.B, (1949). "A Hydraulic process for increasing the productivity of wells", Petroleum Division Fall Meeting,
Dallas, Texas.

[4] Haimson, B. C. and Fairhurst, C, (1967). "Initiation and extension of hydraulic fracturing in rocks", Soc. Petrol. Engrs. J.
Sept., 310- 318.

[5] De pater, C. J., Beugelsdijk, L. J. L. (2005). “Experiments and numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing in naturally
fractured rock”. The 40th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), 25-29 June, Anchorage, Alaska.

[6] Zhang, G., Chen, M. (2010). “Dynamic fracture propagation in hydraulic re-frecturing”. Journal of Petroleum Science and
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[7] Jianchun, G., Xing, Z., Haiyan, Z., Xudong, Z., and Rui, P. (2015). “Numerical simulation of interaction of hydraulic
fracture and natural fracture based on the cohesive zone finite element method”. Journal of Natural Gas Science and
Engineering, 25: 180-188.

453
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.1:> 0 1:> > > (

[9] Xiang Li , Heinz Konietzky. (2014) . "Simulation of time-dependent crack growth in brittle rocks under constant loading
conditions". Engineering Fracture Mechanics 119 ,53–65.

[10] Andra, H., Combaret, N. (2013) "Digital rock physics benchmarks Part I:I maging and segmentation", Computers &
Geosciences 50, 25–32.

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Agrogeology and sedimentary Agrominerals, need of today and

future of Iran
Khalil Rezaei

PhD Sedimentology, Geology Department, Kharazmi University, Tehran

Abstract: Today, the concern about the future of population, food supply and necessity of increase
agricultural production is increasing in the world. Decreasing water resources and increasing soil
erosion, pollution of water, soil and air by using of chemical fertilizers has led sustainable
development policies in use of natural materials (mineral fertilizers) for the preservation of
agricultural resources became more important. In addition to the introduction of agrogeology and
important mineral fertilizers, this study has provided an analysis of the effect of some of these
minerals on the soil and the method of their use. Agrogeology is an interdisciplinary science that
includes sedimentologists, geologists, agronomists, and agrogeophysics, and seeks to reduce the use of
water and fertilizers through the useful use of rocks and minerals to increase the productivity of crops.
Some minerals have advantages and limitations to become mineral fertilizers. For example, the
solubility of local phosphate rocks (PRs), though generally low, can be enhanced using various
modification techniques, including biosolubilization, blending with acidulating materials, mechanical
activation and thermal processing and combined with organic fertilizers to achieve desirable
dissolution. Investigating the geological potential of each region, weathering processes and rock-to-
soil transformation, the relationship between lithology and water and soil and optimal crops,
preventing soil depletion and its erosion are among the other studies in this science.
Key words: Agrogeology, mineral fertilizer, soil fertility, nutrient recovery, sediment.

455
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Petrography dolomite, deposits of Permian, south of Urmia Lake

shabnam rezaei1*, ali asghar siabeghodsy2, Kamran nourali3, Golnaz hajizadeh4
1- Urmia university Stratigraphy and paleontology Msc student
2- Department of Geology, University of Urmia, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

The study district in this article is at the 80 km from the city of Urmia, south of Urmia Lake.
In this research investigated the petrography dolomite in southern Urmia. 101 samples were taken
from a section with a thickness of 200 meter. One of the most important diagenetic processes affected
sediments is dolomitization. According to petrographic studies, five types of dolomite have been
identified in the section. The first type of dolomite (very fine crystalline or dolomicrite) is formed in
the early of diagens and in tidal environments. The second type dolomite (dolomicrosparate) is a
substitute for calcium carbonate during the early of sedimentation. The third type dolomite
crystallization of previously formed dolomite is formed. Fourth type dolomites (filler fractures) it is
the last generation of dolomitic phases and is associated with deep grounds. saddle dolomites (fifth
type) are deep areas at 60 to 80 degrees centigrade.
Keywords: Petrography, Dolomite, Urmia Lake, Permian, Diagenesis

467
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l!3< F E 3 ; v ; 2 &k D o r; N 3 A 2, S ) b %.(1990' :)
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.# # - F 5H ( * .# Y S (1974) b- 8 H + )# - % !*

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(Dolomicrite)30 " * =' 0 <60 @ $ % 3 * =' -?=

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.(E N 11 ( ) p: E N 16 :5 # - % !* ) .# K N : (nonplanar) d,V
(xenotopic) #8 * Q 7 #8 * F ( . : 3V ; ^ * K<!<: 6 8 U 3 T 7 %# N -
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(Dolomicrosparite) 30 A ' " * =' 0 <60 $ B * =' -

(unimodal) ) U% (dense) U 3 % !* ) ~ : " . & B& X 2 F # - E " #S: # - F (
^ .# K N : (Planar-s) d,V !* ( * %) (enhedral) KN * : (subhedral) KN
( * K<!<: . p: (E N 45 ( ,* ) E N 62 : 16 ( * 2 @ ) *( 3V ; % !*
' (1965)( 8 (hypidiotopic)#8 * * * # - F ( .# F ) 3 *# - F ( - 3V
.(B4-KN ) * (1984) !Y } & (Idiotopic-s) (1992) - ) planar-s

(Dolosparite) 30 A =' 0 <D * $ % 3 * =' - C

170 ( ) E N 270 : 62 ( * % !* ) . 38 & > 3F # - E " *# - F (
l!3< %) KN * 'U 3 '^ ` !* # %b g ) ) %# W - . p: (E N
.(C4-KN ) 6^ (xenotopic)b 9 : O& #8 * K; 9D o * gY % !* .# KN :

470
nonplanar- '(1965) ( 8 (xenotopic)Q 7 #8 * F ( . * (nonplanar) d,V yF ) !* ( * %)
.(c4-KN ) * (1984) !Y } & xenotopic-A (1992) - ) A

(vein Dolomite) $ )F 3 * =' - E

# - % !* . * KN * % !* ) 38 & > 4F # - E " #S: # - F (
Y () # - * * 1 ; V* S= I< ) jN * & %
* 1 100 ) :T * 2@ K N : % E ( % E (saddle dolomite)
600 ( ) E N 1100 : 200 ( * 2 @ ) # % !* ) & # - .(Radke and Mathis , 1980)
) <* KL # * &T % V; %# - F z (z .# KN : ' p: (E N
D ) E &T :\ " %# V6 * !L % V; # ) #z z6 Cx: #S: % V;
.(E4-KN ) # 3 E 3 -

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) 3z
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 7- , ?* E 3 5-KN

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. 7 D8 3 ( )E ) D 3 'E 2: 'E ( ) '(1385) : Y 6@ •

E 2: D 3 ' : * ^ '(1396) |'0 * 9 •

Flügel, E., (2004), Microfacies analysis of carbonate rocks: Analysis, interpretation and application, Springer Verlag,
Berlin, 976 p.

Folk RL. 1974. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks: Hemphill pub., Co., Austin, Texas, 182 p.

Gregg, J.M., and Shelton, K.L., 1990, Dolomitization and neomorphism in the back reef facies of the Bonneterre and
Davies Formations (Cambrian), southeastern Missouri: J. Sedimentary Petrology, v. 60, p. 549-562.

Radke, B.M. and Mathis, R.L. (1980) On the Formation and Occurrence of Saddle Dolomite. Journal of Sedimentary
Research, 50, 1149-1168.

Rahimi, A., Adabi, M.H., Aghanabati, A., Majidifard, M.R. and Jamali, A.M. (2016) Dolomitization Mechanism Based
on Petrography and Geochemistry in the Shotori Formation (Middle Triassic), Central Iran. Open Journal of Geology, 6,
1149-1168.

Sibley DF, Gregg JM. 1987. Classification of dolomite rock texture. Jour. Sed. Petrology, 57: 967-975.

Tucker ME, Wright VP. 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell Sci Pub, London, 482 p.

472
 $ %! " #-
$ " &
1 !" # 2 1 *1
Fa_ramezani@sbu.ac.ir !" # $ % &"'( ) *+ !, % .1
123 $ /. %4 5 23 0 % . &"'( ) *+ !, /. .2
$ %&
?"<@ 2" . 4 A<B % !( & ! !( "' A<B % 8 (&" ". &"<.= -&"' & ) 6"*7 2 8 9+
!2 = N M @* % JK' ( L3 E( 5F @' 1G H' I . ' 15-7 &" ' C % % = #% % !28 '
I .!2 < *,# $ <,# "A"# , J"N ?8 !# ,"' !# "' G % !# A" RST L' # OG P J Q %
( . 2"N! W JQ % X Y % " !# ! ' J Q % V + 8 ! ' U A" 7 ,"N .! #
#% % M % ( A 12 N \ 3 (Na Sr Fe Mn Mg Ca " ( ! ) ]2+ A"# [Q \ 1G H' I $%Z F
" = ^ = _2 !2 ' A !B - A ' " = ^ = "G O"8 % 1G H' % ' A "G O"8 % =
' 1G H' & &"2`A . "A G! 1' \2 8 !+ % %J' " = ^ = _2 "A % %
$ % Z F ( .! !# % M% ( J Q % ? <" T 1G H' % ' A ? J"2' . "<*8 _2 *1N O"8 8 ! %
6 & . ( JQ % b # " = ^ = "G O"8 !" c C A 7 (δ13C δ18O) ! . a J J"G = %
Y T' % $" 31,7 R% 1' ! R'N( % 2 % b"T' '% % dA+ ?8 b"T' ( 8 &"2`A
. % & ( A8 f4 A J Q % F % /"<8 a J !# ,Y W 8!%

+, ) - . ) / 0-12 3# 4 56 7 (8 0 ) # +- 9 :: () * ()

Diagenesis and elemental and isotopic geochemistry of Khalij

member- Siliciclastic- Carbonate Gadvan Formation in the Abadan
Plain
Ramezani, F.*1, Hosseini-Barzi, M.1, Honarmand, J.2, Sadeghi, A.1
1. Department of Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University
2. Earth Sciences Research Institute, Research and Development of Upstream Petroleum Industry
Paradise

Barremian- Early Aptian Khalij member which divides Gadvan Formation to Lower and Upper Gadvan,
is 7-15 meters thick in the Abadan Plain. Based on thin section study of core samples from 2 wells, main
diagenetic process are dissolution, cementation, dolomitization, micritization, physical and chemical
compaction, fracturing and neomorphism. The petrographical evidences and cement fabrics illuminate the
meteoric and burial diagenetic environment for these samples. Based on elemental geochemistry (Ca, Mg,
Mn, Fe, Sr and Na) on the 12 samples from 2 wells the original mineralogy is similar to tropical
Ordovician aragonitic Gordon limestone (Tasmania), Jurassic aragonitic Mosduran limestone (Iran) and
recent temperate bulk carbonate (Tasmania). However, the recent mineralogy of these samples are HMC
now and diagenetic alteration occurred in an open diagenetic system. Moreover, stable isotope (δ18O and
δ13C) analysis of 7 selected samples support the aragonitic primary mineralogy and open diagenetic
system which determined by elemental geochemistry. All elemental and isotopic geochemistry also show

473
the shallow marine environment and deposition of aragonite. Palaeotemperature calculation based on the
oxygen isotope value of the least-altered sample, using Anderson and Arthur equation, shows 31.7 ⸰ C
which had been probably less, (Oxigen isotope getting lighter through diagenesis).
Key words: Gadvan Formation, Khalij member, elemental geochemistry, C and O isotops

% ," , ! % ( 8 (1 L,#) !# 5B + T3 7 R A# "# % % = #% 8 !" ( 2P

9+ .(Alsharhan&Nairn, 2003; Sharland et al., 2001) % !2 B R 1N "P "# ( C "$ '(
! = !228?"<@ (James &Wynd, 1965) # % B ! ! ( "' % (&" ". &"<.= -&"' ) 6"*7 2 8
b"T' N \ 3 1G H' . ' 15 7 &" 1G H' % ' @H2' % ! & ' C . 2" . 4
(( ]T') 4 b"T' % 2 8 ! & *8 H 8 ! % ' (1396 ,A 9' ) % = #% % 6"*7
- ' ( % <*8 j ^ %J Q . iC R 8b Q ?8 iC !#
2"'( ( \ 1G H' . % = #% % M % % 6"*7 2 8 9+ A"# [Q J Q % 1G H' # ( Z! .! N
. JK'

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,#Jj ! % ' oC ,"' 2"'( ( A 12 % !1 A"# [Q 1G H' U2' .! !# J"'=_ (Dickson, 1965)
J"G = T (AAS) A orW $ % b !" # $ % A"# [Q $ '(= % A & .! % % . p q
. J 1G H' % ' < N < $ % % = ( A 7 % !1 (Mn Sr Na Fe Mg Ca !@' &""1 W) ]2+
. N B & 8 /"<8
7 (8 0 ) # 16 2 2?
?8 !# ,"' !# "' G % !# A" RST L' # 6"*7 2 8 G % JQ % !2 = N & ? '
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. % ?8 J Q % ( ? <" ! ' U2 6"*7 G % % f Y< RST W
"G A" % % % W 6"*7 ^ = iC OG P % 8 <8 - <,. N % W L"G% .+ 4 :
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474
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W ^" N b"T' % &"N! * ' % ( LYB 0j % N v W ( % J Q % b"T' % ?8 G= RST
. !# . "<*8 A" b
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- ' L3 ,"' G % *Y ! !l t % J Q % "' L ' % "' G % u & 8 ! ' U !2 < ,"' 220
R!' 6"*7 G ! %n < "' G % u & % " N W .(Adabi, 2009 y1383 %=) ! #
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RST O C ( 5 ' % 7 # .%l ?<" "G 1N L3 8 (C -2 L,#) !# ,"'
GST ` "G *" \ ] "A"# ?8 % !T' \ ] , J"N ?8 $ <,# . !# % L' 8
. !# ! '

L"G% = L,# !# z % *7 % JW RST -C ( % A" !# . -B % RST -A -2 L,#

._2 2"'( % " N "G *" % ! ' % !# "' G % -F E _2 ( C % !1 ? A" -D !# ,"'

7 (8 0 ) # C 0-12 - 3# 4 56
2# 8 ) "< ]2+ U*P . 3# 4 56 $ DE: 1 6 2 FE :- <- : 4 : 4 )
(Milliman 1974) 10000 -8000 ppm &" R ,". !+ \ 2 8 % ]2+ & N. bY ' \ 2 8
( i" " = % ]2+ & J"' .(Rao and Adabi 1992) !# ' 5007-1642 ppm &" R! 1' !+ \2 8 %
8 ]2+ & J"' " = l "<*8 2" W i JN J Q % ! F % (Rao and Adabi 1992) "<*8
2# 8 % " = ( 8 (~2000ppm ) 1G H' % ' A % ]2+ & 4 NI & .% # '
. "G
Land and Hoops 1973; Morrison and Brand 1986; ) o= # ? ! ]2+ U*P J"' &""1 L' + & ? '
ppm) " R ,". < ( "P !+ " = % ]2+ & U*P L"G% &"A .(;Rao and Adabi 1992
. 901 ppm 1G H' % ' A % ]2+ & N &"$ "' .(Land and Hoops 1973; Rao and Adabi 1992) (2500

475
-o % !# o C A $ W 1G H' % ' A 12 ( A 3 % Na N % A8 8 ! ' U
-o= "tc ! !# # % 2 8 = b"T' l ! ""K % !T' ( A 3 & ( !# X ' 6"*7 G 2#
.!# ' !# 1G H' % ' A % ? ! i 8 l" % # J"' i 8 l2' (1383 %=) , { '
% ,"G % (Adabi and Rao 1992; Rao 1996) 4 ! + R ,". " = % Sr/Na Y< &"$ "'
" = 8 3,6 1,8 &" (C -3 L,#) 1G H' % ' A % J"' & . 1 ( A8 R! 1' \2 8
.! % ' " Y# R ,".
i JN (Milliman 1974) 20 ppm ( A8 ! + ) o= " = % 1"YF H J" & = J2$2' 3 2+
= ^ { ' J Q % "tc !2 ! (D -3 L,#) ( 8r' A 3 % | 7 F ) 1G H' % ' A % =
^ %J 3 L,# % C B A % A .(Brand and Veizer 1980a; Amini and Rao, 1998) =%
% %J' " = ^ = _2 " A % % " = ^ = _2 1G H' % ' A O"8 %
% % Y# (HMC) ? J"2' . "<*8 A 28 O"8 .! % ' "A ! + G! 1' \2 8
.(D -3 L,#) % % B "tc T _2 "G " = O"8 J Q % ( ? <" 8 = !2 !
A B

C D

- 8 &""1 Sr/Na % Mn \ ""K -C Na % Sr \ ""K -B Mn Sr \ ""K -A % A -3 L,#

% 6"*7 2 8 9+ *1N O"8 J Q % ? <" u &""1 W Mn % 1000Sr/Ca % A -D "G 2#
Veizer and Brand, 1980;Rao 1990; Rao and Adabi, 1992;Adabi ( N % A % !T') % = #%
. ( \ ""K 1996;Adabi and AsadiMeh mandosti 2008; Adabi et al. 2 010; KhatibiMehr and Adab i 2013;

476
 . J J"G = ( L3 6 .δ13C- δ18O $ DE: 2 2 - 1 6 2 FE : <- : 4 ) . ;0
A % A % 8 H A .! % ' +2,5‰ PDB δ C&"$ "' – 5,2‰ PDB δ O&"$ "' 1G H' % '
13 18
A
U ( ! % ( %J' ! ( " =^= ' 2# 8 O"8 1G H' % ' A !# mC ' 4 L,#
L3 ( J Q % ? <" &"A L"G% ! ' J" Mn 4 N .! % A l J Q % ( ? <" J Q % b"T'
5B = % B-4 L,# % 6"*7 2 8 9+ A . J J"G = 6 8 % !T' W .!# J Q % "t i JN
r "t ! % J Q % b"T' b # A & % & 8 /"<8 ' \ ""K L"G% ! ' U ! !#
.!# % (Choquette and James, 1987) 2"N! W o= X *C' ( % ^ { ' J Q %
A B

% !T' ) . /"<8 -& 8 ! . a J ( % JQ % ! &""1 -B J Q % ? <"

&""1 -A -4 L,#
Milliman 1974; Rao 1990; Adabi and Rao 1991; Rao and Nelson 1992; Ad abi 1996; Marfil et al. ( N
.( 2005; Adabi et al. 2010;
% ' A % !# " ( ! (Morse and Mackenzie,1990) δ18O & &"$2 o C 2 % o= '% &""1
Barron ) (-1‰) 8 '( % (Standard Mean Ocean Water) SMOW X ' δ18O & N U % (-4,43‰) 1G H'
. !# ) l (Anderson and Arthur, 1983) = ! R ' N( % (1983; Veizer et al. 1999
T (⸰ C)=16-4.14(δc-δw)+0.13(δc-δw)2= 16- 4.14 (-4.43-(-1)) + 0.13 (-4.43-(-1))2= 31.7 (⸰ C)
& .%% ' Y T' % $" W % O< T . 8 % o= X ' δ18O δw
\ 2 8 δ18O δc
W . !# Y T' % $" 31,7 R% 1' 1G H' % ' A L", '( % o= !# Y T' '% I
. % !@' & ( ?8 f4 A o= '% (1383 %=) J Q % F % /"<8 a J !# ,Y
9 GE
. #% B 2"N! W J Q % b"T' T % = #% % 6"*7 2 8 G . , ,"' \ 1G H' I
*,# $ <,# !# ,"' !# "' G % !# A" RST L' # = % r$ ( 0. !2 = N & ? '
% % ) o= " = ^ = _2 ' " = ^ = "G O"8 Y# .!# ' "A"# , J"N ?8
_2 *1N O"8 &"2`A .% % " A ! + G! 1' \2 8 % %J' " = ^ = _2 " A
% A 12 ( A 3 % .! !# % M% ( J Q % ? <" T 1G H' % ' A ? J"2' . "<*8
]2+ J"G = A ( A 7 % !1 1G H' . !# Mn Fe i JN Na i 8 l2' , { ' o= =
!( " =^= A " "G O"8 ' !"8c ) "G O"8 !" c ! . a J J"G =
R'N( % 2 % b"T' '% . ]2+ A"# [Q ( % !# &""1 ( J Q % b"T' ( %J'
f4 A J Q % F % /"<8 a J !# ,Y W 8 ! % Y T' % $" W % 31,7 R% 1' = !
. % A8 '%
477
 H
. T 503 () % a M) &"'( & = \ A"# [Q .1383 .~.) %=
% = #% " % 6"*7 2 8 9+ JC' " "8 JQ % H"T' "tc .1396 .u B% 3 .• !2' 2 .) ( 2"< .Z 9'
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478
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3 ; <0 89 * : $ '( ) *+ , - . ,/ ! # 0 12 3 / 4 *: 6, 7 6,

Parent rock and tectonic provenance and setting of Gadvan

Formation in the Abadan Plain using trace and rare earth elements
Ramezani, F.*1, Hosseini-Barzi, M.1, Honarmand, J.2, Sadeghi, A.1
1. Department of Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University
2. Earth Sciences Research Institute, Research and Development of Upstream Petroleum Industry
Paradise
Gadvan Formation (Hauterivian- Early Aptian) has a siliciclastic nature in the Abadan Plain. In order to
reconstructing parent rock, tectonic provenance and setting, 37 samples were selected for using
geochemical methods. After calcimetery 31 samples with least carbonate calcium content distinguished
for ICP analysis. Results shows slight enrichment of Nb, Zr, Th, high LREE/HREE ratio and plot of La-
Th-Sc, La/Sc vs. Co/Th, La/Sc vs. Th/Co, Cr/Th vs. Th/Sc all verified volcanic felsic source rock near the
UCC (upper cpntinental crust) composition. Considering Th-Sc-Zr/10 and La-Th-Sc plots suggest that
active continental margin and continental island arc probable tectonic setting for Gadvan mudrocks. The
high concentration of LREE/HREE and felsic volcanic composition of samples verified these settings
which can be due to starting convergence of Arabian and Iranian plate at the deposition time of these
sediments.
Key words: Gadvan Formation, Trace and rare earth elements geochemistry, provenance, tectonic setting,
Abadan Plain

479
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+ , = $ )8 S ( + \ "* * e $ ) + # "* $ . d7 c = =
!Z /# G/ / C 8 G/ * D B C + ) ,7 h R , = .@ A# . D f g
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" / C 9C D+ ! ( @ : ! $ ) VD &# ' P + ) + # G/ B C +
)8 , = $ j* R " ) #$ ,7 C ? i+ "* .(Fedo et al., 1995) # i+ e K, 9 F *
.@ A# &0 e .(Potter et al., 2005) # ? 0 ,DC [ = k ? ! 8 " R + Ld
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, >/
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480
 ?

C 0 /' %$3 ! ' R 0 /' $ , 8? # G/ " .+ . ) 64 )*@

? I 0 /' J DC C = 0 /' / #) # G/
+ ,# 9C D+ /,7 W \,# U ! =k
!Th !Nd !Ce !La ) VD 0 /' T "* .(Taylor & McLennan, 1985) D , ((REE and HFSE)3 ) #
"* 8? [ Q, T I J8 > W ) #$ ? # S @ Cm S*3 O' Sc Ti !Nb !Hf !Zr
.(Mir 2015; Li et al. 2017) /,7 # f/#
)8 I " @ (@8 Z /# $ C Th Zr !Nb ) VD 0 /' W /U .@ A# # D
G/7& (LREE/HREE= 12.30) " / XY C = 0 /' 3 Y7 O' .(Ravnas and Furnes, 1995)
.(Ravnas and Furnes, 1995) I , 2 Z /# $ " @ (@8 B C + CZ+ ) $
G/ " .+ = / + ,# * Q# n&,K# G/ C9 Th/Co La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Sc Y7
) $ G/7& D , # o/' Y7 1 [ : .(Armstrong-Altrin et al., 2013) /,7 #
I , 2 !(Cullers, 1994; 2000; Cullers and Podkovyrov, 2000) X R # X 7&R G/ $ S0 ? BC+
-$ Y7 T "* . 7* Q# (Condie, 1993) @ $ *$ 8 !(Taylor and McLennan, 1985) *3
. / #) *3 I , 2 X 7&R Z /# $ S0 ? = Y ) $ G/7&
Condie and ) Th/Sc Cr/Th !(A-2 S( ) (Cullers, 2002) La/Sc Th/Co D !"* O'
La-Th-Sc * + % * (C-2 S( ) (Gu et al., 2002) Co/Th La/Sc !(B-2 S( ) (Wronkiewicz, 1990
$ G/7& # G/ I , 2 Z /# $ X 7&R X (@ B C + *p# (A -3S( ) (Girty and Barber, 1993)
. /,7 )
Z /# $ S0 ? ,R f , .@ A# # D 0 /'
7* Q# -1 [ :Y7
Taylor and ) *3 I , 2 ! ( Cullers, 1 994; 2000; Cullers and Podkovyrov, 2000 ) X R # X 7&R
D c # Y7 Y "* , C * . ( Condie, 1993 ) @ $ *$ 8 ! ( McLennan, 1985
. 9* D,# ,7C = G / #) .@ A# #

* +, -
< A! 7 * +, - A! 7 * +, - 8* E
3/ 4 <( ; <G
! # B 6 CD B CD (F $
$ :'
La/Sc 2.67-5.33 3.9 2.50-16.3 0.43-0.86 2.21 1.05 0.32
La/Co 2.90-6.71 4.6 1.80-13.8 0.14-0.38 1.76 0.74 0.29
Th/Sc 0.64-1.89 1.08 0.84-20.5 0.05-0.22 0.79 0.17 0.07
Th/Co 0.69-2.69 1.27 0.67-19.4 0.04-1.40 0.63 0.12 0.06

# C "* h R ! ,= " #$ *: $ $ * D EF $ , . 89 * : $ '(

Bhatia ) M# S# (+ //C[ ,/C Z /# //C[ ,/C ,= " #$ /*8 R q Y+ , =
NC a ,Y7 0 /' . S I * D EF ,= " #$ * : .@ A# T "* .(and Crook 1986
. ( G/ ,= " #$ * : 7 + 7 ? .@ A# Zr Sc !Th !La / # W \+
q # % * )8 "* + D,' S I C / 2 ,= " #$ * : .,# //CX ( + % *
Bhatia and ) (A-3 S( ) Th-Sc-Zr/10 La-Th-Sc * + D $ , .(Armstrong-Altrin, 2013) ' R 0 /'
X (@ B C + (Bhatia, 1985) " / XY C = 0 /' 3 Y7 !(Crook, 1986; Girty and Barber, 1993
,= " #$ * : //C *Z+ (Pearce, 1983) (B-3 S( ) Ta/Yb Th/Yb D !) ? X 7&R

481
 A B

La/Sc Th/Co D -A -2 S(
Th/Sc Cr/Th -B !( Cullers, 2002 )
-C !( Condie and Wronkiewicz, 1990 )
( Gu et al., 2002 ) Co/Th La/Sc
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.( Barber, 1993

) l, # $ C + # ] # "* . / #) I DC * 9: 9 D $ \# .+ [ .R I
e.g. LaMaskin et ) ) #$ )8 \0 * D $ ) * ' \0 " = ] QA/# $ ?
(Berberian and King, 1981) G/ C ) * &D: $ / QQ\# .(al., 2008; Jafarzadeh et al., 2013; Gazi et al., 2017
# . C Cm # "* *$ X F - *3 T * + * D "* ] (Davoudzadeh et al., 1981) ) (D $
!(Molinaro et al., 2004) ) (D /@# (Alavi, 2004) &' !(Mohajjel and Fergusson 2000) " R SM\#
KD ) $ ) , ) #$ C ,7 ) * ' \0 * D ] + C S* -X F =
. #) +SD,\# ,= " #$ * : I DC * 9: [ .R I ] # "* .

482
 B ,= " #$ * : " .+ -3 S(
La-Th-Sc -A r&r# D $ ,
fro m Bhatia and Crook, 1 986; Girty )
OIA: Oceanic ) ( and Barb er, 1993
Island Arc, CIA: Continental Island,
Arc, PM+ACM Passive+Active
Continental Margin, Bas: Basalt. And:
Andesite. FVO: Felsic Volcanic Ro cks,
PAAS: Post Archean Australian Sh ale,
Bhatia ) Th-Sc-Zr/10 ( Gra: Granite
Th/Yb D -B ( and Crook, 1986
modified after Pearce, ) Ta/Yb
. ( 1983
* * Y*

4 H8
) VD 0 /' W /U ) $ G/7& D % M * D EF 9 @ 8 <* , T
" @ (@8 B C + $ C (LREE/HREE= 12.30) " / XY C = 0 /' 3 Y7 " /VD Th Zr !Nb
% * Co/Th La/Sc ! Th/Sc Cr/Th ! La/Sc Th/Co D O' . I , 2 Z /# $
. //C # *Z+ ) $ G/7& # G/ I , 2 Z /# $ X , /X 7&R B C + La-Th-Sc * +
!Ta/Yb Th/Yb D Th-Sc-Zr/10 !La-Th-Sc * + D T 9 ( ,(+ * :
I DC * 9: .@ A# # D X 7&R X (@ B C + " / XY C = 0 /' 3 Y7
. ) * ' \0 * D ) #9D ) $ ? $ C + # ] # "* . # [ .R I

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484
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Electrofacies Rock Typing at Bottom Shale Zones of Asmari

Formation, Eastern Part of Mansouri Oil Field

Abstract
Appropriate facies identification for production at shales is of great importance due to complexity of
clay minerals. Besides, electrofacies rock typing of Asamri formation has been performed generally at
reservoir intervals where unconventional reservoir or probable source rock were not the interest. So,
this study tries to cluster facies at shaly zones by using commercial petrophysical software and based
on this clustering, more analysis such as mineral modelling and geochemical experiments can be done
finally. At this study, according to petrophysical logs, 10 rock facies identified. Gamma, neutron and
density logs had the maximum and resisitvity and PEF logs had the minimum implication for
electrofacies rock typing. In order to better use electrofacies for geological static model construction,
clusters are categorized into 4, 5 and 6 facies groups, based on statistical methods. The optimized
random distribution is second model with 5 groups. Final results of this rock typing demonstrates that
5th group with high SGR and density and low neutron is the best candidate for unconventional
reservoir or source rock. This clustering data are confirmed by sonic log of a well at Mansouri field as
an example which represents this electrofacies can be used to perform geochemical experiments and
mineralogical modelling.
Keywords: shale reservoirs, petrohysical logs, clustering, electrofacies
485
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Cluster No Point No CGR Mean SGR Mean NPHI Mean PEF Mean RHOB Mean RT Mean
1 668 8.1894 21.639 0.24377 5.091 2.3831 -0.2194
2 775 12.8 25.427 0.23739 3.6447 2.4679 -0.16975
3 1124 11.237 27.287 0.19674 4.799 2.4754 0.06054
4 1145 14.944 32.66 0.15271 5.0566 2.5454 0.28894
5 334 22.003 33.046 0.26028 2.71 2.3227 -0.48916
6 1365 23.147 43.257 0.12195 5.0977 2.6149 0.52242
7 513 27.99 47.779 0.19505 4.0128 2.4962 0.06662
8 1066 36.124 60.576 0.1718 4.5098 2.5979 0.39002
9 110 47.74 67.34 0.35735 3.4468 1.9795 0.08475
10 1187 66.115 86.751 0.2905 4.1149 2.5278 0.15245

490
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: 0 650 7* B, q F * <$ % B 5 : %;BC$ : ; 5 #@ ]* ^ * : 0 O$ ; •
. # B G * E0 7C +F e % D%$ 8 6 C> 7* # UV ' I- 4 Y 7* #" C"9
MN! % -5
Amaefule, Jude O, Mehmet Altunbay, Djebbar Tiab, David G Kersey, and Dare K Keelan. 1993. "Enhanced reservoir
description: using core and log data to identify hydraulic (flow) units and predict permeability in uncored
intervals/wells." In SPE annual technical conference and exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Amin, Shahin, Matthew Wehner, Zoya Heidari, and Michael Tice. 2016. "Rock Classification in the Eagle Ford Shale
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Logging Symposium, 18. Reykjavik, Iceland: Society of Petrophysicists and Well-Log Analysts.
Aranibar, Alvaro, Mehrnoosh Saneifar, and Zoya Heidari. 2013. "Petrophysical rock typing in organic-rich source rocks
using well logs." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 1154-62. Society of Exploration
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trends', The Log Analyst, 33: 286-303.
Jaripatke, Omkar A., King Kwee Chong, William Vincent Grieser, and Andrea Passman. 2010. "A Completions Roadmap to
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Units in Permeability Predictions from Well Logs: A Comparative Analysis Using Classification Trees', SPE
Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, 8: 143-55.
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Santa Barbara and Pirital Fields, North Monagas Area, Eastern Venezuela Basin." In Latin American and
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491
 ‫ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‬
(‫)ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪي ﺑﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬

2
‫ و ﺟﻮاد رﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬1*‫اﻓﺸﻴﻦ زﻫﺪي‬
‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زﻧﺠﺎن‬،‫ داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم‬،‫اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﮔﺮوه زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

:‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‬
‫ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن از دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﭽﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه در اﻳﻦ‬25 ‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در‬
‫ ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ و ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ و دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه‬173 ‫ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در ﺧﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻫﻢﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ و ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و در ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي‬.‫اﻧﺪ‬
7 ‫ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ و آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد‬.‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ و ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاي آﻫﻜﻲ درون ﺣﻮﺿﻪاي ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻻر ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ درﻳﺎي‬،‫ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ذرات ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه‬.‫رﺧﺴﺎره رﺳﻮﺑﻲ در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
،‫ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً از رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ‬.‫ﺑﺎز و دور از ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺑﺮاي رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻧﺌﻮﺗﺘﻴﺲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ و ﺧﺮدهﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ در ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺎدﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻜﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان‬،‫ دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ ﭘﻼژﻳﻚ‬،‫ ﺑﺮﻳﻮزوآ‬،‫ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ‬،‫اﺳﭙﻴﻜﻮل اﺳﻔﻨﺞ‬
‫ از‬،‫ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﮔﺮﻳﻨﺴﺘﻮن در ﻳﻚ ﺳﻜﻮي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ از ﻧﻮع رﻣﭗ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاي درون ﺣﻮﺿﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ آﻧﻬﺎ از ﻗﻄﻌﺎت آﻫﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ و دﻳﮕﺮ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ و ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي آﻫﻜﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه‬.‫در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي دﻟﻴﭽﺎي و ﻻر ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻋﻤﻮدي در رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻳﻚ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺸﻲ‬.‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻻر ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫و ﻛﺎﻫﺸﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‬
‫ زﻧﺠﺎن‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬،‫ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ‬،‫ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي‬،‫رﺧﺴﺎره‬ :‫واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‬

Sedimentation history of Dalichai Formation in SW of Zanjan

(With emphasize on microbialites)
Zohdi Afshin1*, Rabbani Javad2
Abstract
Dalichai Formation has been studied for the first time in SW (25km) of Zanjan in order to reconstruction of
sedimentary paleo environment. The results that obtained in this study are worthy of note. This formation has a
173m thickness that consist of medium to thick bed limestones and dolomitic limestones and dolomite that
overlaid by shallow carbonate and conglomerate of Lar Formation and conformable underlaid by sandstone and
green shale of Shemshak Formation. Based on field and Laboratory studies, seven sedimentary facies have been
identified in Dalichai Formation. These facies, considering constituent particles, texture and fossil content
proposed distal open marine in inactive Northern margin of Neotethys basin as sedimentary environment for the
Dalichai Formation in the studied section. Carbonate facies of Dalichai Formation are mainly composed of
Radiolarian, sponge spicule, algae, bryozoans, pelagic thin bed bivalve, microbialite and echinoderm bioclasts
that are mainly in mudstone to packstone and less in grainstone that deposited in carbonate ramp setting of
carbonate platform. Thickbed conglomerate facies that is located on top of Dalichai Formation is intrabasinal
orthoconglomerate that its limestone pebbles are related to the microbialite and other carbonate facies that have
been identified in Dalichai and Lar Formations. This conglomerate facies probably related to the relative sea
level fall and erosion of carbonate sediments of Lar Formation. Based on field studies and facies changes along
the stratigraphic columns, we can see a one transgressive/regressive cycle in these strata in the studied section.
Keywords: Facies, Dalichai Formation, Jurassic, Microbialite, Zanjan

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 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫در ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻗﻴﺎﻧﻮس ﻧﺌﻮﺗﺘﻴﺲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوي ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ درﻳﺎ در زﻣﺎن ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ و ﻣﺎرن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ روي رﺳﻮﺑﺎت رودﺧﺎﻧﻪاي‪ -‬دﻟﺘﺎﻳﻲ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ‬
‫رﺳﻮﺑﺎت در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻳﺮان ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬاري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ )‪ (Steiger, 1966‬در‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺎده دﻣﺎوﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﺮوزﻛﻮه و در ﻛﻨﺎره ﺷﺮﻗﻲ رودﺧﺎﻧﻪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 107‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚﻫﺎي رﺳﻲ و‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﻪاي ﻫﻤﺮا ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﻴﻞ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ از ﻧﻈﺮ اﺟﺰاء ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص داﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻪ‪ ،‬آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺖ و‬
‫ﺑﻠﻤﻨﻴﺖ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي از دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻓﺴﻴﻞﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮ روي آن ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از آن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻬﻔﺮ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ ،1390 ،‬ﺑﺮوﻣﻨﺪ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ ،1392 ،‬ﻋﻼﻣﻪ و ﺳﻌﺎدﺗﻲ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ آﺑﺎدي‪ ،1393 ،‬ﺳﺮﺑﻨﺪي ﻓﺮاﻫﺎﻧﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪،‬‬
‫‪ 1393‬و ده ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ 1397 ،‬اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎژوﺳﻴﻦ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﺎ اﻛﺴﻔﻮردﻳﻦ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﺒﺮز ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓﺴﻴﻞﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬از‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﺑﻮﻳﮋه ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ روي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺷﻔﻴﻊزاد و ﺳﻴﺪ اﻣﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،1384 ،‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﮋاد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ ،1387 ،‬ﺳﺠﺎدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ ،1393 ،‬ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲراد و‬
‫اﻫﺮيﭘﻮر‪ 1393 ،‬و ﺷﺎﻫﺪي ﻛﻨﺪرود و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ 1394 ،‬اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻪﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫درﻳﺎﻳﻲ از ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ و ﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﻖ درﻳﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ و ژرف ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫زﻧﺠﺎن ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و در ﻫﻤﻴﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻳﻚ رﺧﻨﻤﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ از اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ در ‪ 25‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮب زﻧﺠﺎن در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ روﺳﺘﺎي اﺣﻤﺪﻛﻨﺪي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺧﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻮده و ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎﻳﻲ در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎي ‪ 1‬و ‪ 2‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﻧﺤﻮه دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻣﻴﺪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫از اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﻄﺒﺎق ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي اﻟﺒﺮز ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و ﻏﺮﺑﻲ و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ در ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎي‬
‫دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ زﻣﺎن ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﺒﺮز ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎن ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﻴﺮد‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ .‬اﻗﺘﺒﺎس ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ از ﻧﻘﺸﻪ زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪1:100000‬‬
‫زﻧﺠﺎن ) ﺑﺎﺑﻚﺧﻮاﻧﻲ و ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪.(1383 ،‬‬
‫‪٤٩٣‬‬
 ‫زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ در زون ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري اﻟﺒﺮز ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮي‪ -‬آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺒﻮي‬
‫‪ 1355‬و زون ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري اﻳﺮان ﻣﺮﻛﺰي در ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي اﺷﺘﻮﻛﻠﻴﻦ ‪ 1968‬واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي دﮔﺮﮔﻮن ﺷﺪه ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﻗﺮﻣﺰ رﻧﮓ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎن ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎروت‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي آرﻛﻮزي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻻﻟﻮن‪ ،‬دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎ و ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﺗﺎ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﻛﻮارﺗﺰﻳﺘﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ درود‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ روﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‪-‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ و ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ و ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎً ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚﻫﺎي رﺳﻲ و ﻣﺎﺳﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺎن ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺷﻴﻞ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ ﺳﻨﻲ از اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﭘﺮﻛﺎﻣﺒﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(3‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ زﻳﺎد ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬رﺧﻨﻤﻮنﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي‬
‫ﮔﺮاﻧﻴﺘﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن ﺳﻨﻮزوﺋﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻤﺘﺮ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ داراي ﺑﺮوﻧﺰد اﺳﺖ )ﺑﺎﺑﻚﺧﻮاﻧﻲ و ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪.(1383 ،‬‬
‫رﺧﻨﻤﻮن ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي‪ ،‬از ‪ 154‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﺎ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي روﺷﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻴﺮه ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫آﻫﻚ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(3‬اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﻫﻢﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎ و ﺷﻴﻞﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ‬
‫رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد و در ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﺘﺮ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺎﻧﺰده ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاي ﺿﺨﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ‪ ،‬اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻻر ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(3‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ راه و ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ‬

‫روﺳﺘﺎي اﺣﻤﺪ ﻛﻨﺪي واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٩٤‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :3‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي زﻳﺮﻳﻦ و ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫روش ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎي زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻣﺎﻫﻮارهاي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﮋه ﻧﻘﺸﻪ زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪1/100000‬‬
‫زﻧﺠﺎن )ﺑﺎﺑﻚﺧﻮاﻧﻲ و ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪ ،(1383 ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮش در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ روﺳﺘﺎي اﺣﻤﺪ ﻛﻨﺪي واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و رﺧﺴﺎرهاي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪ‪ .‬در ﻃﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﺋﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮز ﺑﻴﻦ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ و وﺟﻮد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و ‪ 173‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻻﻳﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﺪازهﮔﻴﺮي‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﻃﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﭘﺘﺮوﮔﺮاﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ 51‬ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﺎزك ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ ﭘﻼرﻳﺰان ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي آﻫﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ روش داﻧﻬﺎم )‪ (Dunham, 1962‬ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬاري ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ از ﻣﺪل رﺧﺴﺎرهاي ﻓﻠﻮﮔﻞ )‪ (Flügel, 2010‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ از ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ دادهﻫﺎ و ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ و آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻏﻨﻲ ﺑﻮده‪ ،‬و ﺳﺮﺷﺎر از رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﭘﻼژﻳﻚ ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
‫ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ‪ ،‬آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺖ و ﺑﻠﻤﻨﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ و ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ اﻳﻨﺘﺮاﻛﻠﺴﺖ و ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ و ﻧﻮع زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در‬
‫ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ داراي ‪ 7‬رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ از ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻛﻢﻋﻤﻖﺗﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﻤﻴﻖﺗﺮ در زﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﺠﺎي دو رﺧﺴﺎره ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ و ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻻر ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در اداﻣﻪ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫رﺧﺴﺎره وﻛﺴﺘﻮن ﺣﺎوي ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ‪ ،‬رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ‬

‫‪٤٩٥‬‬
‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺑﻪ ‪ 10‬ﻣﺘﺮ اﺑﺘﺪاﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮري ﻛﻪ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوي‬
‫درﻳﺎي ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺎﺳﻪﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻦ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در رﺧﻨﻤﻮن ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي روﺷﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ )‪ 10‬درﺻﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه اﻳﻨﺘﺮاﻛﻠﺴﺖ و ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ )‪ 8‬درﺻﺪ( ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎن اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﺮدهﻫﺎي دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ‪ ،‬اﺳﭙﻴﻜﻮل اﺳﻔﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮدهﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ‬
‫اﮔﺮﮔﺎت ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(4‬ذرات اﻳﻨﺘﺮاﻛﻠﺴﺖ و ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﮔﺮد ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮد ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪازهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪ .‬آﺛﺎر ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫رﺧﺴﺎره وﻛﺴﺘﻮن ﺣﺎوي دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﭘﻼژﻳﻚ ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ )‪ (Bositra buchi‬و ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ و ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ )ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 23‬ﻣﺘﺮي و ‪ 31‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 54‬ﻣﺘﺮي( ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
‫دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲ اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺣﻀﻮر ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ )‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 15‬درﺻﺪ( از دوﻛﻔﻪايﻫﺎي ﭘﻼژﻳﻚ ﻧﺎزك‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ )‪ (Bositra buchi‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ذرات اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ رادﻳﻮﻟﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬اﺳﭙﻴﻜﻮل اﺳﻔﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮاﻣﻴﻨﻴﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮن و‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﮔﺎن اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ و اﻳﻨﺘﺮاﻛﻠﺴﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫اﮔﺮﮔﺎت ذرات ﻏﻴﺮ اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(4‬‬

‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﭘﻜﺴﺘﻮن ﺣﺎوي دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﭘﻼژﻳﻚ ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ )‪(Bositra buchi‬‬

‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﻛﻢ در ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره از ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮي ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﺗﻴﺮه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬دوﻛﻔﻪايﻫﺎي ﭘﻼژﻳﻚ ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ )‪ (Bositra buchi‬ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫)ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ‪ 50‬درﺻﺪ( ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آﻟﻮﻛﻢ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(4‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ در اﻳﻦ دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺮاﻣﻴﻨﻴﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﻛﻒ زي ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ روﺷﻦ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ و رادﻳﻮﻟﺮﻫﺎ از دﻳﮕﺮ اﺟﺰاء ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره‬
‫ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ ذرات‪ ،‬از ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ آﻫﻜﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و داراي ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ داﻧﻪ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻓﺴﻔﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﺣﺪود ‪ 5‬درﺻﺪ در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :4‬ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ از رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ‪-‬‬

‫ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻋﺪهاي ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﭘﻜﺴﺘﻮن ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﻨﺴﺘﻮن ﺣﺎوي ﻛﻠﺴﻲاﺳﻔﺮ و ﺑﻴﻮﻛﻠﺴﺖ‬
‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﻧﺪارد و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫در رﺧﻨﻤﻮنﻫﺎي ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﺗﻴﺮه ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺣﻀﻮر ﻛﻠﺴﻲاﺳﻔﺮ )‪ 10‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 15‬درﺻﺪ( ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺎﻻي آﻟﻮﻛﻢﻫﺎي اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻓﺮاﻣﻴﻨﻴﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و ﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮن‪ ،‬ﺧﺮدهﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻤﺘﺮ رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(4‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮا ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر آﻟﻮﻛﻢﻫﺎي اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ‪ ،‬در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﺣﺪود ‪ 5‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 10‬درﺻﺪ ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎ ًﻻ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻳﺘﻲ ﺷﺪن ﻗﻄﻌﺎت اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﻓﺮاﻣﻴﻨﻴﻔﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﻨﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮاﻳﺖ و ﮔﻞ آﻫﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن اﺳﭙﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﻠﻮرﻫﺎي ﻫﻢﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬

‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﺎدﺳﺘﻮن‬
‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﺻﺤﺮا در ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻳﻪ آﺑﻲ رﻧﮓ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ دارد و از ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 66‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 125‬ﻣﺘﺮي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي را ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‪ .‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺑﺎرز اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺎدﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ آن ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮاﻳﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
‫ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(4‬ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﺣﺪود ‪ 5‬درﺻﺪ در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻀﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ از ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﭼﺮﺗﻲ از دﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺑﺎرز اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :6‬ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ از رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :5‬ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ از رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 125‬ﺗﺎ ‪154‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮي(‪ .‬اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺎﺑﺮﻳﻚ ﻟﺨﺘﻪاي و رﺷﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ و ﻻﻣﻴﻨﻪاي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬در‬
‫داﺧﻞ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺣﻔﺮات ﻣﻨﻔﺮدي ﺷﺒﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎﺗﺎﻛﻴﺲ )‪ (Stromatactis–like‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﻒ ﺻﺎف و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ و ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻣﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻴﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﺴﻴﺘﻲ دﻧﺪان ﺳﮕﻲ )ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻧﺴﻞ اول( و ﺳﻴﻤﺎنﻫﺎي ﻫﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ و ﺑﻠﻮﻛﻲ )ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻧﺴﻞ‬
‫دوم( ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ؟(‪ .‬اﻧﺪازه ﺣﻔﺮات اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎﺗﺎﻛﻴﺲ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ و ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮض در ﺣﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺟﺎن‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ‪ ،‬اﺳﻔﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺑﻲﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ )‪ (Tubiphytes‬و ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﺣﺪود ‪ 10‬درﺻﺪ از اﺟﺰاء‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(5‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻧﺎزك ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﺪن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ اﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮاﻳﺖ زﻣﻴﻨﻪ و آﻟﻮﻛﻢﻫﺎي اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ را در ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎ از ﺑﻠﻮرﻫﺎي رﻳﺰ و ﺷﻜﻞدار ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮز ﺑﻠﻮري‬
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره‪ ،‬اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً در ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﺰاﻳﻲ داﺷﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﻠﻮرﻫﺎي دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﺣﺪود ‪ 5‬درﺻﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﭼﺮت در ﻃﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻓﻠﻮﺗﺴﺘﻮن ﺣﺎوي آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺖ و ﺑﻠﻤﻨﻴﺖ‬

‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﻃﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ در داﺧﻞ ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻳﻪ آﺑﻲ رﻧﮓ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬آﻟﻮﻛﻢﻫﺎي‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره را آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺖﻫﺎ و ﺑﻠﻤﻨﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺧﺮدﺷﺪه ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(6‬ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻓﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻳﺖ ﭘﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﺎ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻓﻠﻮﺗﺴﺘﻮن ﺗﺎ رودﺳﺘﻮن ﺣﺎوي ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻲ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻓﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎي آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺖ و‬
‫ﺑﻠﻤﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎ و ﻧﺪولﻫﺎي ﭼﺮت ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات ﻻﻳﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﭘﻜﺴﺘﻮن دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺣﺎوي ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﺻﺤﺮا در ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚﻫﺎي دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺗﺎ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ و ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ‪ 4‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ و از ﻣﺘﺮاژ ‪ 154‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 158‬ﻣﺘﺮي ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد‬
‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‪ .‬زﻣﻴﻨﻪ و آﻟﻮﻛﻢﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪاي ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺷﺪن‬
‫ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و در ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻠﻮرﻫﺎي دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺧﺮد ﺷﺪه ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ و زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ .(6‬ﺑﻠﻮرﻫﺎي دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺖ در اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﻢ اﻧﺪازه )‪ ،(unimodal‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻠﻮرﻫﺎ )در ﺣﺪود ‪ 80‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ( و ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞدار ﺗﺎ ﺷﻜﻞدار ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاي درون ﺣﻮﺿﻪاي‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ )‪ 15‬ﻣﺘﺮ( از ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮا‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ از ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد )ﻣﺘﺮاژ ‪ 154‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 173‬ﻣﺘﺮي(‪.‬‬
‫اﻳﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ از ﻧﻮع ارﺗﻮﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮا )ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎ ذرات( و اوﻟﮕﻴﻮﻣﻴﻜﺘﻴﻚ )ﺗﻚ ﻣﻨﺸﺄﻳﻲ( ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ذرات ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه آن را‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت آﻫﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي دﻟﻴﭽﺎي و ﻻر در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(6‬ﺟﻮرﺷﺪﮔﻲ آن ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺑﻮده و اﻧﺪازه ذرات ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫دﻫﻨﺪه آن در ﺣﺪود ‪ 3‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 25‬ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ دو دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪(1) :‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻜﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻮده از ﻣﺮﺟﺎن‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻳﻮزوآ و ﺧﺮدهﻫﺎي دوﻛﻔﻪاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ و )‪ (2‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺎدﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰان ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ از ﺧﺮدهﻫﺎي اﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ و ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ روي اﻳﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﺟﻮان‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ دوران ﻛﻮاﺗﺮﻧﺮي ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :7‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ و ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﺳﺘﻮن ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬
‫در رﺷﺘﻪﻛﻮهﻫﺎي اﻟﺒﺮز‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﺷﻤﺸﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻦ ﺗﺮﻳﺎس ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‪-‬ژوراﺳﻴﻚ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر‬
‫ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي دﻟﻴﭽﺎي و ﻻر ﺑﻪ ﺳﻦ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ در ﻣﺮز ﺑﺎژوﺳﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ – ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮز ﺑﺎ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ)‪ (Brunet et. al., 2009‬ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ ﺗﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻮﺗﻴﻦ )‪Seyed-Emami and Alavi-) (Lutian‬‬
‫‪ (Naini 1990‬و ﻳﺎ ﺳﻴﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (Seyed-Emami et. Al., 2004‬ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ از‬
‫ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ( ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي(‪ ،‬در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎده اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ از رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻞﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻧﺮژي آب ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ‬
‫اﻳﺠﺎد ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ در رﺧﺴﺎره اول ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺷﺮوع رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎتﻫﺎي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(7‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﻟﻢ )‪ (Stockholm, 1988‬در رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮب ژاﭘﻦ‬
‫ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﻳﺞ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ‪ ،‬رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬراي ﻧﻤﻮده‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻳﻜﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر دوﻛﻔﻪايﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﻻﻳﻪ )‪ ،(Bositra buchi‬رادﻳﻮﻟﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬اﺳﭙﻴﻜﻮل اﺳﻔﻨﺞ‪ ،‬آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻤﻨﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬
‫ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﭽﺎي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ درﻳﺎي ﺑﺎز ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي رﻣﭗ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺎ رﻣﭗ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ از ﭘﻠﺖﻓﺮم ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در زﻣﺎن ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﻀﻮر ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮاﻳﺖ و ﻣﻘﺎدﻳﺮ ﻛﻢ ﺳﻴﻤﺎن در رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﻢ اﻧﺮژي در زﻣﺎن رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎتﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاي آﻫﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﺒﻴﻦ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻲ اﻧﺮژي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ آب درﻳﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(7‬‬
‫در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ و درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻢﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮز ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ راد و اﻫﺮيﭘﻮر‪ ،1393 ،‬ﺳﺠﺎدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪1393 ،‬‬
‫( ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺮش‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ و ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ‬
‫روي ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﺮﻗﻲ )ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ راد و اﻫﺮيﭘﻮر‪ ،1393 ،‬ﺳﺠﺎدي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،1393‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﮋاد و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ (1387 ،‬و ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﺒﺮز )ﺑﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ ،1394 ،‬ﺷﺎﻫﺪي ﻛﻨﺪرود و‬
‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ ،1394 ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻴﺎن ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲﺗﺮ و ﻛﻢﻋﻤﻖﺗﺮ ﭘﻠﺖﻓﺮم‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺷﺮﻗﻲﺗﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﺒﺮز و ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻋﻤﻴﻖﺗﺮ اﻳﻦ ﭘﻠﺖﻓﺮم ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻏﺮﺑﻲﺗﺮ ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻀﻮر ﺣﻔﺮات ﺷﺒﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎﺗﺎﻛﺘﻴﺲ ﻛﻪ در رﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ و اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻳﻦ ﺣﻔﺮات در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﻋﻤﻴﻖ و در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از اﺛﺮ اﻣﻮاج در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﻮﻓﺎن در ﭘﻠﺖﻓﺮم ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺮاﺗﻲ از ﭘﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﻲ ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻟﻬﺴﺘﺎن ﻛﻪ در ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از اﺛﺮ اﻣﻮاج‬
‫در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻃﻮﻓﺎن ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )‪ .(Matyszkiewicz, 1997‬ﺑﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل زﻳﺎد اﻳﻦ ﺣﻔﺮات ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫داراي ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻣﻮاج ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ داﺧﻠﻲ در داﺧﻞ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت و‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻔﺮات اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎﺗﺎﻛﺘﻴﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ واﻻس )‪ (Wallace, 1987‬در ﭘﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن دوﻧﻴﻦ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨﻮب‬
‫ﺷﺮق اﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﻲ در ﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه رﺧﺴﺎره ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖ و ﺣﻔﺮات اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎﺗﺎﻛﺘﻴﺲ در ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﺎً ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ )ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ درون ﺣﻮﺿﻪاي( ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺣﺪود ‪ 15‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﻳﻦ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺮاه رﺧﺴﺎره ﭘﻜﺴﺘﻮن دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ ﺣﺎوي ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ از رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ در ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫آب درﻳﺎ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي آﻫﻜﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﺸﺪه ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻓﺮآﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺸﻲ و اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺗﻮﻓﺎن‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ و ﻣﺘﻼﺷﻲ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﺒﺐ اﻳﺠﺎد‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻫﻲ آﻫﻜﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاي آﻫﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻟﻨﺮ و‬

‫‪٥٠٠‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎران )‪ (Calner et al., 2010‬در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ و ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬در ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي درﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮاﻫﺪ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوﻧﺪه ‪ -‬ﭘﺴﺮوﻧﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 174‬در داﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(7‬ﻣﺮز زﻳﺮﻳﻦ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﻫﻢ ﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﺮ روي ﻣﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوﻧﺪه‪ -‬ﭘﺴﺮوﻧﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑﺎزﮔﻮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻳﻚ اﻟﮕﻮي رﺳﻮب‪-‬‬
‫ﮔﺬاري ﭘﻴﺸﺮوﻧﺪه ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ اﻓﻖ ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوي )‪ ،(Maximum flooding interval, MFI‬اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬و ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻳﻦ اﻓﻖ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي‬
‫رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ اﻟﮕﻮي رﺳﻮبﮔﺬاري ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ و ﭘﺴﺮوﻧﺪه ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻣﺮز ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي دﻟﻴﭽﺎي و‬
‫ﻻر‪ ،‬اداﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺟﻨﻮبﻏﺮب زﻧﺠﺎن از ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﺎ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ و ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻜﻲ دوﻟﻮﻣﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ ‪ 154‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻢﺷﻴﺐ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و در ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫رﺧﺴﺎره ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻻر ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رﺧﺴﺎرهاي ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪ 7‬رﺧﺴﺎره رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ در ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ و ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﻳﮋه در ﻣﺮز زﻳﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻴﺎن ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي آﻫﻜﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ در ﻃﻲ زﻣﺎن ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫آﻣﺪن ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ روي رﺳﻮﺑﺎت رودﺧﺎﻧﻪاي‪-‬دﻟﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺷﻤﺸﻚ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ رﺧﺴﺎره وﻛﺴﺘﻮن ﺣﺎوي ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎي درﻳﺎي ﺑﺎز رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ و در اداﻣﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ و ﺑﺎﻓﺖ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ )ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً‬
‫ﻣﺎدﺳﺘﻮن ﺗﺎ وﻛﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ( در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ درﻳﺎي ﺑﺎز و ﻋﻤﻴﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬از اﺟﺰاء ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫از ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮر رادﻳﻮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬اﺳﻔﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮدهﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﭘﻮﺳﺖ‪ ،‬آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻤﻨﻴﺖ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ در‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮر زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﻠﻲ اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد‪ .‬در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ آﻣﺪن ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎ ًﻻ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ آب درﻳﺎ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ژوراﺳﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ و در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻧﻘﺎط ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻧﺌﻮﺗﺘﻴﺲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﮕﻠﻮﻣﺮاﻳﻲ ﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻻﻳﻪ )ﺣﺪود ‪ 15‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ و ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺶ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ در ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺣﻮﺿﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ روي رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫آب درﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮوﻧﺪه ‪ -‬ﭘﺴﺮوﻧﺪه‪ ،‬اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً رده ﺳﻮم در داﺧﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎتﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺑﻚﺧﻮاﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ع‪ ،.‬ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ع‪ .1383 ،.‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪ 1:100000‬زﻧﺠﺎن‪ ،‬ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و اﻛﺘﺸﺎف ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮوﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ز‪ ،.‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﮋآد‪ ،‬ا‪ ،.‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪي ﻓﺮد‪ ،‬م‪.‬ر‪ .1392 ،.‬ﭘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺮش ﻃﺎﻟﻮ )در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺧﺎوري داﻣﻐﺎن(‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي داﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم زﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ ‪ ،87‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪ 3‬ﺗﺎ ‪.8‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ راد‪ ،‬ع‪ ،.‬اﻫﺮي ﭘﻮر‪ ،‬ر‪ .1393 ،.‬رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻜﻬﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق ﺷﺎﻫﺮود )ﺑﺮش ري آﺑﺎد(‪ ،‬رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي‬
‫رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ ‪ ،7‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪ 196‬ﺗﺎ ‪.201‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ن‪ ،.‬ﺳﻴﺪ اﻣﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ك‪ ،.‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪي ﻓﺮد‪ ،‬م‪.‬ر‪ ،.‬ﺑﻬﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ا‪ .1390 ،.‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺮش ﻃﺎﻟﻮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺧﺎوري‬
‫داﻣﻐﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺑﻪ آﻣﻮﻧﻮﻳﻴﺪا‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم زﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ ‪ ،82‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪ 39‬ﺗﺎ ‪.52‬‬
‫ده ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ا‪ ،.‬ﻫﺎﺷﻤﻲ ﻳﺰدي‪ ،‬ف‪ ،.‬ﺳﺠﺎدي‪ ،‬ف‪ .1397 ،.‬ﭘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺮش ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﻞ دﺧﺘﺮ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﺮز‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰي‪ ،‬دو ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ رﺳﻮب ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ ‪ ،11‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪ 55‬ﺗﺎ ‪.68‬‬
‫ﺳﺠﺎدي‪ ،‬ف‪ ،.‬ﻫﺎﺷﻤﻲ ﻳﺰدي‪ ،‬ف‪.‬ف ﻧﻮﻳﺪي اﻳﺰد‪ ،‬ن‪ ،.‬دهﺑﺰرﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ا‪ .1393 ،.‬ﭘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺮش ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫دﻳﻜﺘﺎش‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺮق ﺳﻤﻨﺎن‪ ،‬رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ ‪ ،30‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪ 21‬ﺗﺎ ‪.46‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺑﻨﺪي ﻓﺮاﻫﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ط‪ ،.‬ﻣﺠﻴﺪي ﻓﺮد‪ ،‬م‪.‬ر‪ ،.‬ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ زاده‪ ،‬م‪.‬ر‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪي‪ ،‬م‪ .1393 ،.‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري و زﻳﺴﺖﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري زﻳﺎي آﻣﻮﻧﻴﺘﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
‫دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺮش ﻣﻬﺪﻳﺸﻬﺮ )ﺷﻤﺎل ﺳﻤﻨﺎن(‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم زﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ ‪ ،94‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪ 27‬ﺗﺎ ‪.38‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫﺪي ﻛﻨﺪرود‪ ،‬ج‪ ،.‬ﺛﻴﺎب ﻗﺪﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ع‪.‬ا‪ ،.‬ﻣﺼﺪق‪ ،‬ح‪ .1394 ،.‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺮش ﻳﻠﻜﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺷﺎﻫﻴﻦ دژ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮزدﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان و و ﻧﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﻴﺎم ﻧﻮر‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪ 950‬ﺗﺎ ‪.955‬‬

‫‪٥٠١‬‬
،‫ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم زﻣﻴﻦ‬،(‫ ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺮود )اﻟﺒﺮز ﺧﺎوري‬.1384 ،.‫ ك‬،‫ ﺳﻴﺪاﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬،.‫ م‬،‫ﺷﻔﻴﻊ زاده‬
.113 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬98 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت‬،55 ‫ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ‬
‫ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻮم‬،‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ داﻳﻨﻮﻓﻼژﻟﻪﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺎوري ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻟﻮد‬.1393 ،.‫ ش‬،‫ ﺳﻌﺎدﺗﻲ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ آﺑﺎدي‬،.‫ م‬،‫ﻋﻼﻣﻪ‬
.156 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬147 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت‬،93 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ‬،‫زﻣﻴﻦ‬
،‫ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﭘﺎﻟﻴﻨﻮﻣﻮرفﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺷﻤﺎل ﺳﻤﻨﺎن‬،‫ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﺑﺮش ﺑﻠﻮ‬.1387 ،.‫ ف‬،‫ ﻫﺎﺷﻤﻲ ﻳﺰدي‬،.‫ ف‬،‫ ﺳﺠﺎدي‬،.‫ ا‬،‫ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ ﻧﮋاد‬
.94 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬85 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت‬،2 ‫ ﺷﻤﺎره ﭘﻴﺎﭘﻲ‬،‫رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﻮزدﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬،‫ رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﮕﺬاري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ دﻟﻴﭽﺎي در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ آذرﺷﻬﺮ‬.1394 ،‫ ر‬،‫ ﻣﻬﺎري‬،.‫اص‬.‫ ع‬،‫ ﺛﻴﺎب ﻗﺪﺳﻲ‬،.‫ر‬.‫ ع‬،‫ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ‬
.1085 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1080 ‫ ﺻﻔﺤﺎت‬،‫زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان و و ﻧﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻠﻲ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﻴﺎم ﻧﻮر‬
.‫ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر‬،‫ دﻳﺒﺎﭼﻪ اي ﺑﺮ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‬.1355 ،.‫ ح‬،.‫ م‬،‫ﻧﺒﻮي‬

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(Upper Ordovician) of central Sweden, Facies, 56, 157-172.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. classification of carbonate rock according to depositional texture, In: W. E. Ham (eds.), Classification of
Carbonate Rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 1, 108-121.
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Mlynka and Zabierzow (Oxfordian, southern Poland), Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 67, 45-55.
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 :

zeinalzadeha@ripi.ir : !" #

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$ # $ %#& ' !" # :

Modeling oil generation of source rocks at the syncline and the

anticline: an example from the Dezful Embayment
Arsalan Zeinalzadeh

Department of geochemistry, Research Institude of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Iran

Corresponding author, Tel.: +982148253284, Cell phone: +989122800199, E-mail address:

zeinalzadeha@ripi.ir

Abstract
Basin modeling can be used to investigate the state of source rock oil generation. In this study, one
dimensional basin modeling used to evaluate history of source rock oil generation at the syncline and
the anticline structures in the Dezful Embayment. This study shows that the rate of burial increase at
both syncline and anticline structures after folding. The rates of burial are more noticeable in syncline
and play an important role in oil generation in syncline than anticline.
Key words: basin modeling, oil generation, anticline, syncline.

503
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.(Magoon and Dow, 1994 `Barker, 1996) ! A & -. -. ! W R -G0

, ] 3& ? ! ? %2 0 % & X 3X0 * 2 & ! ' H 7 <%0 '=> 0 'Q 3 ! * I@E , * 5

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% -< ( , -. #b% . ' 5 6& 7 % %A U2 ? %2 0 ! -@ + *+ @ 3 * / % & % 'C Q "+ .(2015
* :3; , D A ML ! /" c 3 'C . , ] 0 <- & ? ! ? %2 0 X 3X0 * 2& ! +
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34#
Barker, C., 1996. Thermal Modeling of Petroleum Generation: Theory and Applications. Developments in Petroleum
Science, 45, Elsevier, Amsterdam; New York, 512 p.
Bordenave, M.L., 2014. Petroleum systems and distribution of the oil and gas fields in the Iranian part of the Tethyan Region.
In: L. Marlow, C. Kendall and L. Yose (Editors), Petroleum Systems of the Tethyan Region. American Association
of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 106, p. 505-540.
Magoon, L.B. and W.G. Dow, 1994. The petroleum system. In: L.B .Magoon and W.G. Dow (Editors), The Petroleum
System—From Source to Trap. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 60, Oklahoma, p. 3-24.
Zeinalzadeh, A., R. Moussavi-Harami, A. Mahboubi and V.A. Sajjadian, 2015. Basin and petroleum system modeling of the
Cretaceous and Jurassic source rocks of the gas and oil reservoirs in Darquain field, south west Iran. Journal of
Natural Gas Science and Engineering, v. 26, p. 419-426.

508
 1 1 1

1
Ah.zeynali73@gmail.com

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Economic facies of quaternary sediments in The Maighan playa

Amir Hosein Zeinali1 , Mostafa Yousefirad1, Abdolmotalleb Hajati1
Department of Mine engineering, Arak University of Technology
Ah.zeynali73@gmail.com
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify economically valuable and valuable gluburite facies in Meighan Plain Lake sediments
in Markazi province. For this purpose, a regular network of exploratory wells, according to which the drilling operations of the
foreseen points were performed, consisted of 20 points. After reviewing the well logs, using ROCK WORKS software and
information on each well, such as surface topography maps, two dimensional and three dimensional lithology columns, three
dimensional models of the area to determine the expansion and features of facies Globiti was prepared.
The results of this research show that the economic and valuable facies of the region are of gluburite type and in pure form with
very small extension and with sediments of lake type of silt and clay in the regions of east, northwest and southwest.

Key Words: Economic facies, Quaternary, Meighan Playa.

) *
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Ratcliffe, et al, 2010) '( 1 G: ! N L (, 2004 Malkani) 1\@4 ! "# (González)7 #B
1 1 [ U# ) " ! @H " . #, B > ' ( ) *+ # H " (Snedden, et al, 2003,

509
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= +] 91 % * _#'+ 21( N L # : 4 ," = & ` \ R / ^; 6: ,
.6 ,78 2L #"#$ %& " ' ( ) *+ , - ) " N L = .6 78

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30
References
Francisco González-Sánchez & Antoni Camprubí & Eduardo González-Partida & Rafael Puente-Solís & Carles Canet & Elena
Centeno-García & Viorel Atudorei, 2009, Regional stratigraphy and distribution of epigenetic stratabound celestine, fluorite,
barite and Pb–Zn deposits in the MVT province of northeastern Mexico, Miner Deposita, 44:343–361p.
Hentz, T.F., H. Zeng, L.J. Wood,., 2002, Sequence stratigraphy and hydrocarbon distribution of Miocene plays: a case study from
Starfak and Tiger Shoal Fields, Offshore Louisiana: AAPG Annual Meeting, Houston, Texas, March 10-13, 2002 (abstract).
Ravenne, C. (2002) Stratigraphy and oil: a review. Part 2: Characterization of Reservoirs and Sequence Stratigraphy:
Quantification and Modeling. Oil and Gas Science and Tech., 57, 4, 311-340p.
Ratcliffe, K.T., and Zaitlin, B.A., (2010). Modern alternative stratigraphic techniques; theory and case histories. SEPM Special
Publication, 94. 241p.
Slatt, R.M., (2007). Stratigraphic reservoir characterization for petroleum geologists, geophysicists, and engineers. Developments
in Petroleum Science, 61, 492p
Sadiq Malkani, 2004, Stratigraphy and Economic potential of Sulaiman, Kirthar and Makran-Siahan Ranges, Pakistan. Fifth
Pakistan Geological Congress, 14-15 April, Islamabad,

Snedden, J, Sarg, J.F, Ying, X, 2003, Exploration Play Analysis from a Sequence Stratigraphic Perspective, ExxonMobil
Exploration Company, P.O. Box 4778, Houston, Texas 77210-4778.

513
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Identification of the origin and tectonic environment of the sandstone

in the Nahand-Ivand area using terrigenous components

Sadati N(sadati_sn@yahoo.com).1, Yazdi M.2, Mokhtari A.A3

1
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract
Iran is a semi-arid country located on the Tethyan Copper Belt. The Nahand- Ivand area is located
20 km to the north of Tabriz that covers a vast area of the Tabriz basin, in NW Iran. Based on
mineralogical composition and whole rock geochemistry (major elements), the sandstones, include
litharenite, sublitharenite, and subarkose. Also most of sandstones in this area are rich in carbonate that
confirms association with tectonically active areas. Tectonic uplift seems to be an essential factor in
producing the rapid erosion needed to form carbonate-rich. The presence of minor amounts of rounded
quartz, cherts and resistant heavy minerals suggests a minor distribution of reworked terrigenous

514
sediments. The main goal of this paper is identification of the origin and tectonic environment of the
sandstone in the Nahand-Ivand area using terrigenous components.
Keywords :Sandstone, terrigenous components, quartz, feldspar, rock fragment.

! 4

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, 2 / MI / =/ < I/# O2M .: @ T($ 0&# 02C ? J _"V @ M GF M , "#
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=; .
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- Ghosh, S., Sarkar, S., Gosh, P., 2012. Petrography and major element geochemistry of the permo-
Triassic sandstone, Central India: Implications for provenance in an intracratonic pull- apart basin., Journal of
Asian Earth science, 43. 207-240.
- Jahangiri, A., 2007. Post-collisional Miocene adakitic volcanism in NW Iran: Geochemical and
geodynamic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 30, 433–447.
- Mørk, B.E., Moen, K., (2007). Compaction microstructures in quartz grains and quartz cement in deeply
buried reservoir sandstones using combined petrography and EBSD analysis, Journal of Structural Geology 29,
1843-1854.
- Moshrif, M. A and HITI, A. EL., (1989), Lithofacies and petrography of Wajid sandstone Cambrian-
Ordovician) Saudi Arabia, Afrtcan Earth Sctence, Vol 9, No 3/4, pp 401-412.
- Sadati, N., Yazdi, M., Behzadi, M., Adabi, M.H., Mokhtari, A.A, 2013. The role of organic matter in
genesis of sedimentary-hosted stratiform copper deposits in Nahand-Ivand area, NW Iran. Goldschmidt
Conference Abstracts, p. 211.
- Stöcklin, J., (1977). Stratigraphic lexicon of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report No. 18.,Ministry of
Industry and Mines, Teheran. 376 pp.

519
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. %) 7@ , ; 89 %J 3 6!

The Geotourism Potential of Hallucinous Canyon, Jandagh

Babak Sepehriannasab. Islamic Azad University Izeh Branch
Abstract:

The Geotourism in external point to Geographical tourism with emphasis to Geology and
Geomorphological rings but within may be a proposal for developing area such central Iran that with
Scientific, optical and mental experience for visitors can made welfare for native people. The point
of this paper is to display The Hallucinous Canyon area at side of Jandagh city, East of Esfahan
Province as a potential geotourism base. This region lacks the infrastructure and qualified staff
required for further development of the area, but shrink potentials mode such as aspect of valley, tall
walls , petro genes and paleontology , made a good situation for nominate this valley as a Geosite.
Keywords: Geotourism, The Hallucinous Canyon, Jandagh, Geosite

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Heggie, Travis W., 2009- Geotourism and volcanoes: Health hazards facing tourists at volcanic and geothermal destinations
Travel Medicine
and Infectious Disease 7, 257e261.
Kim, S., Kim, M., Park J., Guo, Y., 2008- Cave tourism: tourists’ characteristics, motivations to visit, and the segmentation of
their behavior,
Asia Pac J Tourism Res 13:299e318.
Lew, A.A., 2002- Geotourism and what geographers do, Tourism Geographies, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 347.
Nemanja, Tomic. 2011. The Potential of Lazar Canyon{ Serbia} as a Geotourism Destination. Geographica Panaonica. V. 15,
p. 103-112
Stueve, A., Cook, M., Suzanne, D. & Dawn, D., 2002-The Geotourism Study: Phase I Executive Summary, The Travel
Industry Association of America and National Geographic Traveler. The Research Department of the Travel Industry
Association of America Washington, D.C.

525
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Facies changes and sedimentary environment of the Pliocene

deposits in the Southeastern Caspian Basin, NE Iran
Soltani, B.1*, Moussavi-Harami, R. 2, Beiranvand, B.3, Honarmand, J.4, Taati, F.5, Moradpour,
M.6
1. Department of Petroleum Geology, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran

2. Department Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad

3. Department of Petroleum Geology, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran

4. Department of Petroleum Geology, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran

5. Geology Department, Khazar Exploration and Production Company (KEPCO), Tehran

6. Department of Petroleum Geology, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran

Abstract
The Pliocene deposits in northern Iran and their equivalents in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan
(including Cheleken and Akchagyl stratigraphic units) are considered as the most important petroleum
system elements in the Caspian Basin. In this research, three outcrops in the northeastern part of the
Gonbad-e Kavous area are measured as the most thickness and oldest out-cropped tertiary sequences
as well as lithological data from other outcrops and available wells. In the studied area, the Akchagyl
unit with a basal conglomerate is composed of clastic and mud-dominated facies in lower part
belonging to low-energy setting changing into grain-dominated carbonate facies in a shallowing-
upward trend related to high-energy setting of the basin. Comparison and correlation between the

526
studied outcrops and the available well data indicate that the thickness of the Cheleken stratigraphic
unit is decreased from west to east and north to south. This stratigraphic unit lithologically varies from
silty claystone to marl in the eastern parts of the South Caspian Basin into gravelly sandstone and
conglomerate towards northeastern Gonbad-e Kavous. The Akchagyl stratigraphic unit indicates
uniform thickness throughout the studied basin, but in terms of lithology, contains high-energy
carbonate coastal facies in northeastern Gonbad-e Kavous changing into basinal siltstone and shale
facies towards the western parts. These conditions can be related to the subsidence rate of the basin
during the Cheleken deposition as well as indicating more stability of the basin during deposition time
of the Akchagyl (late Pliocene).
Keywords: Facies, Sedimentary Environment, Pliocene Deposits, Caspian Basin
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531
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Depositional enviroment and sequence stratigraphy study of

Asmari Formation Naft-e Sefied oil field, Northern Dezful
Embayment
Ayesheh Salmani1, Hossain Rahimpour-Bonab2, Mohsen Ranjbaran3, Seyed Mohsen Aleali4
1Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4Department of Geology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Asmari Formation (Oligocene - Miocene) is the first fractured proliferous carbonate reservoir that ever
known in the world and is the most important hydrocarbon reservoir in Iran. The large quantity of the
produced oil in Dezful Embayment is from this formation. Thin section studies in this formation lead
to identification of eight microfacies related to the homoclinal ramp with three subdivisions (inner
ramp, middle ramp and outer ramp). . Three sequences (third order) have been identified based on
sequence stratigraphy studies. Compare to the other identified sequences of the Asmari Formation in
oil fields, shows that, sedimentation of this formation was started at the Oligocene with open marine
environment and ended to slope . During the Aquitanian intra – shelf basin was filled and finally
during Burdigalian, Regional tectonic tilt caused increase in accommodation through the north- east.
Key words: Asmari Formation, Naft-e sefid oil field, Sedimentary environment, Sequence stratigraphy

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.@ ' < " * ) 7$ 9 ' $0 1 A ) * 7$ 9 ' ! L

AB ( 0B B * C @C$ 0C$ @ G` ! 23 ;) B jS ;# $ -1D9&

535
 /* 2 $ * ! & %& / !* O>* / 3 %) 21 3 !* O>* ? * - 1 A S
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qH !* 2&
Flugel, 2010 Buxton & 3 !* O>* ? *
/6 $ 09 Y 09 !* O>*
Pedley,1989
(/ *?S ;% 8 /c )) > Q*
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(* - ;2 $ (c) > Q* ' 8 ) * */ 0O98 / 0O1
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536
C @C$ 38 35 /!* 2& / 3 ! L * /* 2 $ ! & %& / 37$ 9 ) * / 3!* O>* j $ * / 3* 2$ :3 D9&

537
 Reference
Adams, T.D. and Bourgeois, F., 1967- Asmari biostratigraphy, Iranian Oil Operating Companies, Geological and Exploration
Division, Report no. 1074 (unpublished).
Adams, T.D., 1969- The Asmari Formation of Lurestan and Khuzestan Proviences, Iranian Oil Operating Companies, Geological
and Exploration Division, Report No.1154, unpublished Paper.
Dunham, R. J., 1962- Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Ham, W.E., ed., Classification of
Carbonate rocks: AAPG-Publ-Memoris 1,Tulsa, Oklahoma, pp. 108-121.
Ehrenberg, S.N., Pickard, N.A.H., Laursen, G.V., Monibi, S., Mossadegh, Z.K., Svänä, T.A., Aqrawi, A.A.M. and Thirlwall,
J.M.M.M.F., 2007- Strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation (Oligocene-Miocene), SW Iran: Journal of
Petroleum Geology, 30 (2), 107-128.
Hfaiedh, R., Arnaud Vanneau, A., Godet, A., Arnaud, A., Zghal, I., Ouali, J., Latil, J.L. and Jallali, H., 2013- Biostratigraphy,
palaeoenvironments and sequence stratigraphy of the Aptian sedimentary succession at Jebel Bir Oum Ali (Northern Chain of
Chotts, South Tunisia): Comparison with contemporaneous Tethyan series, Cretaceous Research, 46, 177-207.
Khalifa, M.A., Abu El-Ghar, M.S., Helal, S.A. and Hussein, A.W., 2013- Sequence stratigraphy of the Cenomanian Gualala
Formation, north eastern desert, Egypt, Journal of African Earth Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.09.005.
Sharland, P.R., Archer, R., Casey, D.M., Davies, R.B., Hall, S.H., Heward, A.P., Horbury, A.D. and Simmon, M.D., 2001-
Arabian Plate sequence stratigraphy, GeoArabia, Special Publication, Oriental Press, Manama Bahrain, 2, 371 p.
Van-Buchem, F.S.P., Allan, T.L., Laursen, G.V., Lotfpour, M., Moallemi, A., Monibi, S., Motiei, H., Pickard, N.A.H., Tahmasbi,
A.R., Vedrenne, V. and Vincent, B., 2010, Regional stratigraphic architecture and reservoir types of the Oligo-Miocene
deposits in the Dezful Embayment (Asmari and Pabdeh Formations) SW Iran, Geological Society of London, Special
Publications, 329, 219-263.
Zinke, J., Reijmer, J.J.G. and Thomassin, B.A., 2003- Systems tracts sedimentology in the lagoon of Mayotte associated with the
Holocene transgression, Sedimentary Geology, 160, 57–79.

538
 !" #! "
1 1 *1

1
! $ ! "#
soleimani_b@scu.ac.ir

: ! "#
$ - &/* ! $ & & + &/2 7 $& 8 ' & 345 6 & & -2 . & ' ( )* + , " -. $ /0 , . 1 & *
1 &7 ( 1 & "( & ) ( 9 2 & 1 & -2 :$ ! $ * ! ;$ *&<= & 4 >? 7 !
7 G$ 4+ $ @( :$ 3A & & " B /0 , . 1 1 C - 1 D 7 & -1 E F 0 ( !/0 $ " , .,
H ., = /0 , . 1 & * !/0 7 $ ,. $ 34 ( 3 & B & $ . & !/0
345 6 $ & ., I> $ ( )0 0( $/ E -9 7 @2 $ JE K$ ( ! 1 F0 /0 7 G$ &*
3$ N 3 5 )0 0( F2 3 5 )0 0( $ 7 * * 2 & /* 3 $ ) 5 3* ( D ! ( LM /0 , . 1 & * 7 *
.- >( 3 R 7 * 3 2 T & 345 6 $ & . 3-E & * ) NS( & * 7 * / LM -R (P ( -*)
D 7 - & 9 * & R2& 3R$ V * $ & . ; 3 * 3 2 5 4( 3* 7 3 2 ,2& U * & R2& 4( $ - * . $
3* * $ X 1 /0 , . 1 UW1 & " X$ /E * 31 , != 1 Y (!/0 8= I > )0 0( $ () /0 , . 1
. * & & 7 (M * $ V 8= I > -"1 $ ( )0 0( $ Z& >
-. / 0 % ) * +&* ,' &' ! ( : $ ! %

Facies changes and reservoir quality study of the Balakhani

Formation in one of southern Caspian fields
Bahman Soleimani 1,* Abbas Maraveneh1, Fatemeh Dehghan Deh Jamali
Geology Department, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Chmaran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
soleimani_b@scu.ac.ir
Abstract:
Reservoir quality study is very important in any oil field. The study is located in the south of the
Caspian Sea. This is the largest natural gas field in Azerbaijan. This field is a stretched structure,
formed in the late Pliocene, and has grown throughout the Quaternary period. The look and feel of the
reservoir and the identification of the main factors of the reservoir quality controller make an
important contribution to providing a realistic picture of the reservoir's characteristics. One of the
important issues in the development of oil and gas fields is the identification of reservoir rocks and
their reservoir quality. The aim of the study is to determine the spatial distribution of petrophysical
parameters such as porosity, permeability and saturation. In this study, to investigate the quality of
neutron and sonic logs, because they are good tools for identifying primary porosity and initial
porosity index from the secondary (respectively), and gamma logs were used to investigate the effect
of shale. In this study, a hierarchical clustering method was used. The best number of facies based on
the cluster tree resulted in the determination of 5 optimal clusters. Assessment and comparison of
facies with the main parameters of reservoir quality (permeability, porosity and reservoir water
saturation) indicate that by increasing the class number, the quality of the reservoir decreases; in other
words, the porosity and permeability decrease and water saturation increases.

Keywords : Balakhani Formation, Facies log, Reservoir quality

539
 : !
(Javanshir et al., , ' , 4+ 7 & ,. 5 ( & 31 & Z != * 1 & 7M * $ 2< 3* &/2 7 $&
&/2 .(Esedo R., 2009) , ! ' 3# $& $ - &/* ) ( * ' 7/1 5 " 3^ Y 3 $& $ .2015)
3^ Y * 3^ Y $ .(Esedo et al., 2007) , ) ( A & $ & * ! -R* 3_.D & 2 * N * * '
7 $& * ' 3^ Y & 345 6 & ! .(Morton et al., 2003) 3-E ` & a -( b5 9 5 " 3>5 +, 9
. & & + &/2
C ,1 Y & N $/ E -9 7 - & 9 F 0 ( & != $ ( ) 5 3* !/0 c D ( , "
(Wang et al., * C ,1 Y & N $/ E -9 - & 9 :$ ! 3* 7& * 1 & Y
& /0 7 G$ ( 1 .- $/ E -9 7 d . ( , - * K ' c D ( :$ 7 * .2010)
T & ;$ * .(Lucia F.J., 1995) $= , 3* 7 , 4+ 3* , > $ - $ / 31 1 c D ( 7 3 3*
Z D @2 $ = U 31 c$ 4( $ & R2& $- 5 7 & " .- _6 $ ( 45 6 7
(Serra O. and Sulpice L., 1 E 4 a E - 5 ! ,_( & & R2& $ > e = , 3* B V-R
.1975)
& ` 3* ( ! :$ 7 # f1 & ! *U - & = 3- 9 , ) 5 3* $ " 9 # 7 LM
3-E 7 LM )"45 a 31 LM & R2& . .- . & + .- & * 1 & !/0 :$ - * * $ &
" : .( 3* Z @0 * $ Y 3* & & * & 5 (! ( != d$ ? * 345 6 & 5 (
.(1392 g.! & " 7 4 ) * !/0 - * * $ & 7 * =& 1 7& /*
:1 23 4 *
7 I != K>( 3* ; ( .- H * c -0 Z 45 6 & LM U * $ - 5 7 & R2& 4(
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F2 ! 4* 5 # LM ! $ & . & + & * & 345 6 $ & -R /0 , . 1 D 7 1
F2 3 5 )0 0( $ 7 * * 2 & /* 3 $ ) 5 3* ( D ! ( LM . $ .- 7i 5 - 5 F 0 (
& . 3-E & * ) NS( & * 7 * / LM . -E & + .- & * (P ( -*) 3$ N 3 5 )0 0(
5 4( 3* 7 3 2 ,2& U * & R2& 4( $ - * . $ .- >( 3 R 7 * 3 2 T & 345 6 $
. ; 3 *3 2

. ! &3 * UW1 5 4( T * 3 - = != & 31 =, 3* 7 3 2 ,2& .1 )

540
 : 52
* j* & c D ( k& l- # 7 / 5 = H ., 7 *3 2 .- T & $ -5 - & R2& 4( &
Z W? 7 -_ l- :$ & = * 3- ' c -0 7 - & 9 * 7 m 9 j* & ., l- 7 4(
.& ' l- # 7 X$ " 9 7 * U V & * 7 * . -0 7 T & & $ . $ &
/ 7 * & 7 / 5 = ! ,_( 31 T & $ . * *, > , > *$ & 7 * & 7 *3 2
3 $& 6* . 1 o 0- & & ' 3 "; & 4 >? & ? 3* P n 31 $ 3 2 $ 3-2
. & & " Z .( $ - * $ 7 3 2 & ' 7 * 3- & , > $ - * 3 2 :$ )2 7
- $ * 31 # * 7 C 7 B-$& 5 7 *3V>? 7 T & 7& R* 3$ 9 7 7 7 3 2
. 3A & 345 6 & B-R & -E& d + 7 5 B ` 3 "; :$ & ' 4 >? 7
. Z& D (& ` n (& ` T & 3* 7 * B RV(
3* 3- 9 7 3 "; * X 9 7 * 31 & ., B RV( )* + T & 3* (& ` = 7 B-$& 5 p
* (& ` 7 *3 2 T & & + .- & 3- 9 7 3 "; * X 9 7 * 31 & & &1
(3 5 7 3 "; ) 7 & $ * (& ` 7 *3 2 T & & . * 3- 9 7 3 "; B-$& 5 U
. 7 * UW1 c -0 7 B-$& 5 * T = a9 * ' ( UW1 4() ' 2
31 $ l- # 7 3 "; T 9 X 9 7 * 7 * B RV( (& ` n 7 T & p "
' & 1 $ ; 7 * . -0 7 B-$& 5 . & + .- & & ' = $ JE K$ ( # W?
3 2 K 7 3 2 7 E 7 3 2 >( 3 R 7 3 2 T & : (& > = $ ( *& 1 9 31 &
27 3 V E .( # 7 *3 2 T & 7 *3 2 U * H _ T& *7
. 3-2 9 7 *3 2 T & # 3* ( $ & . * (& ` n >@ 7 3 > 31 1
3 + )( 67&
. ! 7 3 2 ,2& Z& @* P n 31 1 ;$ 3 R :$ >( 3 R 7 3 2 T &
., ; )* + . -0 7 T & * B-$& 5 $
:, M $ )Y 7 3 R 7 3 2 ; 7 *
.- * ,.' * 3 D E 3 Y $ & : ' 7 ,.' * ' , > , > -E $ -1
31 & ' * 3 D E 3> _ 7 * . -0 7 T & . 3> _ 3 D E 7 c -0 7 U V
. 1 & n - + 7 3 D E 3* ! ( 3 "' !=
$ " * & 3 D E $ , > $ - * 31 $ UW1 3 Y $ & :C 3 Y r$ - 3R$ V * $ " 3* UW1 C @( -2
3Y $ . $ ' &* 3 D E $ ' UW1 ) ( C @( $ * W )D $ " 3* &
) ( 7 3 2 ,2& + * $ UW1 :$ jVE )@- $ " 3* UW1 "( 31 $ ( & (
. ! &3Y $ ; 7 *T & & * & * ^ $& 7 B-$& 5 T & (2) ) .
:7 *3 2 ,2& U * 3 * 7 UW1 4( 8 0-
& + ) != 7 " & _ U * 3 * 7 3 2 4( != R.( )>+ 3 Y 3; - .- * 3 Y $ &
& & X$ ' $ - * $ " UW1 T * 3 - = != & * 3- 7 - * 3 D E $ " T * s6 3- =
.(c5 -3) ) 8 0- ( *
X$ = -R>" P$ ^ T & 3* ! ( 3 "' != 31 & ' 3 * UW1 4( 8 0- 7 * 7 $ 7 T &
. 1 & C F2 T & E
7 C $ -" $ ! 2 >@ 7 3 > - ! ( 7& 9 ) "64* )!8 67&
* ,1 Y , ' (Ji, 2000; Wilmann et al., 2003) $ @( / 5 = ) >+ 7 $ 7 3 & t 2 31 , >@ 3 >

541
(Strecker and Uden 2002; Coleou et al., 2003) 7 5 o R.( (Cassano et al., 2006; Fayos and Fayos, 2007)
& V ' ! * Z W? 7 $ $ ( 3* & 2 uW6D ., 3-E & + .- &
7 !& ) 2 >@ 3 > :$ .(Mukherjee, 1997) * ` & 7 7 & * j>( 7 ' 2
Z .( & & / # (!& # 31 , " !& 4( ., 7 4* :$ B` 3 > :$ & 3-E $ !
& 1 "-2 7 3 V $ 7i 5 9 ( 31 $ R" 36* & 3 3* & ; 7 ! & * ! & *
.(8-3 ) ) , v >(&

.(Mirkin, 2012) T & & .- & ^ $& B-$& 5 UW1 3 "; C @( 7 * .- & 7 T & .2 )

2 >@ 3 > 7 5 .8 ., ! UW1 & " $ - * 8 0- 7 * T * 3 - = != & 31 7 3 2 ,2& .c5 (3 )

.(Sfidari et al., 2012) -* +& 7 & 7 3$M ) -

23 V 7 & -2 = B-$& 5 . * :$ / $ " 3* 2 $ * & -2 $ & 3* Z $ * *

& . * & ( 3Y ? & 7 3 * = 3* v * 7 ! 3 "; )1 X$ " 7 *
3 > 7 & * 3" != * 3 D E 8 0- E @( Z& D 3* 3 "; x 7 & & * :$ 3 Y
. = 2 , 3* 8 6 7i 5 9 ( :$ $ * * . 3> _ w 2 7 7 J4* .- * (SOM)
:(Kohonen et al., 1997) * 2 $ Z& D 3* 2 >@ 7 3 > = B-$& 5
(wij: * ! & ! 3* ! & $ - $ / 8 0- g (dij=||xk-wij||) >@ 7 C "( 5 * 3 D E 3> _
wij= wij+ αh(wwinner,wij) ||xk-wij|| + 3* 3' ( * ! & & & 3* ‫ ؛‬dij=min(dmn)
7 *. * " & ( -* N 4( * & 4 c+ ( tM "4 . $= , * w 2 c+ ( & 4 :$ 31 ( & $ & (
) .D 3* $ " $ * * . * $ X 1& ( & $ R" I 4 7 $ x 3 V Z >N $ " Z >N
n 3DE )D E 7 7 $ 5 * + 3DE & * *7 3DE. 1 2
. " .- ! ( /

542
B1 ( .- * -* & E .( # 7 *3 2 T & & - " ; " "03 !8# 4 * )!8 67&
,>R 3>(& 7& ;" F2 . 4( 7& ;" F2 . .- * 3 * 7 3 2 4(
: *, * * x 3* ,>R y 3>(& C f 7 * . $= , * (x) ` & 3*
D(y) = exp(-m/k)
" 3* & " 7 4* 36V :$ & " ` & 36V 3* 36V $ - $ / ) 3 D E P ( ( 3* 36V & " m != & 31
:B$& Z& D $ * . * & * & v V 4( k (P ( (
s max
= Max{s( xi )} k
, smin = Min {s( xi )} ,
i =1, N
i =1, N
, s( x ) = ∑ δ ( x)
n =1

NI (X )
= S ( x) − S min S max− S min
3* 7& ;" F2 .- $ 3>(&
d6 3DE .- 7 ' 3* T & $ & 31 $ 3* 3' ( *
"/1 "- $ " F2 " 7& ;" F2 3* v *
.- * . & -R* ` & H ? & B1 (
. c$ 4( 3 2 7 *
KRI ( x) = m * NI ( x) * D( x, y)
7 3 2 3R$ V & KRI 1 17 && . * 3 2 )2 & y x 36V * 3 D E D( x, y) != & 31
Z l( $ 3* v * &" . * c -0 7 3 2 X$ ' 3* v * 31 $ U R_ ,E $ # c -0
4( 31 , $ $ 7 T & 3* ,>R T & $ ,$/ . 3-E ` & 3 * 7 3 2 4( ! 3*
: .( ! 1 P 1 ( 8 0- 7 & ( *& 1 m" 1 9 *& 1 3* & 345 6 :$ ? & 3 * 7 UW1
. * 3- C - 1 /; 7 UW1 3* UW1 :$ ! 1
31 ! (4 ) ) 345 6 & !/0 & 8= I > )0 0( $ ( 7 - & 9 Z l( 4( 7 & R2&
., 7 (M * 7 5 ( , " 7 & A 9 $M * X0* & /0 , . 1

LM & R2& 8= I > )0 0( $ ( , & 3* y# P ( ( 3* .4 )

, . 1 D 7 - & 9 * & R2& 3R$ V *$ & , !
X 1 /0 , . 1 UW1 & " X$ /E * 31 , != 1 Y /0
. *$

543
 :) ; < =
* 31 , != 1 Y (!/0 8= I > )0 0( $ () /0 , . 1 D 7 - & 9 * & R2& 3R$ V *$ &
* (M * $ ( )0 0( ( $ 9 & " & R2& & $ Z& > 3* * $ X 1 /0 , . 1 UW1 & " X$ /E
. * & & 7 ( $ 9 $ V 8= I >
: * > 8
r 2 -. $ $& $/ E -9 $/ E Ai 7 d .( .- * ! & * & )0 0( "0( .1385 . 7 #
.! ( ,. & & 1 3 ! $ 9 U& E
T& / ! ;$ *&<= / X5 ( ! 5- / $ 7 d* 6( 345 6 .1389 . T ( ( 7 + *
&/2 ,. 5 ( H -1 ,1
R.( 7 * LM & R2& E -9 Z 45 6 d . ( .1392 .U * .I $ 2 1 .I 7 # .u 8 *& 9 B Y& .I 7 4
.32-17 Z _.D 53 & " 8 & 7& 3 # 7 X G9 CW* ! & 3 & $M * X0* /0 , . 1
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associated with extreme events at Barrow, Alaska, USA. Clim. Res., 30, 83–97.
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techniques and implementation, The Leading Edge, 22, 942–953.
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Petrophysical Prediction, Proceedings 3rd International Conference on Petroleum Geophysics, New Delhi, India.

544
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$ .% $* ! # $ > ? 3@= " * * $ .4 , *$ = , * =* > = +
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" + N % $ ?G )% * , " $ % . $ % = L O F -) P I* ; % $ # $ %$ #
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Reservoir parameters estimation using seismic inversion modeling

in one of the southern Caspian fields
Bahman Soleimani 1*, Abbas Maraveneh1, Fatemeh Dehghan Deh Jamali
Geology Department, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Chmaran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
soleimani_b@scu.ac.ir
Abstract:
Reservoir parameters estimation using seismic inversion modeling plays an important role to
characterize the hydrocarbon reservoirs. The study is located in the south of the Caspian Sea. This is
the largest natural gas field in Azerbaijan. This field is a stretched structure, formed in the late
Pliocene, and has grown throughout the Quaternary period. Data requirements in this study include
two-dimensional seismic data, well logging, check-shot data and all geological information of the
region. Hampson-Russell software is used to perform seismic inversion and extraction of seismic
markers. In this study, the impedance parameter was calculated through reverse modeling and using
in-well data, seismic section, audio log, density and integration. In this study, seismic transitions were
first applied to seismic data, and the acoustic impedance of the Earth was restored. To do this, first, the
upper and lower horizons of the buckthorn were interpreted and the optimal seismic wavelet was
extracted in this range. The seismic waveguide was combined with the seismic reflection coefficient,
and in the inverse process, a seismic wavelet model was adopted and the initial model of impedance
was obtained along the seismic line. Then, based on the model-based method, the final sound
impedance was obtained. The results of the Balakhani Formation showed that: Comparison of true and
inverse sound impedance comparisons with the model-based algorithm in sadx-6 wells showed more
than 97 percent of the correlation, which accurately states this accuracy.
Keywords : seismic inversion, reservoir quality, well logs, Hampson-Russell software

١
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* I * " %* , A -. = -% 8 -, " h( 4 3G % G ), 1C >@ &" * >( (=
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- Q A B< $* i * % O+ % 5N % -.# / * % -, " -% -7 = % -.# / " * .A., 2001)
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-Q % -, " D () $ # &7 _ )( $ I * 1) % c * @ * OF . * 5N %
A* L $ # $ $ % ?% /= " 8" T 4 ! # 6 = % R" S * &7 " 4(
-, " 8" = L O F $ - # P $ # $ ?G @ * " + $ *! 1) % OF .4G "i+
* .% - C * 7* 5 ! -% P -" + % $ * " W" ) .4G * X $ # $ * $ ;
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-% ) * + " . " -; @ = L O F ) * + : K #! = L MN $ # J/3 * A B<
* X 1) * 7* 5 !
") '( ,_ L = $ >% X $ ) * + -% $ # H . $ >" ;= $ # $ * L ^
(CMP) k ) 3 -/3 >@ * = L O F $ * ! : 4# C " = * . % (-.# / *
$ )3 X 1= -) $ =N % & 1= A* X $ * >L C W" ) $ # $ - % -E" 3 * . -; @
.(Pendrel, 2006) , ;) +*
" G 4 -)G * X 1) * -.# / " * -, (Post stack seismic inversion) I* ; % O+ $ *
> * * 'G & , -% - * . % I* ; % $ # $ 1) % @/ " O F P -; @
" /5 m= - * < -% .(- I + $ -c@# G $ -c@# O , G P l $ %) " D () ! "
Russell, 2004; Hampson ) -)G c * (Seismic attribute) $ # ! &" $ # $ $ * % /5 K
$ I*$ * % % $ #$ : 4 -% A B< =$ #$ ! !" % * .(et al., 2001
.(Taner, 2001) % % 8= 3/ $ PN ) " Q 3)E

٢
 :96
: -% d % A B< > *- EF * 'G " nj 4 EX * )% -$ # J/3 $ $* i * %
2(% " . " * P ),-A $ -.# / * 4 (S ? A T)( " + $ *!
* . 1) $ # A B< % : K $ % $ : $ = B< & % 8" * c -% * 'G
- > 2(% " * -)G* * , -% $ # A B< . -)G * % sadx-6 -% d % $ - " + 2(% "
% H 3 * $ .% I* ; % O+ $ # $
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. -)5 ^ @ 4@= A 1= " . -; @
h( * $ # $ ?G ) A* L -% = Q HRS * 'G = ) 2(% * -$ # $ ?G , h(
?% /= 8" $ % ?G " . , * 'G * * h( B;X -, " ?G -% d % $ = Q
$ # U5 = * ?G -% d % A T)( $ $ ?G " >L * . 1) %
$ #$ - Q O+ % 5N % -.# / * % -, " -% -7 = % -.# / " * . %
.(1 > ) * 5N % 4 (S ?G % - L G -,$* < -% " E1= $ # $ ?G %

$ # J/3 $ * % 5N % (Seismic Horizons) $ # $ ?G 4 .X .1 >

-% , -% $ # &7 . % $ # J; &" q # = $ # $ 4;q * X # -$ # &7 D ()

HRS ) E1= : (O , G % % * G m= * ) $ G _ < (O , G % % * - * )- _<-
-% "N % 4X % = % h( $ # &7 ? X > &7 $ " G * .(User’s Guide, 2007
* @/ $ 1) % &7 Q 3)E -; @ -, * 7 *c " % ./X B , I * &" . %* ,
: =* ; -, * X L * I* " . -)G * , -% &7 D () $ I * " % , %
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٣
$ *! % $ - # ?% /= = " D () 1L G $ # &7 &" $* : I * 1) % >@ * P ) ,
. A* L $ # $ " +
# . ` . -% >@ * $ # $ $ % ?% /= 8" $ % -$ # J/3 ?% /=
= L $ *! 6 tLC T 4 ! # 45 * c -% . - = T 4 ! # R, 4 !
4 ! # $ # &7 4( Q % -; @ 6 = % R" S OF 8" = L O F * ! # !
=R D () $ # &7 - D () $ # &7 " % ?% /= ` $ %. 8" T
. >L C $ ) % d ;=* %
$ #$ * " P S G- # P
P &" % = H . $ " G * P C 8" T 4 ! # 6 = % R" S $ # &7 4( Q %
8" $* , L ^ . >L C $ # U5 = * = L O F = 4 % * $ # &7 4( Q
P 8" O+ . * X$ #$ * $ ; -, % 1) % = L O F $- # P
* W" ) . )G * X 1) * HRS * 'G * 7 $ # $ * _ )( $ Q)"* !# = L O F
- -.# / * $ % * = LO F (= -8 ) " ) % P -" + % Q)"* !# -, $ #$
.X = L O F -E" 3 " - .4 >% X = L O F " - # J< 3 (3 2) > * .
.4 (4) > * sadx-6 * P -" + % Q)"* !# 1) % $ *

sadx-6 >@ * - # = LO F P ./3 .2 >

sadx-6 >@ * " O F P ./3 .3 >

٤
 sadx-6 * P -" + % Q)"* !# 1) % $ * .X = L O F -E" 3 .4 >

:( : ; <
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4( Q % . " D () @ " * - % $ # &7 -) E1= 5N % " + N % $ ?G )% * , "
$ # &7 4( P &" % H . $ " G * 8" T 4 ! # 6 = % R" S $ # &7
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!)E; -, . * %55 %92 %95 -% &" ' !)E; R = = -% ;T - ; (= " =
.4G c * = L O F % ) * + " = " + d ;=* % x + < 5 -% ) * " = = "+
.4 $ ) % 4 1 , $ * '( n+ "N % 2(% 6: ` ; " = _ ( (= ' H %
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: & = >
*, - "+ 8" * $* -.# / :$ #$ ! 1) % " + $ *! (= 1387 . ,* B *+
. = ! 41 *

٥
- " + H* G W 5 )1 " "* "' G )+ "' G nj $ ? 1= 1) % *% * >( (= (= 1385 . $
. = ! 41 * *,
^ ), 4, I* ' 8" %*9: ' 2# = ! #-' " $ ?% /= -.# / 1389 . I = = $ X %
*'5 41 # =
Ahmad, N., Spadini, G., Palekar, A., and Subhani, A., 2004. Porosity prediction tool usi 3D Seismic acoustic impedance
kadanvari gas field, SPE Annual Technical Conference, 98- October, Islamabad, p. 12.
Brown A., 2001. Understanding Seismic Attributes, Geophysics, Original from the University of Michigan, Vol.66,
pp. 47-49.
Hampson, D., P., Schuelke, J.S., and Quirein, J.A., 2001. Use of multiattribute transforms to predict log properties from
seismic data, Geophysics, 66: 220-36.
Lindseth, R. O., 1979. Synthetic sonic logs—A process for stratigraphic interpretation: Geophysics, v. 44, pp. 3-26.
Pendrel, J., 2006, Seismic inversion- The best tool for reservoir characterization. Scandinavian oil gas magazine, v. 5, No. 6,
pp. 19-22.
Russell, Brian H. 2009. Introduction to seismic inversion methods (Society of Exploration Geophysicists Tulsa)
Taner, M. T., 2001. Seismic attributes- Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists Recorder, v. 26, No. 9, pp. 48–56.

٦
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Analysis of reservoir characteristics of Asmari Formation in one

of the wells of Mansouri Oilfield, south east of Ahwaz

Saeedeh Senemari1, Maryamnaz Bahramanesh Tehrani2

1
Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran .2Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract

In this study, reservoir rock of Asmari Formation located in one of the wells located in Mansouri
oilfield has been studied. This reservoir is one of the most important oil reservoirs in Iran. In this
study, a detailed petro-physical information is needed to investigate the Asmari reservoir rock. The
analysis of the lithology of the formation was carried out using the evaluation and analysis of neutron-
density and neutron-sound curves associated with changes in petro-physical characteristics such as
porosity, shale volume, permeability and saturation of the fluids in the formation. In this study, using
the Geolog software, the reservoir characteristics of Asmari Formation were evaluated. Accordingly,
four zones were identified in Asmari Formation, whose dominant lithology is carbonate and dolomite.
In zones with a large percentage of their carbonate content, the parameters of the presence of the
hydrocarbon resources are obvious.
Keywords: Petrophysical evaluation, Asmari Formation, Zagros, Mansouri oilfield.

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': - T M k '" 7+D ; / .(Wattson, 1962) # /') /, " 4 ; . ( 7: ( ) */ F
4R! ! 2, N @ 7& E * .(Archie, 1952) !) <!=> 7: 7" ) 4 :P 7$ F k #; ' + * 3
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/' = X ( K! Q # * ( % F!9 * 4# )* % @AB E 14; '( 3 .(1392
( )4; ' E 2 & 'E n ! % G, U ( 7 + .#; ( ) " ' 4R! !' ?- -,
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 .%AEU " % !F / ; c .2 ?2)

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./>:F 195 c '( % ' . 'P $0 o / 4 ! " # ; * - 2 & 'E * .1392 4 X m&
1009 ! " #$ k '" ( ) * * ( % ' 2 1 U 8 * 7: ( ) *. ( ) * .1374 $0
./>:F

Archie, G. E., 1952. Classification of Carbonate Reservoir Rocks and Petrophysical Consideration: APG Bull., 36: 278-298.
Asquith, G. B., Gibson, C. R., 1982. Basic well log analysis for geologists, The American Association of Petroleum
Geologists. p. 217.
Berberian, M., King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a Paleogeography and Tectonic Evolution of Iran Candian Jour. Of Erth Sci., 18:
210-265.
James, G.A., Wynd, J.C., 1965. Stratigraphy nomenclature of Iranian Oil consortium Agreement Area: American association
petrolum geologist bulletin. 49, 49.
Movahed, B., 2011. Book of Fundamentals of well-log, University of Amirkabir press, 322.
Wattson, S. E., 1962. Stratigraphy and fracture study of Asmari Formation Ahwaz Fielld, IOOC Report No.1018
(unpublished report).

556
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Email: senemari2004@yahoo.com*

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5 : $ F G ( D ! #5 6 % ! $ H I#: #5 6 % ! )- =5 ( D ! I#: 6 % ! J :
.4 ! '

. #5 6 % #5 I4 & ' ( 3 4 ( 5 2$ ':

Evaluation of depositional environment Ilam reservoir rock in one

of boreholes of Saadat-Abad Oilfield, located in SE Shiraz

Saeedeh Senemari1*, Afsaneh Dehbozorgi 2

1, 2
Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
Abstract

The Ilam Formation of the Bangestan group is one of the important reservoirs in the Zagros basin. In
this study, the depositional environment of the Ilam Formation has been investigated in one of the
boreholes of Saadat-Abad oil field, located in SE Shiraz. Accordingly, the sedimentary environment of
the Ilam Formation consists of two shoal and open marine environment. In the shoal, one facies and in
the open sea environment five facies were identified.
Keywords: Bangestan Group, Ilam Formation, Zagros, Sedimentary model, Depositional environment.

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Q B7 8 ) Il # 7 1965 I 5 ! 4 1 65#, 4: Q B 7 8 ) #2 )- =5 )2> ' Q
2008 I 5 ! 25 4 / D45 !A 2003 I 5 ! / 2002 I 5 ! 4X D ( e D / 5 ! 4:
5 4 ( U =5 D! ( < _ 2$' D ! 3 4 ( 5 )< n Q A ( ! - : 2010I 5 ! ! V ) G /
4 D E ; ( < ! 3 4 ( 5 #5 6 % 7, o 5 > < 5 )X )n ( j4E .4: Y D 2
Jn e ! # )*#+ ! D # - 4 E ! # 0 ] 5 _ 2$' 7, p 0 , ) #2 A & 5 , =5 e ! #
.4:

&* ) % &'( " #$

I#M )X ! 20 )1 ! 29 : > q1 r P ! ! & > D 2 5 ( ! )7 8 ! # _ = 0*
.(1 J<:) ! ! ( : : "# 1 D 2 # - 86 ! 4+ ! )X !10 )1 ! 53 : > q1

+, - ./ 0
D q ( 4 ( 5 B #5 ( 2 36/5 ! 4+ 3 4 ( 5 #5 6 % 7, o 5 > < 5 D i X%, !
! .=> ' )7 8 =%, b( @M X ) /, =/1 ) # 32 A M =: ! ! A B! 75 2C 4 D /E ; ( < (
J'# > _ ( o 5 > < D U D (Dunham, 1962) / ! _ ( => 7, D b( @M X )7 8
.4 ! ' p0 A #5 6 % of5 4: ! C25 (Flugel, 2010)

.( : ? : "# 1 ! ! A B! 75 2C 4 > q1 = 7 # -1 J<:

558
 1.
23% 4 5 % 5 6 &7
:=5 ( ) ( D ! , I#: 6 % ( J < , ^ , , ) 4: 5 :DEo 5> <
Intraclast small bentic foram peloidal grainstone (MF1)
4 P B `0 ( D4 n# G 2 <5 K DE) ! 4 # S#2$<, e H;#- H 2 D E C > !#1
o 5> < H > => .=5 ,( : > ED )C- ! 4 /253-# 5 - ! )- =5 o 5 > <
i P #2$ ' t # J < , .=5 Dg G 6 % 5 ) ( 4 n# G !#1 .=5 2 f5 5 t# (
E ) #-U 4 E! J < , 1 !#1 @ ! .(2007 < E 25 -) ! ! u # v , =%, )- =5 "A .-
.4: (Shoal) I#: 45 Dg G ), - 6 % E O ( 45 Dg G 6 % 4 #2 2 f5 5
5 4 #: ), =: ! D E ) ! !#: u 6 % ( 4: )2$: J' )- !# ^Y5 ! ( Dg @ !
.(A-2 J<:) 4 A !#1# 2 f5

Oligosteginid fine bioclastic packstone-wackstone (MF5)

) i 72 =$ ! .4: =$ ! DE ! H g3G D E > E ) )- =5 V25# ND 1 $ !
#2$<G , #2$- ( => .=5 4: JX2 i P d0 ) 4: ! u # v ! )- =5 )*#+ i P .- D / 0
#2$<G , #2$- => !#1 2 < ) ( ! V25# H #2< 3G D E C > !#1 ) )1#, .=5 q2
$ .=5 4: )2 / O D 42 ! i P e ( 65#2 6 % H ! .- Dg 8% ! $
.(C-2 J<:) =5 ( D ! ) i 72

Rudist packstone-floatstone dolomitized (MF3)

( '4: J + .=5 o 5 > < 4 P B `0 ( D )C- ! 25#G =$ ! D E ! !#1
!#1 .4 4E J o 5 > < ! E4 n# G E4 # , .=5 i P D E = $ ) i P .- D E 6 %
4 ) =5 O ! A Dg .- 6 % $ ! 4 n# G 4 # 4 UC 4 ! (
J<:) =5 ( D ! ) i 72 $ .!#: 4E o 5 > < ! 4: 2 # ! 4 4G .(2008 < E
.(B-2
Bioclastic packstone (MF2)
D E ) ! !#1 4P .=5 2 < A => .=5 2 C >DE ! =$ ! V25# J : $
.- 6 % ! o 5 > < J< , V25# H g3G D E > $> D#2% !#1 J' !#1 D A
.(2-D J<:) =5 ), - D#<5 ^ : ( D ! ) i 72 $ @ ! .(2010 J'# >) =5 Dg
Dolo bioclastic wackstone (MF6)
! # D E= # ! !#1 ! , Y7 .!# 4E 4: 2 # ! e < 2 g ! 4 4G $ !
( J< 2 E =$ -# o 5 > < ! a E .(2013 < E / ) =5 ! g !( : $
4: J < , )*#+ i P D E d0 ! $ .4 )2> ' 2 < ) ( ! )- !#: 4E ED )C- !
.(E-2 J<:) =5 ( D ! 6 % ) i 72
Bioclastic packstone- wackstone (MF4)
( 3- D )C- ! 4 n# - =$ ! ( E ! J : =5 H;#- E=53-# ( 4 $ !
v ! 4 4G .!#: 4E A ! 4: 2 # 25 4 4G .=5 q2 #2$<G , #2$- ( A => .=5 D( W-
.=5 2 < A ) ( .=5 !# ! Q D4 ) S ( 2 + 4: ! Q $ ! ! ( '! > I3%
.=5 H g3G H 2 D E > #, #w+ A 'V ! , Y7 .!#: 4E 4 - G A ! H g3G D E C >
.(F-2 J<:) =5 ( D ! ), - D#<5 ^ : ) i 72 $
559
D + #2$<G - #2$- $ . C ! =$ ! #2$<G - #25#,# > 2 # ! $ .B H 2 D / > 4 n# G D + #2$ ' .A .2 875
.=5 2 < 500 & X .=53-# #2$- – #2$<G .F ! =53-# #2$- .E ! =$ -# #2$<G .D 4 V25# =$ -#

$ 9. : ;
Q ! A B! 75 2C 4 ) x# D /E ; ( < ! 3 4 ( 5 ! o 5 > < B 7 8 & 5 #5 I4 )n
=5 ( D ! o 5 > < ' I#: o 5 > < ' :J : )- 4: 5 : N $ ! A & 5 )- 4:
DE $ I#: 6 : j 7 #2$ ' $ G#<5 < B 7 8 ( JN + F 2 ) )1#, .(1 I 41)
DE $ #2$- #2$<G D E $ .=5 A )2$EA D U #5 ( D ! 6 : j 7 #2$- #2$<G
& E ... V25# H g3G D E C > D + #2$<G #2$- D E $ !#1 @ ! .4 2$E ^ K
! E ( .=5 A .- Dg 8 % )*#+ i P D E d0 ! D U #5 4 # ,= < ) (
.(3 J<:) =5 !# I -# E O t# ( ; ! 3 4 ( 5 #5 6 % )- =5 A 4E #:

& <*
D E4 > 2 / .=> ' B #N A #5 6 % 7, E (A B 7 8 & 5 3 4 ( 5 #5 I4 )n
4 ( 5 ), - $ .4: 4: 2 < 4: 5 4: 2 # 25 4: 2 # ! 4 ( 5 ! < 2g !
4( 5 ; ! .=5 )*#+ i P B q, $ B q, .=5 4: )2 / ( D ! I#: 6 % ! 3
4( 5 #5 6 % .=5 $ )25! F G D ! ( D ! ! $ )25! H D ! I#: 6 % ! 3
.=5 !# I#: E I -# E O t# ( )7 8 ! # ; !

560
( : ? : "# 1 ! @ 2C 4 D /E ; ( < ! E o 5 > < _ 2$' E 3 4 ( 5 5 : ) ; #25 .1 I 41

.( : : "# 1 ! @ ! A B! 75 2C 4 D /E ; ( < ! 3 4(5 #5 I4 .3 J<:

561
 =
.)%CN 582 # - 47 B > 2- 5 : ( (5B 2 . 5 : ( .1386 .t ,Y A

Adabi, M.H., Asadi Mehmandosti, E., 2008. Microfacies and geochemistry of the Ilam Formation in the Tang-E Rashid area,
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562
 & $' ! " # $%
3! "# $ % & 2 1 1*

salah_sh1994@yahoo.com& e.asadi@khu.ac.ir -1
ghalavand.h.nioc@gmail.com % &' &( " 6 !" !# $ -2
m.hajian@nioc.com&' ) #( &% % &( " -3
"()
:/7 5 * $ 61784 % .&$ #$ + *, - * ./ ( 0 1 $ % $2 $ 3+ 4 $ / 5 * $
% 0B + # + .&C D E $ / #$ + *, - ./ (7 1 0 1 % # 340 0 ;#$ / < != , > &?
- $ / 7 $ ."K $ *I+ J .&$ " L $ G1H 7 L " 0 1*%> / G1H 5.$ *I+ J 01 F $
4 " P $ C7 #4 G% 7 M Q% 12 % $ ." */ =. 0 '- 0 15.$ " * O : / 2670 M 0 1
*/ *R / . " *# / 0 % 7 0 $ *# 4 D> 0 7 QR 0 M ./ !( 1 M Q% % . " 0 M ./ !(
U . ( !1 V * ./ ( + % / $ S ? "QT+ 7 "Q% 0 1 M 7 '% 0 1 # $ ; " % $ ." 0 1 M Q%
./ (7 1 5 * $ 0Q B % 0 1 .%H C % #! .&$ 7 7 / V / L!# *( " *# ."
" % 0 1 ! $ % #! .&$ " # ( D 7 " 1H " # +7 UW? " !$ " #% *I+ J
. "L . C 7 0 R % % 0Q B % S ? *$ *( &$ 0 7 ! $ 7 ( / ! $ I/X1 ! $ $ %
* 3% 4 1"& 2 .,/ ! .0%$ : ",- *
Microfacies, sedimentary environment and diagenesis of the
Taleh Zang Formation in one of the hydrocarbon Fields Lurestan
basin
Salahadin Shahrokhi1, Elham Asadi Mehmandosti1, Hormoz Ghalavand2, Mahmoud Hajian3
1-Faculty of Earth Sciences Kharazmi University, Tehran
2-Building No.6 of the National Iranian Oil company
3-Oil exploration Management Company
Abstract
Taleh Zang Formation with Paleocene to Mid Eocene ages is one of the carbonate formation from
Lurestan basin. In this research Taleh Zang Formation in 2 subsurface sections with 340 m thickness
were studied in one hydrocarbon field of Lurestan basin. The lithology of this formation in studied
wells are limestone with interbedded of shale and marl limestone. Based on sedimentology and facies
studies on 287 thin section samples 12 microfacies and 1 petrofacies was recognized in 4 facies belts.
These facies were precipitated in tidal, lagoon, shoal and open marine environments. According to
identified microfacies, absents of reefal structures and slide and slump facies, the sedimentary
environment of this carbonate are homoclinal ramp with consist outer, middle and inner ramp. The
main diagenetic features of Taleh Zang Formation at studied hydrocarbon field are micritization,
cementation, dissolution, dolomitizations, hematitization and glauconitization which formed in
marine, meteoric and burial environments.
Kywords: Lurestn basin, Taleh Zang Formation, sedimentary environment, diagenesis
* Y
X\( #C \M 7 \" \ &\C % C7 */ ] Q/ ; 7 .$ H *( &$ #M% G1H G% Z [ */ 5 * $
\ \ 5\ *\ $ ] Q/ 0 a( 7 0> / < . 7 7 C */ *R / .(1372 I J ) 1 & ^, T
*\/ \$ % .(1387 / H 7 0 1 ) ( '#$ 7 C 7 07 - ./ ( V X#M $ bWJ[ 1*# %0 /
*\/ 1 \D 7 \ D \ E ( $ % 7 $ 07 / 7 *#C % : #MD #$ + 0 7 U !" /Z [
F) ?J\$ \% \$ ."*. F : / 7 $ % *I+ J e. */ . " $7 % R d% */ 7 ; R Z [
255 5\ * $ & ^, 1 !" F . " K ^# #$ + K f K .R ./ (7 1 0 1 % (371 !"

563
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0 \#/ \ \% 4 \$ 3+ 4 1 !\" F 5 * $ $. "/ & +7 7 G1H 5.$ G1H 5.$ L " H
&\' \ &( \" \ : QD) &$ " I % 4 $ 3+ 4 $ 3+ 4 H $ 3 !" F : / 7 $ 2
.( %
5 6 7
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. "/ 2 47 27 &M ( #.% L ;E # $ f 0 1X( +H 7 &$ 4 01
.9 : 8 4
: \/ 7 *\/ h \/ 0 \'- 0 \1 \ \" *\ O gJY 267 [ 7 D ]> $ / / 7W 61784 %
0 i\D \ 0 \/ . \% D % \$ ." gj \Y % *. 7 1* [ 7 7 < 7 *#C D E *I+ J ?J$ %
:7 / \\$ U \\ *\\2 7 \\1 \\M Q% a \\[ 0 \\/ 7 (Dunham, 1962)0 \\./ *\\ ./ ( 0 \\15.\\$
\ 4 \$7 0 \1: \/ \1*#\ % 07 / iD k # B % 0 1 .%H C Pl$ . " '#$ (Flugel,2010)
. .#C D E % $ ."
4; 4 4
*\. 4 0 \M \./ !( 4 \" P $ C7 #4 1 7 M Q% 12 % $ ." */ =. 5 * $ O gj Y $ /
:L " m ! 6^/ &!$ */ m! X( 6^/ *( &$ " / 0 % 7 0 $ *# 4 D> 0 7 QR
4 # .< 7 4; 4 4
(MF1: Dolomudestone) 4 =" % $ !% :1 4 ; 4 4
*( &$ 1 #M "Q% 7 1 #M " R7 M Q% % 0 1 D8%7 .&$ " # +7 #$ G% M Q% %
! $ S$ ;+ f *( " 1 % I */ 1*oD % . ." / % ! " X( L[ - +W? 0 1*oD /
KH Z / \$ &\E p7 .1 1H M( */ # fH 7 #M% kH ; &$ " 4 # M ( #!( 7 # +7
.(A % q 2L ") " /
(MF2: Mudstone)!% :2 4 ; 4 4
< # $ f01 [ 2 #!( 07 - 7 # $ 0 1* E C 7 " L 1H LD ! M Q% %
6 \F * \ M Q% % L MC YC . R7 7 ? % 1H M( 0 1* + 7 1 *D .&$ &M ( #.%
.(B % q 2L ")(Alsharhan and Kendall, 2002)&$ % % Z R &M% 0 / r$ . S% " ; 7 KH 7 ?
%6@ <3 - 4; 4 4
(MF3: Bioclast Wackestone)!% ;- =;,-% 3 :3 4 ; 4 4
\ f 0 Q\R .&\$ \" L \ \ + \ e 01 ' . C 01 7 Z IJE 7 1H LD ! M Q% %
\+ \R7 .( \[ 2 #!() " % M Q% % 1H M( .o!17 &M ( #.% 7 2 4 Ls # $
*\. 4 *\/ \/ G\% Q \ Z \./ ( LD # / [ 7 MC 0 1 X( [ &$ D> S ? G%
.(C % q 2L ") " / 0 7 QR
(MF4: Peloidal Wackestone to Packstone) "B%,7 4 !% ;(7 / !% ;- :4 4 ; 4 4
7 \" \D \M \% 0 1 \ 2 4 . " L " [ 30 7 - 7 .#M1 1 2 4 M Q% % [ 0 QR
0 \1 ' . C < \ \ \ \M Q% \% 0 QR % . ." / IC 2 4 < # /7 / D " R
\M/ \ 7 C 3 !\" F : / 1 G; R . / 0 #!( 7 C *( Q E 0 1G; R 7 + L ;E G #./
Q\ E 7 Q;\$ 0 \1G\; R R7 .o!1 7 #% 0 1 * 7 1L MC < . 7 0 7 C . 1 !" F */ &;M 0 #!(
.(D % q 2L ")&$ / R " 0 / UH % S% " / 0B X( 7 H D> S ? G%

٥٦٤
MF5: Benthic foraminiferal /Algae Wackestone to ) D"<" 5 E" <3 $ (F,# !% ;(7 / !% ;- :5 4 ; 4 4
Packstone)
0 \1 ' . C \. 0 \ % \MC 0 \1 \ .( (H*$W( $ < )Q;$ 0 1G; R M Q% % [ 0 QR
\% \ 7H C .&\$ ( \[ 2 #!()&M ( #.% 7 2 4 e # $ f 0 1 7 + 2 +H + < G #./
\% 1 !\" \F \, > &\? : / . " / Q#.$ #C L! 0 / r$ . S% " / H J ? R7 1G; R
.(E % q 2L ") " % M Q%
(MF6: Miliolid Wackestone to Packstone)!% ;(7 / !% ;- " %"," :6 4 ; 4 4
.&\$ \ 1H L\D 0 *\. G% ( [ 40 7 - 7H C / ) M Q% % .1 L X( +H % #! +
\R7 Q\ G\; R 7 ( #$ L ;E 0 % # $ 0 1 7 + 7 % > #M . 0 % G # W4 0 1 ' . H C
2L \")&$ &;\M \D> S \? *\/ 0 \ + 0 \1* != (Geel, 2000)L D .&$ #!( H [
.(F % q
(MF7: Alveolin Packstone)!% ;(7 " %B% I :7 4 ; 4 4
*\. G% *( &$ ( [ 30 6 / 7 C /) W$ 4 *#$ 4 / + 2 +H M Q% % ' . C r+ f #M% 0 QR
\R7 \( \" G; R 7 + 7 < G #./ 0 1 ' . C */ # $ 0 QR % . " % * ./ ( LD
: \/ . M Q% % .&$ 0B X( D> S ? G% M Q% % 7 W$ 4 *#$ 4 / 0 1 ' . C
.(G % q 2L ") " % 1 !" F t > &?
. K7 4 ; 4 <3 - 4 ; 4 43-4
(MF8: Peloidal / Bioclast Packstone to Grainstone) "B%,7 $ !% ;< 6 / !% ;(7 =;,-% 3 :8 4 ; 4 4
M Q% % . *#C D E ; # 4 * *. G% *( .#M1 1 2 4 .( MC 0 1 # / M Q% %
.(H % q 2L ") &;M U " % #/ 0 1&!ME 7 V 6^/ */ h /
(MF9: Bioclast Grainstone to Packstone)!% ;< 6 / !% ;(7 =;,-% 3 :9 4 ; 4 4
\.o!1 . \ *\#C D E &% 7 ! $ *. G% *( .#M1 MC 0 1 1X( +H ! M Q% %
7 \ *\#C D L \" # \$ 0 \1 \ % \$ " #% # / *( " % Q 2 4 Ls # $ f 0 1*
.(I % q 2L ") / D " R
(MF10: Ooid Grainstone) !% ;< 6 "B :10 4 ; 4 4
\" L 2 4 7 G #./ 0 1 ' . C e MC 0 1 !1 */ ( [ 35 7 - ) 27 # / M Q% %
0 7 5\ \ 0 1 \ 27 .&\$ # \$ 0 1 # / 1 27 *#M1 . *#C D E ! $ 0 *. *( .&$
&;\M \ V\ \$ 0B 4 S ? */ 7 ." / Q I" G% / C 0 H uI/ .#M1 $ ! G% / C
.(J % q 2L ") "
(MF11: Bntic Foraminiferal Packstone to Grainstone)!% ;< 6 / !% ;(7 D"<" 5 E" <3 :11 4 ; 4 4
Nummulites, Alveolina, \ e ( \[ 40 7 \-) G\\ #./ 0 \1 ' . C \ e 0 \1 \ \! \M Q% \%
- \ L\[ - " #% 0 1 2 4 .&$ " L ; # 4 * *. G% Miscellanea, Kathina, miliolid
G\ #./ \' . C 0 \1L \MC \R7 7 MC 0> / < . . "L v ^ L/ E M Q% % # $ 01
*\/ 7 \" / \ 0B \ 4 S ? G% > D7 7 + 1 *#$ 4 / 0 1 ' . C R7 .o!1 7 ] Q/ 0 1
.(K % q 2L ")&$ h / V * +7 6^/ 7 V % # 6^/
3 4 4 ; 4 <3 - 4; 4 4
MF12: Larger Benthic foraminiferal ) "PK- P6 O4 P3 D"<" 5 $ !% ;- = -% 3 :12 4 ; 4 4
(Bioclast Wackstone

٥٦٥
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Alsharhan, A.S., and Kendall, C.G.St.C., 2002. Holocene carbonate/evaporates of Abu Dhabi and their Jurassic ancient
analogues, In: Sabkha Ecosystems, Barth & Boer (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp.187-202
Dunham, R. J. 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional textures. In: Ham, W.E., Ed.,
Classification of Carbonate Rocks, AAPG, Tulsa, 108-121.
Flügel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonates Rocks Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer, 976 p.
Geel, T 2000 Recognition of stratigraphic sequences in carbonate platform and slope deposits, empirical models based
on microfacies analysis of Palaeogene deposits in southeastern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, v. 155, p. 211-238.

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Serra-Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferra`ndez, C.,Jauhri, A.K. ,Less, G., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samso´ , J.
M.,Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y., Tosquella, J.,and Zakrevskaya, E., 1998, Larger foraminiferal
biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene: Bulletin de la Socie´te´Ge´ologique de France, v. 169, p. 281–299.
Wynd, J. G., (1965), Biofacies of the Iranian consortium- agreement area Report 1082, Tehran, Iranian Oil Operating
Companies, Geological and Exploration Division, unpublished.

Lithostratigraphy of the Taleh-Zang Formation in Sarkan

Anticline, Lorestan Basin.

R. Shojaei Nagad1‚ S.M.R. Emami2‚ I. Maghfouri Moghaddam3*

1- M.Sc. Student of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, Dept. of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University
2- Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University
3- Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University

Abstract:
The lithological characteristic of the Tale-Zang formation was studied in Serkan anticline section in
south east of the lorestan province. During field work investigation totally 56 samples were gathered.
The thickness of the formation is about 60 here that consist of massive limestone, marl-limestone and
thick bedded limestone. Its boundaries with Amiran in bottom and Kashkan formation at the top are
transitional. Amiran formation compose course-grained sandstone and Kashkan in top made by red
sandstone to green silt sandstone. Based on our study Tale-Zang formation contains several genera and
species were recognized. Regarding the existence and accumulation of the recognized index benthic
foraminifera‚ age of Tale Zang formation attribute to Eocene (Early Ilerdian) that can be correlated to
Miscellianea – Kathina assemblage zone.
Keywords: Litostratigraphy‚ Tale Zang‚ Sarkan Anticline‚ Lorestan Basin, Conformity
Corresponding Author: Seyed Mohammad Reza Emami pargahp@yahoo.com
574
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irajmmms@yahoo.co.uk := >% * !%

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# & #T " ( X) F 7 # (wynd‚ 1965) g 1(5 !" #$ !" # () *+ " f
%:KE " ( -1 .* 8 & 8 b !" #$ !" , " ( U(4I % & *X O 1 h#
51 8 K& %:KE " ( -4 M48 8 K& %:KE " ( -3 M44 8 K& %:KE " ( -2 M43 8 K&
O2 CN$ #! - C 2 C( N!" #! - 12 15 #:5 ;2 2 , 6(+= O #:5 ;2 L
Miscellana-Kathina %:KE " ( D! 2 # ! &8 j& " , 6+(= H(2 M8 & % &
" (1(I(0 1 $ ) 1( k 1 # SBZ6 (Serra-Kiel et al.‚1998) " ( V :2 Assemblage Zone (Wynd‚ 1965).
.A " 0%2 X!9 j & # " # * 8 & 8 U(4I 1(I(0 1 T
SBZ6 (Serra-kiel et al.‚ 1998)
: & %2 " 2 62 & ! 8 & " ( 1 U(4I # E 2 #:5 ;2 2 # %! " ,#! - ,
Alveolina pasticillata‚ Alveolina cylindrata‚
1(W k HW&9 1 M & 8 & @ ; # %$(+= ,#! - PQ %$(+= ,#! - % PQ ' h # #
.* 8 & 8 U(4I " ( 1 (1(I(0 1 $ )
" ( :*= - % & 2 " ( C g`= %H, , ^2 , 6(+= H(2 L #:5 ;2 2
43 8 K& %:KE
43 8 K& %:KE "(
Miscellanea-Kathina assemblage zone(Wynd,1965)
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. &%2 8 U(4I l$ 42 ,8" ! ,#! -
:62 & ! PQ "( 1 # % ,6(+=
Sakesaire sp., Glomalveoline sp., Nummulites sp., Alveolina sp.,Lockhartia sp., Operculina sp., Miliolids ,
Textularids sp., Algal debris.
O(! 5 #(Q ! !" #$ !" ,C,9 1( JK, L = #(Q ! ' X !" 8 h ,C,9 "( 1
# # .* 8 & 8 U(4I ) 8 6^2 ) !" % @ *K+ ,C,9 9" m M%$ L =
. , %2 *N+! (1(I(0 1 $ ) 1(I(0 1 T # 91 "( 1 2 ,6(+=
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.(2 6H&) * #:5 ;2 1 62 F (TO 8 , I! O(! #:5 ;2 2 #`; 2 % &# () .*

576
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. & %2 HI
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" #W! - 12 W 15 p" W! W;`2 F 7 # #! K! 56 # = - F 7 % & 6(+= Z( F :5 ;2 L -
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577
 . & %2 2 60 *2 4B #:5 ;2 2 !" #$ !" -
:62 & # 8 & % & % + " " C 8 & % & " % & # () +- L -
Miscellena – %W:KE " W( W V W:2 (Serra- kiel et al.‚ 1998) gW 8 & %= :2 SBZ6 (Early Ilerdian 2) " (
. & %2 (Wynd‚ 1965) g 8 & %= :2 Kathina Assemblage Zone
1 $ ) 1( k 8 & % & U & , b( (2 = #h KE2 # # #:5 ;2 2 !" #$ !" 1 -
. - 1((: (1(I(0

2
.540 .fM I % & 1(2" 2" F I ! . % & 1(2" 1 j [ .L - " % & # () .1372 M.8M%:(;2
8 K& M7 $ M# 0 ' $h #$E2 M 9 ' !" #$ !" % & # () % .1383 M.'M %53 M. M' `2 bY2
.45-35f M2
Serra-Kiel, J., Hottinger, L., Caus, E., Drobne, K., Ferra`ndez, C.,Jauhri, A.K. ,Less, G., Pavlovec, R., Pignatti, J., Samso´ , J.
M.,Schaub, H., Sirel, E., Strougo, A., Tambareau, Y., Tosquella, J.,and Zakrevskaya, E., 1998, Larger foraminiferal
biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene: Bulletin de la Socie´te´Ge´ologique de France, v. 169, p. 281–299.
Wynd, J. G., (1965), Biofacies of the Iranian consortium- agreement area Report 1082, Tehran, Iranian Oil Operating
Companies, Geological and Exploration Division, unpublished.

Biostratigraphy of the Taleh-Zang Formation in Sarkan Anticline,

Lorestan Basin.

R. Shojaei Nagad‚ I. Maghfouri Moghaddam‚ S.M.R. Emami

1- M.Sc. Student of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan
University
2- Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University
3- Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University

Abstract:
In this research‚ biostratigraphy and paleoecology of Tale Zang Formation was studied at thy Sarkan
Anticline‚ which located in Maluvi at 7th Kilometer Poledoktar - Khoram.abad main road. The
thickness of Tale Zang formation at study section is around 60 m and contains massive limestone and
very thick Marly Limestone. Its boundaries with Amiran and Kashkan formation in bottom and top
are transitional. Based on our study Tale-Zang formation contains 15 genera and 12 species of benthic
Foraminifera and 2 genus and 1 species of red Algae. Regarding the existence and accumulation of
the recognized index benthic foraminifera‚ age of Tale Zang formation attribute to Eocene (Early
Ilerdian ) that can be correlated to Miscellianea – Kathina assemblage zone.
Keywords: Biostratigraphy‚ Tale Zang‚ Sarkan Anticline‚ Lorestan Basin, Foraminifera, Eocen
Author: Iraj Maghfouri Moghaddam irajmmms@yahoo.co.uk

578
 Plate 1
1 2
4 5
7 8
10 11
Fig 1: Amphistegina sp.‚ Sample No. 3
Fig 3: Nummulites globulus‚Sample No. 4
Fig 5: Asterocyclina sp.‚Sample No. 4
Fig 7: Rhapydionina sp.‚Sample No. 4
Fig 9: Quinqueloculina sp.‚Sample No. 5
Fig 11: Lithophyllum sp.‚Sample No. 7
579
3
6
9
12
Fig 2: Nummulites sp.‚Sample No. 3
Fig 4: Alveolina pasticillata‚Sample No. 4
Fig 6: Nummulites galensis‚Sample No. 4
Fig 8: Distichoplax biserialis‚Sample No. 5
Fig 10: Miscellanea cf. primitiva‚Sample No. 6
Fig 12: Asterocyclina sp.‚Sample No. 8
 Plate 2

13 14 15

16 17 18

19 20 21

22 23 24

Fig 13: Nummulites somaliansis‚ Sample No. 8
Fig 15: Assilina sp.‚ Sample No. 10
Fig 17: Alveolina cylindrata‚ Sample No. 13
Fig 19: Cuvilleriana sp.‚ Sample No. 17
Fig 21: Neorotalia sp.‚operculina sp.‚ Sample No. 21
Fig 23: Sakesaria dukhani‚ Sample No. 29
Fig 14: Miscellanea primitiva‚ Sample No. 10
Fig 16: Discocyclina sella‚ Sample No. 13
Fig 18: Perilocalina sp.‚ Sample No. 15
Fig 20: Nummulites atacicus‚ Sample No. 21
Fig 22: Cuvillierina vallensis‚ Sample No. 29
Fig 24: Rotalia sp.‚ Sample No. 29

580
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!() > 45 U # ! 01 9 0 !F 01 : 0 + "F+ ! ; .3 ? 6 Ophiomorpha nodosa
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.3 ? 6 Skolithos Arenicolites Ophiomorpha nodosa

+, - (. /0 * & (& * # ( ) " #: %& " !'

Facies and depositional environment of a tide-dominated delta (Bidu

Formation, North of Kerman) in Central Iran

Mahmood Sharafi1*, Juraj Janocko2, Marta Prekopova2 and Majid Mirzaie Ataabadi1
1- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Znjan, Iran

2- Institute of Geosciences, Faculty BERG, Technical University in Košice, Slovakia

The Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Bidu Formation (red beds or red series) with 400 m thickness in
the Ab Bid area of the northern Kerman, Central Iran consists of alternation of thick red shales and thick
bedded sandstone units that display thickening and coarsening up-ward cycles. Detailed sedimentological
and ichnological analysis allows recognition of four facies associations consisting of playa (FA), delta
plain (FB), upper distributary channels (FC), and delta front (FD). Playa facies association consists of

581
evaporate layers and thin-bedded sandstone and siltstone. Delta plain facies association consists of the
thick red shale intercalated with current and climbing ripple sandstone (Scr), trough cross bedded
sandstone (St) and horizontal laminated sandstone (Shl) as well as Ophiomorpha nodosa and Taenidium
barretti. Distributary channel association include channel shape, thick sandstone units with trough and
planar cross bed (St and Sp) and Taenidium barretti, Ophiomorpha nodosa and Arenicolites. Delta front
association consists of the amalgamated sandstone unites with trough and planar cross bed (St and Sp),
herring bone and tide bundles as well as Taenidium barretti, Ophiomorpha nodosa, Arenicolites and
Skolithos.

Key words: Red series, Bidu Formation, Central Iran, Kerman, tide-dominated delta, trace fossils

1 2

01 X #" !$ 6 +' 0 '+ B 1 ( * K $I L 0 # + + !;( / ' + 0 1 !# G Y V% "W6

+ 0 ! 1 Z F 0 1 >#" + 0 !F 01: ( #I ! 1 0 1 + ( #I 0 1 >#" + : [ 0 ') .4
W# ' 0+ \ < + 0 1 U V "W6 6+ O ! + ! + K DC # !' (0 +.Q 0 1
0 ! H01 # > "R6 (facies model) 0 + "F+ 0 1 : 3V6 ! 1 + "F+ . I = * 6
Dalrymple and Choi, ^Walker and James, 1992) #"1 UO6 ( ( ' #, ] ! ' + 0 1 9 !'
+.Q : # 3V6 ( #I 0 ! 1 Z F ' + 0 1 >#" 0 1 !# G [ .(Sharafi et al., 2014, 2016 ^2007
( . #"1 0+ ' 9 (6 _E ( !' ! '( `; 6 ( (+ -0 ! F + I R# 0 1 +
. ' /D6 ( ( '!9 ( + ! F ( (+ $# ' + 01 (= S ; ? I !' _E
= `O6 !' ! ( ( 0+ \ < + U V 3 + "W6 + ] !' I R# ( + K a6 H Y V% N+ ( ' '
.3 + ' +01 I 6 " 0+ ! H

( ( ! 6 - () ' * + , !' (1369 ; 6 9) ' 0+ =- " K' ++' I 0 ' !$I L (+

?' / 3 45 X #" ( : ; ) 0. ( + . (red beds) . / 0 1 0 3V6 !
T 01 (= S ' ( + ' + 0 1 + "F+ + ' !$I L ( B 1 .3 !#S + / +' + + + F ' 0 !]9D
+ ( #I 0 1 >#" "W6 V + + + 0 '+ ` Q K DC ! 0 V !' 3 ' + I 6 ( 0+ \ ' + : !e +
. 1 + / RRV + #F

130 4

:; ! 9 + ( ( ! 6 - () ' * + , !' ' 400 3 45 !' ! H X ' *( 0 + ' !$I L (

.(1 ? ) 3 . ;# (1383 + ;1 0 '= L ( ) ' <= 0 # + ( . + (+ + < Q 0 # 40)
+ #F 1? ' + 01! ; K ROC 3 45 0 @ ? ` Q ( V% 0 1 3 '
0 1 + #F g 6 3S ' ? < + (. S K % h#F ( ' D .3 ( 3OT 3/ !' ' + 0 1
0 I 0 ; 01 + _;1 ( (+ 6 G ( S ) ' + 0 1 !#"' K ROC ( ( () ' 3 #
+ 0 + "F+ 0 1 ! ; 1 + "F+ "W6 $6 + ] !' ' + 0 1 ! ; (stacking pattern) # O
. !#S + / ( + ' + (fresh) 6 1i L + "S K T .3 !#S + / +'

582
 (Lithofacies associations) ! ,5 "1

+ "F+ ! ; ! G= # O 0 I 0 ; j O6+ +' ' + 0 1 + "F+ ( ( V% K $I L 0 O '

Upper ) 0 !F 01 : () ' M4' (Delta plain, FB) ( #I 3 (FA) ?9 ! 9 0 (DE ? 0
3V6 ( #I >#" *( U V ( ! ' ! (Delta front, FD) #I E M4' (distributary channel, FC
.(A2 ? ) 3 ( !$I L + ! 9 + ' + 3 +.Q : #

(FA) +8 # 1 8 9 ! ,5 1

@+ . / S 6 #"# .(+ ! @ ! N 0 1 !() 0 4O6 > 45 0 1 !() 0 + "F+ ! ; (

( + % ' + + #F 0 ) ' # 7 6! ; ( 3 45 .3 ? 6 @+ . / 0 1 ?
I 6+ ( G# M4' + ' ( #I 3 @+ . / 0 1 ? ' *( . j O6+ + ! ; ( .3 K ' +
.(B2 ? ) .3 ( !$I L +

+ ( #I 3 J; > l R *H 01 #S+ S + ( 9 0 (DE *( + 0 + "F+ ! ; ( K ' + : "W6

+ K ' + Z(+ 6 !' *H 0 1 !_5 9 ( * F ' ! 0 V !' 3 !#S ( !$ 6 0 !F 01: '
.3 ? 6 0 4O6 3( G

(Delta plain, FB) /0 : ! ,5 1

@+ . / #"# -@ ! N 0 1 !() ' @ + . / > 45 0 ! - # 01? 0 + "F+ ! ; (

0 ' !ROC (Shl) 0 ) (Scr) (climbing ripple) l R *H ++ ( Q 0 1 ?P(+ 0 1 + #F '
Taenidium barretti K ' + ( + gI n 0 1 ? "S T .3 ? 6 (St) l R *H B 6 <+
3 45 .3 ( . / 01 ? ' + 0 4O6 N 01 ! ) 0 + + .3 Ophiomorpha nodosa
(FC) 0 !F 01: 0 + "F+ ! ; ' *( . j O6+ + ' a6 + # 5 6 0/5 ' 0 + "F+ ! ; (
.(C-F2 ? ) 3 !#S ( !$ 6 !$I L + I 6 () ' ( E M4' + ! ; ( .3

#"' *( + !6 '3 #I () ' M4' 0 !F 01: ' *( . j O6+ + ! 0 + "F+ ! ; ( : "W6

K' + !6 0 ' S 0 qS ( Q r 0 + M( .S ' ! 0 V !' ' ( #I 3 + > J; ' YL" ' +
' .(Bayet-Goll and Carvalho, 2015) 3 ( K' + ( + + + 0 1 ?P(+ ? 6 !' ! !# Q
M4' ( + 0 4O6 0 1 ! ) Z(+ 6 !' 4O6 M( .S 0+ \ < + U V + 0+ \ < + ( Q r M1
M( .S 0+ \ ' + U V U( O" OG' !' j ' ( 0 1 ? "S T .3 ? 6 ( #I >#"
(Taenidium barretti) < + ?F !(\a6 0 1 ? "S T !O n "S K T ( E s 6 !H .3 <= X
Sharafi et al., 2012, ) G E + 0, M1 M( .S 0 1 + ' + (E ' + #"' !$ 6 + F J $
.(2013

(Upper distributary channel, FC) 15 "; & < => ! ,5 1

583
0 1 9 .3 ? 6 U # 6 .(+ ! 0 1 @ ! > 45 6 U # 0 1 9 OI n 0 + "F+ ! ; (
B C !' .(+ 0 I ' ( S t+ D (( ' # % H 6 OQ # ' K ROC ? !
) ' !' + $R ( ( YL ' ? I K+ % !' 1 ! ; ( 1? + C !' . #"1 (fining up-ward) ) '
+ . YL" ( ( YL ' (sheet like) ? 0 !/+ O( R6 1 S ' ! 01! ; !H . '
' U # -.(+ ! 0 1 @ ! !' 6 ! ; ( + ( 0 1 + "F+ .3 ( ! ; (
@ ! (Shl) 0 ) ' .(+ ! 0 1 @ ! l R &+.' (St) B 6 (Sp) YL" <+ 0 ' !ROC
+ (desiccation crack) * F ?% 9 0 1 N 6 0 4O6 N 0 1 ! ) 0 + + . ' + (Sm) 0 6
Taenidium barretti ? M4' ( + gI n "S 0 1 T .3 ( ! 01! ; ( ( M4'
+ 0 + "F+ ! ; ( .3 Teichichnus Skolithos Arenicolites #; S ' Ophiomorpha nodosa
!') ' B C !' > 45 3 + 01 I 6 ? 6 ' (FB) 9 3 ! ; K ' + ' *( . j O6+
.(A-E3 ? ) 1 + () ' ( E M4' + # 12 6 3 3 45

1 S ' ;1 YL" B 6 <+ 0 ' !ROC #GQ *( '= 0 1 (Q ; ( 0 1 + "F+ S : "W6

' +01! ; ( ? 6 ' ! 01! ; .(+ 0 I ) ' !' + $R ( ( YL '? I
Bayet- ^Tonkin 2012 ^Willis et al. 1999) 3 ( #I >#" () ' M4' + !#S ( !$ 6 0 !F 0 1 : U 6
( 6 ( #I 3 @+ . / 0 1 ? '! ; ( *( . j O6+ U 6 "W6 ( .(Goll and Carvalho, 2015
n ' K (Q ' ! YL" ( ( YL ? 0 !/+ 1 S ' ! 01! ; ( ' D .
YL + * F ?% 9 0 1 N 6 0 4O6 0 1 ! ) _;1 3 .I n (un-confined) + hV
#I () ' M4' + ' +! ; ( !6 3 $/ 3 ' + #"' #S ( ; F+ ' ! K' + ( ((
T u F s *( S ( E s 6 .(Bayet-Goll and Carvalho, 2015) ( 6 + (delta-top facies)
3 $/ N j O6+ (+ ( E ' + #"' #W = 0+ \ ' + r 0+ !Q+ ) 0+ \ ' + " U( ' 1 ? "S
.(Sharafi et al., 2012, 2014) 3 = 0 (+ ' K ' + ( !6

(Delta front, FD) /0 ? => ! ,5 1

U # 6 .(+ ! ! > 45 6 U # (amalgamated unites) !# O 0 1 9 0 + "F+ ! ; (

0 1 9 .3 ? 6 @ + . / -0 G/ 0 ! - # 01? N 0 1 !() ' ! .(+ 0
+ C !' . #"1 ( S t+ D (( ' !Q 6 ?' / O Q # ' K ROC ? ( # 6 6) > 45 !
! 01! ; # O 0 I . ' YL" 6 ? I K+ % !' 1 ! ; ( 1?
@ ! !' 6 ! ; ( + ( 0 1 + "F+ .3 ) ' !' + > 45 3 + K+ % !'
0 ' !ROC ' 0 1 @ ! l R &+.' (St) B 6 (Sp) : e ; YL" <+ 0 ' !ROC ' U # -.(+ ! 0 1
. ' + (Sm) 0 6@ ! (Shl) 0 ) ' .(+ ! 0 1 @ ! (herring bone) >1+ <+
D F i L 0 + B 6 <+ K ROC . 1 (bundle) ( 1 !# S !' <+ K ROC + q$' +
Taenidium barretti Planolites Ophiomorpha nodosa Arenicolites 0 1 ? "S T . #"1 t+ v4

584
+ M4' + # 6 6 2 3 45 !' 0 + "F+ ! ; ( .3 ( ! 01 9 +
.(A-D4 F3 ? ) 3 FA + "F+ ! ; ' *( . j O6+ + !#S ( !$ 6 !$I L + X '

' + 0 1 + #F (FC) 0 !F 0 1 : 0 1 + "F+ ! ; 0) ' + 0 + "F+ ! ; ( 0 + / : "W6

; '! ; ( + tide bundle ? e; <+ 0 ' !ROC _;1 herring bone #GQ
Bayet-Goll and Carvalho, ) 3 #I E M4' + E0 +.Q 0 1 !$ 6 #GQ K ( Q
0 1 ? ' !() U # 0 1 @ ! ' +! ; ( + > 45 3 + 0 ; + .(2015
U( I + 1 >(,+ + a6 <= J; O" M1 ( (0+ ' !# O ! > 45 0 1 !() !' 0 !()
Martinius et al., ) 1 +0 +.Q ( 0 ! 0 1 ' + 3 $/ *( + 0, E 6 U # 0, '
Arenicolites ( (+ "S K T + Gw .(2001; McIlroy, 2007; Sharafi et al., 2014, 2016
.3 ' +! ; ( (sea ward) 0 (+ 3; + !6 3 $/ ' Planolites Ophiomorpha nodosa
J$ !(\a6 + W9 K Q B $ 0 1 + #F !O n ( S+ S ) ? "S T s *( S ( E s 6 !H
<= #W = ) ' I + 1 0, ) e " U( *( ' x# I += S+ S (suspension-feeding)
MacEachern et al., 2005; ) 3 ( #I ' + >#" *( + l # E (N V# ' + #"' 0+ !Q+ K a6
.(Buatois et al., 2008; Sharafi et al., 2013, 2014, 2016

@1 /

+ # 400 3 45 ' ( ( ! 6 - () ' * + , !' (. / 0 1 !() ( 1 0 ) ' 0+ =- " K' +

. /01? < 6 ? # ( + C !' .3 !#S + / !$I L + 0. (+ :; ' <= ! 9
I 6 M4' + !# O > 45 ! 01 9 () ' ( E M4' + @ ! 01 9 > 45 @ +
9 0 (DE ? 0 + "F+ ! ; + GH ( !' 0, I ( < + K $I L J W 6 .3 !$I L +
(Upper distributary channel, FC) #I () ' M4' 0 !F 01: (Delta plain, FB) ( #I 3 (FA)
! N 0 1 !() ' 0 4O6 0 1 !() 9 0 (DE 0 + "F+ ! ; .3 ( (Delta front, FD) #I E
N 0 1 !() ' @ + . / > 45 0 1 ? ( #I 3 0 + "F+ ! ; .3 ? 6 #"# @
T (Shl) 0 ) (St) B 6 <+ 0 ' !ROC (Scr) (Q + + 0 1 ?P(+ ' #"# -@ !
0 !F 01: 0 + "F+ ! ; .3 ? 6 Ophiomorpha nodosa Taenidium barretti 0 1 ? "S
0 1 ? "S T (Sp) 0 !VW% (St) B 6 <+ 0 ' !ROC ' ? I !() > 45 U # ! 01 9
#I E 0 + "F+ ! ; .3 ? 6 Arenicolites ophiomorpha nodosa Taenidium barretti
herring ) / Q <+ 0 ' !ROC (Sp) 0 !VW% (St) B 6 <+ 0 ' !ROC ' !# O ! 01 9
Arenicolites ophiomorpha nodosa Taenidium barretti 0 1 ? "S T tide bundle (bone
' ( #I ' + U V *( ' u F s *( S 1 ? "S T (Es 6 + C !' .3 ? 6 Skolithos
r 0, E OI n U( 0+ + K a6 (+ <= g X #W = + ( E #"' e" (, I U(
.3 ) ' 0+ = - " K' + +

A B

585
 : ; + 1+ ( !(( T ( ( 1383 . .B ) . . 0 '= L (

.47-36 .v% 54 + ; 12 :

.+ (1/250000) "S+ X + GH ! R 1369 .B ; 6 9

Bayet-Goll, A., Neto de Carvalho, C., 2015, Ichnology and sedimentology of a tide-influenced delta in the Ordovician from the
northeastern Alborz range of Iran (KopetDagh region), Lethaia, DOI 10.1111/let.12150.
Buatois, L.A., Santiago, N., Parra, K. & Steel, R., 2008, Animal– substrate interactions in an Early Miocene wave-dominated
tropical delta: delineating environmental stresses and depositional dynamics (Tacata Field, Eastern Venezuela), Journal of
Sedimentary Research 78, 458–479.
Dalrymple, R.W., Choi, K., 2007, Morphology and facies trends through the fluvial marine transition in tide-dominated
depositional systems: a schematic framework for environmental and sequence stratigraphic interpretation, Earth-Science Reviews
81, 135–174.
Martinius, A.W., Kaas, I., Nass, A., Helgesen, G., Kjarefjord, J.M. and Leith, D.A., 2001, Sedimentology of the heterolithic and
tide-dominated Tilje Formation (Early Jurassic, Halten Terrace, offshore mid-Norway). In Martinsen, O.J. & Dreyer, T. (eds):
Sedimentary Environments Offshore Norway-Palaeozoic to Recent. Norwegian Petroleum Society, Special Publication 10, 103–
144.
MacEachern, J.A., Bann, K.L., Bhattacharya, J.P.and Howell, C.D. Jr, 2005, Ichnology of deltas; organism responses to the
dynamic interplay of rivers, waves, storms, and tides, SEPM Special Publications 83, 49–85.
McIlroy, D., 2007,Ichnology of a macrotidal tide-dominated deltaic depositional system: Lajas Formation, Neuquen Province,
Argentina. In Bromley, R.G., Buatois, L.A., M_angano, G., Genise, J.F. &Melchor, R.N. (eds): Sediment-Organism Interactions:
A Multifaceted Ichnology, SEPM Special Publications 88, 195–211.
Sharafi, M., Ashuri, M., Mahboubi, A. and Moussavi‐ Harami, R., 2012, Stratigraphic application of Thalassinoides ichnofabric
in delineating sequence stratigraphic surfaces (Mid‐Cretaceous), Kopet‐Dagh Basin, northeastern Iran, Palaeoworld, 21, 202–
216.
Sharafi, M., Longhitano, S.G., Mahboubi, A., Mosaddegh, H., 2016, Sedimentology of a transgressive mixed-energy (wave/tide-
dominated) estuary, Upper Devonian, Geirud Formation (Alborz Basin, northern Iran), Sedimentology, IAS Special publication,
Wiley Blackwell, 255-286.
Sharafi, M., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Ashuri, M., Rahimi, B., 2013, Sequence stratigraphic significance of
sedimentary cycles and shell concentrations in the Aitamir Formation (Albian–Cenomanian), Kopet-Dagh Basin, northeastern
Iran, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 67-68, 171-186.
Sharafi, M., Mahboubi, A., Moussavi-Harami, R., Mosaddegh, H., Gharaie, M.H.M., 2014, Trace fossils analysis of fluvial to
open marine transitional sediments: Example from the Upper Devonian (Geirud Formation), Central Alborz, Iran, Palaeoworld,
23, 50-68.
Tonkin, N., 2012, Deltas. In Knaust, D. & Bromley, R.G. (eds): Trace Fossils as Indicators of Sedimentary Environments.
Developments in Sedimentology 64, 507–528.
Walker, R.G., James, N.P., 1992, Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change, Geological Association of Canada, St. John's.
454 p.
Willis, B.J., Bhattacharya, J.P., Gabel, S.L., White, C.D., 1999, Architecture of a tide-influence river delta in the Frontier
Formation of central Wyoming, Sedimentology 46, 667–688.

586
(K a6 ' 1383 + ;1 0 '= L ( l O#/ ) : ; + ( ' <=) !$I L + ! 9 ( S aQ 3 $/ -1?

587
 A B

C D

E F

! ; !() N ! 0 4O6 0 1 !() I 6 -B ^ ' <= ! 9 + ' @+ . / ? -@ ! I 6 ' 0 ; - A - 2?

E ^ ( #I 3 ! ; + + + 0 1 ?P(+ -D ^ ( #I 3 ! ; !() N @ ! - #"# 0 1 !() ' > 45 0 1 ? -C ^ (DE
. ( #I 3 ! ; + Ophiomorpha nodosa Taenidium barretti 0 1 ? "S T -F

588
 A B

C D

E F

9 -B ^ !#S + / ( #I 3 K ' + 0 + ' t+ ' ! 0 !F 0 1 : ! ; ? I @ ! 0 1 9 - A - 3?

!#S ( !$ 6 lateral accession macroform, LA 0+ #F h = ( + ! 0 !F 0 1 : ! ; ? 0 !/+ @ ! 0 1
0 1 N 6 ;1 !' Arenicolites ? "S T -D ^0 !F 0 1 : ! ; Ophiomorpha nodosa ? "S T ' ( Q 0 1 ?P(+ -C ^3
Taenidium 0 1 ? "S T -E ^3 yW9 0 !F 0 1 : ! ; ! K ROC ( ( YL + ! (M S) * F ?% 9
> 45 3 + 01? ? 6 ! #I E! ; + !# O ! 0 1 9 -F ^0 !F 0 1 : ! ; + barretti
. + ) ' B C !'

589
 A B

C D

i L ' tide bundle -C ^ F ( Si L ' !# O Sp + "F+ -B ^ #I E! ; + !# O 0 1 @ ! -A -4 ?

E 0 + "F+ ! ; + herring bone + #F ' @ ! + "F+ -D ^ #I E ! ; + (reactivation surface) : $S + '
. #I

590
 - !"
( ' ! #() # $) !

3 2 1 *
a_sharifi@modares.ac.ir -1
aharipoor@du.ac.ir & ' ! ! " ! "# $ % -2
std_alikheirabadi@khu.ac.ir ! ) * + ! ", ) -3

: !"
-;3 / -./ . : $ 9 ! ! 8 %6 7 5 2 0& 34 1 ) 0 -% -./
!A 6 9 - 0,% @ 7 , - & 34 ) 0 -% -5 . !:> = 0! 7 1- <
. "! B% @ !%4 %6 7 5 - ! % - $ - &= !%4 ) . ) ,% #= 6 * : ) & -7 & 4
CD 1 & & 34 ) . (,% @ 7) ,% -./ E7 5 - * C D ) & & 34 ) 6 9 -
, %2 ! I 2 ) &= !%4 ) , %)! I %) & $ ) ) ) ,% ) . 9 & H7
R1 -%4 Q) 3 B "2 ) 1 PA . NO; ! ,% @ 7 - &= , - M !3 - -L . "! JK
-%4 -7 3 ! O%T = -! 3 ! HO$ 1- 4 0 O 7 2 PA ! M 1 S
1= B " 3 PA . "B & : ! : > 1- < C ! 3 1-%4 ) -%4 Q) @ ! 1= 1
) 5 PA . "! % 6@ 1B " &= 3 1= B " 4 PA . 72$ ! 3
&= A 9 + V6 7 - 5 % -7 -%4 Q) V 1 1= - 0B H: & B " ) B 2
. L
$ 3 / ' 4 % 12) 3) )0 - ./ % * +, '( ) & '( ) : #$ %

Stratigraphy Study of Lalun, Mila Formations and Top quartzite

Unit in Touye Darvar Area (Southwest of Damghan)

*AmirHossein Sharifi1 , Reza AhariPour2 , Ali Kheirabadi3

1_Tectonic Student in Tarbiat Modares University
2_Assistant Prof. Sedimentology and Sedimentary Rock of Petrology in Damghan University
3_Petroleum Geology Student in Kharazmi University

Abstract:
In Touye Darvar area، Lalun، Mila Formations and Top quartzite unit were studied.The Study area
contains carbonate، clastic and storm deposits. In the Touye Darvar area the Lalun Formation with
Cambrian age has red sandstone with laminations that shows the environment change in this
formation. Its upper boundary gradually turns into a Top quartzite unit.The red sandstones of the Lalun
Formation represents the fluvial environment that dominates the region during this period (Cambrian).
The Lalun Formation represents the oxidant and continental environment.The boundary of this
formation with Zagon Formation follows with the Zariganin discontinuity and its upper boundary to
the Mila Formation with Milaian's discontinuity.According to stratigraphic position, its age it belongs

591
to the middle Cambrian.The member 1 of the Milla Formation includes thin layers of dolomite with
cherty nodules and member 2 contains conglomerate, argillitic dolomitic lamina and stromatolite
which contain thick to thin layers from moderate dolomite layers to abundant storm deposits
Composed. Member 3 includes glauconitic and dolomitic limestones.The member 4 includes
limestones, dolomites and black to dark green shales.The fifth member of Mila Formation consists of
shale without fossils, sandstones and thin-layer limestones a white sandstone unit at its base.

Keywords:Mila Fm., Lalun Fm., Top Quartzite, SandStone, Middle Cambrian, touye darvar

:3 6
45 !3 R" 36˚ 10´ 35˚ 01´!% : 'L 1W A !9 " 54˚ 53˚ 52´ 1 S > D -% -./
& ) ! L RH9 ) ! K & ' # Z # L -% -./ .(1 % \ ) " [9 & ' # Z# L O7
a ). ` _ I ^ OI % -% " -] * 3. * ) @3 *,M! R*
cD - !3 R1 @% . !D/ -7 9 1200 b + -% " 0-./ 0!: $ I
. "! 1 & H % Z R1 e % " !: $ I % ! , ) ;d ,% 0! H1 7 -./ & & " B*
) Z= , H% * ) -7 , 3 7 !% 61 7 ) : - " fg ) @3 1 RH9 % R1 & ) ,% !% 61 7 1) :
1 H* , -, H% 1 , i @ hA 0- " - , 4 R 5 % ,% O & )
, 1 !% 61 7 ) : . " (& & /O 1 3 ) ) ,% O ! + = 3 ;: , jR1 , HI , =
" S R" R - k " !% 1!$ & = L - hA , I ,% R !% 61 7 ) : )! * -./ ,%
. ! % ` = i$ - " ! M fg -./ ,% , HI ,% R ) : . - " S @ - !% 1!$ * , M
,% , I !% 61 7 ) : . " % " 1!$ * , M & = L - hA -./ ,% 4 !% 61 7 ) :
0! @ 9=) " 1!$ 1!$ * , M !" : 1 * & = L - hA !" : -./
.(1392

# l3
(6 9 7) -;3 / -./ !% 1 ^ A_# ( -% ) -;3 / -./ ! " , ) - . _l3 :1 % \

- M %L &= , I ,% @ 7 , ,% . JK & !R B H: , " B3 - & 34 ) ,

-%4 E Kd ! 3 1 5 n%) 0 n% PA A9 2 ) ! % I ) 0o n;3 / n n . n ! "
5 B H: & ) 1& B " & 34 ) !%4 ) N@/ ) ,% . n9 Q) !O " -!
) ! "- M %L E<@ -OpH .(Stöcklin et al., 1968) !n 8 n%6 7 n% & n34 n + ! %6 7
4 ! %6 7 1 n5 .(Etemad-Saeed et., al 2011) n , n..D % -O - 2 ) l% ; ) q & 34
- , jR1 . "! !n: ; nA 9 n%6 7 n% 2 n )n A9 + %6 n7 n5 & n A -n & n34 )
,% - M l% ; ) n 02 ) 5 4 1 PA 3 2 1 PA , n !Or 1! I L B3

592
2 PA 0! M 1S R1 -%4 Q) 3 B "2 ) 1 PA 0 -% -5 . - : $o r )
3 6% - - ) !% 1-%4 & ! O%T = – ! 3 HO$ Q) 1- 4 0 O 7
4 PA ) ! % :! I # -%4 ) 1 72$ 1 - ) !.: 3 PA !%4 ) .
5 % -7 -%4 Q) V 1 1= - 0B H: & B") B 2 ) 5 PA . "! L
0& % u . % !3 PA ,% ( 3 s t ) 7 2 . L &= A9 + V6 7 -
%& A- 2 ) )! ", ) V 1s 6$ ) V H 0B 3 , R1 - . !R 5 , H% & ) - 5 PA NO;
" k@ , H% ) ^I _% :. " % (, H% @ 7) , H% -,% @ 7 , - V - M 5
!% % 2 ) 5 PA -7 ,% 0! CD H* - -L . " -" L L -R1 PA ,%
.(1379 0!R 4) " - < V -d 5 " !% % %) V 1- I v T @H -

:37+ 8 9$
-" 9 % x RA ! ) -./ ,% . " %) o4 D ' M ! ", ) a ) -% -./
q% - % , ! 3 7 !% 61 7 -* M * ) ^I . = S 5 ;d - 0 H ! 3 ;: !>
i -d 5 % % I - . 7 % B" - !@% K !3 7 I
B " L ) 1-%4 ,% -A R & : 1B H: -7 " % 3 1= 1-%4
-;3 / -./ . N RA & jR1 i -d 5 B\ Q @ ) - !r * * & -7
, 6 9 1 - & 34 ) .(# 2 % \ ) : $ 9 ! ! 8 %6 7 2 0& 34 )
B " & 34 ) ) ! K . - "i$ #= o 1 & -7 9 H1 & 4 -7 ,% @ 7
k O7 -%4 . -./ # L & R * ,% (! 8 %6 7) ! %6 7 1 -
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593
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595
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. %! … \ * ^ p3 I !]6L : 7 - " 1 ! 1 3 ;: < D 0!% R$ 3 ;:
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Stöcklin,j. Ruttner, A. and Nabavi, M. 1964. New data on the Lower Palaeozoic and PreCambrian of North Iran. Geological
Survy of Iran, Report 1, 1-22.
Etemad-Saeed, N., Hosseini-Barzi, M., Armstrong-Altrin, J., 2011.Petrography and geochemistry of clastic sedimentary
rocks as evidences for provenance of the Lower Cambrian Lalun Formation, Posht-e-badam block, Central Iran, African
Earth Sciences, 142–159

597
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19395-4697

j.sharifi39@gmail.com
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Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Agricultural Soils in

the Tibet Village, in the Plains of Playa Baradouz River, and its
Impact on the Determination of Vegetation Type, South of Urmia -
West Azarbaijan
Jafar Sharifi, Behzad Hajaliloo, Fazaleh Mokhtarnejhad
Department of Geology, Payam e Noor University,P.O.Box 19395-4697 Tehran, Iran

Abstract:
Sediments of the Tibet area is located in the south of Urmia, on the plains of the Barandoz River in the
Quaternary. Field studies have been done using appropriate soil and well profile. Regular sediment
series from bottom to top include green flowers, loose sand, brown flowers, stony color, reddish-
brown reddish flowers between the well-rounded gravel layer, and plant roots in the area. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) mineralogy analysis of soils of the area has been carried out and quartz, calcite,
albite, and sanidine minerals have been determined from Clinochlorite and Illitic clays. The
geochemical characteristics of Tibetan soils have been selected for 11 items. For the chemical analysis
and preparation of the main oxides, quartz and earth elements, XRF and X-ray diffraction
598
spectroscopy (ICP-MS) have a total of 62 elements. Using and evaluating the chemical elements of
the Tibetan soil samples such as gravel, clay bearing iron and clay, the location of the formation on the
continental margin, in the semi-arid climate, and the origin of sediments in the igneous flasic zone,
igneous igneous rocks and clastic sediments Silica can be seen. The use of geochemical indicators of
Quaternary Tibetan deposits, including the ratio of V/V+Ni to Ni/Co and Ni/Co to V/Cr, and the Th/U
ratio represent aerobic conditions for sediment deposition and expansion. Sr / Ba ratio to determine the
degree of salinity in studied samples less than one, which is a low salinity level. Existing elements are
compared to the average UCC geochemistry and the median of the Australian Archean sedimentary
chemistry (PAAS). In both cases, elements such as CaO are highly saturated and Na2O is highly
depleted and observed in a slightly saturated Fe2O3 element .
Keywords: West Azarbaijan, Urmia, Tibetan Region, Sedimentology, Mineralogy, Geochemistry.

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- Herron M.M., (1988) Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data. J.sedimentry
petrology.Vol.58. pp.820-829.
-Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E., Siever, R., 1972, Sand and Sandstones: New York, Springer-Verlag.
-Rimmer SM (2004) Geochemical paleoredox indicators in Devonian- Mississippian black shales, Central Appalachian Basin
(USA) [J]. Chem Geol 206:373–391.
- Roser, B. P. and Korsch, R. J.(1988) Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant
function analysis of major- element data.Chem.Geol.67,119–139.
- Roser, B.P. and Korsch, R. J. (1986) Determination of tectonic setting of sandstone- mudstone suites using SiO2content
andK2O/Na2O ratio. J. Geol. 94, 635–650.
-Taylor. S.R., and Mcleean. S. M., (1985) The Continental Crust: its Composition and Evolution An Examination of the
Geochemical Record Preserved in Sedimentary Rocks.Blackwell scivtific publications.PP.302
-Wignall, P.B., Twitchett, R.J., 1996. Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction. Science 272, 1155–1158.

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Microfacies, depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy

of the Taleh-Zang Formation in Southwest of Kermanshah

Mohammad Shalalvand*1, Mohammad Hossein Adabi2, Afshin Zohdi

*1
M.Sc. Student of Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti
University, m.shalalvand@mail.sbu.ac.ir
2
Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University,
m-adabi@sbu.ac.ir
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan,
Afshin.zohdi@znu.ac.ir

Abstract
The Taleh-Zang Formation in the Barikeh section at 40 km of Southwest of Kermanshah (Late
Paleocene in age) has a thickness of 282 meters and composed of limestone with some marl, dolomite
and dolomitic limestone. In this area the Taleh-Zang Formation is conformably overlies the Amiran
Formation and is overlain by the Kashkan Formation. Field and microscopic studies in this area led to
recognition of 6 microfacies which deposited in four facies belts including tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and
proximal open marine. Lateral and vertical changes of facies indicated that the Taleh-Zang Formation
was deposited in a shallow carbonate ramp environment. Based on the microfacies studies, this

604
formation was deposited in the inner ramp and middle ramp, but the major parts of this formation were
in the inner ramp settings. Based on the sequence stratigraphic studies, four 3rd order depositional
sequences were recognized. The MFS in each sequences were determined by changing of
progradational to retrogradational parasequences. Most of the sequence boundaries, specified as type II
and only the lower and the upper boundaries in sequence 4 are defined as type I and marked by
evidences of subaerial exposure. The investigation of sedimentary environment and sequence
stratigraphy could be useful in the reconstruction of paleogeography of the study area in the late
Paleocene.
Key words: microfacies, depositional environment, sequence stratigraphy, Taleh-Zang Formation,
Kermanshah, late Paleocene

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f ( -#+ /( -. AY # -Q; R + .3 " " U$ (Flugel, 2010) E) ` /
.3 " @ #U. ]4 Posamentier et al. (1988) Haq et al. (1987) /

,6 &7 ( 82 .&- ,- " .&-

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-#+ /( + (LI (+ m. -2E#

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.(A-3E# )
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(RMF 23) E) ` 23 " ? $ " 8D M+ ^ Q " 8D M+ + . ^ + . (9 -CR " 8D M+
.3
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.
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. (RMF 17) E) ` 17 " ? $ " 8D M+ ^ Q
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607
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. (RMF 7) E) ` 7 " ?

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(wackestone
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^ Q " 8D M+ + .(Mohseni et al., 2011; Li et al., 2017; Amirshahkarami and Zebarjadi, 2018) 3 +
. (RMF 5) E) ` 5 " ? $ " 8D M+

608
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-. ^ -4E#
-#+ /(

609
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613
 ( )
----------------------------
3 *2 1

mohammad.shahnavazi69@gmail.com .1
peiman_rezaie@yahoo.com .2
zarerezvan@gmail.com .3
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/ 0 -.1 ,' -. &' ( % )*+, : $ % "#

Textural Characteristics of Pirgel Mud Volcano Deposits (Khash

Southwest)

Mohamad Ali Shahnavazi1, Payman Rezaee2*, Rezvan ZareZade3

1.
University of Hormozgan, mohammad.shahnavazi69@gmail.com
2.
University of Hormozgan, peiman_rezaie@yahoo.com
3.
University of Hormozgan, zarerezvan@gmail.com
Abstract
Pirgel mud volcano is located in southwest of Khash city. This mud volcano is the highest mud
volcano in Iran. In this study to examine the textural characteristics mud volcano deposits, 18 samples
of sediment were taken. The results of this studies show that the grain size was mostly dominated by
silt and clay particles (average silt and clay 95/06%, the sand 1/19 % and gravel 3/13%), well sorted to
moderately well sorted, strongly fine skewed and very platykurtic to platykurtic. These sediments
contain varieties of type sediments in the study area, slightly gravelly mud, muddy and gravelly mud.
The mode parameter (multimodal) in the sediment indicates the several sources of these sediments.
The main minerals deposits of Pirgel mud volcano are quarts, calcite, illite and albite, and subordinary
minerals are mainly halite, dolomite, Orthoclase and Kaolinite. According to the results, it seems that
igneous rocks that exist in ophiolites (Nehbandan- Khash) and sedimentary rocks (limestone
conglomerate and Lithic sandstones) that exist in synclines are source of these Pirgel mud volcano
deposits and also indicate that this mud volcano is located in a tectonically active area.

Keywords: Textural characteristics, Mud volcano, Pirgel, Khash

614
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.18 2

Folk, R., L., 1980. Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphiliîs, Austin.

Kopf, A.J., 2002. Significance of mud volcanism. Reviews of Geophysics 40, 2-1-2-52.

Kopf, A.J., 2003. Global methane emission through mud volcanoes and its past and present impact on the Earth's climate.
International Journal of Earth Sciences 92, 806-816.

Mazzini, A., Nermoen, A., Krotkiewski, M., Podladchikov, Y., Planke, S., Svensen, H., 2009. Strike-slip faulting as a trigger
mechanism for overpressure release through piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia. Marine
and Petroleum Geology 26, 1751-1765.

Milkov, A., 2000. Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates. Marine Geology 167,
29-42.

Nichols, G., 2009. Sedimentology and stratigraphy. John Wiley & Sons.

Niemann, H., Boetius, A., 2010. Mud volcanoes, Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology. Springer, pp. 205-214.

Talas, E., Duman, M., Küçüksezgin, F., Brennan, M.L., Raineault, N.A., 2015. Sedimentology and geochemistry of mud
volcanoes in the Anaximander Mountain Region from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Marine pollution bulletin 95, 63-71.

620
 & ' & () 19395-3697
reza_geology@yahoo.com

0 12 34 5 6+ + - . /, +*
kazemi.geologist@gmail.com
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% & # '!"#$ :

Proposed Pre-Geopark of Naqsh-e Rostam at Northeast of Shiraz

Reza Sadeghi
Department of Geology, Payame Noor University (PNU), P. O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
Bahmanyar Kazemi
* M.Sc., Graduated from Payame Noor University and employee of South Pars Gas Complex Company
kazemi.geologist@gmail.com
Abstract:
Naqsh-e Rostam or Naghsh-e Rustam or Necropolis, is name of antiquities collections in Marvdasht
region of Fars province. This historical site with contain tombs of the four Achaemenid kings, the nine
rock reliefs of important events of Sassanian period, the monument of the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht or Cube
of Zoroaster (Bon-Khanak) and destroyed rock relief of the Elamite period, the most magnificent rock
album of the world in the period of 3500 years in the limestone rocks of the Sarvak Formation is
depicted. Also this range and wide areas around it with having of tourist attractions has a high
potential for creating a geological park or geopark in geotourism, ecotourism, cultural, artistic,
employment, industrial, agricultural, rural, sporting, amusement and religious fields.

Key words: Naqsh-e Rostam, Sarvak Formation, Tourist Attractions, Geotourism, Pre-Geopark
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Dowling, R.K., Newsome, D., (Eds), 2006. Geotourism, Oxford, Burlington (Elsevier Butterworth, Heinemann).
Frey, M.L., Schafer, K. Buchel, G., Patzak, M., 2006. Geopark- a regional, European and global policy. In: R. K. Dowling
and D. Newsome (Eds.). Geotourism. 95-117, Oxford, Burlington (Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann).
Pforr, C., Megerle, A., 2006. Geotourism: a perspective from southwest Germany. In: R. K. Dowling and D. Newsome
(Eds.). Geotourism. 118-139, Oxford, Burlington (Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann).

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Petrography and geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous red beds,

central Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone: implication for tectonic setting,
provenance and palaeoweathering
Mohammad Ali Salehi*, Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of
Isfahan
Meisam Tadayon, Department of Geology, Università Degli Studi Roma Tre, Italy
Behrad Zebhi-Kamand, MSc student, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan

Abstract
In this research the provenance studies of the Lower Cretaceous red sandstones has been performed within the
central Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone based on sandstone petrography, modal and geochemistry analysis in order to
determin the tectonic setting, type of parent rocks and climate of the source area. Thin sections petrography and
modal analysis of the sandstone samples indicate sublitharenite and feldspatic litharenite in the red beds of
Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic strata. The geochemical data also showed similar results for the chemical
composition of Lower Cretaceous sandstones. Based on modal analysis a recycled-orogen setting were
determined for the red beds of the Lower Cretaceous siliciclastic rocks. Geochemical analyses shows that the
parent rocks of the Lower Cretaceous red beds were sedimentary quartz and metamorphic rocks. The modal
analysis also indicates semi-humid to humid weathering conditions during the Lower Cretaceous.

Keywords: Modal analysis, Geochemistry, Provenance, Lower Cretaceous, Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone.

628
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$; , ; # = ()!*;+ ; D ;) .(Salehi et al., 2018) H "E #! $Y\ & )(T= # ) ! 7? O c4
$ 2 & )(T= # < AB 2 / ? ! @ 2 / ? > "! $+ Q = + - 4 % &# !? 1 # 2 3 / 4
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/6 7 8 9
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/ ;4 ;$ 190 ; <' 2 3 / 4 (T= .(Tucker, 2001) H> " ' : 4 <$\ f!# -= &# = - < ! & "
@ ; 2 / ; ? H; 8 - < 20 .4 .H> " # 3 -./ 0 # ! H = - < 40 C <' # ! X # -./ 0 #
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& ;)-; < , = .(4A 3 X ) H : 4 + - 4 % # H #? H / : 4 N > ! H #? H / 7 r >! $+
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.H , 2 f = # -./ 0 # / 4 (B ! A) W ! w4 ! - R $ -2 X

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630
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; # !# ; . # H; <) E -M0 & ) 7? ! > " 2 > # 1 P % 4 # .(Garzanti et al., 2018
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.(Herron, 1988) ! ) # < &!# = )1 - < AB & ) s 4 :B

#&+ * 3
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# ; ! ; # ;< &!# ;= ;)1 ; - &# < -0M X F & ) s 4 .(B 5 X ) = +- 4 %
2 / ; ? X; F & ;) s ; 4 .(C 6 X ) = @ .> h & # 3 - F E = (Yerino and Maynard, 1984)
- ; F ! ;W # ;+ - 4 % & )-$ $ 4 8 $> " # 3 LmLvLs x x # < &!# = @
Bahatia, ) ; 4 ) = & ;)# < &!# ;= < ; AB 2 / ? I $ s 4 .(D 6 X ) = & # , = ! d & # 3 @ .>
2 Fe2O3+MgO X= M # (Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O # < &!# = ! Fe2O3+MgO X= M # Al2O3/SiO2 # < &!# = (1983
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9 =,
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.(C 6 X ) K3 ! = # 24# % E = ! W
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631
! 7? ;= (Metamorphic) ;" " # ; 1 ; ! W .4 = !q (Suttner et al, 1981) # <) ! 4 # < &!#
.(C 7 X ) = + - 4 % H 8 (Humid) 7 L & )

Dickinson and ) (Qm, F, Lt) # < :B (Dickinson, 1988) (Qt, F, L) # < :A . $ 4 8 .4 & )# < -5 X
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A < /C +#
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- ; ;+ - 4 % & )-$ & = @ .> & # 3 - F $ 4 8 %F2 < AB O ./ 0 . = +
-;./ 0 # ; & )- < & = ] = 4 n $ -8# " " ! = ## 1 % F U<) $ , O ./ 0 . =
S T; 4 (Humid) 7 L 4 (Semi-Humid) 7 L -< + - 4 % & )- < & = E XW & ) ! 7? .H
.H

632
 # < :B Z(Tortosa et al, 1991) # <) ! 4# 4 # < 24# % C K 4 - "- # < &!# = &# < -0M & ) s 4 :A - 6 X
.(Roser and Korsch, 1998) f# % ! !# .= 4 : 4 # < :C X .(Basu et al, 1975) # <) ! =

I$/! # < &!# = &# < -0M & ) s 4 : :A -7 X

Suttner et ) # <) ! 4 # < :B (Weltje, 1998)
Suttner and Dutta, ) 4! ! 4 # < :C .(al., 1981
.(1986

:D
.-W 586 # % . O > $% ! .1385 .C 4 Y 3?
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634
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Sedimentology of Qala cave and its role in geotourism of Iran

Abstract
Today, Geotourism is considered to be one of the most cost-effective economic activities that countries compete with each
other to attract more tourists. In this point of view, caves are among the sedimentary landscapes which are the most beautiful
and influential geotourism phenomena in the world. This cave has been the second-world rank in terms of unique morphological
form (Well) and depth (562 m), and the third deepest cave in Iran. The Qala Cave in Kermanshah province is located Zagros
geological zone (Thrusted and high) and in the limestone of Bisotun area. This cave is a sinkhole that is created along the tensile
joints and stretch active faults of the main Zagros fault region. Field studies includes a full cave survey, include morphology,
identification of sedimentary deposits, evaluation of the specific features of attracting tourists are the most important part of
this research. Bistoun limestone are deposited in a deep, closed and radiolarite marine system under the influence of meteoric
and burial diagenesis. This dissolution process can be effective in developing the Karst region. The karstic forms of the area
include lapis, honeycomb shapes, deep valleys, karstic springs, rivers, caves, sinkholes (Dolin, Ovule, Polios), which are the
main cause of water supply of aquifers. The amount of isotopic elements such as tritium, carbon 14, and carbon dioxide pressure
in springs indicate the region's karsticity. Also, many of the ancient stone castles are visible in the study area.
Keywords: Geotourism, Qala Cave, Sinkhole, Meteoric Diagenesis, Karstic Forms, Bisotun Limestone.
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- Bakalowicz, M., 2005. Karst Groundwater: a challenge for new resources, Hydrogeology Journal, 13 (1), 148-160.
- Cooper, A. H., Farrant, A. R., Price, j., 2011. The use of karst Geomorphology for planning, hazard avoidance and
development in Great Britabin, Geomorphology, 134, 118 -131.
- Ford, D.C., Williams, P.W., 2007. Karst Hydrology and Geomorphology. Wiley – Interscience, a Division of John, Wiley &
Sons Inc. 562.
- Hollingsworth, J., Jackson, J., Walker, R., Nazari, H., 2008. Extrusion tectonics and subduction in the Eastern South Caspian
Region since 10Ma. Geology, 36(10), 763-766.
- Lobo, H.A., Moretti, E.C., 2009. Tourism in caves and the conservation of the speleological heritage: The case of Serrada
Bodoquena (Mato Gross Do Sul State, Brazil). (Online). Retrieved from oj.zrc.sazu.si/carsological/article/…/127. Accessed on
12/6/2016.
- Oguamanan, C.C., Nwankwo, E.A., 2015. Sustainable development plans for caves in southeast Nigeria for tourism. (Online)
Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports, 3, Retrieved from www.iiste.org/Journal/index.../17757. Accessed on 12/5/2016.
- Rindam, M., 2014. Cave Tourism: The Potentials of Ascar Cave as a Natural Tourism Asset At Lenggong Valley, Perak.
(Online) SHS of Conferences Centre for Distance Education, University Sains Malaysia, Retrieved from
http://www.shs.conferences.org. Accessed on12/6/2016.
- White, W.B., 1988. Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains, Oxford University Press, New York, 464.

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Estimation of shear wave velocity by rock physics relations and

improving of the estimation using choquet fuzzy integral fusion
method in one of the carbonate reservoirs in Iran
Hamid Seifi1*, Behzad Tokhmechi 2, Ali Moradzadeh 3
1*. PhD Student; School of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood,
Iran, hm.seifi@gmail.com
2. Associate Professor, School of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology,
Shahrood, Iran, tokhmechi@ut.ac.ir
3. Professor; School of Mining Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, a_moradzadeh@ut.ac.ir
Abstract:
Shear wave velocity is one of the most important parameters in exploration studies of hydrocarbon
reservoirs. In most wells, shear velocity shear has not been acquired due to high costs. Various
methods have been used to estimate the shear wave velocity, including rock physics relations. In this
study, at the beginning, the shear wave velocity was estimated in a well from a carbonate reservoir,
using two rock physics models of Xu-Payne and Greenberg-Castagna. Then a fusion model was
proposed to increase accuracy and improve the estimation using the Choquet fuzzy integral fusion
method. The shear wave velocity obtained from the models was compared with the actual shear wave
velocities. In investigating the results, the RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) in the Choquet model
was less than other models, and the correlation coefficient was higher than the other two models,
which shows improvement in the Choquet fusion method compared to the used rock physics methods.
The reason for this, may be the use of optimization algorithms in the Choquet model, which would

641
lead to better results in the studied carbonate reservoir. Therefore, the results of this study can be used
in the study of rock physics with the aim of feasibility study for four dimensions’ seismic projects.
Keywords: Hydrocarbon reservoirs, Choquet Fuzzy Integral, Data Fusion, Greenberg-Castagana
model, Rock Physics, Xu-Payne model.
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g i1 g i2 g i3 ….,g iL (7)

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c/ ? ( - 5 8 @ R ; 6 5- ) L @& @; @K 4 ; .(A. 2 H&) )# @ e ; 2682 ( >_ -"^ 6+ -^K
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L @; #QB 6 5- ) L . >_) @ e ; 251 ( >_ -"^ 6 + -^K " (G ; " - + BQ.() *-
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@; ( - - - B; + BQ.( % F - V " ( % " L 6 ; % ) % 8 6 .?4 ) ; < #0
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.# 6 .?4 Q ; 8 @ ( W . - . D4 @; >_ " 4G ; + BQ.(- B;

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@ ) ; _ 6 .?4 # F 8 L + Q 4L @ R n? @ = > - @4 ; ? - % ) R %8
;# F 8 L + Q 4L @ @ = > 6 8 H* [ ] + 1- Q0 @; .# % @ - ;] "
( R -P Q R " 6 5- ) + L " ) + L " 8 ;% ) R %8 & " 5 (- +
@; o ; % ) % $ M = Q ;- # F Q 4L ;t % ( " - ?.(
Z R - 6 s.( " ; - F %8 = ( %!" 5 ; & 1 => - 4 J] 8 @ # $ ?
- /.0 & "- 8 L 6 @ # } @; h8G 6 s.( . - V % $ - Z- Q ; 8 W 5 8 "- " (-
. 8 % 5- J - ; "- ( 8 ? 8 ; 4 "- ; 4 @ # - &4 H; V [ - @; "
M ".
Castagna, J.P., Batzle, M.L., and Kan, T.K., 1993. "Rock physics – The link between rock properties and AVO response. In
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Cambridge university press.
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potential based on GIS", Petroleum Geoscience, petgeo2016-100.

647
 #$ !"
(( +,- .) ( %&! !" '$ ( )
*
!
ensi313@yahoo.com :# $% & '( *

2 +, - /. ! - (0 +* 1 2 34 5 /6 /% . ,+ ) * + , - + ,( .
* ) , 2 / . /. = 2 34 2 + / 5:; - < + 6 . 40 , / 3+ , - ,( .. ! 7% 2 34
% + I ! I ! /JK , /61 2 3, 2 % 2 H .= 3, (K3 E1 ) 2 2 / % . / , @ 6 , /2A B CD > ?
(1 I ! = @ N % , 5O 1 6P # L@ K E$Q .= $2 / E L6 /. M2 % / ) / > ? + /2A
(4 (Sd) $ 2 , =!, + = @ (3 (Rd2) * H % + 5H , T 6 + = @ (2 (Rd1) + 6(. 3 , *2, + = @
1/8 % 1/5 Rd1 / @ + = @ , X % % / ,A Ca/Mg =$( . ! 2 ! /JK , (Vd) + 37% + /W ,-/ , + = @
. ?= ]% , 1/3 % 0/9 Vd + / , + = @ 1/7 % 1/1 Sd $ 2 + = @ 1/6 % 1/2 Rd2 + = @
-` a . 3 ( 6 B2 B2* + 2 < A &_0 #, H + /D ^ + / , ! =: % ! E$Q
) -& #A $% , 2 / . * ) c2, % , K 61 / -+, 63 + / % , (S HS b ) + :@
2- 2-
+
d . T 0 SO4 (CH4 b ) @? # $ . % * O 2 J & ,
2-
61 / Mg + 2 2? 1 2 Q . !
2+

. . c2 = @ 2 B2* # .
+ ./0 '+ , -$ Ca/Mg #% & ' () * ! # $ : !

Relationship between various generation of dolomites and Pb-Zn

mineralization in Lower Cretaceous carbonated host rock, Khan-
Sormeh deposit, western Isfahan
Ebrahim Tale Fazel, Ensie Mokhtari Nejad*
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan
*corresponding author e-mail: ensi313@yahoo.com

Abstract
The sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits is one of the important class of deposits which half of Pb-Zn
resources are extracted from them. The Khan-Sormeh Pb-Zn deposit is located in 40 km of western
Isfahan and mineralization is occurs in thick-bedded Orbitolina-bearing carbonated rock with Lower
Cretaceous age (K3 unit). The oldest rock which outcrops in area including dark shales with limestone
and sandstone interbeded which belong to Nayband Formation with Triassic age. Based on
petrographic studies, at least four types of dolomite are distinguished in Khan-Sormeh deposit: 1) gray
fine-grained dolomite (Rd1), 2) brown-red medium-grained dolomite (Rd2), 3) coarse-grained saddle
dolomite (Sd) and 4) late vein dolomite (Vd). Ca/Mg molar ratio in first, second, third and fourth
generations of dolomite are varies between 1.5 to 1.8, 1.2 to 1.6, 1.1 to 1.7 and 0.9 to 1.3, respectively.
Evidences shows that the basinal hydrothermal brines with high solution effective and rich from Mg,
Na and Sr ions and some bisulfide complexes (HS2- and S2-) are trapped in structural-lithological
controls and have been forced to doing fluid-rock interaction with mineralized carbonated host rock.
During this process, the Mg2+ ions in solutions with minor organic matters (such as CH4) and SO42-
interacted with environment and its caused mg-carbonate or dolomite.
Key words: dolomite, Pb-Zn mineralization, Ca/Mg molar ratio, Khan-Sormeh, Isfahan

648
 1
, ) * f 2 / =$( + :@ ; 3, # . * + , - 2 34 2 % , # D / e
Fe Mg + 60 6(C & + ? /c 6 , ! 6 @ 3, JJ0 +, ( J / .=
; *. % + X T0 !B 1 2* 1- 2 ! + / Xe * ) , ; 2 e A
! 6 @ 2? 1 , b 2 .(Wright et al., 2000 gPeace and Wallace, 2000 / ! /Le ) ! /2 P +* 1
2 , , + hi dJ 1 6. =1 , >2 / % /% . + T 0 , 2 + I !,. / 6
, ( . .(Wilkinson and Lee, 2003 gWilkinson and Earls, 2000) ! /6! , * + , - 2 34 2 e P
e -j +, 63 - / 5P dC 5:; 6 - < + 6 . 40 / ; 1 , / 3+, -
51°14'38" 2 1 ]e # l6C , / 3 L .= 2 , , * /2 P # * 1 + , ( . k3 ! + /
, /61 , H j C6 , 1351 & I$H /. / 3 . +*. dC , @ !m 32°42'53" H !& Q
! o, * ? + + , ;, 1 - ;, 5 T 6 , % 1 6 . f % .= n 6 #, ; / D ^ & ^
= @ !X . % :6 (EPMA) 6 @ .*2, + :6 d pP 2 , .(Momenzadeh, 1976) =
h7% W .= ! /63 P / 3+, - )(. ? q $%, /% . * ) 3, 0 , /
.= /61 , H , , =2 @ : @ + :@ + / . = 5 , 6 @ 3, * f 2
(' 342 *
2 34 2 6 ,* * @ -N@? * . / *. , 6 . 200 + 5P 6 . 1500 + , e -j / 5P
, 5:; - 2_ 2 * 1 =@ 2 .= 2 , ( 5:; ) 2 ( 3) #, ( 2_ ) ? + ,( . b + , -
/. * ( J) + , - L / , ( . 200 d * /61 I ! e -j / 5P dC
*O ,K 2 2 / % . /% . + ^ , 2 34 2 5 dC .= ! 1 L (1976) i T % , 6(C
/ E L6 / ^ 2 , /61 2 3, + ) 2 % 2 H . ! I % ( 2A - > , f) > ! + I!
- + , ( . 6( ) /. I! = =( !=2 .-= (2 ` e > , f-M 2 % ,- + )
(1968) I , T % /L@ K , /JK , ! /2 , + o, * 6(C . I % , 5:; - 2_ 2 * 1 =@ 2 + ,
- 3 , ( . +, 63 T 0 ! + l6C r ! ? Q /. ! r K ! 11 , ! o, * ,
/63 P / 3 ,( . + ! tf ! . , / (1384) s1 W .= . /2 , /
1 L ( * ) * f 2 `P) > 6 f P (+, u , * ) > 6f /^ , ,+, - 2 / . 3,
.= .
! wH (1975 + b ) ? vc 1:100000 / (1978 + ) 5:; 1:250000 o , 5O , / 3 /JK
/) / > ? + /2A % + I ! I ! /JK , /61 2 3, 2 % 2 H / J 2 E$Q .=
$ ! >2 (K1 E1 ) 2 2 / % . * H + ) / . ? `P .= $2 / E L6 /. M2 %
+ / = # LKH 6 2 x $2 J% . ^ = CD . /61 , H M 2 % + = I ! + , , /2
6 100 = CD y. ^ (K2 E1 ) ! , + 5H + / + = @ ^ 2 + , .= ! I % M2 % 2 H
I % ^ 2 + , 6 300 = CD (K3 E1 ) , = ? @ 6 , /2A B CD + > ? ? `P .= !I %
2 6 + , K3 ^ /. = .4 / A . , 2 2, T2 ! / , /D ^ ! E /. !
=H ,? ? `P . I % ,/ 3 ,( . ; * ) /JK , d ( 6( ! *
, .= ! I % I$H ^ + , 6 100 6 . = CD K4 E1 ?+ , I! > ? % , /D ^
^ 2 /. ! ! P 6 200 = CD (K5 E1 ) , = ? /2A n + > ? T % /JK ,` =2 5
E$Q .= d! P , /JK + =! + , , * + % . # , .(1 I !) I % ,/ 3 /JK # :%,

649
+ ) 2 +4 : % 3, + !/ W 2 0; + , (1384 s1 g1970 , P> ) o, *
.(1 I !) , e / 3 /JK + 6 . 10 z L! % B. = 2,4?
51°15‘ E

K3 N
K2 Qamishlu
Kuh-e-Koppe Palang 0 1000m
K1
Kuh-e-Boland

K1 Qt2

K3 Kuh-e-Salakhi
T
K2
Kuh-e-Cheshme Senjid
K4 K3 K2

Qt1 Ku
h-e
-Ne Kuh-e-Arreh Khvah
K4 K4 sar Qt2
Dar
ba n
d
32°45‘ N

Varposht
K3
T

Chah ja
Kuh-e-Vajin Kuh-e-Khan Sormeh
Darband K4 Kuh-e-Pazanan
K3
Khan Sormeh
Esfid Vajan Tiran QAl

E1
Fazlabad K5
K4 K5
QAl
Qadirabad
Kowhan K3

Shahdan
K3 E1
ene Quaternary

K5 Whitish grey thin-bedded limestone QAl Flood plain Abandon mine Town
Cretaceous

K4 Grey shale with interbedded marly limestone Qt2 Gravel plain Asphalted road City
K3 Grey limestone containing Orbitolinas Qt1 Old terraces Second-class road
Anticline
K2 Yellow to brownish sandy dolomite
Eoc

E1 Conglomerate with nummulitic limestone Major fault

K1 Red sandstone and conglomerate

.(1975 + b T % ? vc 1:100000 / # ]% ) / 3 L /JK ! ! / J .1 I !

5 6 7
/% . + ^ I ! / 3 , ( . v 6C + dC / 40 L% ! L% { / 6 ,b /
:6 J ;-n n wKJ 40 + , 1 6P # L@ K . ! =! + dC +* 1 ) ( . *
T % n wKJ 15 L% 2 . ! c % +, $ + , , Axioplan2 & `2 *2,_P +, |
! X . % 2 / 3 =$( ( ;, 1/5) HCl (K₄[Fe(CN)₆]·3H₂O) 1 B 6P (Red-s) * H 2, * @? & 0
5 L% ! / 5% J ;-n wQ J { qJ L% +, # L@ K c `P . ! +* ? ) , } lC /% ,
(carbon . , ~& 6 T % 6 @ ,$ I$H / . ! - C6 6 @ .*2, # L@ K + ,
, Cameca SX100 & (EPMA) 6 @ .*2, /2*c% 6 :6 / ? `P . 61 , H coating)
2 e =@ . 20 f 6@ EPMA 6 o , .=1 , H + /KJ /2*c% , (GEUS) 2 n, !
/ 6 { d2 ? 2 . ! c ;, 0/02 + K3 5 % P KH (nA) a ? 2×10 - 8 6@+%P
.=1 #, ; = @ v 6C + I( , (Trace) - . (major elements) ; ; !X . %
9: 8)
# $ ( ; <

650
+ @ 2 (MVT) P , z + ,( . b # . * +, - ( 2 ) > 6f P % ( * ) > 6f 2 34
=2 ? I ! B ( .-B2* - ? /% . + . 3, + T 0 26 5 (SEDEX) + l6 - , (Irish-type)
Leach et al., gKesler and Reich, 2006) 6( (CaCO3) = ( . (CaMg(CO3)2) = @ (FeCO3) =2, (CaFe(CO3)2)
,u , 63 , /. & I % 0 + : # _Q = @ 61 # ; l3 2 , .(2005, 2010
2 , /. ! r K Sibley and Gregg (1987) T % = @ + , } l3 , /2 P X@ K 6(C .(Wilkinson, 2003)
, ( . , = @ N % , 5O B. = , 6@ P # L@ K E$Q $ 2 .= ! :6 ? d pP
6 0/1 6O. L (Rd1) + 6(. 3 , *2, + = @ (1 I ! = @ 2 .= > :% I H 2 2 / 3
L (Sd) $ 2 , =!, + = @ (3 6 0/2 % 0/1 L (Rd2) * H % + 5H , T 6 + = @ (2
, b ! E$Q .(2 I !) . ,! % (Vd) + 37% + /W ,-/ , + = @ (4 6 0/2 6 ,*
-/ . 3, + !/ € . 6( Kc3 ^ /% . + ) T$% /6! / @ = + 6(. 3 , *2, + = @
+ . ( X < * + 5H , T 6 + = @ . = @ N% 2 , 2
X< $ 2 + = @ P {_3 .(•2 I !) = /61 I ! = % b ?+ (. *%, .
+ , ( . X < , .(j2 I !) , e =2 @ : @ 2/. ? /. I %, 34 * ) !
/61 7 A % T 6 +, ! & $ 2 + = @ MVT N % 2 34 b /% . * +, -
2 # . * ) /2 h = * + 37% + /W ,-/ , + = @ . ! /6! +* 1 ; 3 % /.
.(‚ r2 I !) = . wKH , = @ + I(

-/ , (- * ) # LKH @ = @ ! =1 (v@ I ! / 3,( . 6 @ )(. 1 6P 2 l% .2 I !

@ I( = @ (• =2, & I( = @ (# = @ * , =2 @ : - @ / , (| /% . ) * , @ + /W ,
(‚ r @ . P # ,4 $ 2 & I( + = @ BSE 2 l% (ƒ @ $ 2 & I( = @ (j *%, . / Q
(Qtz) *%, . (Dol) = @ (Sp) =2 @ : (Ga) @ :+, l63 { ^ .= . wKH , = @ & I( /. + / , + = @ BSE 2 l%
.(Vd) + / , (Sd) $ 2 (Rd2) (Rd1) & I( + = @ (Ga) =2,

651
 # $ (= 4$>
6 @ .*2, /2*c% (Sr Ba Fe Mn Na Mg Ca ; b) = @ , ; ; !X . %/ 6 ,b /
! # ]% , , b / ! + /JK z $ 2 + = @ , /. 2 c ? . ! :6 (EPMA)
58/5 = @ , X % % / MgO CaO + 60 . ! c (rim) , / ! ^ % (core) *. + /KJ /2*c% 5 ? , + l
1/8 % 1/5 Rd1 / @ + = @ , X % % / ,A Ca/Mg =$( .= ]% , 40/2 wt% % 37/6 61/3 wt% %
, ,A Ca/Mg =$( W . ? = 1/3 % 0/9 Vd + / , + = @ 1/6 % 1/2 Rd2 + = @
1/5 % 1/1 H 1/7 % 1/4 , *. , =$( 2 /. ]% , 1/7 % 1/1 Sd $ 2 + = @
= + 37% + / , + = @ / E L6 ? 2 6 . / @ + = @ , ,A Ca/Mg =$( 2 6 T 6 , K .=
(. + & 3 e ! ? + 2 dC Ax 6^ /. , *. % Rd2 + = @ , ? * 2 6 .(3 I !)
* $ 2 + = @ , ? 2 ! w2 % .= = @ 2 63 6( !*2, , ? + (. ,
% 0/01 / . / 3 ,( . + = @ , * * =b < .= +*. dC 6 * 2 H, $
2 2, + = @ , * + 60 . , = @ ! tf , ? 5 , 61, /. ]6 ;, 0/15 /
+ T 0 k3 ! * ? ; < + = @ (Veizer, 1983) ;, >2 / >2 * (Marin dolomites)
ppm / % + , !? ^ 2 $ 2 + = @ , ( 6 , J .(Cao et al., 2007) 6( 7 + ^
% %, O 2 2, + = @ , Sr =b < .= H 6 +*. H , * 2 /. = ]% , 180
+, / $! l 2 +, $ ? +A x 6$( 2 z L! I @ / ? 2 P *. % /. (Rao, 1996) = ]6 2500 ppm
]% , 330 ppm / % + , !? ^ 2 B2 , J .(Huang et al., 2006) = ! 6 @ Q= @
Qing and Mountjoy, gVeizer, 1983) = 160 ppm % 110 2 2, + /D ^ T$% + = @ , * 2 /. =
& , K2+ Na2+ + 2 +A Bc^ T$% Ax 6^ /JK $ 2 + = @ , 63 , B2 +A 2 J .(1988
.(Akcay et al., 2003) = = @ , 63 , 61 / & + , $ W & L% & ^ ,

Rd1 & Rd1 ?

2500 Rd2 1000 Rd2
Sd Sd
Vd Vd
2000 800
Mn (ppm)

1500 600
Fe (ppm)

1000 400

500 200

0 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Camolar/Mgmolar Camolar/Mgmolar

Rd1 A Rd1 @
500 Rd2 250
Rd2
Sd Sd
Vd Vd
400 Hydrothermal 200
dolomites
Hydrothermal
Sr (ppm)

300 dolomites
Na (ppm)

150

200 100

100 50

0 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Camolar/Mgmolar Camolar/Mgmolar

./ 3 , ( . , = @ v 6C + I( , (#) B2 (|) ( 6 (-) ? (v@ ) * v 6C ; , ,A Ca/Mg =$( .3 I !

652
 ; B
z H / ( '@ P- 2A / % .) a@? 2 * . 1 Q e -j +, 63 - / 5P , !, 1 > 6 % + = @ L1
-+, 63 / % >2 c2 22 / % .# .+ ) b = CD I % / c 2 * . 2 P 2 .= /6 P
+ / , ! .= !/ 3 /JK , /. & 61 / + X (structural-lithological trap)
(S HS b ) + :@
2- 2-
+ ` a . 3 ( 6 B2 B2* + 2 < A &_0 #, H + /D ^
2 Q . ! ) -& #A $% , 2 / . * ) c2, % , K 61 / -+, 63 + / % 2 ,
E$Q d . T 0 SO4 (CH4 b ) @? # $ . % * O 2 J & ,
2-
61 / Mg2+ + 2 2? 1
- 2 34 , , :@ . . c2 = @ 2 B2* # . 2SO42- + Mg2+ +2CH4 ↔ Mg(CO3)22- + 2S2- + 2H2O d .
e / /e % . ! 7% 2,4? + ) @? 2, -? + C$% + E1 b L # . * +,
Ax 6^ , :@ /61 #, ; w 2 7% / 3 /JK , 2,4? ) + 3, + C$% + E1
.= ! c2 2, -? # :@ 2 6( ) @? „ ^
3
! 2 ( 5:; ? vc ) / 3 , ( . @ 6^ * f 6@? ! tf ! . /L@ K .1384 .M s1
.} 183 *2 $% !, !, . / 2 P .+ l6H
., . L # 1 6. ! . 5:; 1:250000 ! o , 5O .1978 +
., . L # 1 6. ! . ? vc 1:100000 ! / .1975 + b
Akcay, M., Ozkan, H.M., Spiro, B., Wilson, R., Hoskin, P.O., 2003, "Geochemistry of a high-T hydrothermal dolostone from
the Emirli (Odemis, western Turkey) Sb-Au deposit", Mineralogical Magazine, 67, P.671-688.
Burnol L (1968) Contribution al'etude des gisments de plomb et zinc de L'Iran. Essais de classification paragenetique.
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Cao, J., Hu, W.X., Yao, S.P., Zhang, Y.J., Wang, X.L., Zhang, Y.Q., Huang, Z.J., 2007, "Carbon, oxygen and strontium
isotope composition of calcite veins in the carboniferous to Permian source sequences of the Junggar Basin: implications
on petroleum fluid migration", Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, (in Chinese with English abstract), 25, P.722-799
Huang, S.J., Qing, H., Pei, C.R., Hu, Z.W., Wu, S.J., Sun, Z.L., 2006, "Strontium concentration isotope composition and
dolomitization fluids in the Feixianguan Formation of Triassic, Eastern Sichuan of China", Acta Petrologica Sinica, (in
Chinese with English abstract) 22, P.2123-2132.
Hubner, H. and Malekpour, A. 1970. Report on the Khaneh-Sormeh mine, Geological survey of Iran. Dept. of mineral
resources. Int. Rep. 5 p.
Kesler SE, Reich MH (2006) Precambrian Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Relation to changes in composition of the
hydrosphere and atmosphere: Geol Soci Amer Mem 198:185−204
Leach DL, Sangster DF Kelley KD, Large RR, Garven G, Allen CR, Gutzmer J, Walters S (2005) Sediment-hosted lead-zinc
deposits: A global perspective. Econ Geol 100:561−608
Leach DL, Bradley DC, Huston D, Pisarevsky SA, Taylor RD, Gardoll SJ (2010) Sediment-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits in
Earth History. Econ Geol 105:593-625
Momenzadeh M (1976) Stratabound lead zinc ores in the lower Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments in the Malayer–Esfahan
District (West Central Iran): Lithology, metal content, zonation and Genesis. PhD Thesis, University of Heidelberg, 300 pp
Peace WM, Wallace MW (2000) Timing of mineralization at the Navan Zn-Pb deposit: a post-Arundian age for Irish
mineralization. Geology 28:711–714
Qing, H., Mountjoy, E.W., 1988, "Multistage dolomitization in rainbow buildups, Middle Devonian Keg River Formation,
Alberta, Canada", Journal of Sedimentary Research, 59, P.114-126.
Rao, C.P., 1996, "Modern carbonates tropical temperature polar. Introduction to sedimentology and geochemistry", Howrah,
Tasmania.
Sibley DF, Gregg JM (1987) Classification of dolomite rock texture. J Sed Res 57:967–975
Veizer, J., 1983, "Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique", In: Arthur, M.A.,
Anderson, T.F., Kaplan, I.R., Veizer, J., Land, L.S. (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. Soc. Econ. Paleont.
Mineral. Short Course, 10, P.3-100.
Wilkinson JJ, Earls G (2000) A high temperature hydrothermal origin for black dolomite matrix breccias in the Irish Zn-Pb
orefield. Min Mag 64:1077–1096
Wilkinson JJ, Lee MJ (2003) Cementation, hydrothermal alteration, and Zn-Pb mineralization of carbonate breccias in the
Irish Midlands: textural evidence from the Cooleen zone, near Silvermines, County Tipperary—a reply. Econ Geol
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Wright WR, Johnson AW, Shelton KL, Somerville ID, Gregg JM (2000) Fluid migration and rock interactions during
dolomitisation of the Dinantian Irish Midlands and Dublin Basin. J Geochem Explor 69–70:159–164.

653
 ! "
! 3 2 1

1
azam_tayeeban@yahoo.com- ! "# $ % &' () * + ,
2
mo_ja58@yahoo.com-"% & "# &' () * + / &( * 0 , 1
3
poursoltani1852@mshdiau.ac.ir -"% & "# &' () * + / &( * 0 ,

: #$
86) ( ; "<! 3 5 & 6 317 $ & 3 " ( 81 ,(/ :) – / & ) /1 1( 3 / 3 $ 0 "(
3< D & ?6) " ( 1( 3 1 ) C "( B A6 @ 3 3 5 *" > ? = – = 6
3 K L 1 * 0"1 ( # /1 M NO 3 " ( /1 $ , KP& > C : 3 3Q . E F 3G 3H # I
3G 3H # E # Y $) 3U= V& X & /1" R= 5 3 S + E T E 3U= V& & 1 < WL 6 * 8<
132 6 Y /1 ( ." & & 45 5& PH 3 A 6 3' Y & 136 5& PH 3 Y >& 3 " P F
." 3 % Z( [V &
& = , 0 S ,\' ,$" 1 ? & ,$" < ( " ]! $ 0 " ( *" 1 ? L1 6" 1) S /1 <%&
." & $" C $" = ,AC S & ^ , + C? ,$"
0" : ." " K = ) < RQ Y 3 3 < 15 1 = *" 5_Q < ': Y 3 3 < 35 1 < WL U= V& X & 3
*" 6 $ ,$ 0 " ( 6 86) 13 / 18 $a C : K1 * C0 (Fe,Mn,Na,Sr) ! S (Ca,Mg) ` ` !
63 % /1 S" K L 1 B= e f & d 1 & /1 / c<6 ." & # /1 C 3= B
"( 6 5C 3 $ &( 1 ) & ."6 & $ / 1 : 3 ) 5]C 3 C 3< K L 1 A C 81
.5 *" ) 0 3Q 23/64 , ?6) >0 6 3 < $a C g K1 /1 / + ( * _ $0
) * +,( - .& / & 0* 12 3 4 : % &' (

Investigation geochemical of the carbonate deposits of the Tirgan

Formation in the easte of Kopet - Dagh basin
Tayeban¹*,seyyedeh azam,Javanbakht²,Mohammad,Poursoltani³,Mehdi reza
1-Ph.D. student of Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology,Science and Reserch Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran
2-Assistant Professor,Department of Geology,Mashhad Branch,Islamic Azad University
3- Associate Professor,Department of Geology,Mashhad Branch,Islamic Azad University

Abstract:
The Tirgan Formation, Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian) in age, a carbonate formation with shale and
Marl interlayers. Considering reservoir potential, this formation has not been studied precisely in the
study areas, and from the viewpoint of diagenesis, based on geochemical results. Therefore, in order to
study, two sections, Sar-rud with 136 m thick, and Kalteh Ebrahim Baig with 45 m thick, in the eastern
of the Kopet Dagh basin, were measured. Finally, for petrology study, 132 thin section were prepared.
The most important identified diagenetic processes in the Tirgan Formation are cementation,
micritization, dissolution, compression, dolomitization, fracturing, neomorphism, stylolitization and
silicification. For the geochemical studies, 35 samples by inductively coupled plasma, and also 15
samples by atomic absorption method were analyzed. The dispersion of the major elements (Ca, Mg)
and the minor element (Fe, Mn, Na, Sr) and the isotopic range of O18 and C13, indicate the composition
of primary calcite mineralogy. Also, these values show the effect of the dominant burial environments
on this strata in a diagonal and semi-closed diagonal system with a low water-rock reaction. The sea
water temperature at the time of precipitation of carbonates of Tirgan Formation using the heaviest
oxygen isotope in limy mud 234.6 ° C is estimated.
Key words: Tirgan Formation, diagenesis, geochemistry, Kopet-Dagh

654
 + 5
00' 1 S iQ \ @ = < 38° 15' 35° 30' 1 S iQ %H ! / ,$ 1 E \ < F 3G 3H #
$ C iS 3 <Q ( & 6 $ 1 * '! 3H # /1 .(1373 , # S ) E E 61° 13' 54°
.5 " 6 $( P& 3 U ; ]C Y C0 $ C <
; "<! " ( /1 .5 F 3G 3H # ?6) 6" ( ( ?1 ,(/ :)– / & ) 1 : 3 / 3 $ 0 "(
1( 3 1 ) C "( B A6 @ 3 3 5 *" > ? = – = 6 86) (
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.(2013 ,$ ?<6 5P] Q) 5 E #
' – "% & C& Y >& F 3G E # $) ( 3 DY ," ( /1 3U= V& X & 3
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. 5 3 S 0 E 3U= V& & P
% 6' ' *
3 % Z( [V & % )( P 3 < 132 X & /1" .5S 0 ` " 6Y 3 Y ( 3 < "
& ? L1 6" 1) S / c<6 6 * CO K1 1 X & 3 $ K1 ': g ? ? & f Z( [@ & ."1 0
5&= ( 5C oP X&3 A :" S K& E /1 K =) \ & f 6 3 < .5S 0 E
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3 / D A6 5 *" * _ (1980) 8= S " 3 ]@ ( K ) 6 (1962) % Y ( 3 6
." 3 S 0 8< (2010) >0 SY ( \"& 3W 6 * CO K1 C_ X &
[@ & + T E 3U= V& ( n: ,3U= V& & 6 Y ?6) 6 N ! 1 < WL 6 X &3
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! S ` ! "` BC# (Ca,Mg) ` ` ! 3 .5S 0 E N ! 31K & (ICP-OES) & ?G
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7 8
% 9: /0
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" < 3 q & * CO ,(Outer ramp) Q O p& * CO " < 3 q & * CO 3 3 5 *" D C
B 3 3 5 (Inner ramp) O p& * CO " < 3 q & * CO 3 , (Mid-ramp) & p& * CO
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6" * <6 07 "& KQ 6 * CO [ Y C0 , 1 " 6 3 % *"6 & "! ,(et al,2014

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, f &/ U ,3 = B / U , 6 < WL 6 /1 <%& (
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Y $ 0 "( 63 < : K1 6 * ! S , ` ` ! K = ) u1 .(& Asadi-Mehmandosti ;2008
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9 2B
"1 < oP & B 3 <Q ( s P& 6 & : " &3 6 (Sr) A C "&
Y 445 ppm 59 / Y $ 0 "( ?6) 6 3 < (Sr) A C " & .(Miliman,1974)
(bulk) > 6 3 < Sr $ K & .5 i (311 ppm / + &) 386 ppm 197 / A 6 3'
v1 KS 5 0 ) v1 KS Sr $ K & .(Miliman,1974) 5 i 10000 ppm 8000 / H # "%! * # T@ &
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.5 C ,3U= V& & 6 Y B $ 0 "(
0
/ A 6 3' Y 7600 ppm 300 / Y $ 0 "( ?6) 6 3 < (Na) A1" " &
f & *" 6 $ A1" $ K & >E "# *"&) 5 " 1 & 3 3Q .5 i (2171 ppm/ + &) 7900 ppm 300
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656
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.5 < \' 6 3 < /1 ? L 1 A C $ 3 C 3< (
:(Sr/Ca) 9 ( +8 9 2B 9
.(Li et al.,2013) / U 3 6AC KL 1 " $ &K+& AC 3 AC 5]C y
3 AC 5]C (5>? ) K + & > & $a C g K1 < ( KL 1 f & $ 3 C 1 ( / U X & 3
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0 +8 9 2B 9
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13 D82( '18 H 9( 3'/0 % 28
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12 3 4 9K +3 4 * 0 * LE *+
. & 3] & Anderson & Arthur(1983) 3= U& ( * _ 5 *" 3 % $) 5 C 3 ) &
Tº C = 16 -4.14 * ( c - w) + 0.13 *( c - w)²

657
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.5 *" 3] & 0 3Q 27/78 ,(-3/63%PBD) A 6 3' Y
: 2 1 +M B
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" ( Z( [@ & 5S + 6 ." "1 0 5 & 45 5& PH 3 A6
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." &( 1 *" : 3 : , N & 3< $ 07 , " 6 3 %: >& * CO 6 3! < & /1 ." C6
"( f & , 6 * CO /1 ] Q <! i $ 0 "( * CO ` NO 3 3Q
. C_ " 3 : \ <6 3 p& 81 `3 $ & 3U= V& & T@ & $ 0
, 0 S ,\' ,$" 1 ? & ,$" < ( " ]! $ 0 " ( *" 1 ? L1 6" 1) S /1 <%&
!S ` ` ! 3U= V& ." & $" C ,$" = , AC S & ^ , + C? ,$" &=
A SL \" U& 6 ) $ 0 "( 6 86) 3 5 $) + , % ) 5]C $ 0 " ( 6 86)
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658
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."6 & $ S" K L 1 f1 ." & A1K & A 5 C *" 6 $

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.75-85 ,2 $ % * + ! 3 & ,$ C I \ <

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660
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Corrolation of the Sequence Stratigraphy of the Carbonate Sediments
(Tirgan Formation) in the Sarrud and Kalate Ebrahim Beig Section in
the east of Kopet-Dagh basin (with emphasis on stable isotopes)
Tayeban¹*,seyyedeh azam,Javanbakht²,Mohammad,Poursoltani³,Mehdi reza
1-Ph.D. student of Sedimentology and Sedimentary Petrology,Science and Reserch Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran
2-Assistant Professor,Department of Geology,Mashhad Branch,Islamic Azad University
3- Associate Professor,Department of Geology,Mashhad Branch,Islamic Azad University
Abstract:
The Tirgan Formation dates to the lower Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian), a carbonate formation with shale and
Marle layers that has reservoir potential in this basin. The formation is mainly composed of Oolitic-Orbitalini
limestones, which are conformity on the siliciclastic formation of Shurijeh and below the Sarcheshmeh marl
limestone in the east of Kopet-Dagh sedimentary basin.
In order to study the sedimentary environments of carbonate rocks and sequence stratigraphy, this formation
two-section, including Sarrud section (136 m) and kalate Ibrahim Beig section (45 m) selected and has been
sampled.According to petrographic studies, 14 carbonate microscopic facies including 4 facies set A, B, C and
D as well as 4 detrital facies were identified in these sections. These sediments are deposited in four sub-
environment of Tidal flat, Lagoon, Barrier, and Open Sea. According to identified stone facies this formation is
located in a homoclinal carbonate ramp. Sequence stratigraphic analysis leads to the identification of 2 third-
order sedimentary sequences in the studied sections. The sedimentary sequences identified in sections have the
TST and HST system tract and the second order sequences boundary (SB2). Interpretative curve Comparison
of sea level changes in these sequences with global curves shows the relative correlation of these two curves
during Barremian-Aptian time. Geochemical data show that the Sarrud section cutting is more affected by
tectonic movements, and the revitalization conditions of the Ibrahim Beig section (with the help of facies) have
increased carbon isotope.
Keywords: Tirgan formation, Sequence Stratigraphy, Carbonate ramp, Kopet Dagh

661
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668
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Nashmil.Zaheri@gmail.com $ !"# -1
!"# &'( ) # * -2
, &'( ) # * -3
!"# &'( ) # * -4

? )@A
: ! <'*"( = > & ; ?@) )# , 82 0 : 7; 8 #34 . 5 6 '78 */ 9 8! . /0 1# 20
G* 6 5 ! / :/. F ,# AB ,# :6 :; 5 6 . #4 7 :6 ' 6 C ; ?@D/ ,#'5AB )# :6 &'
,# ( .4 2 '6 :6 8 * 'B L 6:H# 6 :IF / J 'K :8 '64 ? 6 :* '6 : 7 131
!B; & ! :*0'#PN ? 9 ICP-OES <& :6 ! '6 8: 7 2 . 4 18&ON ,# . :*M 'N , ? 2 0 :6 ? 6
=& : >' 5 S; 8 '6 9 8:G.R Q 5 <& = 7 . G* 9 8:G.R Q 5 <& 8Q 5
-A8 Z# * . # '( XY %85 1 6 /7 5 9 6 & 1 '5T 26 '# I : , /5 8 '6 9 :G.R 4 /5
& L 6:H# 6 _ / A -L 6:H# 6 : M & * & :IF 2 ' !7"\ '9 !] ^ ,#'51 6 : , [
.! 8 Q6 \ : .2\ _ _#
5()*+ !5 5 : G H -) EF : ?C 1 ) B

Investigation of Contamination of Sediments around Mining of Baiche-

Bagh Mine (North West of Zanjan) to Heavy Metals

Nashmil Zaheri1*, Younes Khosravi2, Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari3, Abbasali Zamani4
1
M.Sc student, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Nashmil Zaheri@gmail.com
2,3,4
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan

Abstract
Increasing industrial activities along with the production of pollutants, including heavy metals, is one
of the serious and growing problems that today is considered as one of the most important problems of
human societies. In this study, we tried to investigate the amount of contamination of these sediments
with heavy metals using 131 samples taken from sediments near the mine in the area of Bashchebagh
in Maheshan area. In this research, the analysis of samples taken by ICP-OES method was performed
and for analysis, the main components analysis method was used. Applying the main components
analysis method to the data cause to in the first stage, the number of 4 main components for the data
was determined, which was found to be greater than one and with a cumulative percentage of more
than 85%. The results also showed that the highest concentrations of elements in the central part of the
area and along the Bashchebagh-Alam-Kandi river, the copper mine, and the Ghezelje copper index
are visible.

669
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= > & ; ?@) )# , 82 0 : 7; 8 #34 . 5 6 '78 */ 9 8! . /0 1# 20
/ bK C6 . 6 " C6 & / bK C6 Q : ;& , 82 0 ( .4 '6 Cb & .! <'*"(
G* & 7"N ; QI & Q7> / Q " C6 .& 6 b5' :IF , 6
.(1390 )78 & ' M) *"8 , 82 0 :6 c M ( .4 AB & # 7 & 8
:6 & & 6 :) 6 . P( ' f 5 c M # 7 & )#2 0 ? 9 gM '6 A I*" K :6 B 5 : , 82 0 ( .4
i gM /* ? /. F .(1395 )78 & #) h" " *@ '6 ; 'FM # P^ '
:6 c M ( .4 6 2 (1994) )78 & '*"6& :: 7; .! c M & h4 8 , 82 0 6 #
*"8 b5' :IF , '*"6 k 6 c M Q) & !. b C# 5 : : * ,# :6 , 8 0
& :IF F 8c M , 82 0 ) ' l5 (2006) )78 & , 5 .(Webster et al., 1994)
, ? 2 0 ) C# 5 2 (2007) )78 & , ; .(Martin et al., 2006) '\ '6 m
)78 & ' M .(Jiachun et al., 2007) ' , /5 c M : 7 655 '6 6 , [ k #n * k #2 [
o I 5 ,# 8:*0 # & 78 * 2 Y64 >'# : 8c M , 82 0 6: BN (1390)
5 : :p :/. F :IF Q) & !. b &' , 82 0 !] ^ C# 5 b ? @K
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Q 5 & :#2 5 . '\ '6 ( .4 * 0 8XM G* 6 & B * 'B cM, 82 0
& & , s & & Q) _ &' '9 : ( .4 * 0 C ; XM 6: BN : I
c M 82 0 ,# '51 6 C7 5 Sb " 8! . /0 ;& c M / bK K :6 82 0 ,# !I I> .
'6 cM ( .4 * 0 G* 6 , 82 0 ( .4 (1394) )78 & 0 .!
8! . /0 ' fs5 ! 5 '* 6 (_ & A & h' ) =& &'( 82 0 : 6 4 > 8 4 Z# * . '\
:6 :; 5 6 .! :IF , '*"6 k 'fs* (Q) & !. b &' 2 ,84) & &'( ? 2 0 & "
?6 ( .4 '6 :6 9 8:G.R Q 5 <& G* 6 5 ! 4 '6 / 18&ON ,# t0? r5
. :*M 'N , ? 2 0 :6 ( h'^= 7 ) L 6:H# 6 / J 'K :8 '64

J K1

J IJ+ L8.
'\ 8 h'^= 7 '* 30 & > & h'^= 7 '* 150 & > : 9 0 :/. F &
& '( ^4 [:/ \ : M & v&' Q 6 * 8 * 'B u2; ? 7 "I5 '] &
5 : f 5/2 :I \ 53 & :; 47 # 0 'l; 8= K , 6 L 6:H# 6 / . 6 # : & =2\ : M & :6 4 = g5 5
: f 42 & :I \ 38 & :; 36 5 : f 16/3 & :I \ 2 & :; 37 8x' & \' : f 1/9 & :I \ 11 & :; 47
:8 : 6 * & '# ; _ / ,#'5 7# \ )# / ,# .(91 . I5) '\ . 7
(1) Q) .! :*0'( '\ &4'0 Q ,# & y 'Y* ? 9 :6 Qb\ = 10 & > 5 1330
. 8 :/. F :IF ! /\

670
 :/. F :IF : I -1 Q)

?
*"# '8 , 82 0 I '6 ] :6 . *"# 131 :IF :8 '64 8h '6: 7
Q> '] 8= Q9 > N 8: 7 h 4 & 1# 'M _N :* '6 :8 '64 h '( 200 & >
. '] 8'g '( :6 ICP * 5& '

ME
XY _ # & /7 5 9 & _ # & 9 O#& '# I 8 '6 (PCA) 9 8:G. Q 5 <& = 7 6
!. > . 6 0/00 6 '6 '6 Sig I & 0/515 6 '6 '6 KMO I : ! ' z :6 3 .! 8 Q6 \ (1) =& ; :
/6 : >' . 8 4 :/ ; '#PN' l5 9 80 & 6 1 '5T 26 '# I 9 :G.R B[ =&
/7 5 9 6 1 :6 q# 2 '# I 6 :G. 2 & 1 '5T 26 '# I 6 :G.R 5 /5 9 8:G.R 1M'[ = 7 6
.(2 =& ;) # '( XY 9 97

671
 8 '6 9 8:G. Q 5 <& = 7 Q9 > Z# * -1 =& ;
Initial Eigenvalues Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings
Component
Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative %
1 2/406 26/731 26/731 1/927 21/406 21/406
2 1/943 21/594 48/325 1/797 19/968 41/375
3 1/833 20/370 68/696 1/021 11/340 52/714
4 1/087 12/081 80/776 1/007 11/186 63/900
5 0/727 8/082 88/859 1/000 11/113 75/013
6 0/415 4/612 93/471 0/980 10/886 85/899
7 0/313 3/480 96/951 0/979 10/882 96/781
8 0/206 2/285 99/235 0/213 2/366 99/148
9 0/069 0/765 100/000 0/077 0/852 100/000
1M'[ !. > '9 6 & 8:G.R -2 =& ;
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
As 0/966 0/137 0/179 0/126
Bi 0/128 0/985
Cd 0/969 0/108 -0/195
Co 0/930 0/344
Cu 0/118 0/209 0/919 0/239 0/201
Ni 0/950 -0/300
Pb 0/215 0/206 0/299 0/905
Sb 0/156 0/253 0/898 0/308
Zn 0/969 0/108 0/195

Q 5 & (PCA) 9 2; Q 5 /# 6:* 8<& ,#'5 '6 (8 5 2) 8 * 0 8: I : B5 '6

&A '9 (2 Q) ) 1 * 0 : K :6 8 &'( !G8 2 =& ; :6 :; 5 6 . :*0'( 'B6 * 0
-L 6:H# 6 : M & * :IF 2 ' !7"\ # '9 !] ^ ,#'51 6 . P(' f 5 ,#'51 6 &
, [A8 . 6 A & h' / J 'K K, 78 & : .2\ _ _# & L 6:H# 6 _ / A
& 6'^ 8!7"\ # '9 !] ^ ,#'51 6 : 8 Q) & !. b '9 1 'N (3 Q) ) 2 * 0
q 4 'g :6 { 6' (4 Q) ) 3 * 0 1 'N : I . 6 :IF 6'^h ; : > , [A8 & 6'^= 7
_ _# & L 6:H# 6 _ / q# 2 & 6'^- \' :8 '64 * & 2 ' oK 'g ,# !] ^ ,#'51 6 : !
'g ,# P( 6 ,#'51 6 : 6 ? 7" 6 'g :6 { 6' (5 Q) ) 4 * 0 1 'N : I . 8 : .2\
1 'N : I . 6 A -L 6:H# 6 : M & * & : .2\ _ _# & L 6:H# 6 _ / J 'K 2 ' oK
:IF \' & 2 ' . 7 oK 'g ,# !] ^ ,#'51 6 & 6 _ 'g :6 { 6' (6 Q) ) 5 * 0
oK 'g ,# !] ^ ,#'51 6 & ! 7 * 4 'g :6 { 6' (7 Q) ) 6 * 0 1 'N : I . 8
- 8 A h'^ = * N # : _# & : .2\ _ _# L 6:H# 6 / J 'K K, 78 & :IF 6'^
: 6 h' 'g C# 5 :6 { 6' (8 Q) ) 7 * 0 1 'N : I . !I6 F 6 * 0 1 'N : I 6 &
. 6 8 6'^h ; : > & \' . 7 oK :6 { 6' 'g ,# !] ^ ,#'51 6

672
 1 * 0 1 'N : I -2Q)
2 * 0 1 'N : I -3Q)

4 * 0 1 'N : I -5Q) 3 * 0 1 'N : I -4Q)

6 * 0 1 'N : I -7Q) 5 * 0 1 'N : I -6Q)

7 * 0 1 'N : I -8Q)

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6 & :8 '64 ? 6 :* '6 8: 7 2 . 4 o#'K , '9 '6 ( .4 ! /r& o I 5 ,#
-<& G* ,7r ] ,# '6 .!0'( '\ '6 L 6:H# 6 :IF 9 8:G.R Q 5 <& G*
, [A8 & ") N , 7Y5 <& G* o#'K : 7 '8 2#'64 8 > 8 ! /r& I G5 4 =& * 8
4 /5 =& : >' 5 S; 8 '6 9 8:G.R Q 5 <& = 7 . :*0'( )6 2 4, 8<&
Z# * . # '( XY %85 1 6 /7 5 9 6 & 1 '5T 26 '# I : , /5 8 '6 9 :G.R
q 4 'g 3 * 0 Q) & !. b '9 2 * 0 & &A '9 1 * 0 , H78
' fs5 ,#'* 6 h' 'g 7 * 0 & 7 * 4 'g 6 * 0 _ 'g 5 * 0 ? 7" 6 'g 4 * 0
:IF 2 ' !7"\ '9 !] ^ ,#'51 6 '( XY 8 * 0 75 ) C# 5 6C7; 6 . :*
.! C\ & : .2\ _ _# & L 6:H# 6 _ / A -L 6:H# 6 : M & * &

U +
8 '6 6 r cM ( .4 * 0 G* 6 , ? 2 0 ( .4 6 # (1394) . . &3 & .| M .v 0 -
.52 5 41 X9 2 7 25 ; c M & h4 1 :#' . * 2 ' 1Y6 } *Y
Q) & !. b &' , ? 2 0 !] ^ 6: BN .1390. 8 ( & . 0 . G^' . .v G .= ' M -
C6 & & 0& : . 4, & GIS 8 & 0 G* 6 78 * 2 Y64 >'# : 8c M
.243 5 25X9 58 7 A8 2 N = c M & h4 / bK
8XM G* 6 c M , ? 2 0 ( .4 '6 .1391 . . #@\ , & . G^' . .v G .v bB -
= :/ 5& !"# .( & B * 'B : :/. F ) ( .4 * 0 C ; XM & * b , ( .4 * 0
.38 5 31 X9 5 7
. & ~ [ . 'B5 ? * . 0 * 8 Q 5 .(1384) . ,# . J' & .v c N ">-
. 'B5 .SPSS 20 ' ' l* [ Q 5 8<& .1389 .v. 8[v -
& h4 1 :#' - */ 9 :IF 8 cM , ? 2 0 M'6 ) C# 5 .1395 . '8 K & . .| *7 . #-
.236 5 223: 4/1 7 26 ;/c M
-Jiachun S, Haizhen W, Jianming X, Jianjun W, Xingmei L and Haiping Z, 2007. Spatial distribution of heavy
metal in soil: A case study of changing Chine. Environmental Geology. 52:1-10.
-Martin, J., Arias, M. and Corbi, J. 2006. Heavy metals contents in agricultural top soils in the Ebro basin
(spain). Application of the multi variate geo statistical methods to study spatial. Journal of Environmental
Pollution. 14: 1001-1012.
-Webster, R., Atteia, O. and Dumois, J.P. 1994. Coregionalization of trace metals in the Swiss Jura. European
Jouranl of Soil Science, 45: 205-218.
-Wedepohl, K.H. (1995). The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Asta, Vol. 59,
No. 7, pp. 1217-1232.

674
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+ ,!-' ( )* & %
4 : # ; )3$ 7 !89 :;! 2$3!4 5 )*1$! . / (0
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! "# '() ! "# $* + -2
- '() ! "# $* + -3
! "# '() ! "# $* + -4

>% ?@
( >? @ (9 AB .$ D 6 78 9 ) $ (8 : ;< = # 78 ' / 01 23 * 45
- .$ + 9 - 92"I 4 5 9 $ BD - (?01 * . 8 $9 5 A)( EF? $ G 3 7 " (8 4 5 H
+ (1 L 87J 8 7K= 79 (8D 9/ $ 7+ (8 7 6 131 - 92"I 78 4 5 ) BD (8 13 7:B =
9M' 9P " ? ! 13 . 7+I( AN G O ICP-OES M' 78 $ (8 97 6 2 B D . $ H+ 9
-78 U + .$ 7 1? + ; - S5 T ? 97 H ' .$ H+ D- ' D 9M' " * N - 6Q? M' R H"?
. $ W8 + ; - (O # ! $ V 9 ' $ $9 7:B = '$ ) BD 7 )V 9 7 $9 $D
* & ) ) C# $ :D : >A 3 % :B

Evaluation of Geoaccumulation Index for Estimating

Contamination of Sediments in Baycheh-Bagh Area, NW of
Zanjan

Nashmil Zaheri1*, Younes Khosravi2, Mir Ali Asghar Mokhtari3, Abbasali Zamani4
1
M.Sc student, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Nashmil Zaheri@gmail.com
2,3,4
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan

Abstract
Soil is considered as an important component of the environment and is considered as a natural
environment for plant growth. Hense, any change in soil quality will affect all living organisms. One
of the most important pollutants in the soil are heavy metals. In this study, 131 samples of suspended
sediments have been used to study the soil contamination to heavy metals in the Bashchebagh region
of Mahneshan. The analysis of samples taken by ICP-OES method was done. Integrating methods,
pixel estimation, statistical methods and geomagnetic methods were used for analysis. The distribution
maps of land-accumulation index were created by ArcGIS 10.3. The results showed that no
contamination was observed in the study area and none of elements did not show high land
degradation

%F
( ) "3 7" 8 7 $ G 3 K8 !' $? 13 D + ( XHY 0+ (9 PZ - (?01 *
9 ) BD $9 : ;< 8 H+ ' : O I( N 8 '( 7 H + . ! ) BD

675
' (1390 *69 ' \ ;] M 5 @ ) $ + 9 G 8 9 $ WD - (?01 - G 2"I .0 + 9 5 (N
- $ 7+5 69 2Z Y 0 9 b"a ' $ G 3 (8 1 D * c B 2 I G (E ' 8 7 2 ? P8 ] ( a P B 78
8 7* 8 .(1386 *69 ' K8) ( ! ' P* d ' /( 78 ? (O # - 7"63 7 $
G 2"I 769 $ G '(f 9\ " (8 (Zn) ' ' (Ni) P* (Mn) 2 (Fe) -9D (Cu) d $ G 2"I
*69 ' B 7"63 % ( ? $:+ G K K ? 78 g ;? - .(Marschner., 2012) $ + 9 6 W 8 9 b"a
.$ +5 (N - h (1 9 8 5 7 Y ;a ' () - 92"I $K (8 78 7:B = (2009)
7 $ SQ ' - h 94 5 (+ 8 8 5 7 Y ;a ' () - 92"I $K 7 9 D 7:B =
' (8 7:B = (2010) *69 ' ( 8 .(Lu et al., 2009) (1 i I (? j; 78 d ' ' /( ) BD
G' H? (8 13 / 7 6 .$ ! k W ' ' /( $: '$ -6 ? ID 2 (8D 7f Y G 8
- 92"I $K ICP + H+ 8 G D! dN ' .$ ( 0 K? '() ' 78 - 92"I /A3
- 7 $ 8 ! ' ' d /( - N b"a $9 g K 7 7 + .$ ( 2 B D
8 BD $ $ k W $: 7K= T] ' G 8 7 6 7+I( (] $: ( E ? ? R< - 7 $9
*69 ' l .(Byrne et al., 2010) 8 G' H+ $9 g K 78 ; '() ' (9 - 92"I b"a '
7:B = - 92"I 769 7 9 D 7:B = U + .$ ! - h - 92"I ' (8 ? :B = (2014)
(Yang Guang ) BD D "# 7 $ - 7+ N 9 D b"a 78 ; (?W 8 7bYm P8 ] b"a $
-- P " ? ' 7 2 ? (1386) *69 ' Z K8 7"63 . 7+I() ! G :B = 2 ( .(Gu et al., 2014
5 ' .$ (] (8 1HO 7K= +: O j=] ' n (< /A3 P8 ] P* ' /( * G ( >? D
) BD 'D(8 "O 97HB P " ? ' ) BD + I ' + ; - 9S5 8 ' (8 (1394) *69 '
+ ; - S5 H+ 8 79 (8D G 8 ' (8 7:B = (1395) *69 ' .$ ! 7:B = 4 5
2 (8 78 ? D (8 : p9'qN - o I G f ? 78 73 ? 8 AB .$ ! oD - 7K=
. 7+5 (N + ; - S5 H+ 8 /(a\ 6 L 87J 8 $: 79 (8D G 8 ) BD

G H3

G FGC " I70

* 9 /(a \ 6 (+ " 30 '$Y ' /(a \ 6 (+ " 150 '$Y 7"O I T] ' L 87J 8 $:
$ G O 78 P;] \ 10 '$Y ? 1330 79 7 $ 8 + ' ( 3 d : - (? 6 $]
W 8 Y T] ' $ 0"# 7K= ( n(< . 7+I() (] 'D(I P - ' $ r (Q+
(8 (18 (f Y \ Y 9 D 5(8 7 d ' ' -/( -9D $:+ 9 ' Y L 87J 8 7K=
. 6 $ 0"# ' -/( ' -9D 9 78 ? : - .$ ( ) (]

676
 7:B = 7K= 7 K -1 P*

>
b 78 .$ ! + 131 7K= 79 (8D 9/ (87 6 7K= - ) BD :f' 7:B = (8
97 6 / D ' p (5 dN $ 7+ (8 79 (8D / !() 200 '$Y + (9 - 92"I $K (8
ds .$ ! (b 9(t # ( ) $ 78 ICP + ? ' ( PY (b 9\ " PO Y N
0 G 6 8 i D P (t # 9 (8 + ; - j (f u (8 (O # T ? (8 (8 D 9M (N
P " ? ' 72 ? ' $ 0 (? $ 87 1N 97 K 1 ' I() ! 6 + D ' ' /( P* d B;
. I() (]

(Igea)
- S5 .$ () H+ + ; - S5 - 92"I 78 4 5 ) BD G$ - :? 13 R K ? -
' (f Y \ Y - 92"I 2 7 K 7" ' 78 4 5 ) BD 8 (8 1969 \ Muller ? + ;
( E ? 2 ' ) BD 73 ( SQ b 78 S5 - .(Muller, 1969) $ I(: $ +: O p N
( 7B : R (< ' .(1394 *69 ' 5 ' ) H+ / ' 4 5 : ;< P # P #
: () 7;

Igeo = Log2 (1) 7B :

. ∗
b"a 69 7 2"I b"a Bn ' / 4 5 7 6 2"I b"a Cn + ; - S5 Igeo 7B : -
\ 6# P # ( E ? P B 78 G 8 7 B' b"a x t? (8 1/5 j (f - h09 .$ 8 - 7+ N -
.(Abrahim and Parker, 2008) ) BD 7 (1) \'$3 R;< (B j (f . $

677
 (Abrahim and Parker, 2008) + ;- S5 (8 ) BD 9 78 g 8( $ 87+ -1\'$3
Igeo L3
5< BD 1 8
5-4 BD G$ 78 ? BD 1 8
4-3 BD G$ 78
3-2 $$ ? + ) BD
2-1 BD +;
1-0 BD +; ? BD ( a
<0 BD ( a

MN
$ 87K;< 78 g 8( 7 1 \'$3 R;< 7 $9 7:B = 92"I + ; - S5 T ? 7 ? 2 9P*
'0 i D (t # 3 1 ? $ 7:B = (t # 9 - 8 ' BD 7:B = '$ $ 8 + ;-
.$ 9 1 (?0 ( K ' - N 8 + ; - (O # ] 8 ' .$ 7+I() (] BD +; 7K;< 6 +D
.$ 9 + ; - - N ( K $ 7+I() (] $: R< 7 - 0a( "# ' ' /( d Py (O #

0 + ;- S5 T ? -3 P* i D + ;- S5 T ?-2P*

d + ;- S5 T ? -5P* 6 +D + ;- S5 T ? -4P*

678
 ' + ;- S5 T ? -7P* /( + ;- S5 T ? -6P*

$! +
( 7"63 13 g K 8 + Gm* - (?01 * - (O # 78 4 5 ) BD
(8 H ( EF? -6f 1 ' G 3 Aa ( ' k"+Q 9M' 78 9(t # - .$ 8
92"I 2 ' @ 7:B = 78 $ / G '(f AB .$ 7K= ' " 9 68 Q8 '(8 z# 8
/(a\ 6 L 87J 8 7K= - 92"I 78 4 5 ) BD ' ' 13 b - 78 . () ! $] -
(87 6 7:B = - .$ H+ * D' D- 9M' - (8 . I() ! ? :B =
200 '$Y + (9 - 92"I $K (8 b 78 . $ ! + 131 7K= 79 (8D G 8
' ( PY (b 9\ " PO Y N 97 6 / D ' p (5 dN $ 7+ (8 79 (8D / !()
) BD 7 )V 9 + ; - S5 (b . $ ! $] (b (O # ( ) $ 78 ICP + ?
'0 i D (t # 3 1 ? ' $ $ W 8 + ; - (O # ! $ V 9 ' $ $9 7:B = '$
.$ 7+I() (] BD { +; 7K;< 6 +D
O C
j=] ' n (< /A3 P8 ] P* ' /( * G ( >? D- P " ? ' 7 2 ? .1386 .r $6 ' .| 5 .| . Z K8 -
.19 ? 11 2 6 14 $"3 : ;< T8 ' ' ! "# 7" . 1HO 7K= +: O
"O 97HB P " ? ' ) BD + I ' + ; - 9S5 8 .1394 .u ! t: ' .. ( . 5 ' -
6 8 ' ( $18 6"# -6 9'qN 6"# 7 "tI ' m 7" .4 5 ) BD 'D(8
.356 ? 345 3
- G 2"I ) BD $ 87 1N GIS ' D- H+ .1390 . ~ (1?'( 5 ' .n H ( .n ;}a .! \ ;] M 5 @ -
.49 ? 33 19 6 6 \ - 7 "tI . B2 /W ? G 8
- N . 8(a 8 €D / *? \ 6 7K= 6 '- (O # = 9 ) BD (8 .1395 .• -
. ! "# $ 7
. / + G + (1? SPSS 8 D P " ? ' 7 2 ? .1388 .! -
S5 H+ 8 79 (8D G 8 ) BD 8 .1395 . - Y'@ :I '( 5 .@ .! +Q • -
. ( t+] - -6 p 69 - 6+ 9 .(/ *? \ 6 ) oD- 7K= + ;-
-Abrahim, G.M.S. & Parker, R.J., 2008, Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in
marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Estuar. Coast. Shelf. Sci., 136,227-238.
-Byrne, p., Reid, I., Wood, P.J. 2010. Sediment geochemistry of Stream draining abandoned Lead- Zine mine central Wales:
Afon Twymyn. Journal Soils Sediments. 10: 683-697.
-Lu, X., Wang, L., Huang, J., Zhai, Y. 2009. Contamination assessment of coppe, lead, zin, manganese and nickel in street
dust of Baoji , NW China. Journal of hazardous materials, 161: 1085-1062.
- Muller, G. (1969) Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal. 2(3): 108-18.
-Yang Guang Gua, E.F., Qu Sheng Li, B.C.N., Jian Hong Fang, B.D., Bao Yan Heb, C., Hong Bo Fu, B.C. and Ze Jun Tong,
B.C. 2014. Identification of heavy metal sources in the reclaimed farmland soils of the pearl river estuary in China
using a multivariate geostatistical approach Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 105:7-12.

679
 3 2 *1

Zaheri.sedi@gmail.com
2
" #$ % &
behrouzrafiei@yahoo.com
3
" #$ % & (
rezaalipoor116@gmail.com
:
" #$ )6 + # 72 ) & ($ 5 ) # ( & 01 23) -.( , $ ( + )* & " #$
D # # 120 % C 0C .# < B )@A # > ? = ) < . # :% 08( " #$ 9
9D % # H( I G % ( F # $ 2B %$ +% F # ( %$ : 7 DE %) " #$ 0 1E # ) )+ ,
% )2 + $ )1B A# # )@A # & " #$ )6 + . ( 08( " #$ % " #$ ( ( I "( J
&$ - ( O % (" )P,) 9() M # N 1# % K 2 &) - K K, ( I L# $ #5
% H( O9 T 9(-.( I ( ) N , & #5R (5 O S , ( I "( . . ( O , % F H( O)
. ( V 7UM
( .'0 *+ ,- ./ - &'( ) % : !" # !
Geotourism attractions in northern area of Eshtehard, Alborz
province
Masoomeh Zaheri1, Behrouz Rafiei1, Reza Alipoor1
Department of Geology, Bu Ali Sina University of Hamedan, Hamedan
Abstract
Geotourism is a new branch of ecotourism in which visitors seeking to observe geologic attractions,
geomorphology, and etc. Neogene Red deposits of the northern part of Eshtehard with an area of about
120 square kilometers, according to the geological setting (located in the northwest of the central Iran
and central Alborz zones) and extensive field surveys, several phenomena of geological and
geomorphology were identified. Based on scientific, geotourism attractions of the area consist of
tectonic - sedimentary (salt domes and Malhine salt mine), sedimentary (colorful hills) and erosion-
weathering (Badland and Tafoni) phenomena. These phenomena are formed by processes of uplift of
salt mass (diapirism), sedimentation, erosion and dissolution in sedimentary rocks.
Key words: Geotourism, Neogene Red deposits, Eshtehard.
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9) El Sharkawy, M., 2009. Geomorphology of Tafoni caves in Dahab area south to Sinai peninsula, Egyptian Journal Of
Environmental Change., 1, 72-80.
10) Gül, M., and G, Uslular., 2016. Geomorphological features and weathering of the Southern Submassif of the Menderes
Massif (SW Turkey), Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9, 682, 1-16.
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Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mts. case study, Poland, Geomorphology, 295, 773–789.
12) http://www.irimo.ir

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[٣] Peters, E.J., 2012, Advanced Petrophysics, Publisher : Live Oak Book Company, United States.
[٤] Worthington, P.F., 2011 , “The Petrophysics of Problematic Reservoirs”, (SPE) Society of Petroleum Engineers,
Volume 63, Number 12, 88-97.
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in One of Iranian Off-Shore Oil Reservoir”, Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Tehran, Vol. 45,
No.2, PP. 83-96.
[٦] Xu, C. and Torres-Verdin, C., 2012, saturation-height and invasion consistent hydraulic rock typing using multi-well
conventional logs, SPWLA 53rd Annual Logging Symposium, June 16-20, pp 1-16.
690
Relationship Between Petrophysical Parameters and Electrofacies in
Dehram group Gas Reservoir in one of the Field of South Iran

Ayoub Ameri, Masters of Petroleum Engineering, Islamic Azad University Omidiyeh

Ayoob_Ameri@yahoo.com

Mohammad Abdideh, Ph.D. Geology, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Islamic Azad University of
Omidiyeh
M.Abdideh@yahoo.com

Abstract
Reservoir characteristic evaluation and found the relationship between different reservoir parameters
can be a very important help to planning for production from the reservoir. In this study, which was
done on the Dehram group in south Pars gas field, at first calculated petrophysical parameters such as
porosity, shale volume, water and hydrocarbon saturation and also volume of difference minerals by
probabilistic method. In the step two, separated electrofacies using MRGC clustering method which
caused the separation of five electrofacies with different geology/ reservoir characteristics. Combine
the results from both method showed that EF-5 is the best reservoir facies with low water saturation,
good porosity and high gas volume in the interval studied which consist of clean limestone. As a
result, separation of electrofacies could finding the good relationship between geology facies and
petrophysical parameters.

Keywords: Electrofacies, Clustering Analysis, Petrophysical parameters, MRGC Method

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Introducing the geotourism phenomena of Lar Plain

Foroogh Abasaghi, PhD of Sedimentology, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, saghi0631@yahoo.com
Parviz Armani, Geology department, Imam Khomeini International University, parviz.armani4@gmail.com

Abstract
Karstification in carbonate rocks causes certain geomorphological forms. In this article, Lar plain in
central Alborz has been studied to identify these forms. carbonate Formations of Delichay, Lar, Tiz
Kuh have outcrop in the study area. Most of karst phenomena are sink hole, types of Karen, cave, vug,
karstic springs and erosional valley. The most important of karstification factors in this area are
development of secondary porosity due to tectonic processes and creation of joints and faults and
appropriate lithology. The presence of Karstic forms, Lar dam and numerous springs and rivers make
this area to a good location for geoturism activitis.
Key words: Lar plain, carbonates Formations, Karst, geoturism

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.(Milanovic, 1981) , < =$ 6 k =$ 7 " ( l 3 ( ' [

(Google map & = ' $) =A" B =2B 0 A@ -1 G:

(1365 % A M # & * & & = ' $) / 0 3 1:100000 # & = 2 -2 G:

:=A" B R j3$
+ P( =4 $ $= < ( 7" " 0 6 0!> =$ =2B #+ ( ( + F >
VB , & G6 [ ( + F # & ( +, & => =$ 0 (1981) o+ T D 1.U .
=+- 4 ;+ H4 % ( ' & $ 1+ U & $ ( ) 9T3 & G6 [ ( + F G N 4 > = aTU # & +&
< =$ :(& =:. & 6 L+7 - ' F 4 p K % , R ' L+7 & q+ K % ( ) *
0 Ar + % :+- = = =$ * 4 0 =A 4 $ O G > (1988) 0+ 2> =$ . ,

693
0 Ar % ' F 4 % < S/ - & 4 .> t2 0 =A 4 + = 6 > L P24 :+7 " (
( 3 . : :4 0 A@ #$ P * - % %=4 $ ( =+/ 0 Hr % ) ;
; $ 1U 9 A * Z 4, =$ :+ - l 3 < ", * - % P ( 0" ! > [ QE
, 4 6 % +uF\ Z N 4 \ =4 $ ( ) = =: + =$ =< 4 $ .0P O * 4 /$ + '# &
G$ @ 2 9 - # [ * $ , U& . $ =+ O GH!H4 + M : & = \ Z ( ) #+
=$ G+ .4 (H2CO3) Q $ . G : 4 v Ar Q $ G[ (Q $ &'& < 4
9T3 * - = ,& . G[ , =4 $ ( ) % CaCO3 $ ( * + #+ ; 4 & . HCO3 H+ * +
$ 4 # +F , =E ( Q $ & ' * $ 0$ O C $ % e :A =B$ , $ , Q $ &'
"4 $ *7 ( * + = . G: 4 4 @ G[ , $ #$ P *-
$ +< ( G [ , ( =$ ( ) #+ 9T3 = . $ + t+ - - L P! S $ 9T3 0 !$ @
S $ G: =$ L P! & H$ = = + t( L P! = 0 w % , #$ P * - t(
u $ 9T3 G6 [ = + ( # & & & L E 0+ L P!
.0 L:[ ( +, $ 4 ? F l+ 0A .U = ." .0 :(, ( )
,G: 4 3 A =$ = = Z! H ( + F + =$ =2B #+ ( $
: = F
Sinkhole =" E
G: #+ 4 + ' #+ 4 xH = P( = P$ G: y$ + + :+7 " 87 9 : ( =" E
, 0" O $N4 >= 0 ] 6 E 4 E & , A$ . =$ (Epikarst) 3B (
-+ % P % "T3 v! H K =$ ( [ 2 > ' =$ U H G: < (
G6 [ / 0 < ( =" E < ( =$ =< 4 $ .(Waltman and Fookes, 2005) L P24 *
" Q(, Q(, ( =+/ & / & =A" B =2B .(3G: ) P( 0P 9T3 +, :! >
O $ #+ $ $ . = +& 1 > 4 = A (M: ( & Q :4 ' #E O $ G: 4
% ( ) #+ 0 6 0!> =$ = + 9T3 300 & t $ 1 > :(, ( =+/ % ( & #+ ,\Z
a > ( Z[ #+ R P' .0 =2B #+ / & , j> $ + # & +& ' -$ ( Z[
< %S $ * $ $ T> .0 #+ Q+ - =E + S $ ' -$ ( =" E G : 4 =$
GP' Gz =2B v! H ( GP' # ? ( #+ +& ( & Z 4, ( & ' # $ . ' VB
G : 4 =$ # + F =$ '0 [ 3B 9T3 0+ Q ( Z[ R P' , =$ - 4
=$ =< 4 $ %Q $ [ ( , l 4 # & a > Q(, ) 9T3 $ .0 ( =" E #+
$ #+ % ( 0 & ' S @ 1 > t+ - $ # 4* $& & Q $ & ' =: +
@ 2> =$ .0 =8 { !H ' =+ D $ #+ .0 =< 4 G$ @ (Boegli, 1980) !' $ =+ D
&' + { !H $ + :+ $ # & a > L P! S $ $ * - & v! H 0D!J $ ,
0 F $ . $ + t+ - *, ' S @= G[ , Q $ & ' #+ % r Q $
G3 \ Z !3 A+ +, t E =$ ) * , P+ $ 0 " y + ' #+
.(1395 % P 8 ZD ) 0 < =E + (= | -$ =" E 5 % / 0 & tF. t:(& +
.0 = =E + , +& =$ % / $ < tH$ =" E 2 % 0 & iF

694
 <0 =$ + % Z , ?" (= * =" E (B $9 0 =$ + % / :+ - =" E (A -3 G:

Karrens (
free + &, * ) = ( $ ( ) VB $ = = P( "T3 9 : #+ 4 * #+ 4 K & (*
=4 $ (* +( 9 ( S 6 =$ (coverd karren + F* )I & F $ + (karren
! :4 " 0 = P$ , 9 !3 #$ P y[ =$ +& [ 4 Q(, ) , =A 4 . $ + =A 4
=$ =< 4 $ ( * 7" .(Ferrarese et al., 2002) 9 ( Q + ( l 4 N4 > ,
,& $= L P24 Z! H K #+ $ $ 0 S Z ... = ; %) 7 " " 0 $ Gz ! >
: + =A" B =2B
Micro karren * : + -+ -
( ' I4 ( & G3 N4 > E [ "U ! Q+ & 2 > (* :
.(A-4G: ) +
Rillen Karen * #!+ + "T3 ( -
} L $ &+(9 % + 0PP' ~ B "T3 R P' l 4 = "T3 ( + (* #!+
+ L 2 P R $ =! $ = ' G: =< 80 4 20 ( ; $= P( G: r>
S @ +& L # + F 0 =$ ( #+ 1 > ( ' .(Ford and Williams, 1989) v+ ,*+ <0 <
=$ . = ' @ 9T3 C A $ =4 $ ( =+/ +/ $ ( tH$ U& 0 L €+ 4 =$ , 9T3
) + M U& = 4/ $ 0> , * + < +& $ R P' +& ( ; (* #+ ! U
.(B-4G: ) ( ' t F Q(,
Wallkarren (* 9 + + ( -
=$ * 2 > #+ E =$ ,C>0 #: = + =A 4 > + = P( + ( 9 ( * #+
(Ford $= 2 + > 0" [ 4 ( #+ ( =+/ ' @ 3 =$ =< 4 $ . $ #+ E
.(C-4G: ) .and Williams, 1989)
GrikeQ+ ' + M 7-
/N A . $ + =A 4 9T3 O $ | -$ ( M : > N .+ 24 ( & 9 U ( M 7 9 A U =$
: + ( : :4 G > :! > G6 [ , G : 4 X@ . P( +& 1 > C > #+ E
.(D-4G: ) .(Ford and Williams, 1989) 0 + :+ $ (

695
 & M 7 (D + ( (C 0 = + t( # + F 0 =$ , 1 > = "T3 ( (B * : + -+ (A -4 G:
- 4 :(,

Rain pits * $ ( =" E

- QE ( Z[ S 6 =$ t F * $ ( ) VB ( "T3 9 : & * $ ( =" E
P( * 2 = 4 * 2 N 4 > % P( E 4 ! E B@ $ * $ S B@ $ & G6 [
=" E =2B #+ . (Gines et al, 2009) + G > O4* $ P( G: r > XB2
( =" E # F & (' . ( L+T ; + 2 ( ) VB $ v! H A$ $ * $ (
.(A-5G: ) = Z' - Q 7 !F ( * , =$ = 0 + ) VB +(* + :+ =$ * $
Karst spring = E
=$ , 9T3 =4 $ ( ) * =$ , \ Z O = P( =2B < ( + F& (= E
VB $ & +& ( , $ P+ VB $= < , $g *: = ( 0+ , <
< % +uF\ Z * - Gz Z! H G > . ( w = E S 6 =$ # & VB ,% + $ 'F4
O ,G: 4 \ Z G$ @ J G : 4 j> $ = Z 4, ( =' < [ ' F 4 0 Ar % ( GP'
.(B-5 G: ) P(
Cave J
, G : 4 * : % :(, 7 " " / 0 ' $ * - =$ =< 4 $ = P( 2 > ( + F& ( J
* = $, * + < 0> .(Fleury, 2009) *, $ * P Q+ = $ [ =$ + $ ( J ' & $ . <
P( O Z[ A$ ( P: $ =+/ ~ B ' K . =< % 0 [ 9T3 G$ @ ( )
.(C-5G: )

696
 VugI J
(I 4N4 > ,• .0 Q+ & , Z[ & = P( ) * +( ' &$ 9 : #+
+ 9T3 %e VB t+ - Gz ! > T> =$ . + : :4 ( 0 " A O $ = 0 +( M:
.(C-5G: ) P( O ( I J + ) < ( & yA$ t+
Erosional valley +
=8 v+ A4 1.U .(D-5G: ) + L ( ' t F $ :(, ( & $, t+ O $ ( #+
. P( Q K & N 4 > > ( "T3 K & /0 ( !6 (1981) o+ T l 4
< ,Q ( F =A 4 < ( , = + ( tH$ "T3 (
.0 : :4 ( 0 " A 7 " " =$ = P$ $ ,G: 4 $

/ & /= ,0 % = E (B 0 * *: F $= -4 & Q 7 !F * * $ ( =" E (A -5 G:

( "T3 : :) + (D < =$ %/ $ < tH$ % - 4 J I J (C $ =$ %& ( = * =$
< =$ %/ $ < tH$ % - 4 &

Tafoni 4
#+ \, ( ) ( G: 4 ( . +, < =$ G[ G$ @ ( 7 " " ( & N4 >0 ( + F
, < =$ < 4 G$ @ " ( y | -$ e 2 = 9T3 0 !$ @ Q $ & ' [ ( , \ Z $
%( & '& , H$ & ' g + < S/ - % ' & ( O . + ( ) #+ 0 ( + F u"
(0 & ( 4 .(6G: ) + ' 4 , =$ = + , VB 4 " ( y S Z[
= ' G: P: & /N A = "T3 ( Z[ MT $ .(Jennings, 1971) P3 \
.(Viles, 2001) Q :4 $ U .4 / A ( 4

697
 9 =$ + % Z 4, ( & ' ( ( 4 -6 G:

'=
, l+ A (= < %=4 $ 7 " " %* GP' & < : :4 l+ =$ =< 4 $ / 0
* 0!> =$ - 4 :(, & ( + F #+ .0 2 > 3B ( + FG: 4 AP % + (
=4 $ 7 " " =2B + ( & =$ 0.P & #+ # ? ( . ( $ ( =+/ $ 0 Hr
= ( & ' ) ; 4 < *, , ( k" $ ( P:
( , \ 9: ( ' l2 0 = 9 : #+ G : 4 $ O4 0 + =$ =2B
.
X$
.* 4 a 1:100000 # & = 2 .1365 % A M # &* &
% + 18-16 %* + # &# t+ ( # P$./ *-H & , 0 W" F t2 .1395 %.K % P 8 %. % ZD
.1680-1669 p %* 4

Bogli, A., 1980. Karst Hydrology and Physical Speleology, Springer Verlag, Berlin

Ferrarese, F., Macaluso, T., Madonia, G., Palmeri, A., Sauro, U., 2002. Solution and recrystallization processes and
associated landforms in gypsum outcrops ofSicily, Geomorphology, 49: 25–43.
Fleury, S., 2009."Land Use Policy and Practice on Karst Terrains: Living on Limestone", New York, Springer, 187.

Ford, D.C., Williams, P.W., 1989.Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology, London: Unwin Hyman, 601.

Jennings, J. N., 1971. Karst, Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia.

Ginés,A., Knez, M., Slabe, T., Dreybrodt, W., 2009. karst rock feature karren sculpturings, Carsologica 9, Postojna/Ljubljana,
561.

Milanovic, P.T., 1981. Karst Hydrology, Water Resources Publications, Littleton Co.
Viles, H. A., 2001. Scale issues in weathering studies, Geomorphology, 41: 63-71.
Waltham, A.C., Fookes, P.G., 2005. Engineering Classification of Karst Ground Conditions, Speleogenesis and Evolution of
Karst Aqufers, 3: 1-20.

White, W.B., 1988. Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains, Oxford University Press.

698
" # !
' #$% ! " &
2 2 1 !
' ! " #$ % :1
sepideh.arabi@yahoo.com
' :2
poursoltani1852@mshdiau.ac.ir
"#
5 8 $ 4! 6*+ , 67, 5 / $ 01 ) 2 3 $ 4 0# - ./ ) *+ ,
67, 6 5 D E 67, 1 $ 46 - < B C; -< = >? 8 @ .: 4 5 018 ; ;+
G . F58 5 018 H#B 4 1 # 4 ! 6 6; B = 6E8 F 5 018 $ 4!
-# D3 L -> , 67, $ 4C 4! 6 2 < # I D < B J > 6 $ K D ; E;B
. 6E8 F F M *8 N 6 L 4 1 # $ F
/ 0$ . %$ ) * + , -: ' & $%

Provenance and tectonic setting of Jurassic deposits based on

geochemical data, SW of Mashhad, Iran
Sepideh Arabi Khan1, Mehdi Reza Poursoltani2, Mohammad Javanbakht2

1: Candidate of MSc, Department of Geology, Mashhad Barnch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

sepideh.arabi@yahoo.com

2: Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

poursoltani1852@mshdiau.ac.ir

Abstract

Based on geochemical studies and existing oxides, the source of the Jurassic siliciclastic sediments in
the study area is mafic, volcanic, falicic rocks. In the other hand, based on vanadium-nickel and
thorium elements, shale smaples, are more closely to the felsic rocks, whereas the sandstones and
conglomerates, are combinations of the origins of falicic and mafic. In tectonic terms, based on three
elements of thorium, cesium and zirconium, the origin of sandstones and shale are mainly located
within the continental arc, and conglomerates in the passive continental margine.

Keywords: Binalud basin, Jurassic, geochemistry

699
 , 1
$ 4 0S + 5 . Q+ R ) 6> -% .: 5 . 5 . D 5 . Q+ R $ C + 67,
$ -S " 3 T JU + 67, . 8 $ E4 K $ F K+ $D# '
$ ) .(1 C; ) : 6E8 F W 7LB 6*+ , ' U 6# 3 5 / $ # R
) *+ , W 7LB .: : -4 $ $ # 4 'DU Y G ' Z 7 [# 5 /
.: *B $ 4! ; E;B : *F 2 - ./

.(1365 ' " 8 1:250000 6 7 6E8 ) 67, 6 7 (1 C;

,2* 3%
Rare ICP $ 4D + : 3 C 6 - 5 1 #6 - 7 ! 6 6 - 17 *B - ./ ) *+ , G 6
. 6E8 F $ J > 33 D + ICP Varian735 E Elements

:4 % 56 7
` E04 1= $ 4 # ' > 6 (Roser and Korsch, 1988) ^ $ 4 0# 6# $ = > _E
TiO2 MgO K2O CaO Fe2O3 G 4C < % ) *+ , ? .:8 G ' B $
(Gatench, : 4 ' E $4 8 3 4 ' 6# E04 B N -4 $ 4! 6 6 :K0 D
TiO2 Fe2O3 K2O $ 4 0# ' D a-4 4C E 4! 6 SiO2 0# ' D .2000)
(Cardenas et al., 1996; : $ # Z KB # b;* 6# 4! 6 E 4C
C7 4 - < -B Al2O3 ^ -* 1 ^ $ # 3 C + .Madhavaraju and Lee, 2010)
8 SiO2 67, $ 4C c E @6 . 4 1 # 6 6 :K0 E 8 $ 4 0#
(Bauluz et al., 2000; DB # :G1N e C + 6 ^ -E ) dB 6# 4 ! 6 6 :K0 $ E-#
6 63 B Na2O N6 6 1# , 4 ! 6 1= = > [# :G1N .Dokuz and Tanyolu, 2006)
I ER $ B h 18 E 6# :8 6% E ' B ' I D ` ' D 6 :K0 I ER $^ f 8 ER g E
. S $E 8 I 0# 6 :K0 I ER 0# 6# : i> I 6 :K0
! 6 $ ! $4 ? : ;0 3 6 ' B Na 6 :K0 :K0 K $^ ' D a-4
. :K0 4 C :1 # 4

700
6# :8 G ' B $ ` (Roser and Korsch, 1988) ^ $ 4 0# 6# $ = > _E
$4 ? 8@ . E8 DB # 6# 4 5 018 ; ;+ 5 8 $ 4! C
6 D%B ) < B C; -< = > : 6. Bracciali et al., (2007) c B 6# (2 C; ) - ./
6E8 F 5 018 $ 4! 67, 6 5 D E 67, 1 $ 46 - ? .: 6E8 F C 1LB
) < -B 1# , . F58 5 018 H#B 4 1 # 4 ! 6 6; B =
. E04 0; K 7B 2 $

.(Bracciali et al., 2007) : kU $ j8 $ $ $ 4! W@ ' 6# V-Ni-Th*10 [1[ - (2C;

*B ) < # ID < B J >6 ? 6# Bhatia and Crook (1986) c B 6. -
$ 46 - -# 0 *B $ F -# D3 L -> , 67, $ 4C 4! 6
6 L 4 1 # 8 @ .(3C; ) F' ) % $ F M *8 6 L 6
. 6E8 F F M *8 N

D3-B . F -# D3-A .(Bhatia & Crook, 1986) Th-Sc-Zr/10 [1[ - 67, ) >8 = > - (3 C;
.$ F M *8 N 6 -D .$ FM86 -C .$ F -#

6# : 6E8 ^ $ F 6E R 67, $ 4C 4! 6 < % ) *+ , ? a-4

1S $ 4' B # a-4 .(McLennan et al., 1993) : 6ES lD 18E+ = > ^ 8
. 6E8 % E8 $ 46S `

701
 8 ,9 7
6# 4 5 018 ; ;+ 5 8 $ 4! C 6# :8 G ' B ` 3 $ 4 0# ?
5 D E 67, 1 $ 46 - < B C; -< = >? 8@ . E8 DB #
5 018 H#B 4 1 # 4 ! 6 6; B = 6E8 F 5 018 $ 4! 67, 6
. F58
-# D3 L -> , 67, $ 4 C 4! 6 2 < # ID < B J > 6 ?
6E F' ) % $ F M *8 6 L 6 $ 46 - -# 0 *B $ F
. 6E8 F F M *8 N 6 L 4 1 #

References

Bauluz, B., Mayayo, M.J., Fernandez-Nieto, C., Gonzalez-Lopez, J.M., 2000. Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic
siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Rang (NE Spain): implications for source-area weathering, sorting, provenance, and
tectonic setting. Chemical Geology 168, 135-150.

Bhatia, M.R., & Crook, K.A.W., 1986. Trace element characteristics of greywackes and tectonic discrimination of
sedimentary basins. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92: 181-193.
Bracciali, L., Marroni, M., Pandolfi, L., and Rocchi. S., 2007. Geochemistry and petrography of Western Tethys Cretaceous
sedimentary covers (Corsica and Northern Apennines): from source areas to configuration of margins. In: Arribas, J., Critelli,
S., Johnson, M.J. (Eds), Sedimentary Provenance and Petrography and Geochemistry. Geological Society of American
Special Paper, v. 420, pp. 73-93.
Cardenas, A., Girty, G.H., Hanson, A.D., Lahren, M.M., 1996. Assessing differences in composition between low
metamorphic graradeudstones and high-grade schists using log ratio techniques. Journal of Geology 104, 279-293.
Dokuz, A., Tnyolu, E., 2006. Geochemistry constraints on the provenance, mineral sorting and subaerial weathering of Lower
Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous clastic rocks of the eastern Pontides, Yusufeli (Artvin), NE Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth
Sciences 15, 181-209.
Gatench, W., 2000. Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia.
Journal of African Earth Sciences 35, pp. 185-198.
Madhavaraju, J., Lee, Y.L., 2010. Influence of Deccan volcanism in the sedimentary rocks of Late Maastrichtian-Danian age
of Cauvery basin Southeastern India: constraints from geochemistry. Current Science 98 (4), 528-537.
McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D. K. and Hanson, G. N., 1993. Geochemical approaches to sedimentation,
provenance, and tectonic, Processes Controlling the Composition of clastic sediments. GSA Special Paper, 284, Boulder, 21-
40.
Roser, B.P., Korsch, R.J., 1988. Provenance signatures of sandstone-mudstone suites determined using discriminant function
analysis of major-element data. Chemical Geology, 67: 119–139.

702
 ! -
! " # $ % &'
3 2 1 *
z.alimoula@iasbs.ac.ir ! "# $%! & ' .1
n.etemad@iasbs.ac.ir ! "# $%! & ' ) .2
mahdinajafi@iasbs.ac.ir ! "# $%! & ' ) .3

!
70 5 8* 6+ 0 + * ! + ' - 3 ) ! 1 *4 5 52 * )/ + * & ') / 01 1 ,- .* + *
/01 B* * & : 5 ) B + .< )/ 0 ?0@ A 6 &* 9 6<= : (Org : Orb 5 9 :) + 0
<5 0G * + H ) ! 5 : " #H ! * + 01 1 : & 0 DEF / : - 10 & =
: ! 10 - ) # -: 0E 5 52 63 ) # -: 6 :J K 0)* 2400 : 9 8* ,- .* * - ! .
: -: ' " ,.= & ! : : 5 5 * G 0M:0) " ,- .* .D -: 52 5 L *
0!< : 0G 1 4 -: 4! 5 . )K5 ,- .* * 52 * 5& + 0! P 6 : # N# 5 O G
H 1 )K5 Q- 1 E 0! 0R (D J 3 -:) 5D ) - 3 ! O G ! J3 ) - 6 52 *+ . *& 5 *
. 5 * 6<= : Org 6Orb 5 9 : 01 S !0! 1 Q13F35RF52 : Q8F46RF46 6Q10F52RF38 S 0! + ' *
: Qm8F52Lt40) 0 M * 0= M* 9 ,- .* * 52 * * ! 6 )/ + * & ') / T T* 5 0M
V ) + .(<= 01 Qt14F35L51 : Qm10F36Lt54 UOrg 01 Qt9F46L45 : Qm7F46Lt47 UOrb 01 Qt11F52L38
+ 01 1 . )G0M * M* 5 & ' Y 1 WE!0* : X 9 1 3 4 -: 5 * ,- .* * " 1 5 *
.D ) 0= 0)/ - *: M * 10 6 &* 9 <= : + 0 70 5 52 * P * 6V )
(1 - $, - .( % & - / %& 0 1 &*+ &' ( )( : #$ %

Tectonic provenance of the Oligocene-Lower Miocene deposits in

the Mahneshan area, NW Zanjan
Zeynab Alimola*1, Najmeh Etemad-Saeed2, Mahdi Najafi3
1. MSc student of Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), z.alimoula@iasbs.ac.ir
2. Assistant Professor of Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), n.etemad@iasbs.ac.ir
3. Assistant Professor of Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), mahdinajafi@iasbs.ac.ir

Abstract
In this study, we examined tectonic provenance of the syn-tectonic Oligocene to Lower Miocene
sandstones from the Lower Red (including Orb and Org units) and Qom formations of the Mahneshan
area in NW Zanjan. These deposits have recorded an important time span during the Arabia-Eurasia
continental collision, so can provide valuable information on tectonic events during this time. This
succession consists of about 2400m siliciclastic, volcaniclastic, and hybrid volcaniclastic-carbonate
rocks, and the intercalated volcanic rocks. Petrographical analysis indicates that fresh angular
volcanic lithic fragments and zoned plagioclase feldspars are the main constituents of the studied
sandstones. Minor volcanic quartz grains are also present. They are compositionally immature lithic
arkose to feldspathic litharenite (volcanic arenite) and have an average composition of Q10 F52 RF38,
Q8 F46 RF46, and Q13 F35 RF52 for Orb, Org, and Qom Formation, respectively. In the tectonic provenance
ternary diagrams, all the studied sandstones plot in the magmatic arc field (Qm8 F52 Lt40, and Qt11 F52
703
L38 for Orb; Qm7 F46 Lt47, and Qt9 F46 L45 for Org; Qm10 F36 Lt54, and Qt14 F35 L51 for Qom Fm.). These results
suggest that studied sediments were derived from a proximal volcanic sources in magmatic arc
settings. The main sources for sandstones of the Lower Red and Qom formations in the Mahneshan
area was probably located in the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt.
Keywords: Lower Red Formation, Qom Formation, Provenance, Magmatic arc, Urumieh-
Dokhtar magmatic belt
5' 0 4$ 3
1 WE!0* 5 ) G ! 8* : & )G0M *J :0 1 * ,* 1 6provenire + !L 6& ') / &N :
[ 5 16 H 1 :J K "1 5 ') / " ,- .* .(Pettijohn et al., 1973) D ? Z -!
* 9 ')KY01 : 5 : ?J 6 5 J D ,= * : * 52 N-)-6 * 9 ) ! &' Y
" ,- .* ] 0H + 01 &:# .(Boggs, 2009) 0 G 0\Y 1 K1 D 5 : 0 M *
< )K5 Y: 5 J FJ & :0* 5 )K5 N - ) - S 0! : D ,= * 0 M& 1 = 5 ') /
- + _ * 6` )! a b = Z :0G * : : 10 %^P + 1 & = /01 .(Boggs, 2009)
: + 1) 4 0* X 9 /01 + ` & ) dM Y 1 1 5 ) B .D & c:0 + @J + ' -
+ @J 89 0* " #H : 9 6 L 1 70 : <= 6+ 0 70 5 8* (b0M : 0E- & )
)K5 0 "#G + ! + * & *J Y: 1 5 0M + e 5 : + @J + * ! + ' - H /01
+ <= : + 0 70 5 & 5 8 ! :J " 1 & ') / 6D 5 + <@ .(Morley et al., 2009)
01) D )G0M 0= " ,- .* * L 1 70 :J " 1 & ') / B ! : & ,- .* A 9 1 ! 9
.(Ballato et al., 2011, 2017 U1397 6< = :A T*
: + 0 70 5 3 ) ! 1 * <5 & / + h 5 ) B & ') / 01 (1 :8* ,- .* + P [ 5
,- .* * 9 1 -3 ) ! 8* ! '- 1 J i E! + ,! (2 : & * 3 _: 1 X 9 <=
5& ) 10@ ? Y : ) ?0@ A ,- .* * j. * .D + * ! + ' - * A H
6 - 37° 00ʹ ! 36° 30ʹ G 0\Y 5l0 : =0 48°00ʹ ! 47° 30ʹ G 0\Y 5A H * 6 0E-
.(1 8 ) D & n= : 4 0* 0 9

2 W/ 1 J : 01 ,- .* * p01 D ,= * 6(1395 6 5: #G j ) ,- .* * j. * )/ + * & ' Y - 18

.D & qr *

704
Morley et ) / 1 / 1 <= : + 0 70 5 : /: 6 h 5 ) B j. * +
5D # -: : +- -J-3- 53 -: : 01 ) H 1 6+ *-+ ' - 1 - ! + .(al., 2009
) B 6 )K5 D 9 H+ 5 : -: <K -: [0,* (D* rX 0)* 3 : 9) + _
<= : + ' - + 1 + 0 70 9 : 3 8* ,- .* * h - ! .(Morley et al., 2009) D &
+ . 0= 0)* 320 : 9 D* rX 1 Orcg 9 : + 0 70 & = :D 0 s0 1 + *- ' - + 1
0)* 1275 : 9 1 Orcg 9 : .D & B= 1 8 )* 4*0= 2 1 : < rX 1 L 13) * 6 0* ' 9 :
& 6Orb 9 : 1 SK) * -: + tJ 5 2 : ! 10 5 L * : 4E ! & B= 2 K M 62 *
)G0M 0= Orb 9 : : 01 0)* 704 : 9 D* rX 1 D Org 9 + + 0 70 9 : + 0/J . *
& 8 ! -: + tJ : :J tJ 52 5 L *:2 * 62 4E 52 K M 9 : + .D
: 3 ) 1 50^ * 0G 64*0= 53E Y u )r* c : 9) 8 KG 5" 10 6 0* ' 62 * 1 Org 9 : .D
. *& 0)* 160 : 9 D* rX 1 <= * 52 K M : 5 0E 5 6 :J tJ 5 2 6( ) /
7 8 6$,
i E! + e 5 : : 5& 1 5 J ] ^ ! : 0%P " 5 * 8P 9 5& & ^) 1 6A: 90*
qr * 01 DBY 0 K* + 0)B1 : & < 0! h 5 9 : 6 5 ') : 5 9:
1 WE!0* 1 5 9: * ! 6 159 ,! 1 [ 5 01 6 0%P Z 0 K* 6`O . 0M
" ,- .* 6 5 * ! ) :0 * v nH j* B! ` .DG0M <= : + 0 70 5
D/ 6DG 1 ,- .* + H .DG0M ! "# $%! & ' 4 # w :0 * 1 G 0M:0)
)G0M 5 ' * J : 0%P " ,- .* ] ^ ! & *J D 1 h ) . 01 6 52 * S 0! :
S !0! 1) & Y? /: D ! W )* S * ' * 49 6`O .D & & 28
- 4M p: 1 05 .j 300 : 9 .j DBY (<= : Org 6Orb 5 9 : 15 : 18 616
' " ,.= D 0 t 1 L . 0M ? r) 6 * .j & ') 1 (Ingersoll., et al 1984) K
K 1 jEH b 01 + tJ ' " ,.= : (, 2003Garzanti) ) M 1 jEH b 01 M0M
DBY & ? r) ' KB * 5 D ,= * . )G0M 0= p * 0! 0G 5& (Dickinson, 1970)
.D & qr * 2 8 A *4 - J
9
52 * + . )K5 : ! : : W )* ! 4 K1 S @ & 0R Orb 9 : 52 *
. )K5 Q- 1 E 0! x 1 0R : e* ! e*? 6 )G 1 ) e* 0R : W )* ! ? / M Y
J3 ) - S 0! (Folk, 1974) 3- G 1 jEH b 01 52 * + .D & 5 + 4' Y S @ 6 ! 10
& ') / + ,! ) 5 0M 52 * + .(? : u- 63 8 ) D J3 -: c (Q10 F52 RF38)
1 WE!0* 5 * : ) Qt11F52L38 : Qm8F52Lt40 S 0! + ' * H 1 (Dickinson, 1985) K )/ + *
.( : y 36 8 ) 5 * M* 5
52 * + . )K5 : ! : : D ! 4 S@ & 0R Org 9 : 52 *
. )K5 Q- 1 E 0! x 1 0R : e* ! e*? )G 1 ) e* 0R : W )* ! ? / M Y
: & {^9 ? / - )K 0 s . 1 & ! 5 # N# : 0G |9 1 ! * 52 *+ 5 Mz :
4N H ! 10 4 52 *+ .0 & / 5 9 1 54! + e 5:2 :
J3 ) - S 0! (Folk, 1974) 3- G 1 jEH b 01 52 * + .D & 5 Y : M / SE
& ^) 6+ 01 &:# .(? : u- 63 8 ) D J3 -: c 6(Q8 F46 RF46) D JD - 3 ! O G !

705
: Qm7 F46 Lt47 + ' * S 0! & 5 52 * + 01 (Dickinson, 1985) K ) 5 0M
.( : y 63 8 ) D M* )/ + * & ') / : Qt9 F46 L45

0%P 5 0 M& :" 5 *b 01 ,- .* * j. * + 0 + *-+ ' - ) B & B! h ) - 28

. :0 * " ,- .* :

5 . )K5 : ! : 5 1 D ! W )* S @ & 0R <= 52 *

x 1 0R : e* ! e*? )G 1 ) e* 0R : & W )* ! ? / M Y4 52 *+

706
4 52 *+ -: 54! + e 5 : 8 / : : 6& ! 5 # N# : 0G . )K5 Q- 1 E 0!
+ . * & 5 * G: 1 4 <= 52 * ! 10 1 Y .D 0 ' h " P 1
c (Q13 F35 RF52) ) JD - 3 ! O G S 0! S @ (Folk, 1974) 3- G 1 jEH b 01 52 *
Dickinson, ) K ) 5 0M 52 * + 6+ e 5 .(? : u- 638 ) D J3 -:
5 * M* )/ + * & ') / : Qt14 F35 L51 : Qm10 F36 Lt54 S 0! + ' * H 1 (1985
.( : y 63 8 )

5 D ,= * « » : «y» .(Folk, 1974) 3- G 0M b 01 <= : + 0 70 52 * 1 jEH «?» : «u- » -3 8

5&0 6 ,- .* * j. * .(Dickinson, 1985) K )/ + * & ') / + ,! T T* 5 0M ,- .* * ' *
5 62 1J 5• T* : + 0 70 «Org» 9 : 5 2 ! P 5n10* 6+ 0 70 «Orb» 9 : 5 2
. 5 * <=

;:.
52 *+ 5 * <= : + 0 70 5 52 * G 0M:0) ,- .* & *J D 1V )
) e* 1 : : A: /0h 5 : 9 S @ 6D J 3 -: c ) ) - 3 !O G ! J3)-
5 O G 6 ) J S @ + tJ " ,.= Y: 52 * + q/ 5 Mz : . )K5 + E 0!
+ .D / 5 9 1 -: [ ^ 54! H+ 5:2 : :9& ! K1 [ * # N#
+ tJ 5 2 H+ 5 : ) # -: 5 ) B 1 L * H 1 ,- .* * p01 A H 52 *

707
 * 52 Y: & 5 V ) + * ! . )K5 Lv/Lt : Plg/Kf L 1 DEK : 9 : )^M 0= -:
5 0M & ^) + 01 &:# .D 5 J n 0 Z 0G : D B X 9 1 3 4 K1 PG -: S- @
"1 * 9 M* 5 1 WE!0* D/ + * & 5 6 )/ + * & ') / + ,! )
5 9 : (island arc) A ,G 0 4Y A H & n= : -: " ^! 8* )/ + * & ') / + .D
D 6 Y 5 X 9 D B : )- 1 : ) J P * 52 : 0G 1 (continental arc) & =
: 3 _: ,- .* * X 9 D ,= * 0 M0R 1 .(Dickinson, 1985; Boggs, 2009) D 8/ :
! * 0)/ - *: M* 1 i 10* 53 -: 6 X 9 + [ 0H )G / * 52 + e 5
. 0 G0,* ,- .* * 9 <= : + 0 70 5 "1 * + 0! P 1

(-
S 0! : )K5 Q- 1 E 0! : )G 1 0R 6 5* 9 <= : + 0 70 5 52 * •
. (D J 3 -:) ) ) - 3 ! O G ! J3)-
: L1 : 0G 1 & ! 5 # N# : -: ' " ,.= Y: 1 ! * 52 *+ 5 Mz : •
.0 & 0!< : 0G 1 -: 54!
5 1 WE!0* 5 X9 )K5 ,- .* * " 1 * + 0! P -: * 52 •
"1 P * 1 ! * 0)/ - *: M* 5 3 -: . ) / M*
. 01 ,- .* *
<.
0)/ 1 A ) *- 5* 1 X9 0 0! - + 0 Z ! )r 0M 5 61395 6. 6 : 6. 6 E 6. 6 #G
.247-256 6102 & 6+ * *6( 0
! "# $%! & ' * . 5* A N a X 9 5 ') / : )/ 8* ! 61397 6. 6< =
. %^P 62 .
Ballato, P., Uba, C.E., Landgraf, A., Strecker, M.R., Sudo, M., Stockli, D.F., Friedrich, A. and Tabatabaei, S.H., 2011.
Arabia-Eurasia continental collision: Insights from late Tertiary foreland-basin evolution in the Alborz Mountains,
northern Iran. Bulletin, 123(1-2), pp.106-131.
Ballato, P., Cifelli, F., Heidarzadeh, G., Ghassemi, M.R., Wickert, A.D., Hassanzadeh, J., Dupont‐Nivet, G., Balling, P.,
Sudo, M., Zeilinger, G. and Schmitt, A.K., 2017. Tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the northern Iranian Plateau:
insights from middle–late Miocene foreland‐basin deposits. Basin Research, 29(4), pp.417-446.
Boggs Jr, S. and Boggs, S., 2009. Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Cambridge University Press.
Dickinson, W.R., 1970. Interpreting detrital modes of graywacke and arkose. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 40(2),
pp.695-707.
Dickinson, W.R., 1985. Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones. In Provenance of arenites (pp.
333-361). Springer, Dordrecht.
Folk, R.L., 1974. Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill Publishing Company.
Garzanti, E. and Vezzoli, G., 2003. A classification of metamorphic grains in sands based on their composition and grade.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 73(5), pp.830-837.
Ingersoll, R. V, & Suczek, C. A. (1979). Petrology and provenance of Neogene sand from Nicobar and Bengal fans, DSDP
sites 211 and 218. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 49(4), 1217–1228.
Morley, C.K., Kongwung, B., Julapour, A.A., Abdolghafourian, M., Hajian, M., Waples, D., Warren, J., Otterdoom, H.,
Srisuriyon, K. and Kazemi, H., 2009. Structural development of a major late Cenozoic basin and transpressional belt
in central Iran: The Central Basin in the Qom-Saveh area. Geosphere, 5(4), pp.325-362.
Pettijohn, F.J. and Potter, P.E., siever, r. 1987: sand and sandstone. Berlín: Springer-Verlag.

708
 ( " # $)
2 *1

!" ! # -2 !" ! # -1

3 %" )45 " 6 .% /0 1 2 2 1 .%& ' " %()* +, - %" :

E B ) A4B ' 2 2 C B D ") - @ 0 %" %>5 ? 7)" , 8 9 5 5 .; % ! <=
K ) H , 2 ,G H L )B E % ; )I ) J B ;1B , ) A4B ' 2 F A G 9 , . , )H .;
.;H ") ;, ) #"Q . # < )= ;, 2 OP,9 - @ )= )F' , -@ 52 - @ MN1
OFI ;( 2 ;H " + = B , = ;, - @ D 8 %4 , %" OP,9 E, 4B ( P B + N"2) H)= ,) "SQ <P,9
. ) A4B ) V G9 , . , )H % ; ) V %" S. " )F 52 ;, ;H " 2 + 52) , ;( U)
7) <K . , E B) JB - % , % != 2 , A4 52 . <( D 2 W XA"
D F5 U .%" % 52 " ;H " E % Z B . , 7) <K )Y %" , - 52
. M) G 9 , . , )H 2
G 9 , +,)" H - 52 ) A4B : # $% ! "

Investigation of digenetic processes with emphasis on texture and

structure of evaporates in Kond Formation, Saran section
(Central Alborz)

Abstract
Kond Formation as a is sedimentary cycle in a restricted and local basins is deposited in a come parts at
southern Alborz during late Eocene. The main lithology of this formation in the studied section is mainly
marl, carbonate, tuff, and twoevaporate units. Different diagenetic processes have influenced the
evaporate units of this formation, including physical compaction, dissolution, dolomite cement, pore
filling anhydrite cement, gypsum cements and fracture filling anhydrite, hydration of anhydrite
(alabastrian, porphyroblastic, satin spar gypsum textures ) and conversion of gypsum to anhydrite in
form of poikilotopic anhydrite cement, chicken wire texture, entrolithic fabric and single nodule
anhydrite texture. It should be mentioned that the these diagenetic processes are observed in evaporates
specially in vicinity of dolomitic sabkha faces and tidal flat which indicate the effect of these minerals
in development of dolomite. It seems that formation of these minerals is controlled by three factors
primary sedimentary texture, sulphate rich saline fluids, and diagenetic processes.
Keywords:Kond Formation; Evaporate; Dolomitization; Fabric; Diagenesis

709
 9, 2 " \ A . , )H <. M >H G 9 , 2 , @ .% ! B" . ) A4B ?": &
62 , " . H ] FB ^ @ B ^@ L ' D2 F " .Z 1 L < D F5 D " , )K
" !" <( 2 " .+,)" H _I `>" ; @ .Z 1 , E B ;,
2 a) . " ,S " 2 ,), ) - 7)" 3 %" .(Schreiber, 2000; Warren, 2006)
35 30 28 D X A " - 2 _I 2 - 7)" . ) A4B .; % = D 8 %" b)
20 % 8 H 2N K )! 2 1 2) H 6 ) < 2 - )!B ]) M @ ) 80 E: 08 52 10 2 N:
, .; - (1) E - 1:100000 % / % G 2)" )! , f 6 )
2 G )I A g %" % . )J . ) A4B G 9 , Z B B @ 2 <. +.Q 2 C B '2 2 E .% !
%/? , % * 5 B .L, % @ 7)" B2 F 4< % * - 7)" , h , )" . , G4
- > ) 150 ; A& %" %6 B ") , = ) A4B ' 2 ) < ( +.Q 52 ' 2 S " %" , = i B)B %"
G4 E +.Q 2 C B k A ' 2 G )I - 2 ; 52 ' 2 ) B G4 +.Q ' 2 (; W X ( ( %" jK
. E g G4 52 . ' 2 ;, ! 2 () 70) ,S " ) A4B ' 2
_0 / 2 , )18 %>5 ? h )" - 7)" . ) A4B G 9 , . , )H % ; 7NB %>5 ? ,
. " - 7)" ) A4B .% ! G 9 , E B )" %>5 ? , C . . , l
N

1:100000 % / E/ %>5 ? %/? % / :1 E

G9 , . ,Q)H 2 . <( .;H " o , n , )18 m 2 )" % @ , )18 ; )" O= : '($) *"+
% % !B l _?/ 70 = 2) . )" .;H)K = 2) l _0 / D >5 ? F "
. , )K G Q g (Dickson, 1965) - < , 72 %" G )I , G 5Q % 2 %" ; 52 ; < p A B )" _0 / ,
.;H)K (Lucia, 2007 ‫؛‬Warren, 2016) 5 2 - 2 72 h )" ;, .;H " " L </B %>5 ? ,

:, $-. " /

710
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\ 8 B % K 6 0 %" - 7)" 6 . ) A4B \ A \ A G 9 , . , )H o qA" ,
U) OFI ;( 2 ;H " + = B , = ;, - @ <B 8 %4 , %" OP,9 E, 4B o E . , )H , .
( ,) "SQ + N"2) H)= P B <P,9 .;H ") ;, ) #"Q )F 52 ;, ;H " + 52) , ;(
L )B . # < )= ;, 2 OP,9 - @ , S , ;, D 8 %" )= )F' - @ 52 - @
. % ( )= . , )H , ). %" % " MN1 2 ,G H
^@ L H B 2 G 9 = % ') 2; " %, J . ) A4B o ;, %" OP,9 E, 4B :0 + . 12 ! 3 4
;H " 52 ;, ;H " + = B , = ;, - @ %" - B -Q " Z4B) G 9 , . , )H % @6 . ,Q 62 %"
M ( )@. %" r G" . " >@ B D 8 %"+ = B , = ;, -@ . ) 52) , ;( 2 U) OFI
EA AB )= D 8 %" 2 4I E' ) .- @ 2 O ,)B 6 D X" ) " 2 , ; 52
" ; @. )3 ' <" GA ; F s 15 Z4B) L!" 5 ( `H , " )@. - @ , MN1 . .
. - % +* 2 r G" . " D 8 %" - @ , G %>5 ? _0 / .(Lonoy, 2006)
H XB ) K;!6 " % H " L. 2 G, . " D 8 %" ;, o , )F 52 ;, ;H ".(A 2 E )
52 " ) t .-Q E . , ) * B) * . ;, ;H " o , "
G K K2 " "; B " G, .-Q ;, . ". ;H , ` " B 2) .E %" ) "
E B .- 52 Eu G, % D " 2 , A4 Z 1 G 9 , % 52 E' ) 0 ;H " o , . . -
2 <P,9 % ;, B G, )F . "G . = 2) ),2 XB.(Hovorka et al, 1992)
, U) OFI ;, ;( 2 ;H " S " L )B " %B F5 .M2 . K .(B2 E ) . -
)#, , %" - 5 XB O= 2 ;, 2 OP,9 .M2 )F' " DS L < D F5 o 4 % " %
. b v? ,G ) A4B .M2 .(Warren, 2016) 2Q 62 %" 52) , ;( L ' ) tB 2
%" U) OFI ;, ;H " G %>5 ? _0 / .(Warren, 2006) " G 9 3 % ') G 9 , . , )H 2
D 8 %" + 52) , ;( G )18 .(C,D 2E ) ; . % ;, .M2 D 8
(E 2 E ) ; . a 2 ( *
.;H " " 2 2 )H %" - 7)" ) A4B ' 2 %, J OP,9 E B 2 ;, ) #"Q :0 + . 56
,) "SQ OP,9 . " G 9 B % ') G 9 , . , )H % ; . + N"2) H)= 2 P B ,) "SQ
<. @Y ( B @ 2 EFI L!" @ A& 0 %" S @> % r G" B +* % = L!" . "
E ) . OP,9 2 ;, EFI L. . " %>5 ? _0 / .(Tucker, 1991) E B
.(Warren, 2006) " % 52 ;, K )= #5 )# " 2 ;, ) #"Q E8 ' + N"2) H)= OP,9 .(F 2
.(G 2 E ) . ;, )= . " " )@. OP,9 r G" . " E ;H " , G )Y _0 /
Shearman et al, ) , L ' q, GH % 2 )K E, 4B OP,9 %" ;, % ,6 P B OP,9
.(H 3 E ) . iB) @ D 8 %" % OP,9 , .%K G H )K2) = . )" .(1972
D 8 %" - B - 7)" ;, 2 OP,9 .%K :$% 5- : # ; 0 + . " 12 ! 7$8 9
OP,9 . " .%K , .(I 3 E ) ) . - 52 G, % D " 2 %B ") D " 6 .%K
" B + N" )K - @ D 8 %" ) A4B . " .%K , w@. (H 2 E ) ) %K , )" @
(1 ; , - 7)" 6 .%K <P,9 - @ o % .(J 2 E ) .
" - @ (2 2Q 62 %" ) A4B <( P B OP,9 2 ) , v? )" @ % )4 H - @
%6 B " .- @ , .(K 2 E ) = q, GH .% E( ;@ %" % ' .%K % 2 - @ (3

711
2 ) )= G 9 , )(Q E' ) .%K ) K )H D 8 %" 2 ) .%K ) "- " %" - @ 4B 2) %"
. EA AB - % <" i6
. )F' - % <" i6 H B % ') ,S, D 8 %" )= )F' .;, :<# ; = 0 + . 7$8 9
%" 2 % A Q L!" 2 % = )H %" )X1 Kx,2 ,S, ;, .(L 2 E ) . # < EA AB 2 g
D2 F ) * B -2) 2 ' G, " LY . ". " , # * ,@ 2 )K % = D 8
E B 2) %@ 2 2) . " 2 M . , +,)" H 2 G" " D X" -Q .M <,) . "
f @ D X" w@. 2 ; H M , B .Z 1 52 . <( ) " ;, o ,.
Alali et ) " 9) L .Z 1 G 9 , % 52 % ') %" k ") 2 ;H , KS . <(
.(al.2013

A B C

0/5mm 0/5mm 0/5mm

D E F

0/5mm

G H I

0/5mm
0/5mm

J K L

0/5mm 0/5mm 0/5mm

M N P

0/5mm

(D U) OFI ;H " (C )F 52 ;, (B + = B , = ;, - @ (A ) A4B G 9 , . , )H o 2-E

) A4B %K (I P B OP,9 (H + N"2) H)= OP,9(G ,) "SQ OP,9(F )18 . 52) , (E U) OFI ;(
%K . ) A4B (N 52 - @ (M. , S , D 8 %" )= )F' - @ (L 2 - @ (K + N" )K - @ (J )18
712)18 . 5N1 JQ (P % 4 ( , 2 )=
;, -@ M 4 %" .- )= )F' "; ; 52 D 8 %" - @ ,: - (" 7$8 9
)= 52 - @ Z B , .%K 2 . # < G 9 , )(Q E' ) w@. ; @ )= I " yH >
DS " k 4B B 9 s 15 " . ) A4B " )@. % B 8 ) <K - 52 .(M 2E )
.(Makhlouf and El-Haddad, 2006nEl Tabakh, 2004) " , . ) A4B * MN1 2 ;< !B M 0
E ( 6 ' 6 ( _4 o j . %" % , )" 2N K ) H : 5- : $> " ? @# 4
.(Lucia, 2007) ; S " ;@ %" zS @> 2 2 ^0 ;@ %" ! Q ; )' 2 D " .M 1 a2)( )" a2)(
; .% K )( 2 # < A, )K . )F' E /B EA AB q. E K ) H H " D ) J{B
%" % <" 2 , ' B ),y=V F 2 EA AB 2 )" ,Q)H , ) J B G 9 , . ,Q)H )#, " %<, / .(Lucia,2007)
.(Machel 2005) " 1? G 9 , . ,Q)H 2 y#" Z 1
.%,S , " 6 2 # < 2 * G, E B D 8 %" - 7)" ) A4B ' 2 ,G H L )B D )J
>" E' ) % ; + B@ < . # < i6 %>5 ? %/? ,G H L )B .; . @,) A4B
.(N 2 E ) ; ) , % 4 ( 2; )= ; 52 2 . ) A4B " G 9 ,
2;< H .- @ MN1 % H ] FB -Q , ! E' ) x,2 %" 2 H G9 , ,Q)H 0 MN1 :AB .
MN1 7) <K 2 fQ 4 .(Lucia, 2007) ; -Q %XA m .; 5 MN1 w@. 2 ;,
G 9 , 5 B.(P 2 E ) . )F' MN1 JQ 2 5N1 . 7) <K D 8 %" . ) A4B
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- @ G 9 3 % ') .; b G 9 B 2 G 2G G 9 3 E' ) % " G9 , . , )H G, ' ) A4B ' 2 ,
2 2 2 ) A4B D " H B " .L, ) . + 52) , ;( 2 U) OFI ;( 2 ;H " + = B , = ;,
D" 2 2 2 K Q S " )J )" . E, 4B ;, %" OP,9 . " H 2 q, GH )J )" G 92G % ') %" .-Q
E % ') , G 9 , , )H ,) @! % ,Q 62 %" G 9 B % ') . ) A4B , ~ G 9 , Z 1 %" ) A4B
w@. . " + N"2) H)= ;H " 2 P B ;H " ,) "SQ ;H " " %, J .OP,9 E B 2 ;, ) #"Q
.) ,G H L )B 2 MN1 %" - B + 9 B G9 , . , )H )#,
:D $

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Coastal Sedimentary Cells of Boushehr Province

Mohammadreza Gharibreza
Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension
Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. P. O. Box: 13445-1136

Abstract
Nowadays, sedimentological characteristics and cycle of the erosion, sediment transport, and sedimentation
and sediment redistribution play an important role in zoning of management units especially in coastal
sedimentary environments. Sedimentary cells is well-known management districts along the coastal areas
wherein sedimentary processes and sediment budget is entirely different with adjacent cells. An erosional
or depositional regime is dominant sedimentary circumstance in each cell by which construction of coastal
structures and costal protection practices will be chosen. The research aim was to identify and to
differentiate sedimentary cells along the Boushehr Province coastlines based on coastal sedimentary
processes and geological features. The research method was mainly based on illustration of sediment
bypassing and sedimentation at suggested boundary of sedimentary cells and sub-cells using two satellite
images of IRS, 2006 and Sentinel-2A, 2018 with 6 m and 10 m resolution, respectively. Investigations
showed the remarkable changes in sedimentary process that has been occurred between 2006 and 2018

715
because of the climate and land use changes and vivid changes in sediment budget. Accordingly, two main
sedimentary cells and 16 sub-cells were identified along the Boushehr Province coastlines. Headlands of
the Boushehr and Nayband bays and Reeg, Ameri, Lanvar, Methanol and Parak ports have been played
important role in trapping of sediments in the study area.
Keywords: Sedimentary cells, Boushehr Province, Nayband headland, Management unit, Coastal
sedimentary environments
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720
 ( )
3 2 *1

S.ghazanfari0@gmail.com -1
behrouzrafiei47@gmail.com -2
mohseni4@gmail.com -3

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Petrographic characteristics of travertine deposits in the Avaj

area (Qazvin Province)
Somayeh Ghzanfari*1, Behrouz Rafiei1, Hassan Mohseni1
1: Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamdan, Iran
Abstract:
The Quaternary travertine deposits were studied in three sections (the Arvan section and two sections
around the Bi-Ab mine) in the Avaj area, Qazvin Province. These sections are located in the Central
Iran structural zone. . These deposits display various morphologies in the studied section. The Bi-Ab
mine deposits are fissure-ridges type and the Arvan travertine is fall type. From the samples taken, 25
thin sections were prepared and studied with optical microscopy of fabric types and diagenesis.
Porosity and lamination are the most important features observed in thin sections as well as hand
specimens. Electroni microscopic studies of thin sections (8) show the growth of calcite crystals, plant
tissues, algae and cementitious materials.
Key Words: travertine, petrography, Bi- Ab mine, Avaj

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* -. I; ) '+% .D ) , C ; * E> . ) 6 - B C ; , * -. ) '#$ %$ )A = B .

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93

. ^@U 670 * %9$ ? 6 .1374 . * % .u * ; ./ %

9 . ' 93 ? 6 ( )' ` . % ) . E.) .1371 . R^. . .%V ) .

. ^@U 493

Berberian, M., King, G. C. P., 1891. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Traduit par le journal can. J.
Earth. Sci., 18, 210-265.

Blake, D.M., 1974. Ancient Roman construction in Italy from the prehistoric to August. Carnegie Institute of Washington,
publication 570, 421.

Bolourchi, M.H., 1979.Quadrangle map of Avaj, 1:100000 with explanatory notes. Geol .Survey of Iran.

Choquette, P.W., James, N.P., 1987. Diagenesis in limestone -3, the deep burial environment. Geoscience Canada 14, 3-35.

Das, S., Mohanti, M., 1997. Holocene microbial tufa: Orissa State, India. Carbonates and Evaporites, 12, 204-219.

Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Springer Verlag, New York,
996.

Folk, R.L., 1962. Spectral subdivision of limestone type. In Ham, W.E., (ed.,) Classification of carbonate rocks. AAPG
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Ginsburg, R.N., James, N.P, 1974. Holocene carbonate sediments of continental margins. In: The Geology of Continental
Margins (Ed. By C.A. Burke and C.L. Dracke). Springe- Verlag, New York. 137-155.

Given, R.N., Wilkinson, B.H., 1987. Dolomite abundance stratigraphic age: constraints on rates and mechanisms of
Phanerozoic dolostone formation. JSP. 57, 1068-1078

Haiman, A., Sass, E., 1989. Travertine of the northern Hula Valley, Israel. Sedimentology, 36, 95-108.

Hynes, H.B. N., 1978. The ecology of running water. Liverpool Univ. Press. 378.

Pentecost, A., Viles, H.A., 1994. A review and reassessment of travertine classification. Geogr. Phys. Quaternary, 48, 305-
314.

Pentecost, A., 1995. The Quaternary travertine deposits of Europe and Asia Minor, Q. Sciences Review, 14, 1005-1028

Pentecost, A., 2005. Travertine. Springer-Verlag Amsterdam, Netherland, 445.

Riding, R., 2000. Microbial carbonate: the geological record of calcified bacterial-algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology,
47, 179-214.

Tucker, M.E., Wright, V.R., 1990. Carbonate Sedimentology. Blackwell Science, Oxford, 482.

Warren, J.K., 1982. The hydrological significance of Holocene tepee, stromatolites, and boxwork limestones in coastal
Salinas in South Australia. JSP. 52, 1171-1201.

726
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Nannofossil biozons as evidence of sedimentation rate changes in
the Kopet Dagh basin during Aptian-Albian
5 &' (&) 4 #$ 3 ! 2 1*

Azam Gholami fard 1*, Anoshirvan Lotfali Kani 2, Azam Mahanipour3, Fariba Foroughi

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1
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2
Associate Professor, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman,
Kerman, Iran
4
Assistant Professor, School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
5
Ph.D., National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration Directoreate,Tehran, Iran
09124048703 : 9* / ' !23 45 :7 8 ! ( *

*Corresponding author: A. gholami fard; E-mail: a_gholamifard@sbu.ac.ir

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Abstract
In this study Biostratigraphy of Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh formations in the Lower Cretaceous
sedimentary succession have been investigated with regard to the Calcareous Nannofossils. This
succession (Qaleh Jegh and Qaleh zoo Sections) located in Kopet-Dagh basin. Based on the index
Calcareous nannofossil taxa, the upper part of NC6, NC7A, NC7(B&C) and Lower part of NC8
nannofossil zones, are present in Qhaleh Jegh section and the upper part of NC6, NC7A, NC7(B&C)
and NC8(A&B) are present in Qhaleh zoo section. Comparison of sedimentation rate in each of the
studied sections, based on time units (nannofossil biozons), makes it clear that the Sarcheshmeh and
Sanganeh formations have a higher sedimentation rate at Qhaleh Jegh section location and probably
the Qhaleh Jegh section was closer to the depocenter location in Aptian-Albian.

Key word: Biostratigraphy, Calcareous Nannofossil Biozones, Sarcheshme and Sanganeh Formations,
Sedimentation rate

727
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731
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. [/n 275 ) @! d !" & !" .I C !" & ( !" .1373 .P F E)

Berberian, M., King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth
Science 18, 210-265.
Bown, P.R. and Young, J.R., 1998, Techniques. In: Bown, P.R., (Eds.), Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy: Chapman
and Hall, London, 16-28.
Bralower, T.J., Sliter, W.V., Arthur, M.A. , Leckie, R.M., Allard, D.J. and Schlanger, S.O., 1993. Dysoxic/anoxic episodes
in the Aptian –Albian (Early Cretaceous). In: Pringle, M. et al. (Eds.), The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, Tectonics and
Volcanism: AGU Geophysical Monograph, v. 77, 5–37.
Miall, A. D., 2000. Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis, Springer, p. 616.
Roth, P.H., Medd, A. W., Watkins, D. K., 1983. Jurassic calcareous nannofossil zonation, an erview with new evidence from
Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 534 A, Initial Report of Deep Sea Drilling Project vol.76 , 573-579.
Roth, P.H., 1978, Cretaceous nannoplankton biostratigraphy and oceanography of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. In:
Benson, W.E., Sheridan, R.E., et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports of Deep Sea Drilling Project, v. 44, 731–759.
Sissingh, W., 1977. Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous Calcareous Nannoplankton: Geologie Mijnbouw, v. 56, 37-49.

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The analogous investigation of microfacies and depositional

environment of upper Sarvak Formation in Abadan Plain and
North Dezful Embayment

Faramarzi, S. 1, Rahimpour- Bonab, H. 2, Ranjbaran, M. 2, Izadi-Mazidi, E4

1- PhD, Sedimentology and sedimentary petrology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research
Branch, Tehran
s.faramarzi1393@gmail.com
2- Professor of Department of Geology, University of Tehran
rahimpor@ut.ac.ir

733
 3- Professor Assistant of Department of Geology, University of Tehran
ranjbaran@khayam.ut.ac.ir
4- National Iranian South Oil Company, Ahwaz

Abstract:
Sarvak Formation (Late Albian–Early Turonian) which is a part of Bangestan group, has a significant
role in petroleum production of different oil fields in southwest Iran and Persian Gulf. This
investigation is based on a combination of detailed petrography and core description from the upper
part of Sarvak Formation in seven wells located in the Dezful embayment and Abadan Plain. The main
objective of this study is the comparison of the microfacies and depositional environment of these two
regions. Thirteen microfacies have been recognized and grouped in three facies belts as the lagoon,
bioclastic shoals and patch reef and proximal open marine (talus and slope), According to the results, it
seem that studied interval have been deposited in an isolated carbonate ramp in Abadan plain and sixteen
microfacies types are recognized belong to four main facies belts as the inner ramp (lagoon, shoal and
patch reef), middle ramp, outer ramp and basin which deposited in a ramp carbonate platform in North
Dezful embayment. Investigating the distribution of microfacies frequency in studied wells showed
that the largest thickness of lagoon belt was in Abadan plain, mid ramp and outer ramp belts in North
Dezful embayment. It can be concluded that during deposition of Sarvak Formation sedimentary basin
would be deeper in Dezful embayment in compare with Abadan plain.

Key words: Upper Sarvak formation, Microfacies analysis, depositional environment, Abadan Plain,
Dezful embayment

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: ) ;C m % H C% . C C * # \# 9' ;3 2/ .4 YK %P % " & /% : )< 9
\# R # /% .!* # U/!= (/!Z/ : D/ ! : 9' ;3 2/ - r?9 ' 3 ) ( %P % 'c/
.4 3 /F 8 !*% > & 4 : 4=;* ) 4# G] % * #

'! 9 U Z) 21 N* % ! # 9 ( ;/ 9'2/ ) 0 > R # /% : 6 L # 9' ;3 2/

' = )<:* ) &4 ;/ 9' ;3 C N* % > ! ;9 )# ' ;3 Q u3
9' ;3 2/ -/ S> 4 ? 3 % UQ " 2*d / v &4 .4 *? !? 9' ;3 2/ : #%
;/ '2/ 9' ;3 ! w : M* ?9 .(3 2 UZ ) 4 : ^. H C% . C C : 4=;* ) jt
*2G# 9 % -/ ? # -/ F 45* : ( )E& UG G : ! ;9 8 !*% *2G# 4 5 Q U#
.!* : C . J H$ * ! / C jt 4 : " * 9 ' ;. Q: 9' ;3 2/ -/ .! 9 # U Z) 8 !*%

8 5 -3

1 3 \# .4 3 n ;. -/ F % * # \# % !L '! '!9 )# H C% . C C R C R # /% -/
@9 ' ?9 +$. !9 -/ c . ! * # Y * Z*$< % m * @/ 2C + J / * C 7 s # jt aM /%
R # /% -/ :uG)# % 9' ;3 2/ %P % @9 2 * * 4 < 3 ! * # / 94; ' 3 '% !*
.(5 4 UZ ) 4

736
 &4 IJ 5* 9 ! #% Z/ /F 8 !*% 9' ;3 2/ <Z Z # / u -2 UZ

& aM : FWWB) + &4 /F 8 !*% :L> M# # > ' ;3 9! ? 9' ;3 2/ I/% x V * -3 UZ

( * C 7 R/ & aM :SWB + & R/

737
 H C% . C C IJ 5* 9 ! #% Z/ /F 8 !*% 9' ;3 2/ <Z Z # / u -4 UZ

aM : FWWB) +H C% . C C /F 8 !*% :L> M# # > ' ;3 9! ? 9' ;3 2/ I/% x V * -5 UZ

( * C 7 R/ & aM :SWB + & R/ &

:9

738
:C. J . %& – . :?/!J ! &4 :L> M# # ! # /F 8 !*% R #
:L> M# # ! # 8 !*% :] " '! T1 # # -/ : (Abdollahie Fard et al., 2006)
-- #% @= 1 ( < 9U;. 4 ") 3 - #% F : Z* -/ : :1 .! '! r < d > C #
'2/ 9' ;3 .F 1 + ' ;3 ? =* 1 ' ;. O +(Bosence, 2005) (2# 9 Y?* 3
: 4C . :S * # (2010) U. C R '! :l 9 .c/ & :;/ # (Assadi et al., 2016) ' ;.
% # C) 4 '! ^. (Isolated platform) :> 2/ : Z Y/ : M # -/ 8 !*% /F @G
% $7 J / ! # :> 2/ 5 $< -/ 3 @G R C : => .(5 UZ ) (1396 + Z?9
^. V/d R T -/ > !* ?/$# T : " * -/ :] " .4; * 0 & 3 4?
IJ !*% -/ R # .4 ' ( . %& – . ! ) : " * C . < b> < % * :Z '!)* S/ :
1 ! + (/!Z/ : ' ;3 > 9' ;3 2/ S/ ! O q: ?1 % # : :1 H C% . C C
% UQ " 9 / 1 ! * #) R # T * .* O % * =* 5/ ! +% P/ 1#
* C !Q : :1 .(5 3 UZ ) 4 '! : C . N* T V9 \# m * % : 5 $< Y/ +(4/ !
.F 9' ;3 2/ n ;. 2 * & 4 : 4=;* H C% . C C 1 3 * # \# 9' ;3 2/
. C C 8 !*% ! : ) * #% :] " 6? : ! # N* : &4 & /% 9: )<
.(7 6UZ ) 4 ' ) & 4 : 4=;* > ? H C%

H C% . C C &4 /F 8 !*% R # :;/ # -6 UZ

H C% . C C &4 /F 8 !*% ' ;3 9! ? 4# G] :;/ # -7 UZ

739
 1 % :&
&4 :! kG)# :L> M# # : " * 8 !*% *2G# @G R # 9' ;3 2/ :;/ #
!* 3 ) 4# G] n ;. % z 2 YK %P % Cm .F R # 9' ;3 2/
) H C% . C C Y * Z*$< % * C m 1 3 \# * # \# R # 9' ;3 2/ U #
8 !*% ! : ) * #% :] " 6? : 45. # Q u3 -/ : :1 .!* : C / :L
8 !*% > 4# G] @/ 2C U# % Z/ F ? " 4 ' ) & 4 : 4=;* > ? H C% . C C
: :1 :] " 6? > !* : C . J `/!J !# 9 :Z / .! # :] " . C C
: ) * #% & 4 : 4=;* > ? H C% . C C :] " 6? !9 * # 1 3 \# n ;.
: > ? H C% . C C = )<U. 9' ;3 2/ * C U > : -?] .4 8 !*% /F @G !
-V9 \# m * % : 5 $< Y/ H C% . C C R # .4 ' : 4)< : \# Y/ : ! # N*
V/d R T -/ : ! ?* H ?9 \# ! * # V/$# T &4 :] " > 4 T
.4 ( . %& – . ! ) : " * C . < b> < % * :Z '!)* S/ :* ^.

; -
% Z/ 8 !*% *2G# 4 5 2*d / 9! /& C 9' ;3 H .1396 +. + =S* +.{ + <V " +.0 + % # C
.130-117 | +105 ' ? +27 ' + - #% #% - #% : S# . / E 1 + & 4 : " * 5* -/ #
.| 536+ ) - #% #% +0 . % : K+ / - #% .1372 +.' + L M#

References
Abdollahie Fard, I. A., Braathen, A., Mokhtari, M. and Alavi, S. A., 2006. Interaction of the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt and the
Arabian-type, deep-seated folds in the Abadan Plain and the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Petroleum Geoscience, v. 12, no.
4, p. 347-362.
Assadi, A., Honarmand, J., Moallemi, S. A. and Abdollahie-Fard, I., 2016. Depositional environments and sequence
stratigraphy of the Sarvak Formation in an oil field in the Abadan Plain, SW Iran. Facies 62(4): 26.
Alavi, M., 2007. Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. American Journal of Sciences, v. 307, p. 1064–1095.
Bosence, D., 2005. A genetic classification of carbonate platforms based on their basinal and tectonic settings in the
Cenozoic. Sedimentary Geology 175(1): 49-72.
Esrafili-Dizaji, B., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Mehrabi, H., Afshin, S., Harchegani, F. K. and Shahverdi, N., 2015.
Characterization of rudist-dominated units as potential reservoirs in the middle Cretaceous Sarvak Formation, SW Iran.
Facies, v. 61, no. 3, p. 1-25.
Flügel, E., 2010. Microfacies of carbonate rocks. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 976 p.
Hajikazemi, E., Al-Aasm, I. S. and Coniglio, M., 2010. Subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis of the Cenomanian-
Turonian Upper Sarvak Formation, southwestern Iran. In: Leturmy, P. & Robin, C. (Eds), Tectonic and Stratigraphic
Evolution of Zagros and Makran during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 330, p.
253-272.
James, G.A. and Wynd, J.G., 1965. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. American
Association Petroleum Geologists, v. 49, no.12, p. 2182–2245.
Mehrabi, H., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., 2014. Paleoclimate and tectonic controls on the depositional and diagenetic history of
the Cenomanian–early Turonian carbonate reservoirs, Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Facies, v. 60, no. 1, p.147-167.
Mehrabi H., Rahimpour-Bonab H., Hajikazemi E. and Jamalian, A., 2015. Controls on depositional facies in Upper
Cretaceous carbonate reservoirs in the Zagros area and the Persian Gulf, Iran Facies, v. 61, p.1-24.
Rahimpour-Bonab, H., Mehrabi, H., Enayati-Bidgoli, A. H. and Omidvar, M. 2012. Coupled imprints of tropical climate and
recurring emergence on reservoir evolution of a mid-Cretaceous carbonate ramp, Zagros Basin, southwest Iran. Cretaceous
Research, v. 37, 15-34.
Setudehnia A., 1978. The Mesozoic sequence in south-west Iran and adjacent areas. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 1:3–42
Van Buchem, F. S. P., Simmons, M. D., Droste, H. J. and Davies, R. B., 2011. Late Aptian to Turonian stratigraphy of the
eastern Arabian Plate–depositional sequences and lithostratigraphic nomenclature. Petroleum Geoscience, v. 17, no. 3, p.
211-222.

740
 +, ( ) * & ' $ % !" #
GIS
2 1*

! " # $ % (1
saratehra@yahoo.com . / 0! "& ! ' ( ! ) *+ ,- !
0! "& ! 2 ( ! (3 4 5% %, ) 7 8 $ 97 : / ; <=> (3

? 9 B ! + ! -%) CD @& MPSIAC ., ! < ! ?@8 = %! A,#

# ?%M .5 ! 0! "& . / HI! F% ' ?J K % %!F G 2 C% $ (MPSIAC
?* 5 ! F% ' ?J K %!F C% $ P $ 9 ! B- ? ., %! & +NO!
B # $ %! ., , ? "& GIS ? ?% Q R +NO! , ?DSO 0, I
.5 ! ! ? 2 4= C% $ J! ! C Q $! Q & T *I! G 2 4=
B + V ! ., ? "& C% $ ? D , ' 5 , & +NO! # ?%M U / ! 5% "
T T * 2 5 /#! W & & ? ?J K %! C% $ R, (MPSIAC ., B + / <#)
! 82/89% ? ,# 0 MPSIAC ., % " X% ?- 8 K .5 ! % * 2 % 3
VN 17/1% 3 %!F C% $ , ?DSO III VN F% ' ?J K 5K ] B
., ! I % %!F C% $ , ?DSO IV
MPSIAC / 'GIS '()*+ ,)- '. * : ! "#$%
Evaluation of the role of geology in MPSIAC
model in sediment yield in the North Tehran
watershed
Shirin Farhadmehr1, Mostafa Ghanami Jaber2
Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran
North Branch
Department of Geography Science, Geomorphology, Kharazmi University, Tehran,
Iran
Abstract
The purpose of this study is application of MPSIAC model and
determination of the role of geology (one of nine MPSIAC factors) in soil
erosion and sediment yield in North Tehran watershed. Information layer of
the model that are consist of nine effective factors in erosion and sediment
yield in the watershed site were obtained by digitalizing and classifying the
741
basic information data in GIS program. These factors are surface geology,
soil, climate, runoff, topography, ground cover, land use, surface and river
erosion. Based on geology’s factor (7th of MPSIAC factor) intensity of
erosion, in this watershed is very low, low, medium, high and very high
respectively. Whereas the final results of MPSIAC model indicate that 82.89
% of the total watershed area is classified at class III of erosion category
with medium sedimentation, and 17.1% is classified at class IV of erosion
category with high sedimentation.
Key words: Erosion, sediment yield, GIS, MPSIAC model
P & 54& ,%,: 3 4 ? " ' . D ! ? 8 ! B4 ! G 2 R! ^ 0, ! ' , %' $ :0 1
C% $ ., % C% $ ! + > @ SO B ! + (% ' B_ `* a B ! +
C% $ 3%! .5 ! F a ' # ?J K 5% %, T" RN- ! -% %!F
H&! ) ] ! " 8 @$ b <* a B ! + ? , 8 & !,D
d! a ! - ,@ R */+ @ SO # C Q c& R! c&
# ]2 G 2 5$ ?D= W F% ' ?J K 5K ] (. c& eNf!
! ( ] 0' R, R, , - H% & ! 0!F
.(Szilassi et al., 2006; Hayakawa and Oguehi, 2009; Ouyang et al, 2018)
R J #, C# G 2 C% $ . 5g <K # ? ! :! b ?
' % ! F a ' ?J K i% %hQ C% $ R, B T K? !
! , ! & B ! + %! % ., % ?J K C% $ Pj B ! +
B *4& !h8 .,% / % @ SO H k<K C% $ . 5": W # -#! a !
C% $ =2 B ! + C% $ R, ? D ? "& C% $ 0!F '
J! ! H ] G 2 C% $ , %!F$ , ? ?: & % %, # -#! ?9! !
R +NO! ? ' & "8, ! < ! lO 0 S@8! W@f
MPSIAC., , ?9! ! 0! %! ? ? & "8, 0 ! .,% / J ! % $! c:
P B!+ ! !,@& h ., .5 ! ? $ ! I ?: & %% !C
X% F% ' ?J K , m ., %! - ! Bf K X% /J , n 48 C% $
' ,I $ # ?J K C% $ % ! ., %! N+ ? .5 ! ? ! S
%! C% $ % ! ! %! ! .5 ! ! 2 2 S] 5I ! R +NO!
.5 ! ,% < ! MPSIAC ., ! ?J K
31˝ 8 / 36˚ 03ˊ 13˝ & 35˚ 45ˊ 13˝ @I 0! "& . / F% ' # ?J K
B 0! "& " 0N *f! ?J K 8 , ! I 51˚ 50ˊ 22˝ & 51˚ 05ˊ

742
 R + <& ! ! ? , '! , i 8 ? !FK $ G >K X% C% !
r _ !? R ! / 0 " K R ! 8 R + <& ! & # ! ! S8! : #? !
!, ! 0! "& d , " T% K ?=D % & ; & ? $ ! M ?D=
A,# .(1B- ) 5 ! , B- ? H * 85 ?J K %! 5@ .(1 B- ) , %
, 8 & (MPSIAC ? 9 B ! + ! -%) B + CD ?@8 = %! !
.5 ! h8! s $ ?J K

?@8 = ?D= !?#! ' ?-S ?J K % ? D -1 B-

C% $ P T" $ ? CD P & G ]Q , eNf! ., :23 % 4
# CD ? ? ] u %! %! ! . % ! F% ' ?J K , 8 & G2
(Y1) 4= B # $ %! . ! 5S] 0' ? ,+ B +
(Y6) v= C Q (Y5) $! Q & (Y4) ! (Y3)! # ' (Y2) 2
CD .5 ! (Y9) ! ? 2 C% $ (Y8) *@$ C% $ 5 @J (Y7) J! !
GIS 3 4 ? & +NO! # ?%M 0 ! l% O ! ?@8 = ?J K B ! + %!
.5 ! , & +NO! # ?%M ! i% # , ? N I
R, % ?: (2 . ,:) (R) R! ! %! U / ?S 4 B + ? R! ! @& ! wQ
(1) ?= ! ! < ! (Qs) , 8 & 0!F wx (1. ,:) , @& #,
.5 ! , ?S 4
Qs=0.253e0.036R (1) ?= !
.5 ! , z $ W@- ) * 1360 # g y >a ) : ?= ! %!
. < ! ?= ! %! ! 4= $ @& 5": MPSIAC .,
743
X1=Y1 (2) ?= !
.5 ! 4= $ {2 Y1 $ ! X1 ?= ! %!
? D 0 I $! Q & # ? D B ?% Q #? D ! < ! J K C# |Q
0 # ? D 1:50000 V D !
( ]%! ' # C Q G 2 J! ! +J # ? D 1:100000 V D
b ., l = ? ? B ! + #?%M GIS !F$! ) ! " !# #
? #,K! ! i% # 5 ]K 0!F ' ?D= #,K! ., , ? "&
! h #,K! ! i% # ! ?D= R @8 = ? ?: & !h( C% $
? 5 ]K % 10 ,+ 5 D % 1 ,+) , , !h , 10 & 0
.(,# 0 ! C% $
R !F 9! 4f R */+ l% O ! ?@8 = ?D= R +NO!
1/250000 V D B ' 0! "& #? D 0 / I l <*& !
F a ' # ?J K ? D lI ., ? "& GIS !F$! ) 3 4
R % -#' , ? 5 ! d , ! B- &,/+ ?@8 = ?D=
%! .5 ! %M A & A & % % B Ca ? ! ! ! ! I, , %
S] # A & V ]K # #B # 0 G ]Q ., V !
C% $ T 5 ]K i#' # ? 3 5 ]K ! *( V ]K
F& R - 8! B : ? m #,K! %! N+ .5 ! , , ?DSO
!F# N G S 0 8M M $ F I, 0 ! ?& %~ 8 :
, /# ) F I # G 2 ( # ,K! .5 ! &! R , d V 8m
0 / 0 , 5] &! 8! & ( F & , 8! & !, ! d , ! " /]I
#, -#! ! *( # 8! & ! ? ! ?D= C% $ P CD
/# , ! % $B!+ ! / 5 ]K R % $ F & A - 8!
? V ]K S #, ., ! ? ? B ! + / CD V !
- ! I ?: & R, ? G ]Q )! ., ! B + %! ?-% = , ! I C% $
< ! Y1=X •= ! ! 4= $ ! MPSIAC ., ., #
4= C% $ {2 X $ ! Y1 0' ?
# ! %! . @& !# ( ]- a U V ! ? 5 !
C% $ ? 5 D % 1 ,+ 5 ]K % 10 ,+ ?-% = , 10 & 1
B + ,% I GIS 3 4 , ' 5 , ?%M 5% " .(2 B- ) ,# 0 !
744
 ,K! , m % B 2? ) # ?J K % ! i% # ! 4=
,# 1 . ,: ? = /# .(2 . ,:) , ., ! ?S 4 (, ]#
–0 ! )T * 2 ?J K % 13 C% $ R, 4= V !
# $ ) 5 ! (6 – 4 !) 3 (% ?J K % 11 (4 – 2 ! ) T (2
.(1385
# ?%M , 8 & # ! 5% %, ( # ! (% Q B - &) GIS 3 4 ? # ! 0 !
< ! (/# # ?%M ? #, # ?%M ! i% # (/# #,K! @& & +NO!
# ?%M x/# 5% " # ?%M 0 / MPSIAC % $ ., !
? "& F a ' ?J K C% $ R, #, 0!F # ? D @% % " # ?%M
{a C% $ R, ? D ! ? = /# .(3 B- ) (1387 0! -/# 0! (: &) ,
% ,%, ?J K % ? C% $ MPSIAC ? 9 B ! + U / V !
B + r _ ! ? ) MPSIAC (% B + 8 CD P & ? 5 ! 3 # ?J K %
.,# 0 ! (

F% ' ?J K C% $ R, ? D -3B- F% ' ?J K ? D –2B-

MPSIAC ., ' ?M , 8 & C% $ 0!F C% $ " N – 1. ,:
' ?M ,8& C% $ 0!F C% $ VN (R)? 9 B ! + R! / H/:
( -# &)
< 0.6 T *2 I 0 - 25
0.6 – 1.7 T II 25 - 50
1.7 – 3.8 3 III 50 - 75
3.8 - 9 % IV 75 - 100
>9 % *2 V > 100

745
 MPSIAC ., # ?J K % #, 0!F ?: ? ? B!+ ! – 2. ,:

B ! ( -# 6744/9) 82/89% ? ,# 0 MPSIAC ., X% : " 05 67

%17/1 3 %!F C% $ , ?DSO III VN F% ' ?J K 5K ]
0 ! ., ! ? $ ! I % %!F C% $ , ?DSO IV VN ( -# 1391/6)
B8 /# ? ? ! ! I 5 /#! T <# B + MPSIAC ? 9 B ! +
T # ?J K % % 3 ?J K % 11 " & C% $ R, B + %! V !
.5 ! T * 2
8
# ! i/ ? C% $ ' .1387 .u S% : % .u %! .R 0! (: &
F a ' ?J K ?@8 = ) MPSIAC ., ! < ! % $! c: R +NO! ? ! !#
.?4<f9 79 / @ SO H ?* (R %
.?4<f 551 0! "& ( ! R! ! 0' . ' C% $ .1385 .e # $
Hayakawa, Y.S., Oguehi, T., 2009. GIS analysis of fluvial knickzone distribution in Japanese
mountain watersheds; Geomorghology, 111, 27-37.
Ouyang. W., Wu. Y., Hao, Z., Zhang, Q., Bu, Q., Gao, X., 2018. Combined impacts of land
use and soil property changes on soil erosion in a mollisol area under long-term agricultural
development”. Science of the Total Environment, 613, 798-809.
Szilassi, P.G., Van Romapaey, J.A., Csillag, G., 2006. Impacts of historical land use changes
on erosion and agricultural soil properties in the Kali Basin at Lake Balaton. Hungary;
Carena, 68, 96-108.

746
 3 2 1*

1
aghorbani@yazd.ac.ir
2
variskait@yahoo.com
3
ali.rahmani5009@gmail.com !

7080) "# $ %! & ' ( %) * + & . - .' */ 0- "# $ %! & 10) 2 3 .' 4 # * + 5 16-
: ; <) >? ) - < .@! ' A >? ) - + ? ?B C- D- > @ ' 7080) 2 / ) 9
@E < ) 9F ' >? ) - < (C ?1 5 ' @E ' HA 8 H
H & 10 : %K .' @! H A L D M- * < ? ?B I) JK ' ( H / @9-
' HN 8 H HN O ' - .6B F- & .@ - .< - C @9- ' 4 # .B 6- / 7E P
. QR - : E ? ?B
A ? ?B . FS .F' 8 1 P @D- ' ? ?B QR ' . @H - * S : 6B F- T
5' H> . UH A L D M- * < . 3 .' ' * < > / 6' ) 8 9-
. A ' .' O ) 9F .5& ' 7 B .' A N < .@! @H S )
H & 10) . @H - * T & .@H - * FS V .F' QW - X 'N A
.@! ' 1H FS ' @ ) - 8 H H < : E 4 # .B 6- / 7E P

Abstract
Archie's law is widely used to estimate the saturation of water in reservoirs. Archie's law describes the relationship between
water saturation, porosity and porosity distribution with the index of electrical resistance when the matrix is not
conconductor. The presence of metal particles or clay rocks with a high percentage of smectite particles (conducting matrix),
or the presence of a surface conductive matrix (e.g., limited percentage of clay minerals) causes a change in the electrical
conductivity. Therefore, the application of Archie’s law is limited. In this study, we review the effect of clay and metal
minerals on electrical conductivity of mixture (rocks). The recent studies show that chargeability is linear with the volume of
metal. The electrical conductivity of rock (with a metal fraction) is a function of the frequency. Electrical conductivity
decreases when frequency decrese. The presence of clay in rock due to interlayer conductivity and surface conductivity has a
significant effect on rock conductivity. The conductivity of clay rock with a conductivity of the pore fluid shows a nonlinear
relationship. These results show that estimations from the Archie’s equation in the presence of clay minerals and metal
minerals can be accompanied by errors.

3 .' ? ?B C- D- Z / @ .C * 0- ? R LY- Z[ ( ? ?B >?K) ? ?B C- D-

4 # ' ) .B 6- . ! - W "# $ %! 7080) & 10) ' H -/# WP : 6B F- MZ
:@ H - 7 ? ) ) % 9- & 4 %- 1942
F = R0 / Rw (1)
- QW - "# ? ?B C- D- Rw $ %! CB P A ? ?B C- D- R0 @/ F =1/ (ϕm) . <
.@! '

747
A ? ?B C- D- Rt I = Rt / R0 . Y R I ? ?B C- D- _S ! < $ %! ' H A '
:5 6- ` ) ' .2 % D) n C' O C "# $ %! Sw . I=1/Swn .F' .6 ) ' H U -/# .@! ' - $ %! <
: . 4 # * + .' a 6- .B 6-
Rt=Rw / (ϕm Sn) (2)
' @! Y R @! c R H . - ' @ ' 2 1 :5 6- .@ MH -/# b ) @! & 6) H - R n m
- e n m 2 1 .B 6- .C U $ %! 7080) : % 9- H N dP & 6) ' H@6' -
: E b' & ' / H@D . !QZ H X .C @- < fF g S * 0- X - / 7D M- . !
k 3 / * < / Y< ) 7' + U0' @ ) - : + H Z @6- - .(1950 / 8 X h- ') C . Z
4 # @ f 9l) X@- / W ' @! MW) $ & Y Z .@ H X D A > ) - /# * ?B
. Z * 0- @ B ) f 9E & 10) .' - C &?1- @! / & 10) f 9E 3 .' "# $ %! * - ! W
M' @! C @H - O ) "# / R @- < >? ) - m R m R Z@ m R @D- .' M' A ? ?B C- D-
* 2014 7 .@ 1 - I) ? ?B C- D- 8 H : ; N @ - - < : E .
- m Z@! * 1 /C & 10) JK ' : ; 9F @! ' L QW - "# . BP .
C!QZ / >R B C ` - */ 0- H C ' .4 Z . @! ' & 4 # * + :n? - / ? @ ! . Z
A )A ? ?B . @ * (1953) X - M . @ < *# / ' S LY / H .H CWH
. 5 / 7E P 9F ' .?8' CM b%) - N : ; ? ?B ' L W M- 3 .' (N L @E ' H
W - ' . o 7 B .' ? ?B . 5 & . ( %) C B ?B N ; N 1) fF . Z 7?! ? ?B
. ! -7? ) Z - ; fF C1 .' C B ?B < - H * ) U Z 7- K . H N fF
:@ . 8 ! . - ? ?B ' @ @< X@- C 1 &1M 1967 X
C0 = (1/F) ( B·Qv + Cw ) (3)
:@ # - C @' / .B 6- / (C m-3) Qv ? ?B .5 O- c 9) (m2V-1s-1) B . <
Qv ≈ ((1-ϕ)/ϕ) ρg CEC (4)
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- +
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750
 qavim.n@gmail.com * !" ! # $% &' ( ) *
n.etemad@iasbs.ac.ir * !" ! # $% &' ( )

mahdinajafi@iasbs.ac.ir * !" ! # $% &' ( )

:
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Provenance of the Upper Red Formation sandstones in the

Northern Mahneshan Basin
Navid Qavim*, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), qavim.n@gmail.com
Najmeh Etemad-Saeed, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), n.etemad@iasbs.ac.ir
Mahdi Najafi, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), mahdinajafi@iasbs.ac.ir
Abstract:
The Mahneshan Basin as one of the syntectonic Neogene sub-basins of the Central Iran is located on
the northwest of the Zanjan province. The basin is filled by about 4 km of the Miocene deposits of the
Upper Red Formation, which is an ideal archive for reconstructing tectonic evolution during
continental collision between Arabia and Eurasia. We present here a detailed petrographical and modal
analyses on the Upper Red Formation sandstones in the northern Mahneshan Basin, to understand their
provenance. Petrography indicates that the sandstones are fine to medium grained litharenite
(sedarenite) with an average composition of Q46F10Rf44. Metamorphic and plutonic quartz grains and
fine siliciclastic, carbonate, chert, basic-intermediate volcanic, and medium-grade metamorphic lithic
fragments, are the most dominant components of the studied sandstones. The detrital modes of the
sandstones (Qm34F10Lt56 and Qt49F10L41) reflect that they are derived from a recycled orogen
provenance, indicating significant sedimentary and metasedimentary source rocks within foreland
uplifts and fold-thrust belts. The combination of results from this study with paleocurrent data from
previous research, indicate that the Takab complex and older sedimentary rocks in southwest of the
Mahneshan Basin, were the prominent sources for sediments. The provenance of sediments has not
changed along the studied succession, which indicates that regional shortening and uplift of parent
rocks has begun before deposition of the Upper Red Formation.
Keywords: Mahneshan Basin; Upper Red Formation; Provenance; Modal analysis; Takab complex

751
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 ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪاي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن( در دو ﺑُﺮش از دو زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺎرس‬
‫ﺑﻬﻤﻨﻴﺎر ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ‬
‫* ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲارﺷﺪ زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬داﻧﺶآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﻴﺎمﻧﻮر و ﻛﺎرﻣﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﮔﺎز ﭘﺎرس ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪kazemi.geologist@gmail.com‬‬
‫رﺿﺎ ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‬
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‫ﭼﻜﻴﺪه‪:‬‬
‫در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ اي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري )ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن( در ﺑُﺮش ﻫﺎي ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل‬
‫)ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﻻر( و ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب )ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺟﻬﺮم( در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑُﺮش ﻧﺨﺴﺖ‪ ،‬در ﻳﺎل ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﻛﻮه ﮔَﭻ‬
‫درون ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲِ زﻳﺮ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺎرس ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ از ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺧﻮرده ﺳﺎده زاﮔﺮس و ﺑُﺮش دوم ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬در ﻳﺎل ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﺟﻬﺮم )اﻟﺒﺮزﻛﻮه‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻛﻮه ﭘِﺪﻣﺎن( درون زﻳﺮ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺎرس داﺧﻠﻲ و از ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﻬﻨﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺑُﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺎ ‪ 130‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ درﺑﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪه ي ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ از ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ ﻗُﻠﻮه اي و ﻣﺎرن ﺑﺎ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي‬
‫ﻧﺎزك‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﻴﻢ و ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮم‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ در ﺑُﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ 175‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ واﺣﺪﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ و ﻣﺎرن ﺑﺎ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي‪ :‬ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪاي‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري‪ ،‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﺎرس ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎرس داﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪The lithostratigraphic comparison of the Guri member‬‬
‫‪(Mishan Formation) in two sections of two sub-belts of Fars‬‬
‫‪Bahmanyar Kazemi‬‬
‫‪* M.Sc., Graduated from Payame Noor University and employee of South Pars Gas Complex Company‬‬
‫‪kazemi.geologist@gmail.com‬‬
‫‪Reza Sadeghi‬‬
‫‪Ph.D., Geology Department, Payame Noor University, reza_geology@yahoo.com‬‬
‫‪Abstract:‬‬
‫‪In this research, the comparison of the characteristics of the lithostratigraphic units of the Guri‬‬
‫‪member (Mishan Formation) in the stratigraphic sections of Tang-e Agha kamal (SE. Lar) and Tang-e‬‬
‫‪Ab (SE. Jahrom) in Fars province has been investigated. The first section was selected on the southern‬‬
‫‪limb of the Kuh-e Gach anticline within the sub-coastal part of the exterior Fars subzone of the Zagros‬‬
‫‪simply folded zone and the second section also on the northern limb of the Jahrum anticline (Kuh-e‬‬
‫‪Alborz/Pedman) within the interior Fars subzone and the same zone. Guri member in the studied‬‬
‫‪section with a thickness of 130 meters, mostly containing sequences with lithological composition of‬‬
‫‪limestone, marly limestone, nodular marly limestone and marl with thin, medium, thick and very thick‬‬
‫‪bedding to colors of creamy, grey white to pink. But in the compared section with 175 meters in‬‬
‫‪thickness, most of the limestone and marl units with thin and medium bedding to grey color.‬‬
‫‪Key words: Lithostratigraphy, Guri member, Mishan Formation, Sub-Coastal Fars, Interior Fars‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎره ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔﻮري )‪ ،(Guri Member/Mbr.‬ﺟﻮان ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﺨﺰن ﮔﺎزدار ﻛﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ زاﮔﺮس اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﮔﺎز در ﺣﻮﺿﻪ ي ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎرس )ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﻓﺎرس‪ -‬ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﻠﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﺎن( ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و در ﻣﻴﺪان ﻧﻔﺘﻲ ﺳَﺮﺧﻮن ﻗﺸﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺰن ﮔﺎزي ﻛﻮﭼﻚ را ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ )‪ .(Alshahran and Nairn, 1977‬اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ آن ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺧﻮد ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﺎرس ) ‪Fars‬‬
‫‪ (Group‬ﺑﻮده و ﺟﺰء ﺳﻨﮓ ﭘﻮش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎزن آﺳﻤﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‪ .‬اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻳﺎدآوري ﮔﺮدد ﻛﻪ در ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻳﺮان‪ ،‬ﮔﺮوه ﻓﺎرس ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي ﮔﭽﺴﺎران در ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ و آﻏﺎﺟﺎري در ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ )اِﺷﺘُﻜﻠﻴﻦ و ﺳﺘﻮده ﻧﻴﺎ‪.(1977 ،‬‬
‫اﻣﺎ اِﺳﺘُﻨِﻠﻲ )‪ (1975‬و ﻣﻄﻴﻌﻲ )‪ ،(1372‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎري را ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬واﺣﺪي از ﮔﺮوه ﻓﺎرس ﻣﻲداﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺎم اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬از ﺗَﻨﮓِ ﮔﻮري ﻛﻮه‬

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‫ﻫﺮﻧﮕﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻛﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻫﺎي "ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔﻮري" و ﻳﺎ "آﻫﻚ اُﭘﺮﻛﻮﻟﻴﻨﺎ دار" ﺧﻮاﻧﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﺪه‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻣﺮوزه ﻋﻀﻮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑُﺮش اُﻟﮕﻮي آن‪ ،‬در ﻳﺎل ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲِ ﻛﻮه ﮔَﭻ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎور ﮔُﻨﺒﺪ ﻧﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﺎم‪27 ،‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻬﺮ ﻻر و ‪ 17/5‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺧﺎور‪ -‬ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري دﻫﻜﺪه ي ﻧﻴﻤﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس ﻗﺮار دارد و ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪ 112/5‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚﻫﺎي ﻛِﺮِمرﻧﮓ ﺳﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺸﻦ و ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ واﺟﺪ ﺳﻨﮕﻮارهﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺎوب ﻣﺎرنﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮيرﻧﮓ ﻧﺎزك‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪ اﺳﺖ )ﻣﻄﻴﻌﻲ‪ .(1372 ،‬ﺣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ آن در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑُﺮش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎرن ﻫﺎي ﻗﺮﻣﺰ و ژﻳﭙﺲ ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔَﭽﺴﺎران و در ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ رازَك ﻫﻤﺴﺎز و ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ آن ﻧﻴﺰ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎرن ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن ﻫﻤﺴﺎز و ﻗﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ‬
‫در ﻧﺰدﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ اﺳﺖ )ﻣﻄﻴﻌﻲ‪ .(1372 ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘَﻬﻨﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮرﻳﻜﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ي ﺟﻨﻮب‬
‫ﺧﺎوري ﻓﺎرس داراي ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش و ﮔﺎه ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ آن ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ ‪ 610‬ﻣﺘﺮ آﻫﻚ رﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﻮده وﻳﺎ در ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس ﺗﺎ ﺳِﺘَﺒﺮاي ‪1200‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ رﺳﺪ‪ .‬اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ از ﻓﺎرس ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي ﺧﻮزﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﺎزك ﺷﺪه و در آﻧﺴﻮي ﮔﺴﻞ ﻛﺎزرون ﻧﺎﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد‪ ،‬وﻟﻲ آﺛﺎر آن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك آﻫﻜﻲ در ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن درون زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺮوﺑﺎر دزﻓﻮل ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﻣﻄﻴﻌﻲ‪.(1372 ،‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑُﺮش اَُﻟﮕﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺑُﺮش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ (1965) James & Wynd‬در داﻣﻨﻪ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ‬
‫ﻛﻮه ﮔَﭻ در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻻر اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ )‪ .(Wynd, 1965‬ﺣﺎﺟﺐ )‪ ،(1367‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ اي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﻣﻴﺪان ﺳَﺮﺧﻮن ﻗﺸﻢ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺟﺪي )‪ :(1370‬روزن داران‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و‬
‫رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮﺣﺪ و ﻻﺳﻤﻲ )‪ :(1373‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮔﻮري را در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس ﻣﻮرد‬
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓَﺸَﻜﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران )‪ :(1382‬اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزﻧﮕﺮي ﺳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑُﺮش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺳﻨﮕﻮاره ﻫﺎي‬
‫آﻫﻜﻲ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻻﺳﻤﻲ و رﺳﺘﮕﺎرﻻري )‪ :(1383‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن‬
‫در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﻓﺎرس و ﺧﺎور ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ را اﻧﺠﺎم داده اﻧﺪ و ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ )‪ :(1383‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري‪ ،‬زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري‬
‫)رﻳﺰﺳﻨﮕﻮاره ﻫﺎ و درﺷﺖ ﺳﻨﮕﻮاره ﻫﺎ( و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛُﻨﺎرﺗَﺨﺘِﻪ ﻛﺎزرون ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬آزادي ﺟﻮ )‪:(1384‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ رﻳﺰزﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺟﻨﻮبﺧﺎوري دﻫﺪﺷﺖ را اﻧﺠﺎم داده و رﺳﺘﮕﺎرﻻري )‪ :(1385‬ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﻓﺎرس را ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬داﻧﺸﻴﺎن و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران )‪ :(1387‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻓﺮواُﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ دزﻓﻮل در ﺟﻨﻮبﺧﺎوري راﻣﻬﺮﻣﺰ و رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ )‪ :(1388‬زﻳﺴﺖﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري و رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﭼِﻬِﻞ‪ ،‬ﭼَﻤﭙِﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮل و ﮔﻮري ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻻر اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس را ﻣﻮرد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ و اُوﻳﺴﻲ )‪ :(1388‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻻر را ﺷﺮح داده و ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺎره ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ و ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺳﻨﮕﻮاره ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫آن اﺷﺎره اي داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ‪ .‬زَﻧﮕِﻨِﻪ )‪ :(1390‬رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ و ﺟﻨﻮب ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﻴﺮ در‬
‫ﻓﺎرس را ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ )‪ :(1393‬ﺳﻨﮓ زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري و رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮُﺳﻜُﭙﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري‬
‫ﻻر‪ ،‬ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ و ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ )‪ :(1395‬ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎريزﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺟﻨﻮبﺧﺎوري ﺷﻴﺮاز و رَﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‬
‫)‪ :(1396‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﺧﺴﺎرهﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ و زﻳﺴﺖﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺟﻨﻮبﺧﺎوري ﺟﻬﺮم ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و راهﻫﺎي دﺳﺘﻴﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑُﺮش ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل )‪ (Tang-e Agha Kamal‬از دﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬در داﻣﻨﻪ ي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﻛﻮه ﮔَﭻ و‬
‫درون ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲِ زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺎرس ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ از ﻛﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻴﻦﺧﻮرده ﺳﺎده زاﮔﺮس ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬در ‪350‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻬﺮ ﺷﻴﺮاز‪ 220 ،‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺷﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮي ﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس و ‪ 40‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻬﺮ ﻻر در‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس واﻗﻊ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(1‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ راه دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ آن‪ ،‬از ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺎده اﺻﻠﻲ آﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺷﻴﺮاز – ﻻر –‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ از اﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه اﻳﺴﺖ و ﺑﺎزرﺳﻲ روﺳﺘﺎي ﭼَﻬﺎرﺑِﺮﻛِﻪ و ﭘﻴﻤﻮدن ﺟﺎده ﺧﺎﻛﻲ ‪ 3‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ روﺳﺘﺎي ﻛَﺮﻣﻮﺳﺘَﺞ‬
‫اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ آن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‪ 27˚ 35´ 22ً :‬ﻋﺮض ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ً‪ 54˚ 38´19‬ﻃﻮل ﺧﺎوري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺑُﺮش ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب )‪ (Tang-e Ab‬از دﻳﺪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬در داﻣﻨﻪي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﻛﻮه ﺟﻬﺮم و درون زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎرس داﺧﻠﻲ از ﻛﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻴﻦ ﺧﻮرده ﺳﺎده زاﮔﺮس ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬در ‪ 195‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺮاز‪ 15 ،‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮي ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻬﺮ ﺟﻬﺮم و ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ روﺳﺘﺎي ﺧﺎدِر در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس واﻗﻊ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(1‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ راه‬

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‫دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ آن‪ ،‬از ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺟﺎده اﺻﻠﻲ آﺳﻔﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﺷﻴﺮاز – ﺟﻬﺮم – ﻻر اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ آن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‪28˚ 26´ 47/4ً :‬‬
‫ﻋﺮض ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ و ً‪ 53˚ 45´ 47/9‬ﻃﻮل ﺧﺎوري ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ :1‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و راه ﻫﺎي دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑُﺮش ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل در ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﻛﻮه ﮔَﭻ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻻرﺳﺘﺎن و ﺑُﺮش‬
‫ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب در ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﻛﻮه ﺟﻬﺮم ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻬﺮم )دو ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﺷﻜﻞ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره اي(‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ از رُﺧﻨﻤﻮن‬
‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪاي ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﭼَﻤﭙِﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ و ﻣﻮل از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔﭽﺴﺎران و ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑُﺮش آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل )ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﺖ راﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺤﺚ و روش ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺲ از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑُﺮش ﻣﻮردﻧﻈﺮ در ﭘَﻬﻠﻮي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﻛﻮه ﮔَﭻ )ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎ ﻛَﻤﺎل(‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ اﻧﺪازه ‪ 230‬ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﭼَﻤﭙِﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Upper Champeh Mbr.‬و ﻣﻮلِ )‪ (Mol Mbr.‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔﭽﺴﺎران و ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن ﻣﺘﺮﻛﺸﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ از آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ 129‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(2‬اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮدن ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ و دﻗﺖ ﻛﺎر ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺪازه‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮي ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺖ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﻪوﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ژاﻛﻮب و ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ‪ 1‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬از ﻛﻞ ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ‪ 130‬ﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺑُﺮش ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎ ﻛَﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ 98‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺘﺮاژ آن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(2‬ﺳﻨﮓﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ‬
‫و ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ )‪45/5‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ )‪33‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ )‪31/5‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ و ﻣﺎرن )‪9‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه‬
‫)‪6‬ﻣﺘﺮ( و ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲﻗُﻠﻮهاي )‪5‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﻴﻢ و ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺮم‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺰ روﺷﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ‪ ،‬زرد و ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ اﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(2‬ﻣﺮز زﻳﺮﻳﻦ و زﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در اﻳﻦ ﺑُﺮش ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻮلِ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔَﭽﺴﺎران و ﻣﺎرن ﻫﺎي آﺑﺮﻓﺘﻲِ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮيرﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻫﻤﺸﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫از ﻛﻞ ﭘﻬﻨﺎي ‪ 175‬ﻣﺘﺮي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﻛﻮه ﺟﻬﺮم )ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب( ﻧﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ 35‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺳﺨﺖ و ﻧﺮم ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫)رﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪ (1396 ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺘﺮاژﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(3‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓ آﻫﻚ )‪143‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺎرن )‪17‬ﻣﺘﺮ( و ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪه )‪15‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﺎ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي اﺳﺖ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ‪ .(3‬ﻣﺮز زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در اﻳﻦ ﺑُﺮش ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫﻤﺸﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪/‬ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ رازك‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﻣﺮز زﺑﺮﻳﻦ آن ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻮرت ﻫﻤﺸﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎرن ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ داده ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ اي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻫﺎي‬

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‫دﻗﻴﻖ ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ )وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي و رﻧﮓ ﻫﻮازده واﺣﺪﻫﺎي رُﺧﻨﻤﻮن ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ در ﺑُﺮش ﻫﺎي ﺗَﻨ ِ‬
‫آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل و ﺗَﻨﮓِآب ﺗﻌﺪاد ‪ 6‬و ‪ 5‬واﺣﺪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ اي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ و ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ )ﺟﺪاول‪1‬و‪ (2‬و ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ )ﺟﺪول‪.(3‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ :2‬ﺳﺘﻮن ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﭼَﻤﭙِﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ و ﻣﻮل از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﮔﭽﺴﺎران و ﮔﻮري از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑُﺮش ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮبﺧﺎوري ﻻر‪.‬‬

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‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪ :3‬ﺳﺘﻮن ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري و ﺳﺎزﻧﺪﻫﺎي رازَك و ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑُﺮش ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮبﺧﺎوري ﺟﻬﺮم‪ ،‬ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزيﺷﺪه )رﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران‪.(1396 ،‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول‪ :1‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪاي ‪ 6‬واﺣﺪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺷﺪه درون ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑُﺮش ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل ﻻرﺳﺘﺎن‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول‪ :2‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪاي ‪ 5‬واﺣﺪ ﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺷﺪه درون ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑُﺮش ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب ﺟﻬﺮم‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول‪ :3‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓﭼﻴﻨﻪاي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑُﺮشﻫﺎي ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل ﻻرﺳﺘﺎن و ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب ﺟﻬﺮم‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮي‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﺻﺤﺮاﻳﻲ و ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ داده ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻨﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ زﻳﺮ اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ )ﺟﺪاول‪1‬ﺗﺎ‪:(3‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﭘَﻬﻨﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺑُﺮش ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل‪ 130 ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ و در ﺑُﺮش ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب‪ 175 ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮآورد ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ‪ 17/5‬ﻣﺘﺮ و‬
‫‪ 62/5‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ از ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﺑﺮاي آن در ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑُﺮش ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ )ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﮔَﭻ ﻻرﺳـﺘﺎن( اﻧـﺪازه ﮔﻴـﺮي ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪه‬
‫اﺳﺖ )‪112/5‬ﻣﺘﺮ(‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳِﺘَﺒﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ در ﺳﻪ ﺑُﺮش ﻧﺎﻣﺒﺮده‪ ،‬اﻳﻨﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘَﻬﻨﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫از ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﮔَﭻ در زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺎرس ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﺗﺎﻗﺪﻳﺲ ﺟﻬﺮم در زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺎرس داﺧﻠﻲ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺑُﺮش ﺗَﻨﮓِ آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل ﺷﺎﻣﻞ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ و ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚﻣﺎرﻧﻲ )‪ ،(%35‬ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ‬
‫)‪ ،(%25/4‬ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ )‪ ،(%24/2‬ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ و ﻣﺎرن )‪ (%6/9‬و ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ ﻣﺎرﻧﻲ ﻗُﻠـﻮهاي )‪ (%3/8‬ﺑـﺎ ﭼﻴﻨـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪيﻫـﺎي‬
‫ﻧﺎزك‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺿﺨﻴﻢ و ﺑﺴﻴﺎرﺿﺨﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ در ﺑُﺮش ﺗَﻨﮓِ آب ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺳـﻨﮓآﻫـﻚ )‪ (%81/7‬و ﻣـﺎرن )‪ (%9/7‬ﺑـﺎ‬
‫ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪي ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞدﻫﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ در ﺑُﺮش آﻗﺎﻛَﻤـﺎل ﺑـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ و ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚﻣﺎرﻧﻲ و در ﺑُﺮش آب ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﻨﻪي ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﻨﮓﻫﺎي رﺳـﻮﺑﻲ در ﺑُـﺮش‬
‫آﻗﺎﻛَﻤﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﮓآﻫﻚﻣﺎرﻧﻲﻗُﻠﻮهاي و در ﺑُﺮش آب ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎرن ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻫﺮ دو ﻣﺮز ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ و ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺑُﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻫﻤﺸﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻣـﻮلِ ﺳـﺎزﻧﺪ‬
‫ﮔَﭽﺴﺎران و ﻣﺎرن ﻫﺎي آﺑﺮﻓﺘﻲ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي رﻧﮓ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ در ﺑُﺮش ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣـﺮز ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻫﻤﺸـﻴﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ رازَك و ﻣﺮز ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻫﻤﺸﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ و ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ درواﻗـﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه زﻣﻴﻦﺳﺎﺧﺘﻲ دو ﺑُﺮش از زﻳﺮﭘﻬﻨﻪ ﻓﺎرس ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪:‬‬
‫آزادي ﺟﻮ‪ ،‬ا‪ .1384 ،.‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮب دﻫﺪﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم و ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺷﻤﺎل‪ 120 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺟﺐ‪ ،‬ر‪ .1367 ،.‬ﺧﻮاص ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ اي ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري و ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ رازك در ﻣﻴﺪان ﺳﺮﺧﻮن ﻗﺸﻢ‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‪ ،‬ﮔﺰارش‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 70 ،62/4‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫داﻧﺸﻴﺎن‪ ،‬ج‪ ،.‬زواره اى‪ ،‬ا‪ ،.‬ﻫﻤﺎﻳﻮن زاده‪ ،‬س‪ .1387 ،.‬ﻟﻴﺘﻮاﺳﺘﺮاﺗﻴﮕﺮاﻓﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻓﺮواﻓﺘﺎدﮔﻲ دزﻓﻮل‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق راﻣﻬﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮمﭘﺎﻳﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ 12 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ز‪ .1388 ،.‬زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري و رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻬﻞ‪ ،‬ﭼﻤﭙﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮل و ﮔﻮري در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻻر اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن‪ 150 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫رﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ش‪ ،.‬ﭘﺮواﻧﻪ ﻧﮋاد ﺷﻴﺮازي‪ ،‬م‪ ،.‬ﺑﻬﺮاﻣﻲ‪ ،‬م‪ .1396 ،.‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪ و زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺟﻬﺮم )زاﮔﺮس ﭼﻴﻦ ﺧﻮرده(‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي‪ ،‬دوره ‪ ،11‬ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ ،22‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و‬
‫زﻣﺴﺘﺎن ‪ ،1396‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪.32-48‬‬
‫رﺳﺘﮕﺎر ﻻري‪ ،‬ع‪ .1383 ،.‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﻜﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﻓﺎرس و ﺧﺎور ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ دﻛﺘﺮا‪ ،‬واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ 93 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬

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‫رﺳﺘﮕﺎرﻻري‪ ،‬ع‪ .1385 ،.‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ رﺳﻮﺑﺎت ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﻓﺎرس‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺴﺖ و ﭘﻨﺠﻤﻴﻦ ﮔﺮدﻫﻤﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮم زﻣﻴﻦ‪ 6 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫زﻧﮕﻨﻪ‪ ،‬م‪ .1390 ،.‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ رﻳﺰرﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﻏﺮب و ﺟﻨﻮب ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻗﻴﺮ )اﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﺎرس(‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد ﺷﺎﻫﺮود‪ 128 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ر‪ .1383 ،.‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري و زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻛﺎزرون )ﻛُﻨﺎرﺗَﺨﺘِﻪ( ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻓﺴﻴﻞ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﺴﻴﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎنﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲارﺷﺪ ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﻓﺴﻴﻞﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﺻﻔﻬﺎن‪ 244 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﺎدﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ر‪ ،.‬ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ب‪ .1395 ،.‬ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري زﻳﺴﺘﻲ و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺧﺎوري ﺷﻴﺮاز‪ ،‬ﻳﺎزدﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬
‫دﻳﺮﻳﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﻴﺎم ﻧﻮر ﻃﺒﺲ‪ 6 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ب‪ .1393 ،.‬ﺳﻨﮓ زﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري و رﺧﺴﺎره ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮُﺳﻜُﭙﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري در ﺟﻨﻮب ﺷﺮق ﻻر‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫ﭘﻴﺎمﻧﻮر ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪ 108 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ي‪ ،.‬رﺳﺘﮕﺎرﻻري‪ ،‬ع‪ .1383 ،.‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ و ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﻧﮕﺎري ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن )ﻧﻬﺸﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺣﻮﺿﻪ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺟﻠﻮي ﻛﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪ ﭼﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻮرده( در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮ ﻓﺎرس و ﺧﺎور ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ‪ -‬ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﻋﻠﻮم زﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ ،61‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ‪.68-75‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﺪي‪ ،‬ر‪ .1370 ،.‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ روزن داران و ﭼﻴﻨﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺘﻲ آﻧﻬﺎ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ ﮔﻮري از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن در ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ 150 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ه‪ .1372 ،.‬زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ اﻳﺮان‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﻨﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ زاﮔﺮس‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن زﻣﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر‪ 536 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ب‪ ،.‬ﻻﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ي‪ .1373 ،.‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭘﺘﺮوﻟﻮژي‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻓﺎﺳﻴﺲ و ﻣﺤﻴﻂ رﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮔﻮري از ﺳﺎزﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺸﺎن‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﺷﻤﺎره ‪ 41‬اﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺖ اﻳﺮان‪ 12 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ط‪ ،.‬اوﻳﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ب‪ .1388 ،.‬ﮔﺰارش زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻻر )ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از ﻧﻘﺸﻪ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻻر(‪ ،‬اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر‪ 140 ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪Reference:‬‬
‫‪Alsharhan, A.S., Nairn, A.E.M., 1977. Sedimentary basin and petroleum geology of the Middle East. Elsevier, New York,‬‬
‫‪Oxford, Tokyo, 843.‬‬
‫‪James, G.A., Wynd, J., 1965. Stratigraphy nomenclature of Iranian Oil Consortium agreement area, American Association of‬‬
‫‪Petroleum Geologist Bulletin, 49, 2182-2245.‬‬
‫‪Stocklin, J., Setudehnia, A., 1991. Stratigraphic Lexicon of Iran, Geological Survey of Iran Publication, no. 18. Third edition,‬‬
‫‪376.‬‬
‫‪Stoneley, R., 1975. On the origin of ophioloite copmplexes in the sothern Tethys region, Tectonophysices, 25, 303-322.‬‬
‫‪Wynd, T., 1965. Biofacies of Iranian Oil Consortium agreement area, Iranian Oil offshore Company, Report no. 1082‬‬
‫‪(unpub).‬‬

‫‪763‬‬
 !"#
%& ! " #$!

Chaotic deposits in the Khaneh-Zoo Formation and the creating

mechanisms
Mohammad Ali Kavoosi⁕1, Nourazar Shokrzadeh1, Lotfollah Aghajeri1, Abdollah Aghababaei1
1Exploration Directorate of NIOC, Sheikh Bahaei Sq., Khodami Street
⁕ Corresponding author: m.kavoosi@niocexp.ir, kavoosi.mohammadali47@gmail.com
$ %
)% ' )3 4 "0 , 2 % -. / 0 -! '* & ! 1 . , () !- )* % ' ( ' %
<% & $ % = '#> ' ? )@ '! '$ 1 ) !( . -$, % ; : 9#* 8$% 1 . % . % 6 '5!
1 , E@ ? 8 F ' 3 1 ) !( . )* ( % )D& ' . / #$! 1 3 1 C% & '& AB )*
1. ( E@ ? 8 F . '8 F 6 '5! ' )3 ( 2(( ' 1. %1 1 H '& 2 ( )% 1 .G E
. )$, )% -. 1 .'$# ( (slumps) %/ >J 1 . 2 1 )* $ )* 1 .'$# )I( H )I) 1
. %(' % 1 .L) * G%)$ 1 . * (olistoliths)
(P N I O A 1 .L) ( % 1. 2 .' '$# ( 1 .;.=M&% ' I %& .)
. . )$, : 3 )* &* ' ( % Q9 * B &C,I 1( '! . # '* & ! 1)9% ' 3
( U= VF% T. ! . % '$ T> A ' I H : )S '9 '$/ H ? )@ /)* ( R ) :> ( : 3
" 0 TY ' ? )% N I ( A % <C% ' A X '! ) 1W & #/ T A/ : )S ' A R ) 1 ' 2 1 WB
. =\ 3' 1 ; ! 1 . I 1 .'$# = &[ ; 0ZX 1 . , )X . % B
( .P '! '& 1 .1 & 1), ) !( . ? I 1 . B WB & 1 .'$# " 0 ' )3 X H 1)%
. & : S 1 WH )% <% & :Y Y* '* & ! 1 . %
6 '5! ( ' % )$, % 1 .'$# : . 0 ( !
Abstract
The upper Bathonian-Callovian Khaneh-Zoo Formation is the platform carbonate in which laterally
grades into pelagic facies of the Chaman Bid Formation. The mentioned formations have potential to
create a petroleum system for future hydrocarbon exploration the eastern Kopeh Dagh Basin, NE Iran.
Detailed field surveys, petrographic investigation in combination with seismic data led to recognition
of calciturbidites, slump folding, olistoliths/chaotic facies in the Khaneh-Zoo Formation. Geological
evidence comprising calciturbidites, rock blocks, olistoliths and slump foldings indicate the matrix
cohesion together with wave and current activities are not most likely plausible mechanisms for
carrying and creation of mentioned geological phenomena. Sea-level fall and earthquakes led to
sudden increasement of pore pressure in organic-rich shale as a detachment for sliding the shelf
margin reef and upper slope into deep nearby basin. The underlying of organic-rich facies by chaotic
facies led to preservation of organic matter. The re-deposited carbonates act as conduits for
hydrocarbon migration into up-dip reefs and shelf margin shoal, which have considerable porosity.
# &#
' )3 - 1 . B] ( ( &B ( ( ^ ( L $# :_/ $ % H I ( O A 1 B 1. )
)3 ( )&S ' 6 '5! )% ' )3 B1 ( " #$! .(1373 U 3 #/ ) = ' 6 '5!
( e 1 6 '5! 1 $ %- )% '& X . % ) 1 . dB 8 1 ) !( .
g #X % #/ 1 . ! 3 8 6 '5! ' )3 . % $, f/ e ( $,& ! * .TY (
Lyberis and ) : 9#* ; % (0 g ##! $ % - 0 ; h( ( # X ; % (0- ,X d *

764
 ) ; % (0 $/ ! H 1 1. .(Manby, 1999; Brunet et al., 2003; Kavoosi et al., 2009
,X %) g A.)! / = '! ) 1 $ ( 1A! 1 ( 1 .TY 1 1 $ % B '!
.(Hollingsworth et al. 2006; Robert et al., 2014) j =
# ) ^ 6 '5! *( $ 1 C$% $ ) ( ( '* & ! 1 . , $ 2 ( ( ' 1. %
# = ' 1 ] ( 'I)* )&! * '! 1 ) !( . -$, % ; : 9#* )* ( / k 1 . % . &.
'! %& 1 . B] ( I ' 1 ) !( . : , $X 1 6 '5! )% ' )3 4 (' %. %
. / #$! 1 3 1 C% & '& AB )* <% & $ % = '#> ' ? )@
1( '8 F ( &$,. ) l $,B 1 ( ' % 1 ' )! 1 .P ( ( ! % l ) .P &2 .
. X 1 ) !( . B = . ( = (= )I) : )S " 0 ' )3 * '& < 1 , 1 . & !
3) %& " . = (= )I) : )S ( (Chaotic) '$Y -. % 1 .'$# ( 1 '& 2 ? f* %
' )3 / B)X)* ? f* ( %& B '>F& $ '2 . & (ZS . % ( ' m/ : , $X X
. 1 . 1 ) !( . 1 .' * 1 B:9 H&% X 1 .:,B T> H )H2 ( 1 WH )% )%
( #'
1 1 H '& 2 ( )% 1 .G E 1 , E@ ? 8 F ' 3 1 ) !( . )* ( % )D& '
1 .l( 2 ( ( ' 1 . % 1 .'$# . '8 F 6 '5! ' )3 ( 2 ( ( ' 1. %
. % ( '8 F (Seismo-stratigraphy) 1 1 H '& 2 ( 59%( 9 L g> E@ ? S ' B &2
$ ( ) ^ $/ B D ( 3 S )% 1 .G E . = ', > . , ? f* % )% e
Palaz and Marfurt, ) ?)/ ( o X l( ' 1 1 H '& 2 . % 'n (Walther's Law in Middleton, 1973)
. p N (1997
)"
(' % .(1 :9 ) % 2 % " 0 1 .'$# e 8 '* & ! , () !- )* % ' ( ' %
( 1 / $, !) /1 ) 1 % o * 1 ( AI 1 .'& X 1 , 1 . & ! 8 %( P g 1
( '3 % 1 , &2 . . % 1 ( (slope) '& < '* & ! 1)9% ' 3 P ( $, !)
& / l $,B ( ' % 1 . BA ( 9 ( C, 2 % ' $, q& % )% ( ) $
1 , & ! '$# 1 . )* ( & . % = 1 , 1 . & ! ' . : ! * &! X $ )(
1 $ TY ) p H = ( ! % $ ( 1 .l & . ) & (' % " 0 1 ( '& <
; 0ZX 1 . , . ) X 2 % * %r $% ( * % Y@ ( 1 $,! M ( = Q ^ *
. 2 s8 . 1 WH )% U= ( E l B " 0 TY *'$/ T % / j 2 %
( (calciturbidites) '$# ( 1 .;.= M&% .P 1) I 1 .'$# . ) & s8 ( 1- = ' I
. ) %& ) C$% ( ) / 0 -! o 1), )* ; )$9 ZX ( 1 P! 1 .: ,/ t) Y
(debris flow) (mass flow) 1 )* $ )* 1 .'$# )I( H )I) 1 1. ( E@ ? 8 F
* G%)$ 1 . * (Olistoliths) . )$, (chaotic) )% -. 1 .'$# ( (slumps) %/ >J 1 . 2
( $,B 1 T )X p S : ' '! &2 . .(2 ( 1 1 .:9 ) ! (' % 1 .L)
. )$, ( $/ I 1 .L) ' :9 1 '* & ! ? )% Af 1 . 2 C I ? f* - $, )$ <% &
.- &! e C
1 I ; 0ZX )* ( '* & ! O A 1 .L) ( . ) ! %1( e .U S ?Z! ) &
( >J A 1 .'$# h ) &9* ( ' % 1)H l ( ! % ( ( Q ^* e . '$/ B
.(2 ( 1 1 .:9 ) ) . )$,

765
( ?( $ ,# ( / ) e $&! '* & ! 1)9% :9 ( )% ' )3 1 & 9 X '! H&% X 1 .:,B 9 S
Kavoosi % '* & ! 1 . )* % &. :9 ( = 1 C$% . , M&% C I ? f* <C% .:,B 1)%
.(1373 U 3 #/ (et al., 2009; Kavoosi, 2015)
g (rimmed shelf) ' 3 P h) '* & ! 1)9% )I( H # ( ' ( 21. % 1 ' t C*
= R( '! U= C, T A/ . # E@ ? 8 F '! &2 . . % % ( 1 WH )%
^ 2 % 1 .'$# (' % 1 .'$# ( B 4 [ 2 '* & ! 1)9% v ) () !
$# / B)X)* "Z$ ' ? & ! )* ?( $ A . U= VF% C, T A/ .(1A :9 ) B
. B = ( N " 0 ' )3 ( '* & ! 1)9% $# "Z$ ( .P '8%)* ( : 9#* ' g
%& 1 ( E@ ? 8 F ?( $ 1 . (olistolith) . )$, ( (slum folding) >J 1 . 2
$/ ! % w ' '& 1 . & 1( ( )% ' 3 ' ; A 1 .TY .(2 ( 1 1 .:9 )
l $,B ( ? & ! ?( $ )* ' * 3 ,# ( / ( E % ,# ( / "Z$ ( ; % (0
( '$# ( 1 .;.=M&% &&! * C& '* & ! 1 . % ( .P . N '* & ! 1 . % ( .P
( Af 1 .'& 2 . ' '$# ( 1 .;.=M&% ' I %& .) . 1 )* 1 . I
:> ( : 3 '! . # '* & ! 1)9% ' 3 ( '& ' 3 P N I O A 1 .L)
.(Lau et al., 2016; Negra et al., 2016) % p o A ' I H : )S '9 '$/ H ? )@ /)* ( R )
'& < ' 3 ) '* & ! 1 .M&% 1. ( ? 8F^ : 3 <C% '! (debris flow) 1. I
(P = ( <C% E % 8/ -. U= C, T. ! .(Tucker, 2001) B x #&
.(Negra et al., 2016) B '& < 1 )* :> ( : 3 ( U= '* & ! 1)9%
& 1. I : 3 ? )% ( '$# ( 1 .;.=M&% ; 0ZX 1 . , )X
= ) \ 3 ' 1 ; ! '! ] ,! 1 1 = = ( ( = ) % / <C% . )$,
'9 % - / = ) \ 3 ( 6) &* ' 1 .'$# " 0 ' )3 X H 1)% .
<% & :Y Y* '* & ! 1 . % ( .P '! '& 1 .1 & 1), ) !( . ? I 1 . B WB & =
. & : S 1 WH )%
'! 9 $ 0 & / ( U)% / >$, 'F '* & ! 1 .L) ( $ )* 1 . I 1 B ^ U( &*
Af 1 . 2 ( 1 )* 1 . I G%)* '! &C,2 '& < (A/ :B '* & ! ? )% . ) : E*
A0 $ :3 '* & ! 1)9% ' 3 ( '& < E I :C^ (2D( 2C 1D 1 .:9 ) ) : 3
I 1 .L) ( )$, ? )_ U= C, T. ! ( ' A $ % 1 . 8/ : >$ J X ( ! g
( Af B ) 2 H A 1 1. .(Bailey, 2015; Festa et al., 2016; Negra et al., 2016) & =
9 A H # .p( $,$, ) .(2A-2D 1D 1 .:9 ) % O A d > '* & ! 1)9% < I l%
##! 1 .:,B ( 8/ '! ) Y% ! ? )% (depocenter) U)% C '& # A! ' =
.(Festa et al., 2016) B :9 '& < 1 X @ - , 9 ' I '! U= VF% f* ( H&% X
' ' A R ) 1 ' 2 1 WB . . )$, : 3 )* &* ' ( % Q9 * B &C,I 1(
Heubeck, ) 1 .m/ ( % ! 1 .m/ 1W & #/ B T A/ <C% e $3
T. ! '$C . & : S " 0 ' )3 ( ' ? )% 1 l % ( T I 1 . VF% ? )_ .m/ '! (1992
" 0 TY ' ? )% N I ( A % <C% ' A X '! ) 1W & #/ T A/ : )S U= VF%
. B
1 . 2 ( . )$, 1( ( (2D :9 ) ( ' % )* o TY (toplap) )Xo % &. :9 )I(
$/ B ^ ( ( U C, T. ! g (progradation) 1 , 1 . & ! C I & # T X # %
d * VF% .(1A :9 ) &. # # %/ B .p /)& ! = X . % U= '* & ! 1)9% VF%

766
 o) * 1 .p /)& ! :9 .(2D :9 ) % 1 ) ? )_ . # )Xo = 1o '! .p /)& !
Tucker and Wright, ) ' )3 " 0 TY U)% -! / ( ? & ! -! )* # 1 ) d * VF%
( 1 1 .l (Forced Regressive Systems Tract) % ( &* & # T X 1 , '$% '! (1990
% ( U= VF% T. ! X &* & # T X FRST 1 , '$% . % ) -. (1C :9 ) . ) &
)C : ' FRST 1 , '$% .) N U)% )* ( ?( $ ,# ( / . $ %
. &! & # T X ' )3 " 0 TY 1), U)% 1 > '* & ! 1)9% 1( 1 WH )% 1 p o 1 s/

FRST 1 , '$% Q9S . = Q ^ * 1 $ TY p H = EF% l 2(( ' 1. % (A :1 :9

'$% (C . &9* l ( ' % . )$, (B . % zY# *)! ' @ / B ) L ( ( U)&I 1), '! )
. &9* l ( ' % >J 1 . 2 (D . $,! $ e EF% l FRST 1 ,

767
 AC% M ' zY# ( E (slump folding) % 1 . 2 ( (M TY ) >J 1 .'$# '! 1 8 ( 1 G (A :1 :9
1 8 ( 1 G (B . % zY# * )@ M ' S ?Z! l / M&% )$, . % ). =
(D . &9* l ( ' % )* TY >J 1 . 2 (C . % zY# ( ' 3 % % 1 . 2 ( >J 1 .'$# '!
1 .'$# '! 2 %? (N (toplap) )Xo % &. :9 ( $ e 1), ( ' % 1 , 1 . & ! & #T X
. % zY# >J

768
 $, *$+
( % 1. 2 1 )* $ )* 1 .'$# %& ' ( ' %1 1. ( E@ ? 8 F
T. ! . % N 1 .L) * G%)$ 1 . * . )$, (chaotic) )% -. 1 .'$#
( A % <C% ' A X '! ) 1W & #/ T A/ : )S ' A R ) 1 ' 2 1 WB ( U= VF%
( '$# ( 1 .;.=M&% ; 0ZX 1 . , )X . % B " 0 TY ' ? )% NI
1 1 = = ( ( = ) % / <C% . )$, & 1. I : 3 ? )%
( 6) &* ' 1 .'$# " 0 ' )3 X H 1)% . = \ 3 ' 1 ; ! '! ] ,!
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References
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769
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: 0 ; 0. 5 8 9/ 67- ./ 0123 435 : * +, "

Assessing the aquifer vulnerability of Shabestar plain by

DRASTIC method
Fatemeh kadkhodaie1, Asghar Asghari Moghaddam2, Rahim Barzegar3, Maryam Gharekhani4
1.MSc. in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz
2.Professor in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz
3. Ph.D. student in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz
4. Ph.D. student in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz

Abstract
Assessing the aquifer vulnerability of Shabestar plain is useful for the development, management and
land use decisions, monitoring of the groundwater resources quality and prevention of groundwaters
pollution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the vulnerability of Shabestar plain aquifer using
DRASTIC method. After preparation of the groundwater vulnerability map of the area, the measured
nitrate concentration data were used for validation. The results indicate that most parts of the area have
a moderate vulnerability index and the correlation coefficient between vulnerability index and nitrate
concentration is 0.38.
Keywords: Shabestar plain, Vulnerability, Groundwater, DRASTIC, Nitrate

770
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@PS^? R2 _ < ` 21 B2 %? I ! 0$ %? " 2! & 3 ?) 4$ ! 1 G @2 % ?3 3 M21 4 C & ! !
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780 $1 .( . # ? d 9L e ]f @2 MC? P 3 780 $1 . %# 2 # V6 ? 780 $1 c %? " 51
) ! ! # g W % h1 E,\ F P ! 5 2 @LH%? K ! F 1 5 ? @2 ]Almasri, 20080 $1 .(5 e 78-
9 M, \ c 3 # ' " F 13 " F gW % h1 @2 4 9 % ?3 3 M21 780 $1 %"
) # 2 ?Gogu & Dassargue., 2000 i ? .(DRASTIC)Aller et al., 1987 780 $1 2 3! 2 J ! E i ,? (
K .4$ @,\ F ' 5 MG 5 ! % ?3 3 A1 780 $1 2 3! ! ? ! C ,6? < H? 5 %& . # 2 ? 5 621
J ! G ? J ! E %[ 5 ? 3 k &- 5 M % ?3 3 A1 C$ 780 $1 $! 2 ! (1386) 5 ! ="
DRASTIC . ! _ C,$ ! ? ! Hailin et al., (2011) M# % ?3 3 M21 780 $1 $! 2 ! P%? @2 Jiangyin
@ W ! 4=9_ E E 8 ! @&Yangtze (1392) 5 ! =" F3 2 & C,$ @,\ M2 K ,$ ! J ! 3 ! ! _
W _ . & C,$ K ,$ ! i ? 3 F 1 2 2 ! 4# 5 621 780 $1 2 3! 4MG W < H? !
!? H? :? . & C,$ R 2 ! 4# 5 621 780 $1 @ L @ M 2 K ,$ ! i ? 3 (1396) 5 ! ="
3 :? E .4$ @ ? ! @[ ! 21 @; S @ F 25 " :? 3 @& # 2 ? ,9 # 4# D" e8 E ! P
@G! 38 @ b 3 @G! 38 =# m @L _ 2 @G! 45 @ b 26 @G! 45 _ # i E 2 \ `G P
.4$ # C,$ ,9 # 4# 5 621 780 $1 2 3! 4MG K ,$ ! J ! 3 @ H? E ! .4$ # B_ @ b 23
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0# \ F 8 (S) q W X :? (A) 5 621 X :? (R)V W @ 7` (D) % ?3 3 A1 c= 3 % ! R? E
2 R? E 3 & " @2 .(C) ! " 4 " 0 ; (I) f # Q 5 3 D62 %" R ? b (T) E ?3 oH$
R 9 ,8 @ $ :? 2 . # ? (10 1)@ ! K (5 1) 9 53 K F 1 i L, ! M 1 9 4 =" @2 @G
: # ? ! 3 <! O @2 HW $ @ ? K ! " ,? ! 8 E 5 621 F 1
:1@H2 !
DRASTIC Index= Dr Dw + Rr Rw + Ar Aw + Sr Sw + Tr Tw + Ir Iw + Cr Cw
(@ !) J3! t r @ F 4C" " ,? ! 8 %" 5 s! 2 I S K ,$ ! 780 $1 VW # DI h 2 @H2 ! ! @&
- 3 C,$ 2 i ? '%$4:O K ,$ ! VW # @ $ :? 3 N8 . # ? V >6 ,? ! 8 " @2 @& 4$ 3 w
.4$ @,\ F ' @ H? ! ? @LH%? ! < , 4P Q "
:B 0 , CD
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@ 7` @ $ :? ! b ? @ h @$ 8 9 8 J ! ! . F @ $ :? (Piscopo., 2010) 8 9 8 J ! 3 C,$ 2 V W
! 8 9 8 i G " ! ,$ U $ 2 " @ h E 3 & " %2@ ! 2 @& ] C 5 ? \ F 8 J! 2 3 % !
"sh 3 q W X :? f # Q X :? @ h 5 621 @ h @ M 4MG . # ? @ $ :? V W @ 7` "51 B=G 4 M
5 621 X :? @ h @ M 2 . # @,\ F P ! \ ,& MFh h 2 ,? N%G q W @ h @ M ! . # C,$ \ ,&
\ F8 " . # C,$ 2 ,9 oH$ h 2 2 ,9 oH$ 3 "@ h N%G 0 @2 f # Q X :?
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. # @ $ :? K ,$ ! VW # M 1 @2 " 53 2 # %2 @ ! 1 i G " ! ,$ U $ 2 ,? ! 8 4C" E 3 &
@2 118,3 53,3 2 2 @ H? ! ? @LH%? ! K ,$ ! VW # 5 ? " ? 5 ! K ,$ ! i ? "@ h @ L 2 R #
d& d& W 780 $1 2 @LH%? T%8 @2 2012 i $ ! Huan M% 8 %2 d 9L U $ 2 VW # E . ?1 4$
4P Q " 3 K ,$ ! i ? '%$ 4:O 4MG .(Huan et a., 2012) # %2 d 9L 3 W 3 X$ ,?
! 9 ,9 =" 780 $1 @ L ! 2 < , " 4P Q c H . # C,$ @ H? ! ? @LH%? ! < ,
. " ? 5 ! @LH%? ! < , 4P Q B 3 780 $1 @ L 3R # . " ? 5

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2 @LH%? T%8 @2 2012 i $ ! Huan M% 8 %2 d 9L U $ 2 K ,$ ! VW # . # @ $ :? 118,3 53,3 2 2
39,11 6,79 0 @2 K ,$ ! i ? U $ 2 . # %2 d 9L 3 W 3 X$ ,? d& d& W 780 $1
! _ 3 W 3 X$ ,? d& d& W 780 $1 :? ! ,9 # 4# 5 621 3 O! 0,6 6,02 47,65
@ L ! 2 < , 4P Q " c H 2 . # L,$ < , 4P Q " 3 i ? E '%$4:O 4MG .4\ F
? , ? K ,$ ! i ? " ? 5 @& ?1 4$ @20,38 (r) ,9 =" 0 ; @ H? ! ? @LH%? 780 $1
. # 2 ,9 # 4# 5 621 780 $1 2 3! 4MG ?1! &
:F 8
@ W ! < 2 $! ! ( ! A$ R %? N?
? &) E %$ < \ 4P Q $! 2 . 1394 .f $ . 3 ?
.265-251:(4)1 .X :? 4# M2 ! D" e8 @? % >\ . ! % 3
K ,$ ! J ! 2 k & – 5 M % ?3 3 A1 C$ 780 $1 2 3! .1386 . '? " G .q =:? .! K
.47-39 2 ! =# $ i $ 5 A1 B2 %? < L L: @ '? . 3 I cH%?
K,$ ! i ? 3 $@% M2 2 3 \ w ,6? "J ! 3 C,$ .1394 .w ' \ .f .w L? `O .! F3 2
.222-211 g 95 ! =# ! M[ 49 2 i $ 49 3X :? $ %M? $ %#E ?3 @ '? . 4# 5 WA1 780 $1 2 3! !
i ? M2 2 # <! P 0& ? %>? J " i ? 3 C,$ .1396 .w L? `O .f . W _
.124-113 104 ! =# 26 ! E ?3 @ '? . ( R 2 ! 4# 5 621 ! ? @ H?)K ,$ !

Almasri M.N., 2008. Assessment of intrinsic vulnerability to contamination for Gaza costal aquifer, Jornal of
Environmental Management, 88(4), 577–593.

Gogu R.C., Dassargues A., 2000. Current trends and future challenges in groundwater vulnerability assessment using
overlay and index methods, Environmental Geology, 39(6), 549–559.

Aller L., Bennet T., Leher J.H., Petty R.J. and Hackett G. 1987. DRASTIC: A Standardized system for evaluating
groundwater pollution potential using hydro-geological settings. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Report (EPA/600/2-87/035).

Piscopo G. Groundwater vulnerability map, explanatory notes, Castlereagh Catchment, NSW, Department of Land and
Water Conservation, Australia. 2001.

Huan H, Wang J, Teng Y. Assessment and validation of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate based on a modified DRASTIC
model: Acase study in Jilin City of northeast china, Sci Total Environ. 2012. 440:14-23.

Hailin, Y., Ligang, X., Ch ,Y., Jiaxing, X., 2011. Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability With Improved DRASTIC
Method.Procedia Environmental Sciences10, 2690-2695.

774
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.5? U ? 0/6 7 > 8 71 5 4 B ,$ ! MG # N , 5= O I 1 ,4 6" P Q F ! I 1 B ,$ ! > 8

560" ( + 5 6 7 8#- . /012 324 : , *+ "

Using Wilcoxon method to Optimize the DRASTIC Model in

Assessing the Shabestar Plain Aquifer Vulnerability
Fatemeh kadkhodaie1, Asghar Asghari Moghaddam2, Rahim Barzegar3, Maryam Gharekhani4
1.MSc. in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz
2.Professor in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz
3. Ph.D. student in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz
4. Ph.D. student in Hydrogeology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz

Abstract
Shabestar plain in East Azarbaijan province is an active agricultural area and the use of groundwater
resources is important due to the shortage of annual precipitation. The purpose of this study is to optimize
DRASTIC model by applying Wilcoxon rank-sum test (WRST). After optimization the DRASTIC model by
this method the correlation coefficient between the nitrate concentration and the vulnerability index
was increased relative to the original model to 0/6.
Keywords: Shabestar plain, Optimization, Aquifer, Wilcoxon

:#
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" 80 % 89 9 :3 [,4 $ 71 I 89 \A$ 9 " % E3 UXL 2< 1 ! 03 0 X13 VLP $3 .(1994
.(Barzegar et al., 2016) # %& L 03 ! $ 1 % 89 9 :3 71 ,1 I 89 \A$ ! # ' Z 3 7& ! 71
-P $3 .5$ _`8 B ! Z 3 > 6,a 1 4 ]G # # 1 6 ^ A8 7]X 8 % 89 9 H13 VLP $3
7 Vc ) [,4 $ 71 ! "U% (_X X ! "P# ! " 5 ") 0 X13 N b ]G 71 2 VL

775
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5@ @a ! . # 1 8 4 "5 ? ^ 9 # ' " Z 3 9 " Z gG % E3 71 5 4 VLP $3
Almasri, 2008; Gogu and ) ! ,41 % E3 ;1 %8 5 " 8 5 C 8 2 5 $ 4a 71 VLP $3 e I
7& # 1 8 B ,$ ! F ! 0 X13 VLP $3 1 9! 1 " 09 " 7 ! "F ! 7 6h 9 .(Dassargues, 2000
e # O i `8 ? Z L j G i `8 0 X13 i `8 M G 7 Vc % 89 9:3 ^6 9 % ! 03 ! W 8 " ,8 ! L
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9 $ 7% H1 1 %,8 "F ! ,$ ! I 6" ! .(Asghari Moghaddam et al., 2015) # 1 8 H# ! I 6 k Q "
? Q " ,8 ! L 9 2001 > $ ! McLay 1998 > $ ! Secunda > l8 0 % 71 5$ 7,?! ! & 71 B ,$ ! > 8
! 2018 > $ ! 0 ! 6" A$. & <,$ B ,$ ! > 8 H1 1 ! 13 N # e Q ! 1! & % 8
Z9 1 . & <,$ # '%$ B ,$ ! > 8 9 0 9 9 %& & 5# 0 X13 % 89 9:3 VLP $3 1 9!
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.5$ # <,$ 0 4& F ! 9 B ,$ ! F ! "
: .2+ + 4 6
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& " 9$ . #1 85 Z 5 ! _ # ! 8 B"3 r%$ # r%$7$ 8 ! N n I ! 1 "5 8
q! 1 6" 6 N 1 $! 7 G ! "r%$ C %# N 1 $! 0 h 6 C ,? 13 "7 Z L "5? 13 _8 #
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\A$ P # ? ZL (S) j G i `8 (A) 0 X13 i `8 (R)M G 7 Vc (D) % 89 9 :3 ^6 :9 % ! " ,8 ! L
1 .(Aller et al., 1987) .(C) ! " 5 " P Q (I) e # O 0 9 UX1 %" _ 8 W (T) I 89
: # 8 ! 9 N! b 71 AG $7 8 B ! " ,8 ! L I 0 X13 Z 3 _ 4 ,L 7 $ `8

DRASTIC Index= Dr Dw + Rr Rw + Ar Aw + Sr Sw + Tr Tw + Ir Iw + Cr Cw 17A1 !

(7 !) F9! u r 7 Z 5<" " ,8 ! L %" 0 t! 1 J a B ,$ ! VLP $3 MG # DI E 1 7A1 ! ! 7&
. # 8 M ]X ,8 ! L " 71 7& 5$ 9 w

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^ C : h ! " 8 ! C <,$ ! 8 ! , 1 N v 0 n I 1 %1 . 8 = ! ! " 03 N < ! @8
.(Ahmadi et al., 2013)5$
:? / + @A
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! 0/38 ,4 6" P Q VLP $3 7 @ ! 1 " I ^ A x , 7& # <,$ 7@A%8 N , 5= O "
[& G VLP $3 1 7@A%8 x%L 71 2012 > $ ! Huan H% L %1 [ 4@ q $ 1 B ,$ ! MG # . 0
5# 0 X13 9 b! 0,6 6,02 47,65 39,11 6,79 P 71 7& # %1 [ 4@ 9 G 9 i$ ,8 [&
I ! . # <,$ 0 4& ,8 ! L 0 893 9 B ,$ ! > 8 9 $7% H1 5Hh 7 A8 I ! . # 8 _8 # ! ,4 #
! 7 ! I E 1 Kd$ . # 7 $ `8 0 4 "7 ! ! N , I 8 B ,$ ! > 8 " ! 9 & " 1 ,1 ,$ !
. %,? c 5 4 I 6" I,? Z = ! 1 " 7 ! # g ],G N , I 8 ! @8 I E 1 71 ,8 ! L 0 6"
#7% H1 "7 ! > 6 1 .5$ # 0 1> h ! 0 4 & F ! 1 # 7% H1 "7 ! 7 "7 !
F ! " 8 0 7& $! 0/6 71 B ,$ ! MG # N , 5= O I 1 ,4 6" P Q B ,$ ! MG # 7 $ `8
.5$ 1 1 G 83! & F ! B ,$ ! > 8 "7 ! 9 $7% H1 ! 0 4&

Vulnerability parameter Initial rate Nitrate concentration Modified rating

Groundwater depth 9 0.01 0.001
7 67.5 9
5 20.55 2.74
3 15.79 2.1
2 16.31 2.17
Net recharge 1 12.49 1.66
3 14.59 2.13

777
 Aquifer media 1 20.48 3
3 19.47 7
4 16.39 5.89
Soil media 5 17.26 6.2
6 0.01 0.003
7 0.01 0.003
5 11.13 3.02
Topography 4 16.72 4.54
3 18.38 5
2 12.9 3.5
10 16.07 9.23
Impact of vadose zone 9 17.41 10
5 17.26 9.91
3 3.18 1.82
Hydraulic conductivity 1 0.01 0.005
5 12.56 3.33
4 16.27 4.32
3 18.81 5
4 19.68 6
2 17.88 5.45
1 11.21 3.41
6 0.01 0.003

0 4& F! 1 #7% H1 "7 ! 7 " 7 ! - 1> h

: #B /
B ,$ ! MG # 0 8 5$ # <,$ ,4 # 5# 0 X13 VLP $3 1 9! 5Hh B ,$ ! F ! 9 7 A8 I !
7& 5? Z ! C <,$ ! 8 B ,$ ! > 8 '%$5`b 5Hh N , 5= O " . # ! 3 1 118/3 53/3 1 1
! 5$ I 68 5$ 7 $ %#! & a B ,$ ! > 8 ! # "09 "7 ! . 0 ! 4 K ,4 6"
F ! 9 B ,$ ! > 8 "7 ! 9 $7% H1 5Hh ,$ ! I 6" ! . # 1 N <,8 " ,8 ! L 9 & " 5 6" k ,X8 ^ %8
71 0/38 9 B ,$ ! MG # N , 5= O I 1 ,4 6" P Q F ! I Z ! & 71 1 . # <,$ 0 4&
! 8 7@A%8 : %h : O 564C ! P 71 9 G [& G VLP $3 1 "0 9 > 8 I q $ 1 . $!0/6
71 VLP $3 7 @ 2 _ # . # L 8 ! 7 A8 ! 8 7@A%8 9 b! 5/64 3/72 P 71 7& 5$ 7,? Z ! C 7 A8
. " 8 0 ! N , ; 9 0 4& 1 #7% H1 B ,$ ! 7 B ,$ ! F !

0 4& F! 1 #7% H1 VLP $3 7 @ : 7 B ,$ ! F ! 71 VLP $3 7 @ k -2_ #

778
 :C -
Vrba J, Zoporotec A. Guidebook on mapping groundwater vulnerability. International Contributions to
Hydrogeology.Verlag Heinz Heise GmbH and Co. KG.1994.
Almasri M.N. Assessment of intrinsic vulnerability to contamination for Gaza costal aquifer. Jornal of Environmental
Management. 2008; 88(4): 577–593.

Gogu R.C, Dassargues A. Current trends and future challenges in groundwater vulnerability assessment using overlay and
index methods. Environmental geology. 2000; 39(6): 549–559.

Asghari Moghaddam A, Fijani E, Nadiri A. Optimization of DRASTIC model by artificial intelligence for groundwater
vulnerability assessment in Maragheh- Bonab plain. Journal of Geoscience. 2015; 94:169-176 (In Persian).

Secunda S, Collin ML, Melloul AJ. Groundwater vulnerability assessment using a composite model combining DRASTIC
with extensive agricultural land use in Israel’s Sharon region. Journal of Environmental Management. 1998; 54:39-57.

McLay CDA, Dragten R, Sparling G, Selvarajah N. Predicting groundwater nitrate concentrations in a region of mixed
agricultural land use: a comparison of three approaches. Environmental Pollutants. 2001; 115:191-204.

Barzegar R, Asghari Moghaddam A, Nadiri A, Fijani E. Using different fuzzy logic methods to optimize DRASTIC model,
case study: Tabriz plain aquifer. Journal of Geoscience. 2015; 95:211-222 (In Persian).

Soltani S, Asghari Moghaddam A, Barzegar R, Kazemian N. Vulnerability Assessment of Kordkandi- Duzduzan Plain
Groundwater Using Calibrated DRASTIC Model. Iran Water Resources Research. 2018; 13(4): 89-99 (In Persian).

Aller L, Bennett T, Lehr J.H, Petty R.J, Hackett G. DRASTIC: A Standardized System For Evaluating Ground Water
Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Setting, EPA 600/2-87-035.U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Ada,Oklahoma.
1987.
Wilcoxon, Frank (1945) Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biometrics Bulletin. 1 (6): 80–
83. doi:10.2307/3001968.

Ahmadi J, Akhondi L, Abbasi H, Khashei-Siuki A, Alimadadi M. Determination of aquifer vulnerability using DRASTIC
model and a single parameter sensitivity analysis and acts and omissions (Case Study: Salafchegan-Neyzar Plain). J of Water
and Soil Conservation. 2013; 20(3): 1-25.

Piscopo G. Groundwater vulnerability map, explanatory notes, Castlereagh Catchment, NSW, Department of Land and
Water Conservation, Australia. 2001.

Huan H, Wang J, Teng Y. Assessment and validation of groundwater vulnerability to nitrate based on a modified DRASTIC
model: Acase study in Jilin City of northeast china, Sci Total Environ. 2012. 440:14-23.

779
 5 &# 4"# $ 3 2 1

(rahimkadkhodaee2005@yahoo.com) -1
(jodeyri_rana@yahoo.com) ! "# $ % & ' ( )* + , - -2
(mehdipour.vali@gmail.com) $ / -3
(imandousta@yahoo.com) % + 1 2 # %3 1 4 / '5 ! "#6178 -4
(assadi.ali89@gmail.com) 1# -5

# ( ) *+
< DE $ 6 )=# :B .$; $ 8& A= % + - @ ' $ & ' : ; 6 )=# >? & < <%+ & ' : ;
J- ' K F @ ' $ &L >? %' F6 (H I 1 A B$) J"< ; % < 6 8 1 ( - < 1 ! FG ) +1 &< 6 8
$ A= 6 1; &B S- TB; 1 A= & "L6 6 )=# :B : 'RL6 .%'' & /B % + M< N 1 ! GO - P Q *+ <
W MLX &V ; = 1 B B% $ &B AF< >? & ' : ; 6 8 &- V ; .%'B L & @ ' 3 1&% U ?
.% $ % + ; ' < 1 /3

9: " /" 8 ) 6" ( 7 # 01 2 . 34 5 / # 0 1 2 : .),

Production Geology and its importance in study of

hydrocarbon reservoirs
1
Rahim Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, 2Rana Jodeyri-Agaii, 3Vali Mehdipour, 4Ali Imandoust, 5Ali Assadi
1. Nargan-Amitis Energy Development
2. Faculty of Science, University of Tehran
3. Dana Drilling Company
4. Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (R.I.P.I.)
5. Tehran Energy Consultants (TEC)

Abstract
The production geology examines the role of geological characteristics in controlling the production
behavior of the reservoir. These characteristics play an important role in controlling the pore system in
terms of storage capacity and production capability in relation to initial sedimentary parameters (facies
and texture) and post-sedimentation parameters (diagenesis and tectonics). These characteristics also
control the heterogeneity of the reservoir and the spatial distribution of reservoir zones at the field and
regional scale. On the other hand, geological parameters play a significant role in the management and
development of reservoirs during drilling operations and optimization of production.

Keywords: Production geology, Geological characteristics, Storage capacity, Production capability,

Reservoir management

780
 3 < -1
%+ 2 # ; (3 Z L W + Y :B .%'B L & /B &B AF< >? & A= 6& 7B1 & < $ & ' : ; W + Y
1 & ' [ ) & ' : ; $ &/M = &))= 6 ' ; ( % + & ' : ; .$ & ( ;= 1
6 )=# &M Y< .(Bjørlykke, 2010) (! ] ( LI 1 /3 4 A= ; @% ) & %' 1 HBA - \ 4(A B$
:B $ W ^ 1 %' F6 A= 1 $ W_ < &"' "' 1 HB$A D E $ : ; !%'6$( I# $ &B L 1 &IBA -
-a' & ' : ; 6 )=# .%6$ N ` * A= 1 $ @ / 1 L 1%+ - % & 6 )=#
&- V ; .% <& (&< b * ) ( I# b * +1 &B L IBA - bB @ ' * 1 !$ < & O &G < A= 6
E+ 1 (L * A % < cM = (3 1 bB * 1 ; 1 < A= "' +1 6 )=# $ ^
: ; $ %; & ` A= "' 4 J"< ; 8 1 & EV Y< W ^ :B ; &G < . BJ8 [ ' d
:B ; "B$ $. W1 / cM = ; = $ ` W% 1 e ' % & !$ < Z A B$ 'X < & '
1 6!; $ f F W )< %LX % + @ ' $ ` %' F6 : ; 8 W */5 3 < DE $ W ^
6 )=# < &"' "' D E $ ] W ^ ; "B$ &G < 4 J $ < !1gX . $ # 6(F 1 6&" FI
- ' < 2 %6 h' < &/M = 6W MLX &V B /3 : 3 $ 1 !$ < ! ?+ < W )< %' F6 A= "' & O
1 W ^ :B .$% j< e N < % & (! i 1 % 4&I +1 % 6 &" FI %' ) $ & @ LX A= < % + ;
W +Y L6 + Y :B $ .%' F6 "# 8 E+ 1 @ ' (< N %3 $ kB $ #< + G$ < d < @ '
1 A B$ ( X) ( /+ < & EV W ^ >? 1 ( J"< ) & O ( X : - h $ < % + @ ' $ & ' : ;
& ' : ; 6 8 L6 4(5 3 lB .K B L & & < % + 1 /3 W MLX &V ! ?+ < W ^ 1 (&I I
.%6$& # %+ - @ ' < A= "'
( 8 # ) /6 . AB > ?/ @ 9: = #-2
1 H I/ (< N &< G 1 (& % d 1 !; % ) - < 4(& ' & 1 &B L m ) 'd U < A= "'
&F M "' ; & 1 / & ' & 1 &B L m 4(& +1$ 1 &I6 ) '< "' R '] .%' F6 AB L
< $ EF A 1 W O !; % $ $ G ` &< =< &< - < &- V ; .% $ (&"' gn ) 1 B H FM
S-) ! GO - P &M Y< .% <& b * 1 &< b * bB < &IB$A D E $ %6$& # IB
B1 ) 1(I .$ $ &< B & O 6& 7B1 < &IB$A D E ( BJ8O / ) A= "' % + M< N 1 ((=M=
a' HB U < %6$& # W1 / & A= / J+ 1 W1 / - < < A= a' L 1$ ; &8 I 1 I
. E #8( a' HB < EF m ' & A= ( F 8 $ E #8 $

.1(I

781
 * E H*/ F G/ :E, @ . AB 8 > ?/ @ 9: = #-3
` A B$ 6%'B - $ L X (< N & ; &< -< U < A= "' % + - &' < > 8
%' A B$ 6%'B - ` * 4 +1 m ' & A= / < E #8 $ a' HB F< ] .%' < G F
< +1 $ : < (=M= ; 4@g* ` * J- ' K F B %6%< $ ; $ G +1 & A= / 4 % &L
1 $ 6 &" FI S3 &- V ; .(2 (I ) %< B ^ : B 8 &B 1 1 Ak &E+ N (=M= < A= a' HB < _ < &B 1
op F d (< N &< - < Q *+ < A= 6! FG &G < & A= $ X i - % & A= a'
.%6$

.2(I

9: E =$. E @ * E H*/ :E, @ 8 # F G /-4

. q*< (< N 3 U ? $ A 1 J- ' K F U ? $ A= & 1 $ & "L6 $ A B$ 1 &< ( X `
+1 &< b* 6& 7B1 ; %LX A= 6 1; TB; A 1 $1%* &E d 1 K\ N f F < ' ] 6 M S3
%'<>=< $ 6(F >? &- V ; . I (< N i A A B$ 6%'B - ` ] %B L & E
Ak A= %'] B 1$ K\ N 1 &E d D E N < B Ak A= %'] B 1$ < %3 1 A= HB (Compartmentalization)
T d + Y HB %' ; 6(F ` < d < ! GO &< B; 1 % + - $ & % R 8 J+ .(3 (I ) F h ; 1$
" ' ] m+ N $ A= "' &+ & < : 'RL6 .% <& D E ! * 1 6(F N 4&I I p1 ;
.%B L & /B % $ &E d 1 K\ N D E 1 U F ! * 1 % + 6 1; &B ' $ &B AF< HL &F I

.3(I

782
 / 2#3 8 I J $ 8 > ?/ @ 9: = #-5
>' 1 1 /3 &V & 1 / - 4&< G 1 - < A 1 &B L 1 & ' & m < d < A= "'
; & 1 / >' 1 % & $ < $ B$; h' < cM = $ rB A : 'RL6 .%'6$& # /3 W_ < EF
:B ` . $ %6 G @ E $ < IX k $1 & h R 2gG < $ $ $ mE A= "'
$ m 4% ; &B L 1 &IBA - & %B$ m %' A= "' $ ! ?+ < W ^ < D E $ % & ( X
>=< $ % < "B$ $% $ 1 A= HB * 1 6&" FI @ ' $ 3 H I >? 4 A= 1 $ cM =
.% & !$ $ o p $ &G < 5gG Y< B;
9: 9 @ K # L :/ = 5( 8 > ?/ 8 # "( 8 1-5
$ - < < A= "' R '] .% < ` A= &"' B #- < % & A= &+ @ V $ &< -< $ ^
.(4 (I ) % $ L &"' B #- $ AB - < < B 1 AB $ "' < EF [ G & % d < B 1 $
- B; < A < % & _ < L < !% $ B !% AB W )< A= &+ 1 $ $ !; % $ W ^ : 'RL6
.(5 (I ) % < ` A= 1 $ @ B d1

.4(I

.5(I

783
 (Formation Damage) E2 # A @ M # 2-5
6& 7B1 .$ & & s=# B/1 s=# ( X &G < ; A= $ [ = 1 G W ` " < W EX :B
&I +1 % 6 &" FI 1 % + 4 /3 W MLX ( ; 1 / - B; < cM = 6; - @ V $ BJ8O / !7B < a'
Civan, 2000; Tiab and Donaldson, 2004; Change-Xi et al., ) $ % ; & %B$ m md 1 %< B ^ % &
1 W O 4(=M= % ; : < &B e 1 &I 'B$1 % 6 4& FB; 4&B L 4&B L -&IBA - cM = 6>' 1 .(2008
.% A= $ % ; & %B$m mE %' & @ & < 1 1 U * % ; &I I (I ^ 1 W_
@n 'X < .$ & $ $) N i p1 $ kB 1 < 1 % 6 ; = % + >6 < k' % ; & %B$ m
mE % & (Tight) 1 K A= "' $ !7B < ( MB L %' ) [ [O d & S3
B 8 < /3 ( ; %B < A= "' :B /3 $ 1 :B ; .$ % + >6 1 (=M= 6 M % $1%F
&B L 6 >' 1 &V % & :< 1 % 6 - B; < >B A- h' < $ &G < rB A : 'RL6 .$ !$ / &< i
1 &B L m ; &6 1 :B ; .$ & A= / >6 1 W /3 S- 1 $ G $ &G < m < k'
.%B L ` HL % & G W ` :B ;1 < @ ' B >6 $ A= "' & ' &
(Water Management) 92 2 N /" 3-5
% + :< 1 % 6 %? ; # < [ :B %? & ; @1 % ; = $ :< 1 % 6 ! L6 [ % + ]
3 KF I 1 % + [ u #' &B ' 1 :B ; .$ & $ B (Unwanted Water) G [ 'X < ; % <
&L \ 1 & L G & ' : ; 4&< b * 4& ' ' ] Q *+ < & ' : ; T d W + Y %' ; A= 1 $
.%B L (LX A= 1 $ [ B %6 < &B k 'X < % & &< + B 1 6&" FI S3 R '] .
* . "O*0 @ # 0 1 2 P<E 4-5
?Y' H I + Y L6 AB 3 F< A= &I +1 % 6 FI $ &X - 1 &M5 6 >' d I'B < d <
;= % + A ].$ $ &I +1 % 6 FI 6 < d 1 &I I \ W + Y $ &M5 >? 6 >' d1
&" FI < ! ] ! B$ D E &" "] 1 &" FI f F < K ? F V < &I +1 % 6 FI f1 ; !$ / W 5 $
.$ $ &" F<
d Z - B 1 &B L $ rB A f1 4 $ < $ B$; & 3 6f1 $ & ' : ; W + Y 4v - $ < !1gX
m 4 A= & % f (MX s =# 4&B 1 6% s =# 4 $ < $ B$; $ [ rB A f1 [ = 4 $ < $ B$;
%' F6 L6 A\ 3 %d 6 + + & % + R ; Md d 1 $ < $ B$; $ & % m 4: + /
.%k' &L @ k :B $ w

A3R HE-6
< DE $ 6 8 :B .%B L & & < A= % + @ ' $ & ' : ; 6 8 >? % + & ' : ;
A= & 1 $ & "L6 %' F6 (&" FI 1 A B$) % < W ^ A 1 A= "' (&< - <) +1 6 )=#
D E 1 A= 6 1; TB; : 'RL6 1 % + M< N 1 ! GO - P Q *+ < A= "' J- ' K F U ? $
/B &B AF< >? A= ; ' < % + 1 /3 W MLX < (< ? $ 6 8 :B &- V ; .%'B L & @ ' &B S-
.%'' &

784
 S8

Bjørlykke K., Petroleum Geoscience: From Sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02332-3_20, © S
pringer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.

Civan, F., 2000. Reservoir Formation Damage: Fundamentals, Modeling, Assessment, and Mitigation. Gulf Publishing
Company, Houston, Texas, 760 pp.

Tiab, D., Donaldson, E.C., 2004. Petrophysics: Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir Rock and Fluid Transport
Properties. Second Edition, Gulf Professional Publishing, p. 926.

Chang-xi, L., Liang-min, T., Can-can, Z., Chang-xue, W., Shu-dong, Z., Y., 2008. A correction method of deep laterolog
responses under under-balanced logging conditions, Petroleum Exploration and development 35(6), 736-741.

785
 2 1

! " # .1
% & ' ( )* "+ # ,- * ./ 0 1" 2 )* .2

= 5 > ? ( @ . ..+ :6 ; < . ' 69.* % ! ' % 1/ 7 8 (Ro) ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 ' 6

E ! C ..+ " )+ ; . 6 ?A , B " C ' 6 1 ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 1D" ' % 1
K! " " C 1 (RR) , B , G 1H" ; ! B % I! J 7 C ?% ?+ ,* ∆RRS ) 2 ? * F
, G 1H" ' 6 1 Q B" ?@B R1 . ..+ N" O ?" +1 " M@* -1 % ∆RRS ! B . =
' ∆RRS ! B Q B" ?@B R1 " M@* .,* )- H.2 V = .6 0 (∆RRS=0) " C , B
?+ = Z! " , [ ' ?% ∆RRS ! B O ?" " Q B" ?@B R1 . .)G6 Y ! H.2 % X .)G6 -.
. .)G6 Y " + H.2 = Q\ ]( % (^ .6 0
! J H.* 1 _! 3 * ! % . 6 ∆RRS 0 '6 % ' \ , [ #)G 16 ,! .! )! 3 4! 5
Ro 1D" ' % ! J ' ?( ,! / .,* = ; ∆RRS ' 6 ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 1D" ' %
\ H.* ,/J ' F Ro ' 6 )= % )> = ; ?( .,* = ?A ! 4 = ∆RRS
. .+ ( " D%,! 5 `! ) ,*
' Z= ! 4= ∆RRS , B ,G "C 1 ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 1D" :

Abstract
Vitrinite reflectance (VR) data provide important information for thermal maturity assessment and
source rock evaluation. The current study introduces a practical method for vitrinite reflectance
determination from sonic and resistivity logs. The main determinant factor of the method is ∆RRS
which is defined as the separation between cumulative frequency values of resistivity ratio (RR) and
sonic log data. The values of ∆RRS range from −1 at ground level to +1 at bottom hole. The crossing
point depth of the DT and RR cumulative frequency curves, where ∆RRS=0, indicates the onset of oil
generation window. From the surface (ground level) to the crossing point depth ∆RRS takes negative
values indicating organic material diagenesis window. Below the crossing point depth ∆RRS turns into
positive values showing thermally-mature organic matter within the catagenesis window. Vitrinite
reflectance measurements revealed strong exponential relationships with the calculated ∆RRS data.
Accordingly, a new calibration chart was proposed for VR estimation based on ∆RRS data. Finally, an
equation is derived for vitrinite reflectance estimation from ∆RRS and geothermal gradient. The
proposed equation works well in the event of having limited VR calibration data.
Keywords: Vitrinite reflectance estimation, Sonic log, Resistivity ratio, ∆RRS, Geothermal gradient,
Shale gas

b2 * E .,* ' /#.* " > a % % ! ' % :/ ' ?H.* ,! .! )! 3 4! 5

? /" !8* f \ 0^ (Kerogenatron) #)* e* " 0Y + % 16 0 + J ' *c( d
!82 )( " ; ?% /H g * !. = -)* * ,! .! )! 3 ' . =
? 1 100 " 50 X 1 ?% ,! .! )! ' /( * 0 % J ?% ?)G% . = % " h + (photomultiplier)

786
7 C ?% `! ) . ?A ( )G 6) # ,; % 7 C ?% ^ ,* ?% 7 8 = H '
0 * & ,! .! )! 3 ' ?+ 0^ % ,(j “o” b! . = 0 Ro ! B
-)* % )% ?+ ! /= ); ! .)G6 ?.! 6 2 6# ! ^ 7 (@ .,* ?); H
h% .1= ) 2 ! 1D" ?% `! ) H.* ,/J 6 # ! ^ " )= % J 7 8
! ." .6 k* 2 " > a % ?% \ 6 1 O" ?+ ,* ! ? ( @ ! C ? 5 ; . % .6 d - G%
(resistivity ratio) , B , G "C 1 ,A \ I! ; ?% H. % + 6 I! (^ a %
Q\ O 11 6 # ! ^ 4! .! )! 3 4! 5 ? 1 113 ' % 5 > ? ( @ 3 * ! % . =
. .)G6 6 1 O Z + ? 1H ' % ' /6 O .,* ?); 7 C ( )* 9. .+ 7 2 ' 6?5 >

, B ,G "C 1H" ' 6 .F. % I! J 3 * % ?+ ∆RRS ? (@ ! -)* E

Q\ O 11 6 # ! ^ 4! .! )! 3 4! 5 ? 1 113 ' % 5 > ? ( @ . .+ Z1 !) (
' % + ?( _! 16 ?% H.* 1 _! ? .,* ?); 7 C ( )* 9. .+ 7 2 ' 6?5 >
.,* = ?A 4! .! )! 3 4! 5 1D" ' %

!
,* = ?A ! ; )2 ' 6 1 3 * % ' ' / = " > a % % ! ' % ∆RRS E
(DT) " C 1H" .F. % I! J -)* + ! 3 * .(Kadkhodaie and Rezaee, 2017)
_! -C % 1H" ! B ! % ?) ( . = ∆RRS ?+ ,* (RR) , B , G 1H" .F.
m ' ' / = .,* = 0 ' ! n" 7 C ?% ∆RRS E /- 1 Z = . .= % = (
J ! . = !) ( , B 1 " C 1 ,A \ B I! ; ?H ) I! ?% H. a %
.(Serra, 2008; Rezaee, 2015) % j % 9.* !) (, B + :+ 7 C , * *
Zn; ?+ @ 16 .,* DTcum RRcum F K( D ,/J = ?J " 0^ ?% ! % 1 Z = ?+ 1/ ?)
?> ! ) ( , B , G 3 * % O ^ 4! 5 ZB)G E 0 " =V = o^ = ?)-
:(Rider, 1996) ^ ,* % * \ , B ?% (3 1" M@* ! ) o^ V = %100
Ro
RR = S w = (1 ?( )
Rt
:+ _! , B ,G B 7 F 5 " ! % .,* =V = o^ # % ?% , B , G ! % .%
RRcum ' 6 1 ,/J r. 16 ?% . % 6 d % + 6 V = .6 0 ?H ) (1-RR) : .+
0 " : .+ -)* 1-RRcum RRcum ' J ?% )G! % #! 7 ?% ! . % 6 d :6 s8d DTcum
2 ?( ∆RRS B ,* = 0 1 Z = ?+ @ 16 ! % .% . = % .F. % I! J .6
: !^ ,* %
∆RRS = DTcum − (1 − RRcum ) (2 ?( )
0^ ?+ ,* ! J .F. Q B" ZF . ..+ N" +1 " -1 % % % > 0 % ∆RRS ! B
' ∆RRS ! B Q B" ZF ?@B " M@* .,* )- H.2 V = .6 0 % ∆RRS=0

787
 (" C ? > ?+ \ Y " + H.2 Q B" ?@B ! . Y! H.2 .6 0 .)G6 -.
.,* ) % " > a % B = % ) % % .F. % I! J ?O 6 0^ ,* % + 6

" C 1 1H" ; ' 6 .F. % I! J ?% K! " R ?+ ∆RRS /- ' ! n" I! 1 -1 Z =

)- H.2 V = ∆RRS=0 0^ ?+ ,* ! J .F. Q B" ZF . = t8 , B ,G 1
H.2 . Y ! H.2 .6 0 .)G6 -. ' Q B" ZF ?@B " M@* ∆RRS ! B .,*
.F. % I! J ?O 6 0^ ,* % + 6 ( " C ? > ?+ \Q B" ?@B ! Y"+
1700 ) 300 t 1 ' % ∆RRS ? * F F X [ .,* ) % " > a % B =% ) % %
.(Kadkhodaie and Rezaee, 2017) = 0 Z =' )

: .)G6 ! \ ?% ∆RRS ? * F Z>

! B ! ?( ! d @ F 7 F Fn" . .+ * % R1 , B " C ' 6 1 , - + -1
. 6 H u d
4* . ! B % .)G6 -999/25 % % X 1 ?% ?+ 6 (null value) v 2 ! /" ! B -2
\ ; ' 6?!j X 1 ?% .)G6 J D '6 % 6 1 O ? .! , ?% . .+ ! #! J

788
/^ ' % 6 ! ?!j b.J ?% ?J " % 4* . _! )Gy! % \ ; 9.*E 2 .
.,; r
Ro
. ! ^ ,* % ?@% 3 * % , B , G ! B -3
Rt
. .+ ? * F O R1 " M@* R1 , B " C 1 '6 ! B V 1H -4
! ' % . ! ^ ,* % B1 ? 1 6 ' % f(RR) R 1 , B ; f(DT) " C 1 ; -5
. .+ : GB" 4 ? > ^ ,* % ! B % B1 ?@B 6 6 1 ' B ,* ; + +
. ! ^ ,* % 2 ?@% e* " ∆RRS B -6

4! 5 B 3 ?( e* " (GG) ?B@. ! 4= B )= % ∆RRS ?H.* ? * F b2

: !^ ,* % ,! .! )! 3
( 0.7143× GG −1.1593)× ∆RRS
Ro = 0.5615 × e (3 ?( )
. = % °C/100 4G> % 24-7 ?( ! 4=
4! 5 % 0^ { " * % 6 1 O ∆RRS ?H.* ? * F % .) 3 ?@% 0 ^ ,* % 3 * Q\
3 4! 5 B .6 0 ? ( @ ! `! ) .,* % 6 # ! ^ ? 1 113 ' % ,! .! )! 3
. ?B@. ! 4 = ?% ∆RRS ) 2 % 8 ,! .! )!
O ! ' % 3 ?( ^ ,* % ! B % \ ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 % #)G 16 4! 5 3 Z =
#)G 16 = ! ?+ @ 16 . = 0 ( )* (Perth) | 2 (Canning) 9. .+ ' 6?5 >
. J = 1D" `! ) % \ `! ) % % d

^ ,* % ! B % \ ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 % #)G 16 4! 5 .6 0 Q B) 1 -3 Z =
. ( )* (Perth) | 2 (Canning) 9. .+ ' 6?5 > O ! ' % 3 ?(

' % )- H.2 V = % , B , G " C 1H" ' 6 1 Q B" ?@B R1 % ?@% 4 Z =

?+ @ 16 .,* = 0 ( )* | 2 ?5 > Walyering O 9. .+ ?5 > Cycas-1 ' /6 O

789
 D16 ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 `! ) % 6 0 )- H.2 V = ?+ Q B" ZF R1 = 6
. * 0/6 % " 0/5 % > ?% ! ,- H.2 V = VR B .

6 .,* )- H.2 V = % R @. , B , G " C 1H" ' 6 1 Q B" ?@B R1 -4 Z =

= ! ?+ @ 16 . .)G6 ( )* | 2 ?5 > Walyering O 9. .+ ?5 > Cycas-1 O ?% { %
.,* R @. ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 % Q B" ZF R1

%& ' " #$

? *F . = ; 6 1 O ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 B ? * F ' % ! J = ? ( @ !
b2 .,* = ?A E (= ! ) ( , B " C 1H" ' 6 1 % I! J 3 * % ∆RRS ?H.*
?A ,! .! )! 3 4! 5 1D" ' % ! J ' ?( ! 4= -)* ∆RRS ? * F
0 " H.* ' F " )= % . % 1D" 6 # ! ^ `! ) ,G " % d ,\ % ?+ =
. + ) ! , \ ?% = ; ?( ZC > `! )

(! )
Kadkhodaie, A., Rezaee, R. 2017. Estimation of vitrinite reflectance from well log data. Journal of Petroleum Science and
Engineering. Vol. 148, 94-102. Elsevier press.

Rezaee, R., 2015. Fundamentals of Gas Shale Reservoirs. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 395p.

Rider, M.H., 1996. The Geological Interpretation of Well Logs. Whittles Publishing, Caithness, Scotland, 280p.

Serra, O., 2008. Well Logging Handbook. Editions TECHNIP, Paris, France, 608p.

790
 1 1 * 1

1
(somayeh karami@iasbs.ac.ir) ! " #

: !
- 7 + ;- 1<' , 9* )23 +8 : 3 #4 5 647' 8 1)2 * 3 + . /0 # & ' ( ! )* +, ! )* ' ' - ' # & '
3 !0 F - ' & 7 ! + ' - ' + . /0 & ' #4 5 647' 8 B +. C ' DE 3 .9* > 3 + . ?; @7+A
' .9M+N ' +> *'+3 ' KLE 30 J3 E . 9. +3 /0 # 8 .7' 8 7 8+) 7I /0 + ! 3 G +H E + /0
O* ' O * 9 # +3 I & ' /0 ! 3 . . 2 K & ' A /0 + 3 & ' G +H # 8+) 7I /0 + C5 L
+ K 7 9. +3 & ' /0 4 + 8 3 G +H # 8 & 7 8 & /0 # 28 ES 8 . . -* 1393 1384
& ' W * E + @7+A ! I , 8 ! ! 3 V ) . +N C 8!0 U # 8! 7 . I M # 8+) '
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/0 #7 +8 Z5 < ] , # N 3 9* (437 B* ) +) 5 9 8) E + /0 3 (478 B* ) +) 5 9 8) & '
E + /0 E + /0 + ( )* B +. ' , 8 ! V ) # 8 .9* 1 2 , E3+ 3 KLE E + 7 & '
E + /0 ' 7 + & ' /0 3 E@ \ ' . ' 7 & ' 3 3+< 7 >+. 5 . \ G +H ^'
. E, #+ N @ W * + ;- +H A 3 !0 /0 ! . ' . 7 . & ' Z-* + . .
#$ " ) ' &' *+ ' , *+ - & & ' ! & ( : " #$ %

Hydrogeological Investigation of the Zaribar Lake, Marivan,

Kurdistan
Somayeh Karami1,*, Abolfazl Rezaei1, Esmaeil Shabanian1
1
Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran

Zaribar Lake, in the Kurdistan province, is an apparently closed hydrological system freshwater
lake despite its high annual evaporation/precipitation ratio and a lack of visible outlet. In this study, the
geological setting of Zaribar Lake and its hydraulic relationship with surrounding groundwater have
been investigated using water budget calculations, water level time series and hydrochemical analysis.
The water budget of the lake has been calculated for a time period from 2005 to 2014. Hydrochemical
investigations was performed through collecting 28 water samples from both the wells and springs, as
well as 4 water samples from the lake in November 2017. Water budget calculations demonstrate that
the underground discharge is about 11.5 MCM larger than the underground recharge. Hadrochemical
results also reveal that the lake (EC=478 µS/cm) and its surrounding groundwater (EC=437 µS/cm)
have a high-quality water with similar chemical characteristics, implying their high exchange. These
findings indicate that under a static condition of water level, the groundwater from surroundings,
except for the southern portion, is recharged into the lake while the lake seeps into the groundwater
southwards. During summer, when a large volume of groundwater is pumped by production wells
from the surrounding alluvial aquifer, the groundwater flow direction is reversed and the lake
recharges into the aquifer.
Keywords: Zaribar Lake of Marivan, Water Balance, groundwater Level, hydrochemical

791
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: . -*
P + Qin + Qg − I − Qout − Es − PG =dS (1)
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793
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+ ;- [U \ | , . 8 A Z-* (dQ=-١١٫۵٣) 9* +) 3 E + @7+A , . . 3 ' . & ' /0 ,
. . & ' /0 ! 3 + . 7 Z-* A 3 3 , ). - & ' !7'
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. . 3 W 3 !0 /0 9 ^ , 7 + . & ' , . Z-* W 3 ' +3 E3

.((MCM) ZC +) ! Z2\ +3 8 \ 7) 1393-1384 O * ' - ' & ' E 3 & ' ! 3 -1 O7 @

dS dQ # 7'7 / 7' + ;- +3 k' 3 ^5 O*
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-0,73 -11,53 12,29 2,23 1,33 1393-1384

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 .( ' ' . 1 [ . ' 8+) 7I ' . 3 [ . # E8 ' ' I) + [A ) & ' wL* /0 + 7 E + /0 + + v ' 2-[ .

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795
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.9* & ' /0 N'I3 c;3 E G +H # 8 , E +
> ? < = -4
+ . /0 & ' KLE 30 J3 E . 9. +3 /0 # 8 .7' 8 7 8+) 7I /0 + ! 3 C5 L '
5 . \ G +H ^ ' E + /0 /0 + ( )* B +. ' , 9* # N V ) . . *'+3 ' - '
E + /0 ' 7 E + @7+A ' U 3 & ' /0 3 E@ \ ' { . ' 7 & ' 3 3+< 7 >+.
-* E 9 ^ , KLE E + /0 , E8 ! .7' 8 V ) 7 ! +@ 9`@ ES 8 . +N
/0 # c;3 7 9* ' ' A+3 (1 2 , E3+ 3 Z5 < ] 7 +) ) * +3 eE 7+ 500 +) , +) 5 9 8)
& ' /0 9 ^ , 3 /0 3 , 9* . Z-* & ' +3 !7IM E 0+M . E, ' & ' 3 # 7'7
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& ' ' | 9. - J , 9* & ' 3 W * E + # 7'7 +) 3 ZC +) ! 11,5 7 \
. 3 + . & ' /0 .
G +H # 89M+30 E + /0 4 r +H A 3 E + /0 ! +@ 9`@ ! )23 ' , 9* + 1` " )
' . E, [ 9M+30 # +3 zv J-E ! E 3 & ' /0 7 . 7' 7 E + /0 + . 9M H ' 7 & '
G+ E `3 9 + # +3 l 3 + .9* ! ;30 3 & ' /0 #' 7 zv [U \ 8 & ). +3 /0 ;3 J> 7
3 /0 c;3 ! + N 1 7 ! I ' +3 8 ! , 9* ' ' A+3 # 9 8 & ' # K3 7 n \ ' /0
. EE, #+ N @ ! )23 ' & ' /0 + 9M E. 3 ' . 8 + 3 9-2

A ) -5
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.43-60 :2 #4 57+) .! @+ * – _ EE*
1. Stocklin, J. (1968). Structural history and tectonic of Iran; a review. Am. Assoc.Petroleum Geologists Bull, 52: 1229–1258
2. Berberian, M., and King, G. C. (1981). Towards a palaeogeographical and tectonics evolution of Iran. Canad. J. of Earth
Sciences 18: 210- 265.
3. Alavi, M. (1994). Tectonics of Zagros orogenic belt of Iran: New data and interpretation, Tectonophysics, 229: 211-238.
4. Mohajjel, M., Fergusson, C. L., and Sahandi, M. R. (2003). Cretaceous-Tertiary convergence and continental collision,
Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone, western Iran. J. Asian Earth science, 21: 397-412.
5. Alavi, M. (2004). Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American
Journal of Science, 304: 1-20.

796
 :
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s.karimpouli@znu.ac.ir

. 3 0 *. " 1! 2 & ' - . / *0 "- *, & '+ % * ) ( &' ! "# $ %

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>? & ' " *6 % % ! ! & *@ "! A0 B & '& = ) % . *. 7 *,
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Digital Rocks: A review on capabilities of a new technology in

computing hydrocarbon reservoir characteristics
Sadegh Karimpouli
Mining Engineering Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan.

Abstract
This paper describes some of proven capabilities of Digital Rocks technology, which are used by
petroleum industry. In this method, 3D high-resolution image of rock sample is used for computing its
physical parameters and, therefore, it is called Digital Rock Physics (DRP). This non-destructive
technology has altered the fundamental of industrial measurements for reservoir characterization. The
main steps in this method are image and compute. First, a 3D image of porous structure of rock is
obtained and physical processes are, then, numerically simulated through this digital sample. In this
paper, different applications of DRP are divided into geological studies, static and dynamic
characteristics, mechanical characteristics and reconstruction of real samples. In each division, a
summary of physical process and parameters computations are introduced. Then, some examples of
new studies are reviewed.
Keywords: Digital rock, Digital rock physics, Physical parameters of rock

&! )!
&' 7 + U , " # N & ! 5 ! 6 7! ! + " *6 & ! " 80 "! «1 *, & '+ » F :E
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1 . Digital Rocks
797
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& ! . I J' C ? &G " ' . = $ <M*- F A0 ! = $ \ 7! & ' 9 g :0 h 1
* M " ' "! C ? & G ! WE = $ \ 7! & ' 9 i* *:E E + &' 9 (!
. ` 1 D ( + k* ' ! + & ' 9 % ! g :0 h ) % ! . K! 7 " -"!-" = 60
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16' l 3 ) I ! ! #*0 7 &' 9 % 0 & ! 2 D + 17 &' 9
4
<7 " " F *D F $ $;0 SCA a @ . "p I = ! "- ' (1) C1. .(2014
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"?6[ ' 9 \ 7! 7- 6 ZE & ` " r - ! B 0*0 *1 I 2 & 'B*r
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2 "K * 7 -7 0 *, 7A I < N, = 7 0 ": . = b ?( *H !
SCA, EAGE5, : 6?E & '%6 & K! . I u KH "! " % F
. ' w 8 ( *, + < 7 "! ??6# % ! & 'q 2 - ' 6 & 9 & 'L ! AAPG , SPE7
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I ^* *@ "! . y - 0 6?E & ' " ! >? " &x*#* 10 ! *, + < 7 . "
<7 C ? &G Y " ' 5 ! 6 7! z& ! *80 ! . *. 2 % _*?E ! /:0 Cp K & !
w *( 0 < 5 &' )+ 1 7 w *( ": ; [y . * E "! *, +

2 . Digital Rock Physics (DRP)

3 . Fredrich
4 . The Society of Core Analysts
5 . European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers
6 . American Association of Petroleum Geologists
7 . Society of Petoleum Engineers
798
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! '& ) % . 8q1 " . %1 0- *1 1 = $ ` " ' 80 I
J "?H < . *. _ 6- 6? M N, ! <M*- & " * + " *6 < ?; q1 " . u`[
& !"$:@ . & !" N, *Z . + " *6 & ! " *80 9& !" N, *, + < 7
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13 1 x*#* * & '" 12" I H % 0 ( *. & ! *80 "- 05W ( ) 11 E* 8 & ' 10" *

& ! *80 -># : "?H " C . *, + < 7 - [ ?- *@ "! . K' 14& !".*( C ?;0 " 7 0
80 ) -u C ? & G = $ + <M*- F N, (5 ! 6 7! ! & !" & '%1 0- ) *,
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8 . Micro-scale x-ray computed tomography (µxCT)

9 . Segmentation
10. Noise
11. Artifacts
12. Thresholding
13. Morphological operation
14. Clustering
15 . Andrä
16 . Scanning Electron Microscopy
17 . Berea Sandstone
799
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18 . Anselmetti and Eberli

19 . Sun
20 . Grosmont
21 . Keehm
22 . Lattice-Boltzmann
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23 . Dong and Blunt

24 . Prodanovic
25 . Garboczi and Day
26 . Saenger
27 . Cross Correlation Based Simulation
801
& ! 80 & & ! " / ; & " :. H & !" 80 & y 0 0 "! & ! " & '" *6
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5&; '
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 ! "
(' *8 45 6) , -. / " 0 1" 2! 3) *% ( ! ! ! & ' :$ %
*

nkarimi@iasbs.ac.ir . ! "# !$% -1

bayetgoll@iasbs.ac.ir . () * ( " # ) * +,- ! ." -2

,;6 ! < 3 ) + )" 3 +, 4 " %! += 0 " % 9 6 ( ! 01! ,9 %: 6 8! * + % ! 01! 2 1 3 4 3 56 7* ) !

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M 7" ,3 L;7#* $ @" 6 ! $+? ! JGC K 1 % 9B 08,D * %+ C +, 4 " 3 ! + % 9 > 1 % 9I *
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%:, , I , @ K "! ) *A P9 $ . ! $ * , 0G (WRS) ",8 +, M 7" # @ != % 9 ! 04 * ,
H * , DA @ L X$ ! % 9 . W , ! + % 9 > 1 % " * T;U < 3 PO3 ! V * WRS S7" .
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. * N. 8 " - N " 8 # b,.0- + ` 8
. ( ) !$ % &'! " # $! :

The firmground Glossifungites ichnofacies and transgressive surfaces

of wave erosion: Geirud Formation in the Mobarak-Abad valley, northeat
Tehran (Alborz Basin)
Nahid Karimi, Aram Bayet-Goll
Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan,
Iran

Abstract:
in this study, relying on the facies characteristics and stratal geometries, the siliciclastic successions of the
Upper Devonian Geirud Formation in the Alborz Basin are divided into two facies associations: 1) tide-
dominated estuary and 2) storm dominated shoreface-offshore complex. The contact between the outer-
estuary deposits and the overlying open-marine strata of the Geirud Formation contains an abundant and
well-preserved Rhizocorallium assemblage, which corresponds to a widespread discontinuity with a
rmground Glossifungites ichnofacies. This erosional discontinuity that was formed just seaward of the
area of active wave ravinement (below fair-weather wave base), are interpreted as a transgressive surface
of wave erosion (WRS) due to relatively low terrigenous supply under high-energy settings. The WRS
can be traced from the point where sandy estuarine strata (below) separated from wave-influenced
shallow marine strata (above), thus indicating the drowning of estuaries and the maximum landward
position of the paleo-shoreline. The common short, oblique, vertically retrusive forms of R. jenense at this

803
surface was made by burrowers in cohesive substrate (rmground) typically derived from erosionally
exhumed sediments that have undergone high cementation, compaction, and partial dewatering. In this
respect, increasing cohesiveness due to decreasing rates of sediment accumulation on firmground surfaces
caused an infaunal to epifaunal biotic shift and the development of Glossifungites ichnofacies.
Keywords: Upper Devonian; Geirud Formation; firmground; Rhizocorallium; Glossifungites

-,* +,
((RSE) P ",8 +,0 M 7" :B* Glassifungites N " 8 # 3 , 9 0 " %! # d 2 M 7" $ ! 73
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%9 . W ! .1 # % 9B 08,D ) , + ,8 6 ! $+? ! B 08,D .(Bayet-Goll et al., 2016) X #$ fO * ,.W3
%! a-K "! % 9 !+ , 3 + ! ." M 7" 3 I; ,* 08 ,D ) @O" % 9,.03 .@" +, 4 "
* 5" 56 7* ) ! ! 73 ((Bayet-Goll et al.,2018) @" K "! g ! 03 @8 ! (starvation Sediment)
3=g! ;* i! ! +, 4 " 3 ! + % 9 > 1 % 9I * ) 3 ,* F G % ,3 6 ! $+? ! B 08 ,D -h + )
.X G." ,W Y, `

-+1/, , . ' /0# ,&

) + ]= ! ,;6 k# , % 8 ,Z4 I , $ 9 * , ! j .O* %! .1 " % 9 #W ! ) + % 9 . W "!,3

*+) ) + ` U ! .@" 3 , 9) + 6$ % 9 8 B2 C 1 , DA @ ) ! " # 9
4+ ) 3 ( ) 9 " % 9l#" " * B* V L X$ ! % 9 . W (%?$,* , %! .1 " #W !
+ 3 "! B 3 , 9 ) + 6$ 1 . ! * !+ ) ` U ! , 3,] ` +` % 9PO3
@5"+ () 0 ) + ! ! K= S7" W4 *= < 3 3 *? 9 a6 .(Wendt et al., 2005) 3 , 9 K= H+,1
- ,.0- 3 +, 4 " 3 ,;6 < 3 ) + ; ,O 3 "! + ." $ ) + 6 $ % 9 8 U ! *= 1
8,5* +, 4 " 3)0 ) + 3 "! (%?$,* ,;6 ! B$ ! . ) L X$ % ! [ C% ! !
,* #$ + @6 3 (B (! B 08 % " * % 9F9= ( 9= % 9l#" " * (% [ @ ? ! $ B* $ (Assereto, 1963)
.(1 B ) @" .8,- ! ,[ 56 7* ! * 3=g! ;* i! ! ,W Y, ` ! +, 4 " % 9 . W 56 7* ) ! . 3 *
N " 8 # 3 I; ,* 3 ! + % 9 > 1 % 9I * ) 3 ,* ! 6 ! $+? ! B 08 ,D #] % # d C + F
9 *B ! K= S7" , Z + 3 "! I * K d! d ! ! 56 7* ) #;* $ @" 9 * N. 8 " -
g! ;* " 3 = n < 3 ,* + ! m 4 * +,- m+! n ",8 n ." 3 +, 4 " 56 7* ! * b,3 ! .(2 B )
.@" ."

-4 1, $ , 5 $$ % &' ' 2 3,
! 9 + 8, " 3 ;[ 56 7* + 56 7* ) ! +, 4 " %9 . W *= @" 3 p , 2 9 * o " ,3
+ *+!?4 , DA @ % 9 > 1 % ! 01! 6 * B* 3 "! ! 01! 6 +,- * 2 (Sharafi et al., 2016)
" # %?$,* ,;6 ` U ! +, 4 " % 9 . W ! ( C" C - BC " !+ ) 3 % ! % ! 01! 6 *
*+!?4 , DA @ % 9 > 1 % 9I * ! ) % ! 01! % 9 6 +, 4 " % [ PO3 .@" ,-
( - % 9P 3 S70* + q , K! * % #3 T;U + ,8 , T* 4+ ( " * % 9 K 1 - ! 4 .@" B

804
 $C ` 58 ! 3+ M 7" + % p " % *+!?4 % 9 ." ( p " K! * % #3 # d ( .W4+ K! * % #3 # d
( 3 " + %+, ` U ! . #.09 % 9 > 1 I * F ! +, 4 " % 9 . W %+! ,3 % *+!?4 ,4 , DA
PO3 ! *+!?4 , DA @ % 1 +! ` $ % 9 . W + % 9 > 1 % 9 C .* ! % *+!?4 #W % 9 ! 01!
% 1 +! ` $ ,4 , DA @ $ 3 * % 9 ! 01! B* 1 PO3 .(2B ) * . W % 9 > 1 %?$,*
b,.0- 3 , 9 +, 4 " % 9 > 1 < 3 PO3 . "! * B[ C 3 PO3 ) ! ! % 9 # =,8 , DA + 3
%:, , 4! 1 PO3 .@" % 9 > 1 4! 1 PO3 ! s[ + ` K " (tidal sand bars) % *+!?4 % " * % 9 "
% 1 +! % 9 # =,8 ,. 3 ! % 9 # =,8 , DA ? * + 3 * \6 ] (% *+!?4 H * ) ! % 9 # =,8 4
+, 4 " ! 9 * b! ; ,3 M,U B$ ! . 3 * ! + ) ! 3 "! t #* .(Sharafi et al., 2016) 3 *
tide-dominated ! ") # $ C tidal bars 3 % *+!?4 % 9 #W + % *!?4 6 $ % 9 " * , Z ! 2 3
.@" estuarine systems

% "*%9 " # 3 , 9 3 "! % 9! .1 " + % *+!?4 % 9 ,4 9 3 4 3 +, 4 " % 9 . W Xu PO3

Rhizocorallium jenense % 9 -,D %+ C ! 01! ) S7" ) , < 3 $ * j ,5 ` K " C ! % *+!?4
< 3 PO3 . * 3 ! % 9 . W 3 I; ,* % 9 .0. " + 9B , ! Glassifungites N " 8 # 3 I; ,*
8 U ! 04 * % 9 " , DA @ L X$ % ! % 9I * ! ) % ! 01! % 9 6 +, 4 " PO3
(Sharafi et al., 2016) ! 9 + 8, 56 7* L;U ,3 $ (@" ) (FWWB) != ! 04 * % 9 + (SWB)
PO3 (2 ((2B ) , - * ! ,[ FWWB %< 3 ! $ 9 ! 01! B* BC " P - C " C PO3 (1 : # ! ;
X$ (offshore) j - BC " !+ PO3 (3 SWB + FWWB ) 3 C ! offshore transition * BC " !+ *
^ ! " # *< + HCS v 9 8 U + H * " , DA % ,.0- 9 4+ . . W SWB , ! $ %:,
" , DA @ % 9I * ! % ! 01! 6 * # ,3 @6< +, 4 " < 3 PO3 % 9 . W ! 4 *
) FWWB ` U ! T;U + SWB ` U ! % . K! * % #3 T;U %+ C % " * T;U ! U 3 ! H *
.(2B )

& $ - $: ; 2 3, // % 91' $ R. jenense 67 8

3 -,D ) % 9 > 1 4! 1 PO3 ! s[ + ` K " % *+!?4 % " * % 9 " ? ! #" " * T;U < 3 S7" !
@ 9 * = -h + ) , XW* . * < 3 + ,8 3 K * ` # d " # " X T.0* B U % 9%! GC ! 2
" 3 + @" 3? * l#" 3 + G.* * $ $ @" %! #$ % 9\6w ) 3 ! 6 9? ! % 9 # *< + %! #$ % 9\6w - ,
9 3 @;0 . ,^" ! .1 " 6 9? ! % #3 < %, -! ,[ % 6 -,D ) ! .@" , 3 ! - 3 "!
x .(3B ) @" , \6 ] @6 C ) % #3 < S7" 3 @;0 Xp [ P != ! h 3 @" ,7[ P ?8 3 (retrusive) !+
S7" v 9 %:, , % 9I * ! . * 6 9 ? ! % 9! .1 " + %! #$ % 9\6w %+! ,3 B * + y, % 9b ,1,D
! I , V ;6 ] 3 "! ,.03 I , 3 * 8U " , DA @ $ 3 % ! + % 9 > 1 % 9I * ##$ 4
I, +H * " , DA @ 9,.03 ) 4+ ) 3 .@" X$ L ! K "! ##$ aZ + l# ? ,- ! 4 % ,3
, 9 K "! - K= g,. * S7" 3 "! < 3 PO3 % " * % 9,.03 3 4 + < 3 %! a-K "! _, 3 V ;6 ] 8 U
%! .8! F;" 3 B 08,D ) , + ,8 R. jenense -,D * +, 4 " % 9 . W ! #d 7 , ) #d ! .@"
% 9I * ##$ 4 S7" ! R. jenense -,D % ,.0- 9 4+ .@" ,. 3 V .;0 L ! 3 "! ##$ aZ
@ C = %! 1L 5* %! .8! F;" ! ,.03 ( 8 U I , 3 -,D ) 9 , 9 + (3B ) 3 % ! + % 9 > 1
.(Bayet-Goll et al.,2018) #$ *

805
 ` $ B2 C % *+!?4 % 9 # =,8 4 # p PO3 . * X 0T PO3 + 3 +, 4 " % 9 % 9> 1
% 9` $ % [ PO3 " 3 [ ! PO3 ) .@" *+!?4 % 9 # =,8 ,. 3 % 1 +! ,4 +!+ + % *+!?4
. *! * (Wave Ravinment Surface: WRS) H * P ",8 +, S7" " 3 < 3 ! + * fO * % *+!?4
Catuneanu, 2006; Bayet-Goll et al., ) @" BC " %+, ` U ! H * P ",8 " 3 s7[ S7" WRS S7"
! WRS S7" " 3 PO3 ) 3 "! * + @" \6 ] H * % 9 # =,8 4 % 9 > 1 < 3 PO3 .(2018
% ! + % 9 > 1 % 9I * ) 3 ,* ! WRS S7" .(4B ) ! * < 3 ! (MFS) 3 [,] ,{$ C S7" + [
@" fO * R. jenense % 9 -,D (Glossifungites ichnofacies) N. 8 " - N " 8 # 4+ " 3 3
+ ,.03 - @O" P ?8 3 , #* (omission C,*) %! a-K "! ! j[ + @ ," P9 $ (WRS B ` U ! .(4B )
##$ aZ ! GC 4 * @ 6 58 I" $ R. jenense -,D .(Bayet-Goll et al., 2016) ,- * @O" % 9) * b,.0-
% ,3 0* ! ,.03 ) #d (Rodriguez-Tovar et al., 2006) ,- * @O" % 9,.03 ! 3 "! B1 *
@O" % 9) * x .4 F 3 tidal sand bars 3 I; ,* %:, , % " * % 9,.03 , Z . 3 * 7 * @0 + b,.0-
! Glossifungites N " 8 # ! W| + @O" % 9,.03 b,.0- + 7 * , Z # +! 3 ( R. jenense% 9 -,D + ,8 3
bottom-current 3 , 9 %! a-K "! .09= ! 03 %! a-K "! !+ F B 6 3 *x y *) . 9 *
Bayet-Goll et al., ) .8,- ,u ! s ," %+, 9 8 3 }" ! 3 "! ." P ?8 + 6 .C winnowing
@O" % 9,.03 B ` U ! ), 3 "! P ",8 + ! j$ ! 3 "! 4 B3 [ - #$ , % 9 .(2016
6 9? ! % #3 < + %! #$ % 9\~6 ( - *) passive - , + ,."= + 3 + W- % 9 ,* b,.0- I"
@O" % 9,.03 b,.0- 3 %! a-K "! !+ F ` ) .@" (R. jenense % 9 -,D . ,^" ! .1 "
. * .8,- ,u ! omissin C,* x+, #53 $ #9 * !

-< =
= 9 , 9 + B 08,D ! C %+!,3 6 U + y, % 9b ,1,D 4+ 3 , 9 R. jenense % 9 -,D K 1 - JGC
! + % 9 > 1 % 9I * ) 3 ,* ! BC " !+ - BC " C <3@ " 3 ?!%9 6 % [ PO3 3
2 1 "!,3 . ! @O" % 9,.03 %+! ,3 9 = B ,3 @6< ,W Y, ` 3=g! ;* i! ! +, 4 " 3
M 7" 3 • ; ! ! R. jenense % 9 -,D $ 9 * 9 = b! ; ,3 M,U h 3 9 6 ) " # K "! + :6#
. ! +,0 < 3 T;U # B;[ %! a-K "! !+ ` U ! + 3 (WRS) P ",8 +,

> /,
- Assereto, R. 1963. The Paleozoic formations in Central Elburz (Iran) (preliminary note). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e
Stratigrafia, 69 (4): 503–543.

- Bayet-Goll, A., Neto de Carvalho, C., Monaco, P., Sharafi, M., 2016. Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of
biogenic structures from chalky limestones of the Turonian-Campanian Abderaz Formation, Kopet-Dagh, Iran, in Khosla, A.
and Lucas, S.G., eds., Cretaceous Period: Biotic Diversity and Biogeography. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and
Science Bulletin 71, 19-43.

- Bayet-Goll, A., De Carvalho, C. N., Daraei, M., Monaco, P., Sharafi, M., 2018. Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic
significance of the trace fossil Rhizocorallium in the Upper Triassic Nayband Formation, Tabas Block, Central Iran,
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 491, 196-217.

806
- Catuneanu, O., 2006. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy, Elsevier, 375 p.
- Rodríguez-Tovar, F.J., Martınez-Ruiz, F., and Bernasconi, S.M., 2006. Use of high-resolution ichnological and stable isotope
data for assessing completeness of a K–P boundary section, Agost, Spain, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,
v. 237, p. 137–146.

- Sharafi, M., Longhitano, S.G., Mosaddegh, H., Mahboubi, A., and MoussaviHarami, R., 2016. Sedimentology of a transgressive
mixed-energy (wave/tide-dominated) estuary, Upper Devonian, Geirud Formation (Alborz Basin, northern Iran): IAS Special
publications, Wiley Blackwell, v. 48, p. 255-286.

- Wendt, J., B. Kaufmann, Z. Belka, N. Farsan, and A.K. Bavandpur. 2005. Devonian/Lower carboniferous stratigraphy, facies pat-
terns and palaeogeography of Iran. Part P. North and central Iran. Acta Geologica Polonica 55(1): 31–97.

.b .(1383 ( ; [= o ;.[ ) ( ! .") 56 7* ! * b,3 @ 5[ * 3 %?$,* ,;6 %! .1 " #W ! 56 7* ! * T7#* " # ) * T .a :1 B

Y, ` 3=g! ;* i! ! 56 7* ! * b,3 % ! 9 * , .c .(Wendt et al., 2005 o ;.[ ) , ! ) + % # d l#" % 9 C + % ! X9
. ,W

807
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.%! #$ % 9\6w %+! ,3 y, % 9b ,1,D

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 !
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keshavarzm@yahoo.com !" !# $ % *
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znpnuzamin@yahoo.com " ! / # !# , , - $ .-
taghipourparastoo@gmail.com 2 ! / # !# , 01 %
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34
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<B* / ' 0 . < 9 1 ') * 9D ) * +, -./ <B* / $ ' ) * *C % ,
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. 6 & 72 7 % 8 !9 : 1 :, & , 6 <

Evaluation of surface sedimentary effects on infiltration of

injection ponds of Khorasanloo River artificial injection project
Keshavarz B. Mohammad, Assistant Prof. PNU-Zanjan, keshavarzm@yahoo.com,
Borjali, Meisam, MSc. Engineering Geology, irgeotur@gmail.com,
Ahmadi Amir Hossein, MSc. Hydrogeology, PNU-Abhar, znpnuzamin@yahoo.com
Taghipour Parastoo, MSc. Hydrogeology, Uremia University, taghipourparastoo@gmail.com
Abstract
Evaluation of the effects of surface sediments on the success of the Khorasanlou River flood spreading
project in Zanjan province is the main objective of this paper. The Khorasanlou River is located 70 km
east of Zanjan city and originates from the northern highlands of Abhar. Due to the flood behavior of
the river, the flood spreading project has been implemented on the banks of the river for two decades.
Despite the relatively good implementation of the required structures, its success rate was not expected
based on local surveys. In this paper, the factors affecting the status of the project are evaluated using
obtained data and field studies. Presence of unconsolidated deposits, low slope of the banks, high
permeability of bed sediments and relatively low sediments of the river are the most important factors
to choice of this project. However, the lack of proper protection and dredging of injection basins and
the low capacity of concrete channels for the transfer of water to injection ponds are the main reasons
for reducing the success of this project. It seems that by modifying the water transfer channels to the
ponds, the efficiency of the project will increase significantly due to the proper natural conditions of
the area.
Keywords: Artificial injection, Zanjan province, Khorasanloo river, Efficiency.

810
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.141 125 0 ;[ 1 (1 25 < "9 $R ) * +C -'
BizhZh, Burge L and lomanzh, 1980. The groundwater artificial recharging. (Translation by Haidarpour. J. Amirkabir
University Press, Tehran.
Chenini I and Ben Mammou A, 2010. Groundwater recharge study in arid region:An approach using GIS techniques and
numerical modeling’, Computers &Geosciences. Elsevier, 36(6):801–817.
De Martonne, E, 1926. Aréisme et indice artidite. Comptes Rendus de L’Acad Sci, Paris, 182:1395–1398.
Faisal KZ, Nazzal Y, Ahmed I, Naeem M, et al, 2015. Identification of potential artificial groundwater recharge zones in
Northwestern Saudi Arabia using GIS and Boolean logic. African Earth Sciences 111:156- 169.
Grey D and Garrick D, 2012. Water security as a defining of 21st century challenge. Water Security, Risk and Society
Cinference.
Kumar Tiwari A, Lavy M, Amanzio G and et al, 2017. Identification of artificial groundwater recharging zone using a GIS-
based fuzzy logic approach: a case study in a coal mine area of the Damodar Valley, India. Applied Water Science,
Mohan G and Ravi Shankar MN, 2005. A GIS based hydrogeomorphic approach for identification of site specific artificial-
recharge techniques in the Deccan Volcanic Province. J. Earth Sys. Science 114(5): 505-514.
Murugiah M. and venkatraman P, 2013. Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in artificial recharge of the ground water aquifer in
Ottapidaram taluk, Tuticorin district, South India. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 3(3):4015-415.
Nilsson A, 1988. Groundwater Dams for Small-scale Water Supply”. Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. London.
pp.91.

815
 # #$ !"
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mahnazkeshmiri@mail.um.ac.ir ! "# $ -1
mhmgharaie@um.ac.ir ! "# $ -2
moussavi@um.ac.ir ! "# $ ' -3
mahboubi@um.ac.ir ! "# $ ' -4

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.67 + 8 4 % + ,%- . / 0 1 2( : *$( ) '

Provenance determination of the Kalat Formation siliciclastic

sediments by using major elements geochemistry
Mahnaz Keshmiri1, Mohammad Hossein Mahmoudi Gharaie*2, Reza Moussavi Harami3,
Asadollah Mahboubi4
1. M.Sc., student in Sedimentology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Iran. mahnazkeshmiri@mail.um.ac.ir
2.Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,
mhmgharaie@um.ac.ir
3.Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,
moussavi@um.ac.ir
4. Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,
mahboubi@um.ac.ir
Abstract
Kalat Formation inthe Kopet-Dagh basin in NE Iranconsists of sandy-limestone,sandstone and shale.
The Sandstones of this formation are mostly Sublitharenitecontaining rock fragment, quartz, and
somefeldspars. The cement typeof the sandstones are carbonate, and hematite. Based on K2O/Na2O
versus SiO2/Al2O3 diagram, the sandstones plotted on the passive continental margin with felsic-
plutonic detritus. Based on geochemical analysis, the climate condition during the deposition of these
sandstones was probably sub humid to sub arid in the source area.
Key words: Major oxides, Sediment Provenance, Tectonic Setting, Kalat Formation.
4 9
' E, , .(Bhatia, 1983) 4 ' ) , @ ; FS - +; " # P ; 'E ? J/
, 8: - 5 @ ;. J ), < $; W @ ; 9 , 8:
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Al2O3/SiO2 8?IH < I/ "Z Z # - 5 RS 8+[Y .(Dickinson and Suzek, 1979) 5 J; 9

816
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. / `E +,
4/: ; <)
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. - B Y' # "Z Z # F D 9 ,

+JD N MmN + k = ' :1 <$

817
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'H = , ; - 9 +, (XRF)`$- +J ` " _ +, # Z # J; F "Z 8 H ?a
.? /F D 9 4 = ;
=
+JD N 8+ 5 [ # - ;= ` " .? +R 1 4 a )* 8: + "Z Z # F D 9
`" J, .? o; ( Z 77,235 m ,) Z 78,97 ; 74,44 , SiO2 m . 5 +,
L o' ( Z 10,33 ) Z 11,42 ; 8,88 , =9 m + ? E, -' , ! D9 H
) Na2O ( Z 2,15 ) K2O ( Z 3,0 ) Fe2O3: ; I# @ ; ', "Z Z # - .?
0,13 ) P2O5 ( Z 0,39 ) CaO ( Z 0,51 ) TiO2 ( Z 1,56 ) MgO ( Z 1,95
.( Z 0,03 ) MnO ( Z

)* 8: + "Z 8 H F D 9 q- ' : 1 4 a

Sample
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO Na2O MgO K2O TiO2 MnO P2O5 LOI CIA
Nr.
% % % % % % % % % % %
NC 14 78.97 8.88 3.62 0.24 1.86 1.01 2.19 0.50 0.03 0.12 1.70 67.42
NC 15 78.23 10.34 2.91 0.22 1.82 1.34 2.17 0.43 0.02 0.12 1.60 71.05
NC 16 77.65 10.46 3.68 0.23 1.92 1.27 2.26 0.52 0.03 0.13 1.72 70.33
NC 21A 77.07 11.42 2.56 0.27 2.19 1.62 2.27 0.59 0.02 0.08 1.80 70.76
NC 21B 74.44 10.72 2.70 1.32 2.09 1.74 2.37 0.50 0.03 0.12 3.50 64.97
NC 24A 77.10 10.97 2.51 0.26 2.15 1.50 2.24 0.57 0.02 0.11 1.18 70.25
NC 24B 78.65 9.74 2.14 0.20 1.95 1.54 1.95 0.43 0.02 0.09 2.30 70.40
NC 25 75.77 10.12 3.91 0.37 1.60 2.50 1.74 0.58 0.03 0.23 2.50 73.21

.? = 2<$ -; 5 + a SiO2 Al2O3 , ] r I; 7- )* 8: +

)? +' O F; s ; 5# 8 : + - `" + ? - , Al2O3 SiO2 , ] r I;
- +, ?IH F; ;t , +, 5 - F T (Rahman and Suzuki, 2007; Hu et al., 2015
.(2 <$ ) 7' * H" 8

818
 SiO2 , , Al2O3 c 5 :2 <$

v 5 1988 4 = 8u . 5 XY =9 C = ; 8: + R 5 RSF D 9 <Z 3 q- ' Q ,

/ (3<$ )?- 9? DB K e )* 8: + Q - ,. 5 J "Z Z # Q , 8: +
. '

.(1988)= 8u ,G Hm; Q , )* 8: + v :3 <$

:$ >, ?
% + ,%- . / -
TiO2 + Fe2O3 + MgO - ;+ 5 = ; +JD N +mN 8: + $ '$; ? J/ = XY ,
M 3K e + 8+ 5 5 - I , .(Kroonenberg, 1994) ]' SiO2/20 K2O + Na2O
= - - ?m, N 5- / oa 8+ m , q- ' - .(4<$ D tY,) /4J A L /
.(Golonka, 2004)? $ '$; ! 9 P e 7- 8 = , <[' = ; ?"c +, 0 +1 M2 3

M 3 'E K e .(Kroonenberg, 1994) SiO2/20 K2O + Na2O TiO2 + Fe2O3 + MgO - ;+ 5 :4 <$
.(D)4 JL A L / M 3 (C) / - Fa (B) L / 5 - Fa (A)4 JL L /

5 (7- , @ ; P 3 ; @ ; ,) ) , O 7 $]; , :0 B + 18 A -
8+ 5 8 5 <$ + + 58 .(Floyd and Leveridge, 1987) ]' Rb , , K2O
. <$ ;P 3 ; @ ; , -5 8: +JD N +

819
 .(Floyd and Leveridge, 1987)+JD N 8: + W J; , Rb , , K2O ! - :5<$

0 B + C *
- 5 `- . +I e (1982): - ? ,F 8 `- 4 ]' , , 8: 8 m
: -9 ? , - +N, (CIA) 8
CIA: [Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO+Na20+K2O)]*100
8: + `- - N, .? o' Z 74 ; 65 CIA K e +JD N 8+ 5
) 8 , 8 m - .? O : g , s 'IH ; P ' - 5 8 , + ? Z 69/8)*
Al2O3 + , , SiO2 ! - G . E G8 G 'c ) 1 " 8+ * -S*c G m , I 'c
; 7 E+5 - 8 B9 P- K 8 = )* 8: + , (Suttner and Dutta, 1986) K2O + Na2O
Ma 30 ; 20 - oa x # 0 +1 , M2 3 = - .(6<$ )? 9 v , = B T +5
G 3 8: + - = +' T B T +5 - 8 B9 P- L 3+5 M 3 - + +' / D5
.? ,

820
 .(Suttner and Dutta, 1986)Al2O3 + K2O + Na2O , , SiO2 - ; 5 :6<$

C4D ,+
TiO2+ - ;+ 5 G . , ?- 9? DB C )* 8: + + 8 = t8 yc - 8
.? 8: + , 4 JL A L / M 3 $ '$; - a K XY SiO2/20 K2O + Na2O Fe2O3 + MgO
g , +, P ' (CIA) - 5 8 M[Y . 'H8 P 3; @ ; , -5 O 8: + -
-O M3 B T +5 ; 7 E +5 - 8 B9 P- , - s 'IH ; P ' - 5 8 3
.? 8: +
E
+e]Z 275 = ; = - = ) ' 0 +1 -1373 . B 3
- B9 {N ) o; M|Y- ; H $ + k -1384 .z [ .! ] . 3 . , Ie
.2-17 G']8 c c c 5 ! "# M "[ 45 ( -g , ' - 'H- ))* $89 8:
Amireh, B., S., 1991. Mineral composition of the Cambrian-Cretaceous Nubian series of Jordon: provenance, tectonic
setting and climatologocal implication. Sedimentary Geology, 71 July, pp. 99-119.
Bhatia, M.R., 1983. Plate tectonics and geochemical composition of sandstone, The Journal of Geology, 91, 611-627.
Dabard, M.P., 1990. Lower Briverian Formations (Upper Proterozoic) of the Armorican Massif (France):
Geodynamic evolution of source areas revealed by sandstone petrography and geochemistry. Sedimentary
Geology 69, 45-58.
Dickinson, W.R., 1988. Provenance and Sediment Dispersal in Relation to Paleotectonics and Paleogeography of
Sedimentary Basins. In: Kleinspehn, K.L., Poala, C. (Eds.), New Prespectives in Basin Analysis. SpringerVerlag, New York,
2-25
Floyd, P., A., Leveridge, B., E., 1987. Tectonic environment of the Devonian Granscathobasin, soth Corn Wall: framework
mode and geochemical evidence from turbidite sandstone. Journal of Geological Society of London, 144, September, pp.
531-542.
Golonka. J., 2004. Plate tectonic evolution of the Sothern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Tectonophysics,
39, June, pp. 251- 252.

821
Herron, M.M.,1988. Geochemical classification of terrigenous sands and shales from core or log data. Journal Sedimentology
Petroleum, 58: 820-829.
Hu, J., Li, Q., Huang, J., Ge, D., 2015. Geochemical characteristics and depositional environment of the Middle
Permian mudstones from central Qiangtang Basin, northern Tibet, Geological Journal, DOI: 10.1002/gj.2653.
Kroonenberg, S.,B., 1994. Effects of provenance, sorting and weathering on the geochemistery of fluvial sands from
different tectonic and climatic environment. Proceedings of the 29th International Geological Congress part A, pp. 69-81.
Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., 1982. Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element
chemistry of lutites, Nature, 299, 715-717.
Rahman, M.J.J., Suzuki, S., 2007. Geochemistry of sandstones from the Miocene Surma Group, Bengal Basin,
Bangladesh: Implications for Provenance, tectonic setting and weathering. Geochemical Journal, 41, 415-428.
Suttner, L.J., DuttP.K., 1986,Alluvial sandstone composition and Paleoclimate, I. Framework mineralogy, Gournal of
sedimentary Petrology, 56,329-345.

822
 (& '(' ) $ * $) ! "# $
2 *1

٠٩١٣٢٩٣٢٦٨٥ ،E-mail: klntrzdh@yahoo.co.in ! " #$ -1

. % &'(# ) _2

&> ? @ 'A ! 45 . .6 &78 9 :; < 9 :; ( =" 3 ' 135 0 & , -./ +

5# > ' %#7 > B#'G% ' C" B#' C" B#' 67 C #5 :E# &< > % + " F @ C 7
> ' %#7 > B#'G% J B#' > + I# A B#'GCA 7 ?7 > > ' %#7 > B#'GCA GA H > ' %#7 > B#'GCA
" + G( +# 5 K > . B# # G@ + " ( > ' %#7 > B#'GCA I #7 > > ' %#7 > B#'G% 6 #A (
Q A &45 . # -./ + ># P L B # &> O 9" &< > % N =7 B #< 7 LM ! 45 .
. 7 + + " &' Q R E# ># F C 7 S T. UG ! V< &> &J#< > W " . %
. ! " ! #! !$ % & ' () * !+, ): .,

Microfacies analysis, sedimentary environment and sequence

stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation in Alamdar
stratigraphic section (North-East of Behbahan)
Zahra Kalantarzadeh1,Somaieh Poursheikhali2
1. Faculty member of Islamic Azad University, Zarand Branch, E-mail:klntrzdh@yahoo.co.in
2. Master student of Islamic Azad University, Zarand Branch.

Abstract
The Asmari Formation in Alamdar stratigraphic section includes 135m of very thick to thick bedded
limestone. Petrographic studies led to recognition of carbonate microfacies: dolomicrite,lime
mudstone, silty lime mudstone, bioclastic wackestone with miliolid, bioclastic packstone with
meandropsina, bioclastic wackestone with bigenerina, peloidal packstone, coral boundstone, bioclastic
wackestone with echinoderm, bioclastic wackestone with bryozoan and bioclastic wackestone with
diverse fossils. Based on observed facies pattern and field studies, we can propose a homoclinal
carbonate ramp as sedimentary environment of the Asmari Formation in the Alamdar section. Also
with respect to relative sea level changes, two type one sedimentary sequences in the Asmari
Formation in studied section were identified.
Kay words: Microfacies, Sedimentary environment, Sequence stratigraphy, Asmari Formation.

823
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826
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827
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829
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Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 12: 4: 6_ 19.
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831
− Ghabeishavi, A., Vaziri-Moghaddam, H., Taheri, A. and Taati, F. (2010) Microfacies and depositional environment
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832
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Investigating the factors affecting the medical geochemistry in

tropical regions in relation to environmental processes and their
impact on the incidence of diseases
Mitra Kiani asl
M.Sc of stratigraphy and paleontology
University of Kharazmi

Abstract

More than two billion people live in tropical lands. Most of them live in direct contact with the
geological environment and they take food and water directly from it. The geochemistry of this
tropical environment has a significant impact on their health and causes diseases that affect millions.
The origin of these diseases is due to dental and skeletal fluorosis, iodine deficiency disorders, and the
absence of balance of trace elements. Medical Geology a combination study involves the effects of
soil, plant, air, water, animals and humans on each other. For example, water pollution can be
expressed by the conditions and characteristics of the land itself, such as volcanoes, erosion and
dissolution processes, which are likely to affect the health of humans and animals, which can be called
"environmental pollution" or pollution caused by human activity, such as agricultural, etc., all
affecting the quality of the soil and then transmitted to plants through plants and animals.

Keywords: Soil pollution, Sickness, Medical geochemistry, Earth geochemistry.

833
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- Agget PJ, Mills CF, Morrison A, Callan M, Plant J, Simpson PR, Stevenson A, Dingwall-Fordyce I, Halliday CF 1988 A
study of environmental geochemistry and health in northeast Scotland. In: Thornton I (ed) Proc 2nd Int Symp on
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837
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Palaeoecology study of Asmari Formation in one of the wells of

Marun oilfield
Mohammad Goodarzi 1
Hassan Amiri Bakhtiar 2, Mohamad Reza Noraii Nejad 3
1: Departmen of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2, 3: National Iranian oil Company, Ahwaz office.
Mohammadgoodarzi45@yahoo.com
In order to determine the paloecological conditions of Asmari Formation in Marun oilfield study, 150
thin sections have been investigated. The Asmari Formation Thickness in the well is 429 meters and
consists mainly of limestone, dolomite, sandstone and limestone shale. In this well, both the lower and
upper boundaries of Asmari Formation with Pabdeh and Gachsaran formations are continuous. After
studying thin sections, the paleoecological conditions governing Asmari Formation were determined in
Oligomiocene time range. As the amount of salinity increased from the base of Asmari Formation to the
upper part and in terms of food changes in the range of Oligotroph to Eutroph, the changes in light
between the Aphotic zone were determined within the limits of two Pabdeh-Asmari Formations to
Euphotic zone in the upper part of the Asmari Formation.
Keywords: Zagros sedimentary basin, Marun oilfield, Asmari Formation, Oligomycesen, Paleocology

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Adams, T.D., & Bourgeois, F., 1967. Asmari biostratigraphy. Iranian Oil Operating Companies, Geological and Exploration
Division, Unpublished Report 1074: 1–37.
Alavi, M., 2004. Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American Journal
of Science, 304: 1–20.

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Allahkarampour Dill, M., Seyrafian, A., & Vaziri-Moghaddam, H., 2012. Palaeoecology of the Oligocene-Miocene Asmari
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carbonate depositional facies. Palaios, 1: 44-64.
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845
 " #$ " !
-3 *
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-1
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* ) ( $ #% &' #% " # , -3
mohammadgoodarzi45@yahoo.com

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Microfacies analysis, sedimentary environments and sedimentary

model of Asmari formation in one of Marun Oil field wells.
1- Mohammad Goodarzi, *
2- Hassan Amiri Bakhtiar
3- Mohamad Reza Noraii Nejad
1, Departmen of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2, 3: National Iranian oil Company, Ahwaz office.
mohammadgoodarzi45@yahoo.com
Marun oilfield is one of the most important oil deposits in the Zagros Basin, which is located in Dezful
embayment zone. The Asmari Formation in this well is 429 meters thick and consists mainly of
limestone, dolomite, dolomitic limestone and sandstone. In this study, 150 thin sections were used to
identify the alochems, identify Microfacies and sedimentary environments. Based on previous studies,
the age of this formation was determined in the wells of Rupeline-Chatine. After identification of
Alocheme and Microfacies, there are 8 Microfacies to Outer ramp environments, the Mid ramp (distal
and proximal), the shoale and the Ineer ramp (semi-restricted lagoon, restrected Lagoon, tidal flat)
Was identified. Based on the available evidence of the sedimentary model of Asmari Formation in this
well, a low-slope carbonate ramp has been determined from the hemoclinal ramp type.
Keywords: Zagros sedimentary basin, Marun oilfield, Asmari Formation, Microfacies, sedimentary
environment, Hemoclenial ramp.

846
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- AB8 C . @ AB8 C DAB8 C E . 314 # ?3 5 0 8 1 0 ` 5 .(1924
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1 7 57 I7 - 7 "I 7 e R . d = ( ` 5 7 7 J= 1c b (5 / /1 2 I
7 \ 2007 Db U B D1967 D f 5 ( 8 D1956 ( 0) D1948 D, = D1933 D( @)# . 2M
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Ehrenberg et al,(2007)., Laursen et al., (2009)., van Buchem et al(2010)., Vaziri-Moghaddam et al(2006, 2010,
2011)., Zabihi Zoeram et al, (2013, 2015)., Shabafrouz et al, 2015(a). Shabafrouz et al, 2015(b). Sadeghi et al,
2017., Taheri et al, 2017., Allahkarampour Dill, 2018.
: . 56 7 89
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(1962)e ` 5 BC 5 QU' . J@ P & : P5 N1 OPQ 150 J= & QT= 7 e M 5
(1989) @ I / .R 5 D(1975)/ R" , 5 B R$ ( E "T= ( = .# 2 V g (1971) / " U
; .R ) Z D ) $Z D BS T 5 &"J. R$ ( 8 J= & QT= 7 .# e (2010)E2 "
. 2 ( () I [T D [T 0 / 2\ D c ) Z D; D(; 0 R I
:=
6 >)
:@ $A? ( 1' . % # /? – # "% - A
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/ .RFI C # 5 .# E F = \ .RF= @ F . @ D F. B R$ ( 7 > () .#
- ( : AU") b (5 1c B% U R$ ( 7 1 5 B 2H 1 . 5 . F V [5 /8 0$
. 5
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6 ;6
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)
EF G" # #% % (# B !.)# /? - # "% - B
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6J= )(6 : AU") N J= \ .RF= D I . Db (5 % R$ ( 7 > () . B E F = 0B
6. F V 6[5 /8 6 1 (1971 D/ " U )/ .R= " - / .RFI = / .R C # 5 . B E F = (- " $
. 5
N1 5 ( H. .B @ I )b (5 B . @ ( r@ % r@ ) "F r@ q4 : R%=
. (Flugel, 2010)#6 S . = - f ; 5 S . F 1 A * $ 2 s%4
6 / 1 61 R$ ( 7 t 5 B / 7 I EF 5 B . @ B7 "F r@ ) 7 a0B
Hottinger, 1980, 1983; Hoheneger, 1996; Hollock, 1999; Nebelsick et al., 2005; ) 5 Z distal #0R:
c6 1 &6 0> BG?5 B . @ 7 a0B DuPR b (5 B r@ .(Bassi et al., 2007; Brandano et al., 2009
D7 06 6R$ ; 6J 6R$ ( 7 . (pomar et al,2014)،(Hotinger, 1997) A= @ QP
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F 9 @H!6 % # /? B # "% - C
6 @= D 1 6 5 6R$ (6 7 > () . B E F = (e " . @)( : AU") W F 7 "g ()
6= / .6R C 6 #6 5 #6 F R$ ( 7 1. B EF = . 8 H. .B D @ 5 /jI D =
. 5 / .RFI

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t62 * 6 1 / 6 D/ 2\ S T v$ BE R ) e > 7 a0B @ = 5 8 @ ( : AU") q4 .
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.6 I 65 6B % (6 : A6U") 6R$ ( 7 F 8 1 . 5 &0> - S wJ 5 5 )
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5 06 .6 W 6 F 65 ; 6J 6R$ ( 76 . 5 Z ; 0 R I #0R: = 1 5 ST 1
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. 5

6: &60> -6 6 58 S 6T A B @ " @ = D- ?3 H.R % 8 B 1 c"> () : R%=

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B .6R5 .6RB EF > 7 I V [5 N1 > H.R % 8 .(Geel, 2000) #R 1
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5. 5 \5 f 5S B / 5 - " $ E2 g 5 . r / 0 /8 1 F 5 )=
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16 6R$ (6 7 7 a0B : e %=jI 4 >n > : 1 =\ 5 ; (Shoal "4 )&0>
y 65 RMF 26 – 27 Flugel(2010) 5 ; J ; 0.4 5 R$ ( 7 . : Z Z BS T 7 5
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: 3 "G

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. 5 # r #0 5 # F /8 1 / .R 2 = / .RFI V [5 C

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76 6 ) / 6= 6 D8 6 @ (6 : A6U") 6 1 65 6 B/ 7 @ B B % N q4 5 0B
# 2 M (1 5 / 2\) 5 18 58 5 y U= [T 0 / 2\ A = f I B#0R: R$ (
S T .(Wilson, 1975) n $ S T 7 1 = 5 E2 1 ?5 # .R = \ 5 = S . f 5 B / )
@ 6I / .R 5 2 0 5 0 D Flugel (2010) D20, 16 RMF 5 ; J Z 5y 5 R$ ( 7 E F =
- 6 (Open marine platform facies or Shallow undothem 1 65 e %=jI R$ )/ R" 7 0 R$ 5 0
6R$ ( 76 5 1 5 / 2\ S T 7 @ B B % N J= 5 1 j I B % 1] =7 5 5. 5
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: L # M
: ! % # /? B # "% - H

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6 6. F 6 1 6R$ ( 7 .(Geel,2000) #R 1 ) 1V5 -'j= - B*8
=\ 65 f 5 BS T D I B I 5 #UR " = . 8 .(Adabi et al, 2008) 5 n S . = - f
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5 PT S . =- f 5 [T / 2\ A E F = B @ " 1 j I B%

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1 (Vaziri-Moghaddam et al., 2006) 6R$ (6 76 5 6 . 6 5 6 Wilson, 1975 8 R$ 5 0 ، (2010)
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# + :% - I

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RMF 22 Flugel ; 6J R$ ( 7 . 5 FB8 B R$ / . @ ^U Mg2+ n $ 1 k B 5
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./ . @ :I . @ " 4 / .RFI = / .R

: + &
O 1 = B R$ ( v ? = D 5 ; . t2 5 ST S 5/ 5 I 5 " .
E U= D/ /1 O 1 = B R$ ( , 5 7 . 5 t% / 5 t% B%
l ( I D l F8 D l = ) e > (|@ ( B .$ e > D % ) e > D F 5 B R$ =
-j ^ 5 = 5 Z A 5 '5 0 8 1 5 = 5 c" } $ V 2 28 B
Z Z D 5 Z DG?5 5 = 5 Z A . #B U 1 , ~ "$ 5 .
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B% 4 (/ .R= " )/ .RFI – / .R )B R$ ( D Z B, C R$ ( D 5Z ST
B% ( : AU") 4 / .RFI – / .R ) C R$ ( Z ; .R G?5 5 y 5 b (5 1c
7@ B B% 4 .R" 5 / .R 2)D R$ ( . 5 Z ; 0 R I G?5 5 y 5 (7 @ B
; )E B R$ ( 5 Z Z 751 5 ; S T 5 y 5 (EF >
= / .R )G R$ ( D(1 j I B % 4 .R" 5 / .R 2 = / .RFI)F R$ ( D(/ . 5
E R$ ( . 5 Z 5 y 5 (; .R E?"?= 5 / . @ )I R$ ( ( @ " 4 / .RFI
[T / 2\ 5 y 5 G R$ ( D [T 0 / 2\ 5 y 5 F R$ ( Z 1 c 5y 5
.(4 3 EF ) 5 () I 5 y 5 I R$ (
: 3O

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OPQ 150 J@ P 1 WI . 5 . I = V [5 / Ra2 5I B 1 5 1 7 \5 7 1 1
Z (; 0 R I G?5 ; .R G?5) Z D 4 $ Z BS T 5 &"J. R$ ( 8 J= N1
e >) ) B , 5 . 2 ( () I [T / 2\ D [T 0 / 2\ D c )
0 8 1 ( F 5 B R$ ( = E U= l F8 l= ) e > D (|@ ( B .$ )
.# . ; " 0B Z ] 1 ^ - = 5 Z A

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.42 – 20 } D1396 / .R5 = 5 D13 0 D -.%B ; D/ #% 7 1 B HI
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.124 – 107 :(1)7 D1393 / .R5 = 5D 5 B R$ B HI 0"> D, 2 1 3 4 1 / . @ / . 11 $
.536 D/ 7 1 * . 7 = € ' V . 1 D, 2 1 . 1372D. D J P
1 6 6R F B R$ ( 5D #R 1 D1396 D.e DE Ie • D.] D Uk D.] D : D.] D R
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.44 -22 } D12 0
R F 5 S T D .R 1 D1394 D] D 04 D .] D B ' D.]D/ g D. .} D I * > D.€ De Q 1
* 6k ; 06 D %6 ) 6 @ C6 = (/ . @ * k * ) D; 1 2 . ; 0 ) % ^@ / 4 0 0 8 1
.119 – 87 } D1394 / .R 1 ( I D10 0 - I ; D/ #% 7 1 B HI 0"> D(# B
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(Dill anticline), southwest Iran: facies analysis, depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy: Carbonates and
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Hohenegger, J., Yordanova, E., Tatzreiter, Y., 1999, Habitats of larger foraminifera on the upper reef slope of Sesko Island,
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miocene Asmari formation in the Izeh zone (Zagros Basin, SW Iran). Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex. 69 (1), 59–85.
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Tahmasbi, A.R., Vedrenne, V., Vincent, B., 2010.
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Wynd, J.G., 1965. Biofacies of the Iranian oil Consortium Agreement Area (I.O.O.C), Unpublished Report no. p. 1082, 88.

854
 *

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vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir

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2: 3 < " T ; # J TBJ 0 6 # # 61 O & 43 23 Q" =8R 150 27 8 " OJ . 6
Laursen,et) < 9:5 ! N 6 < " W 6 5< " 6 E 9*3 .) # > (V W < " E .1 " < " X J)
:" K WH 27 8 .1 " 5 < " . A (Van Buchem et al, 2010)< 9:5 V( 6 < ( al, 2009

1- Globigerina spp - Turborotalia cerroazulensis- Hantkenina Assemblage Zone

2- Lepidocyclina- Operculina- Ditrupa Assemblage Zone
3- Archaias asmaricus- Archaias hensoni – Miogypsinoides compalanatus Assemblage Zone
4-Miogypsina- Elphidium sp.14 – peneroplis farsensis Assemblage Zone
5-Indeterminate Zone
6- Borelis melo curdica- Borelis melo melo Assemblage Zone??
! 23 [! 7 6 -! 3 G! -J 27 8 : ; " ! .1 " 5< " -1 H: W 6
.)

. )1 " G? " # . G< .* < G! 7G : ; " G0 # " C ] : 5 \ -

Biostratigraphic of Asmari Formation in one of the Marun oil

field wells
Mohammad Goodarzi 1, Mohamad Vahidinia 2 *
Hassan Amiri Bakhtiar 3, Mohamad Reza Noraii Nejad 4
1, 2: Departmen of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3, 4: National Iranian oil Company, Ahwaz office.
vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir

855
Abstract: The aim of this study w as to determine the age and biostratigraphy of Asmari Formation in
one of the wells of the Marun oil field located in the Dezful embayment zone. The Asmari Formation
Thickness in the studied well is 429 m and is composed mainly of limestone, dolomite, dolomitic
limestone and sandstone. In this well, the lower boundary of Asmari Formation with Pabdeh Formation
and its upper boundary with Gachsaran Formation are continuous. After studying 150 thin sections, 43
genera and 61 species were identified and based on their distribution 6 Assemblage zone (5 biologic
zones and 1 indeterminate zone) have been identified.
Separation of biozones was carried out based on the zonation of Laursen et al. (2009) and (Van Buchem
et al, 2010) .
Biological zones in the studied wells are:
1- Globigerina spp - Turborotalia cerroazulensis - Hantkenina Assemblage Zone
2- Lepidocyclina-Operculina-Ditrupa Assemblage Zone
3- Archaias asmaricus- Archaea hensoni - Miogypsinoides compalanatus Assemblage Zone.
4- Elphidium sp.14 – Peneroplis farsensis Assemblage Zone
5-Indeterminat Zone
6- Borelis melo curdica- Borelis melo melo Assemblage Zone??
Based on the fossil Assemblage and identified biological zones of the Asmari Formation in the well
studied, Rupelian – chattiane – Burdigaliane ? have been determined.

Keywords: Zagros Basin, Asmari Formation, Oligo-miocen, Marun Oil field, Dezful embyment,
Biostratigraphy.
:
F ^ ( 6 2 & .1 # K 27 8 I 7 ! :5 6 ) 0 # " <'B F ! 3< & : ; 95; "
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James and) , (Thomas,1984)) d( < 5 " !. 6 6 I " c'& 5 N< "
< . " ( % f% & " 5 eH 9 G eH (I 5b 6 : ; " .(Wynd, 1965
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.
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856
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et al(2010), Rahmani et al (2009,2012), Vaziri-Moghaddam et al(2010,2011) ,Seyrafian et al(2011),
```1 .(1394) < 9 :5 A " h 6a G (1390)< 9 :5 & ; ,Sadeghi et al(2010)،Allahkarampour Dill
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! ! 23 ) & . *. lW3 KN R Adams T.D., Bourgeois,(1967) ، Boudagher – Fadel,(2008)
van Buchem et < 9:5 V( 6 < Laursenet et al (2009) < 9:5 !`` N 6 < " b " G .``1 " 6< "
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1 -

Globigerina spp - Turborotalia cerroazulensis- Hantkenina Assemblage zone

Globigerina I 1 < " 6! . > . 3630/5 - 3 3706/5 p :H ! 6 . ) BC . 76 < " !
i6 2: 3 < " ! . # K ``o < " 6 ! Turborotalia cerroazulensis s R 6 |7 f < spp
Globigerina sp ;" dB Globigerina spp < T J 6 6 6J " . 6
.(2009 G< 9:5 ! N) 6 (! -J )! J ! 7 < " 6 ! ! G Hantkenina sp 6 )W1 . 6
:" 3 WH < " ! :5 5I 1
Globigerina sp., Hantkenina sp., Turborotalia sp., Turborotalia boweri., Turborotalia psudoampliapertura.,
Turborotalia griffinea., Catapsydrax dissimilis., Orbulinoides sp., Lenticulina sp., Globigerina ciperoensis
fariasi., Globanomalina sp., Globanomalina ehrenbergi., Globonomalina imitata., Eoglobigerina eobulloides.,
Eouvigerina khuzestanika., Uvigerina sp., Striate uvigerinid., Textularia sp., Ditrupa sp., Triloculina trigonula.,
Triloculina tricarinata., Haplophragmium sp.
(Adams and Bourgeois, 1967 ) \ 6 ' ; (Globigerina spp Assemblage zone) < " 6 " V5 2: 3 < " !
- !`` 7 (Wynd, 1965) 0 `` 6 <" 6 ! !`` . `` 6 (Wynd, 1965) Globigerina spp 55 < "
. 6 ! "! ! 7 - N 6 ! c ،(Adams and Bourgeois, 1967) \ 6 ' ; 0 6. 6 !
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. 6 (! -J )! J

858
 2 -

Lepidocyclina- Operculina- Ditrupa Assemblage Zone

W 6 < " 6 ! } ``` . > . 3501 3 3630/5 p :H ! 6 6 . 129/5 2: 3 < " ! ) B```C
Miogypsinoides 5O & ~ ! 7 6 <; . Operculina complanata – Lepidocyclina sp O & e ] ! 7
– Chattian 6 i 6 G< " 6 ! `` g h7 6 . `` dB`` Spiroclypeous blankenhorni compalanatus
Adams and ) \ 6 ' ; 3 2: 3 (Wynd, 1965) 56 < " 6 +6 8 2: 3 < " ! . ```` 6 Rupellian
Eulepidina- .``1 " < " (Eulepidina - Nephrolepidina - Nummulites Assemblage Zone) , (Bourgeois, 1967
. 6 SB22 (Cahuzac and Poignat1997) K c J Q " c Nephrolepidina-Nummulites vascus,
. 6 " 5I 1 H : 6 <" 6 !
Lepidocyclina sp., Operculina sp., Operculina complanata., Ditrupa sp., Eulepidina sp., Nephrolepidina
tournoueri., Nephrolepidina marginata., Amphistegina sp., Bigenerina sp., Valvulina sp., Eouvigerina
khuzestanika., Spiroloculina sp., Spiroloculina depressa., Pyrgo sp., Triloculina trigonula., Globigerina sp.,
polymorphidina sp., Rotalia viennoti., Asterigerina sp., Globanomalina sp., Textularia sp., Heterostegina sp.
2 3-
Archaias asmaricus- Archaias hensoni – Miogypsinoides compalanatus Assemblage zone
e] ! 7 W 6< " 6! } . > . 3421 3 3501 p :H ! 6 . ) BC . 80 < " 6 !
Elphidium e ] ! 7 6 < " ! . Spiroclypeous blankenhorni Miogypsinoides compalanatus 5 #
5I 1 H : . 6 ! 3 ! < "! g h7 6 . dB sp.14 – peneroplis farsensis
: 6 " 5I 1 I < " ! &
Miogypsinoides complanatus., Spiroclypeous blankenhorni, Archaias cf asmaricus., Archaias hensoni., Archaias
kirkukensis., Heterostegina sp., Heterostegina costata., Heterostegina praecursor., Lepidocyclina sp.,
Amphistegina sp., Pyrgo sp., Amphistegina lesonii., Eulepidina sp., Meandropsina iranica., Meandropsina
anahensis., Quinqueloculina sp., Rotalia viennoti., Spirolina sp., Miliola sp., Textularia sp., Schlumbergerina sp.,
Peneroplis evolutus., Dendritina rangi., Sphaerogypsina globula., Trilioculina trigonual., Alveolina sp.,
planorbulina sp., Reussella sp., Austrotrillina howchini., spirolina cylandrica., Valvulina sp., Spiroloculina
depressa.

2B (Archaias < " " ( Archaias operculiniformis zone) ,(Wynd, 1965) 58 < " 6 " V5 2: 3 < " !
Miogypsinoides- SB23 .``1 " < " ،(Adams and Bourgeois) \ 6 ' ; asmaricus Archaias hensoni sub zone)
2: 3 < " (Cahuzac and poignat, 1977) K c J Q " c (Eulepidina)

!````` N Archaias asmaricus- Archaias hensoni – Miogypsinoides compalanatus Assemblage zone

. 6 (Laursen et al, 2009)< 9:5

2 4, -

Miogypsina- Elphidium sp.14 – Peneroplis farsensis Assemblage zone

6i 6 < " 6! g h7 " . > . 3338 3 3421 p :H ! 6 . ) BC . 83 2: 3< "!

! . Elphidium sp.14 – Peneroplis farsensis 5O & ` e] W 6 < " 6 ! } ` . ` 6 ! . ;
! & 5I 1 H : . dB ) 4 2 V W < " 6 -1 H: < V 6< " 6
: 6 " 5I 1 I <"

859
Elphidium sp14., Elphidium sp., Peneroplis farsensis., Dendritina rangi., Reussella sp., Discorbis sp.,
Miogypsinoides sp., Asterigerina rotula., Quinqueloculina sp., Archaias operculiniformis., Archaias kirkukensis.,
Valvulina sp., Spirolina sp., Pyrgo sp., Austrotrillina howchini., Amonia sp., Borelis sp., Bigenerina sp.,
Haplophragmium sp.

< " " V5 2: 3 < " !

Wynd(1395) ،(Austrotrillina howchini - Assemblage zone, Peneroplis farsensis) 59
< " (1997) , K c J Q " c (Austrotrillina howchini- Miogypsina- M.dehaartii Biozone) SB24 .1 " < "
Laursen et al < 9:5 !``` N Miogypsina - Elphidium sp.14 –Peneroplis farsensis Assemblage zone 2: 3
O > 3 " (1389)< 9:5 ) t G .``1 " < " ! 6 `` . `` 6 (Van Buchem, 2010 2010) V( 6 < (2009)
. b '# 7 O > 3 " (1394)< 9:5 :h ' (
56+7 -

(Indeterminate zone ) 548 -

H : T5 < " ! L B . > . 3260/5 3 3338 p :H ! 6 6 . 77/5 ) BC < "!
h 16 < " 6 ! & 5I 1 . 6 ! . ; 6 i 6 < " 6 ! g h7 6 6 -1
.) 4 2 V W < " 6 6 I6 > f 5 7 - " _ J . J 6 < <" " I9 . 3 :H 6
:" 3 WH < " ! :5 5I 1 . > : ; " > ):1> ! < "!
Dendritina rangi., Pyrgo sp., Spirolina sp., Quinqueloculina sp., Discorbis sp., Triloculina trigonula., Elphidium
sp., Lithophyllum sp., Miliola sp.
59: -

Borelis melo curdica - Borelis melo melo ? Assemblage zone

3 6 Borelis sp O & ~ W 6 < " 6 ! } . 6 : ; " . ):1 > 6 i 6 < " 6 !
> . 3260 3 3267/56 p :H ! 6 . ) BC . 7/56 < " 6! . : ; " .
•# x 3 K 6 '\ J ! 6 I ? " # . : ; " 5 7 3 ;" .
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. 27 8 5I 1 9 : 2 I9
A - Quinqueloculina sp. B – Ditrupa sp. C – Heterostegina sp. D – Amphistegina sp. E – Miogypsinoides
complanatus. F- Pyrgo sp. G – Nephrolepidina tournoueri. H - Peneroplis farsensis. I- Elphidume sp 14.
J- Hantkenina sp. K- Turborotalita boweri. L- Catapsydrax dissimilis. M- Austrotrilina sp. N-
Spiroclypeous blankenhorni. O- Archaias hensoni. P- Operculina complanata . Q- Archaias asmariensis.

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! 7€ K 6 1 9 6 5 l h G 1 ( ' G1390 G. G ] G. . G 6 Wh G.b G & ;
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. 93 6 G? : G 58 J J : GV9 ? G % 5T5 uJ
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.< ! " !: T :5 ! :5 "
5 " `` 5 ``1( ' )``1 " G1396 G G< ; G.< G " G}.A G h7 ``o G.• GA R " G.0 G # J A_f
:-H G0 # " 6 C ] G? " # . ?: 3 6 5 . (! 7 6 ! c " •# ) : ; < " W
.42 – 20 ^ G1396 < .16 3 6 G13 : G V.*5 ? G< )* ! " 5 uJ
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. 2 K . ! " < " G! " A -H :5 # ! :9 G( .(
7 5O > 3 " 5b 6 :` ; " ` `1 R )`1 " G1394 G.4 G G.• G .B6 G.A G :h
198 3 191 h*o G 98 : G25 ? G! " A -H -L G< G0 # " C ] G< . 7 ] "k < 6 <" J 6<
.536 G< ! " % . ! 3 • , K . " G0 # " . 1372G. G 2 8
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.)* ) T5 uJ
O >3 6 & ? :`` ; " ` • 6` lh .``1 " G1389 G. } G ` H G.A G ] G.} G) t
.(119-128) 1 : GV -& G< 3 A -H - G(< W 6 p ? : )' (
" 1 9 5 1( ' 6G )1 " G1396 G.A GI J A … G.} G Wf G.} G > G.} G 1
GV ? G< )* ! " 5 uJ :-H G0 # " C ] G 2-> .* < wN -9 ' A E: 6 : ;
.^ 44 -22 G12 :
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864
 "# !
' ( ! ) * +, $ % &
*
! " #$ %

1 ! " #$

! " #$

! " #$ % !" #
$ %&
.2 '%3 $ 4 '56 7 8 9: ; <. =+- # . '/ . - )'% ()#*+ ,
; E, F 3 $# %+ G 56 7 % . .2 H " / - ' DB C # 14 ' . % 361 '56 7 6 / 2 >?
M) M=I K M N -) . # G 56 7 . . ' $ 5/ K ' - #L =I J # '/ . =I K 16 5/
/ 6 / ) =I K N / Q/ # % + '. 'P / . . '% . - # - ' - )'% + $O - # KP ' +
* = V /#K /JU F + /#K G 56 7 '. 'P / . .2 H " / T S '/ . R J -# . . .
9% C' 2F. 7 (mfs) YL -# + Z C [7 - ) . / F # (SB) = " - ) . . #
. . '56 7 - )'% + /#K T / . YL [7 G Q/
-+.' + , * : )$' !

Sedimentary environment, sequence stratigraphy and association

isotopes and elemental geochemistry analysis with sequence
stratigraphy stratal surfaces; Bahram Formation, central Iran
Sanaz Moharrami*, MSc of Geology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan
Mohammad Ali Salehi, Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of
Isfahan
Hamid Reza Pakzad, Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan
Ali Bahrami Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan
Hossein Vaziri-Moghadam Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan
Abstract
The present study is focused on the carbonate deposits of Middle-Upper Devonian Bahram Formation
in the Anarak section, northeast Isfahan. The succession with a thickness of 361m composed of
fourteen lithostratigraphic units. The petrographic study of the carbonate rock thin section led to
recognition of 16 microfacies and one fine-grained clastic lithofacies, which can be grouped into four
depositional environments such as tidal flat, lagoon, shoal and open marine. Based on the continuous
and gradual facies change within the succession, the Bahram Formation has been deposited on a
homoclinal carbonate ramp platform. According to isotopic results, δ13C and δ18O values show more
negative trend during the regressive phase (SB: Sequence Boundary), and positive trend during the
transgression (mfs: maximum flooding surfaces), that indicate relative sea level change controlled C &
O isotope values within studied deposits.
Keywords: Bahram Formation, Central Iran, Sedimentary environment, Geochemistry

*A.Moharrami.geo89@gmail.com
865
 /
# . `a 5/ ' :P _ %> H\ = = / # U5/ . : \] '%3 $ N G 56 7 ^ .
M. 'M= F .M M + V M/#K .(Adabi et al., 2010; Veizer and Prokoph, 2015) . M : - ' D
Holmden et al., ) 2M TM 'M 6# - M YL [7M '56 7 - . # : D Q/ K ] , *=
M . M < M. M . M : M \] # . M ` Ma G M56 7 Mb 'M. .(2006; Da Silva and Boulvain, 2008
N G Md%> M. 8 9: - % 180 # ; 4 Y P- % 35 ' 3 =a6 U!
.2M B 1 H" '56 7 'F7 '. % .(A 1H" ) $ Y >% 33̊ 10̍ 90̋ , E 53̊ 52̍ 55̋
- M 3 QP M . # - f . M ` M M/eM 4 2I M . : \] # . ` a . ()#*+
.2 '%3 $ N =+ # # -K '? C '

'. % -) -B (Berberian and Berberian, 1981 / Q/ .) '56 7 < . 2 54 # - %I - ) # -A :1 H"

.'56 7 'F7

/0 1 2!
361 2 >M? # - M $ Y ] ` / '56 7 <. . 6 / 2 >? a G :! ' C # ,
2 M= M i> /2 P. 2 .- % 2 /1H 3 3 $# %+ G 56 7 - . ' : 250 5/ 6 / - %
%M M. 'M/ . - M)B - f .(Dickson, 1965) $ -K LB K 4 K 6L ` / ; E, F 2 6#
^ M M. M) =I K # 23 $ G (Embry and Klovan, 1971) # - U # (Danham, 1962) - . 'FU,
; M E, MF M3 $# %+ e 4 G 56 7 j+ . $ 3 5 # J " / (Wilson, 1975; Flugel, 2010) H$ 3 # = #
jlM # ( MU6 # M 2 M ) - M $ ICP-MS <# '. ! 3 # ! %. % " '/ . ' : 27 5/
%M `M / 18 * M= # 13 . M - M)V M/#K KM . M $ Y M>% . # * = + + /#K K 6 L 2 P
.2 - $ :6L O : \] L (ThermoFisher Delta V plus MS) P % # %"l
3
+ , ! )$ #4
JM DS) # =3 - %a # 23 . ^ . =I K 16 5/ 3 $# %+ # a G 56 7 ^ . ()#*+
- M . M: (MF ) =I K ' (1396 ":) # a )2 5/ K ' - #L =I
- M # KP ' + ) =I -# . N -) . # G 56 7 ^ .. ' `a # 3 QP `
M . M MF3 # MF2 MF1 - M) M=I K H M 9 %M= 3 J . 3 # 2 6 / # % ' K - )2 6# P# 2 ! '.
Da Silva ) M M 2U= $O ` a '. + =3 - %a . % -# C MF4 =I K .(Flugel, 2010)
- %= # 23 . 9 \ + # % 2= . H MF5 =I K .(and Boulvain, 2006; Brady and Bowie, 2017
%=) $O ` a '. e 5% %="+ / %= # 23 . T6 4 ) \ + :) '. ) % nC 2 ! '. ' 2 %="+
866
# M$O ` a 'd> ' ) l L nC 2 ! '. MF6 =I K .(Tucker, 2001; Da Silva and Boulvain, 2006)
2M ! '. MF7 P - ) \ .(Da silva and Boulvain, 2006) 2 2U= $O ` a '. %=) -] S
M. - M # M$O 'MF7 . - # KP 9 '. / =I K 9 ! 26 C ) # %= $ 23 .
%M=) o M -O M. -] M M ) M 'M 2M= % # \ + - )' . MF8 =I K .(Flugel, 2010) 2U=
- M %= $ / %="+ pU L 2= . 23 . . MF9 =I K # (Tucker and Wright, 1990; Hashmie et al., 2016)
- M) M=I K .(Da silva and Boulvain, 2006) M . - M # KP 9 M M) M=I K '% . /
- M # %M=) %= $ . ) + .# ) \ # - \ / - )' -# C ' (MF11 # MF10) 9 ` a
.(Flugel, 2010; Brady and Bowie, 2017) M . M M % + M I (M>. o M -] M + ` a 2= '/ )
M . 3 , o 2a/ # -] 2= '/ % # + . =3 - %a . MF12 =I K
# ) + . '56 7 . 2U= R -] + ` a '. L / # (Da silva and Boulvain, 2006)
M3 , o M qrM/ 2Ma/ R J '56 7 `a ) ' ) % # 23 . T6 4 )
M :) 'M 2M 6 % / # \# M . M M+ . =3 - %a . MF15 # MF14 MF13 - ) =I K .2 .
Mq M! 4 M # R '. / ) %="+ - %= # 23 . T6 4 # %=) . - '. e 5%
2M= . H M ' MF16 =I K .(Bowie, 2014; Hashmie et al., 2016) 2U= (FWWB) - ! 26 C o
(distal middle ramp) M RM 2:M=4 / # 9 :%C '. =I K .2 % /' K %= $
2M .(Val et al., 2017) 2M M H" / 4 3 ,o qr/ 2a/ ' (FWWB) - ! o q [7
- M%a 'M. 'P / . # . H. 4 %C '. O # 8 / 26 C '. 'P / . MF17 K ' - #L =I
M Q/ # %M + 'M. 'MP / M. .2 '% .- ` a e :! e, - ) =I . ) :) # =3
- M 'M D 2= B G 56 7 H C s % %=$ Y D D - ) =I nC ! ) =I N /
M . DS) .(2 H" ) '% T S R t % + -# . - )'% . ` a # %#
(1395 - M ) 2 3 'P j " 7 '. N '56 7 <. . = " - ' D-)
.(3 H" )

.(; < .) . =3 - KP # ) =I K $ + # R t '/ . -" . 9 -2 H"

867
 -+.'
. M ` Ma M 5/ 'M 6# M M TM / 5/ '/ . - )B -# . : \] - ) . %
- M)` Ma K ] M M # M 5/ # (palaeotemprature) 'M `a - :>/ _ %> C - )G . J " /
M) L M DS) # )V /#K '. v . - ) .(Veizer and Prokoph, 2015 u1390 . L) . " %]
M? C M ! M% " - M)'M : '. 2U= wL # - )2 " N -) . eU, .2 '\ 2 9# P
M ")L - )' : . V /#K K .(Veizer et al., 1986) ) -/ 18 * = V /#K F
- M $ M -5/07 ‰PDB / -7/25 ‰PDB . 18 * = V /#K F # 1/71 ‰PDB / -3/5 ‰PDB . '56 7
.(1 9# P) 2
.; <. . '56 7 - )' : K # )L ! # * = # . - )V /#K K -1 9# P

# % /5 & >+1 )*; < =7 ! : 5 ! *9 # " )6+7! - 8 /5 &

YL [7M M P G M Q/ `M / V /#K F 9% 13 . V /#K # P - % \ [7 e. 7/
. M V /#K F ) K # '/ . - ) 6 / : \] - ) . .(Mitchell et al., 1996) .
# $ %3 + Z C - ) 2 ! :) '. .(Da Silva and Boulvain, 2008) Q/ YL [7 G Q/ . 13
Mitchell et al., 1996; Da Silva and ) 2F. 7 13 . V /#K F G Q/ . YL [7 -# + Z C
- M4 - )_ y dI '. ) YL [7 ( K3 ! '. 13 . V /#K -O . V /#K F .(Boulvain, 2008
. M - M)j "M M. 6 / % / 13 . V /#K G Q/ . . .(Mitchell et al., 1996) .
# (Sequence Boundary: SB) M= " - ) . )V /#K /JU F ' G '. . e U7/
2M M ) I 2MF. 7 (maximum flooding surfaces: mfs) M YL -# M + Z C [7 - ) . / F
M# MC M= " - M 'M D - ) . . # * = V /#K - ) e. 7/ .(Da Silva and Boulvain, 2008)
M z 7M K 6 L # - .' : ' 2 ( # s + # : - )j " F - . .( + H. 4 # '.
M. M= " M z7 I . i > / " '%3 $ N G 56 7 eU, DS) .(3 H" ) 2 N ="
z 7 # (SB) = " - ) 5/ - . '%" :) .(Jarvis et al., 2001) P# K # )L !E /^
K # )L -O . F . . I 8 U7 . 4 w Z C z 7 ' G '. .2 % (mfs) . 4 w Z C
- M) . M . M z 7M M % - f$Y { . +# C` P# ' )
- 'MbCp HM. 4 () M M= ` M M S C # YL o# I '? C e:! S H 6 '. K (SB) = "
.(1 9# P) (Jarvis et al., 2001) . 4 w z 7 Z C '. 2U= K DS) # )L F

868
-) % ); <. . . j" . L '= F # 13 . V /#K # 18 * = V /#K G Q/ # -3 H"
.(1395 - ^ U%4 c # b a

: ? /@ A
G M56 7 'M. 'MP / M. .2M M H "M / - ' DB C # 14 % 361 2 >? . '56 7 <. .
KM ' - #L =I J # =3 - %a # 23 . ^ . '/ . =I K 16 5/ ; E, F 3 $# %+ # a
- M)'%M + M$O - # KP ' + G . ) =I K N -) . # G 56 7 . . ' 2 5/
M/ M M Y D MD - M) M=I ) ! # ) =I N / Q/ '. 'P / . . '% . - # -'
- M)j M 3# " F3 H 6 '. . #p! . . '/ . R < . . . ` a ' 23 $ 'N %

869
 M. M)V M/#K /JU F .2 9 :) t '/ . R (2= % #< . 2 . /) KQ6 # K
. 2F. 7 (mfs) YL -# + Z C [7 - ) . / F # (SB) = " - )
:B 5
.'a 503 # V D LG % . : \] .1390 .z. . . L
%# M - 3 ^ . (; 8 Y P) =a6 U! . <. O. # - )'% - ' D2= .1395 .Y -
.'a 244 . ' +
8 Y P . ' . `a = /# =I K H a/ .1396 .t . # . .z K + .t. a6 .^ a
.8-1 G a . ! dd>/ :6 . # : # -K ;
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 !/ # !
(.- 0 -.- */ 0 1 ) * + , - 40000 (& %)
+ - +, ! "# $ %& ' ( $ ) * :*
emohammadi02@gmail.com :/ % 01
bayetgoll@iasbs.ac.ir :+ - + 2%3 + 2%3 - ' ( ! "# $ % & 4 ,3 ' ( 5 %& :

1; 6 - & 4- ? < 4 ,3 ) *- ; & & A , (!@ 0? + - 4- < => 6 - & 4- :; ( - 3) 7- 3 6 - &

+ II#, J K 4- ; .0? F G#; & , +> - DA "E , C & 7 , ? < 4 ,3 B; , & 0? & 5#,
=> D , I, 4- & .5% & & ' 2% 6 - & 4- ? < 4 ,3 ; 5 <3 O, 3 , 1960 J ? 3 A C
O, .0? 5< T !C O; S, 5 <3 O, 7, ; <S J ? 40000 & 7- 3 6 - & Q ( ) P< )
VE- 41 % ) P< ;& 5 (!@ - 3 6 - & C J ? 40000 ; ? ) )U1 , 4
& ; 0C & + 5; / C & ? C ) => U & ; VE- & .0? & % W) => + ? % ? % IO , - ) =>
Z- < Z? 0( ? ; VE- & / C ) => .& ; 1 > > ? -& 3 Y ? IO , X VE- & ) P<
& % A \, IO , 1; U7F J ? 5500 10000 4 ; & ) U$ A 5< J 7%& U7F J ? 6000 & 5K / C 71% , ,
P- : 4? ) J @ & _- 5 ; ^ ; .0 - D ^ ;- 1 % ? /- ; ) + 1) ) P< 4 4? ) J @ & .5%
0 , $ ) dK < & % ? % c VE- J @ & 6 - & => bO? .5< U-57 IO , ` a ) ,A ; 0 -
.0? & 7% Q ( C 0F V ) 6 - & 0? +> 3 K C J ? 25000 J @ & % 5( 1, Z- < $% ; ;> )
..' - ()$ # ) - + -+ & '$'* #%&' #%&'() $ # " ! :

A review of vegetation, climate and depth variations of Lake

Zeribar/Zarivar (West of Marivan) during the last 40 kyr (late
Pleistocene- Holocene)
Ebrahim Mohammadi*: Department of Ecology, Institute of science, High technology and environmental
science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran, E-mail address:
emohammadi02@gmail.com;
Aram Bayet goll: Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS),
P.O. Box 45195-1159, Zanjan, Iran E-mail address: bayetgoll@iasbs.ac.ir

Abstract
Lake Zeribar/Zarivar is the largest freshwater lake of Iran. However, existing knowledge of its
geological features is quite limited, and only its geographical characteristics are discussed in the
internal valid geological literatures up to now; but, foreign researchers performed invaluable studies on
the geology of lake since 1960. In this review article vegetation, climate and depth variations of Lake
Zeribar during the last 40 kyr are briefly discussed on the basis of the above-mentioned invaluable
studies. The study of Pollen and plant macrofossils in sediment cores from Lake Zarivar provided key
data on the late-Quaternary vegetation, climatic history of the region and about oscillations of the
water table during the last 40,000 years. Pleniglacial due to coldness and aridity represents a period of
treeless vegetation. The glacial-period vegetation of the region was a Chenopodiaceae-Artemisia
steppe. The cold, dry climate of the glacial was succeeded abruptly by conditions that were warmer but
still relatively dry until about 6 ka BP and forest migrated into the region between 10,000 and 5,500
B.E. During the early Holocene, the upland vegetation changed to a pistachio-oak savanna. Oak
increased gradually throughout the early Holocene and become the dominance vegetation of the
region. The water level of the Lake had fluctuations in its history but the continuous presence of
aquatic macrophytes indicates favorable light conditions during the last 25,000 years, which suggests
that the lake was never very deep.
Key words: Lake Zeribar; Pleistocene; Holocene; Chenopodiaceae-Artemisia, pistachio-oak.

871
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-W1 % ) ? f5 4 V ) f @ )4 ,3 ) ) ) & 4 <& ; & U & ; 6- & ; ?
- ) => D ; + , \%> / ; 5 , T IO , VE- 3 5 <3 1; & ? 3 6 - & )
- 6 - & g:A P- 5 g , h% 3 4- < => ; 0? 6 - & ( 7- 3) - 3 .& ; ... 6 - & U, ) P<
35◦35´ 35◦31´ U 5K & + - , ; D <-= a , 3 & 6 - & 4- .(1379 % - ) 5< ; , % )
0? F + - , 0<& Z? & , 1300 & 5K k l & F < J @ 46◦09´ 46◦06´ <j(
5? 4 h% & + 5;) & ( 0 K & 6 - & Q ( 4- ; j ( J @ .(1 U < m1348 - DA + ,3 ?)
U#, & , 4 k l , 1770 J @ ; C -& o 5K ; .5< ; , , 7,5 2,5 6,5 & 5K ` ;( C
6 - & Q ( 4- ; B; , , 24 ; +> 0K 1, 5,> p ; , 2,5 2 & 5K 6 - & bO? 6 - & => A C
– q5 ? + 3 ; a J < \ % & ? ; & , IO , .(1387 5 #, m1379 % - ) 5; - , P- : , 10 ; : %
r 3 5% 3 +> 4- -&:% & & F r 3 ( l < , & & ( F5 l? -+ - ,) + A ?
=> 6 - & 4- :; - 3 - & A ; .(1 U < m1379 % - m1994 & 3 5 < ) & ? U %) 0? , 4 & 5K
? < 4 ,3 7 , B; , 3 /- s ) & F C & + ? < 4 ,3 \A ;& ,+ 0? + - 4- <
3 " E, ZI 5,> + , ; ? 6 - & 4- 3 5 % < % 7 O, +> ? < 4 ,3 ) *- & , & C &
5< ' 2% 6 - & 4- ; A C + II#, Z? 5 <3 O, J K 4- ; .0? & ; +> - DA "E ,
t- U7F , O, ' 2% h , ; .&& , ; 1960 J ? ; - 3 6 - & ; C < 4 ,3 O, 4 .0?
h, ; % 5 6 1970 1963 1960 )J ? J @ & < $ % & ? < u < 1? , Z? + -
0< & ; +> ) :D, & % lK , 40 Q ( \%> 4- Q ( 5-& lK - 3 6 - & ; ? 3 &; % %
) 7 A 3 C ; 0? 5< ' 2% ) % % 4- ; A C + II#, Z? 5 <3 O, 5 ; ; 1960 3 .5<
) => D , ? ; (1 I, 4- f5) S .0? 5 ? v 6 ; 7 , p I, ` F & 6 - & C < 4 ,3
60 @) Z7 , 5< , w> & & A , ) & & 7, ; <S J ? :) 40 & 7- 3 6 - & Q ( ) P<
.5< ; , + 5 F!( ; 7- 3 6 - & ? < 4 ,3 ; Z7 , O, , (2 m( <S J ?

4 ,3 I% A :1 1
-+ % + - ? <
4 ,3 + 3 0 ) 5 )&
& -3 6- & C <
BF + A ? q5 ? + 3
5 K) 0? 5<
B m (2003 + )
; ? ?& ) I%
1, + - , 6-&
6 - & => A C
C m(1384 ? < )
6 - & 5 )& + % I%
5% ; & u! ; -3
) % % U#, +>
xE , : % 5< 0< & ;
? ) 0? 5<
.(2005

872
 34 5 6
- 3 6 - & 3 70B 70A 63C 63B 63J I-14 I-13 I-12 ; ? ) :D, 1970 1963 1960 )J ? J @ &
.0? 5< !C 1 J 5A & ; ? ) :D, "E , .5< 0< ; + - ,
1967 ? 1967 & $, m1967 01-3 + m1963 0- 01-3 + ) 7- 3 6 - & 3 5< 0< & ; ; ? ) :D, "E , :1 7 8
.(1 U < m2001 + ) 5- ? m2001 + ) :% ? m1986 % 1 m1977 ; 01-3 + m2005
% (C :; 7'B :; > ? <= 7& 9
( ( )> ? ( () ( () <= :;
17 6 17 11 6- & ; a <KJ @ & < (sedge) ) 4$A 1960 I-12
12 10 12 2 6- & ; a <KJ @ & < ) 4$A 1960 I-13
10 6- &= A \ , 1960 I-14
10 6 10 4 6- &: , -&:% & => , 4 Q ( 3 5< \, & ; Q- F /- 3 1963 63B
18 15 18 3 6 - & F < UK ? & - ; $A P< 1963 63C
25,4 21,4 25,4 4 $A P< 3 lK Z? I-13 :D, ; /-&:% C -A & 6- &= a 1963 63J
40,4 24,3 40,4 16,1 6- & ; a0 ? 1970 70A
16 12 16 4 6- &: , & <' l! 1970 70B

4- p ; U & ; 5< \ 6 - & : , -&:% & => , 4 Q ( 3 5< \, & ; Q- F /- 3 63-B :D,
70A 63J ) :D, 4- U- @ .& ; -SY% , 6 - & bO? , 10 Q ( y l% ZI ?& "; :D, +& %
; A C + II#, Z? 5 <3 O, .(1 J 5A) 0? 5< ' 2% )+> r ? ; -5F ) -p ? l 5 1)
1967 01-3 + m1963 0- 01-3 + ) )4 : ? ; 3 5 7( \%> 4- \, 0? 5< ' 2% ) % % 4-
C < : ? ) ) ? &! m(1963 U- + 1 V )) ; ? < m(1977 z - m1977 ; 01-3 +
4? 1 ) => m(1986 % 1 ) ^ ; )U$ A VE- m(1967 & $,) (+ 7 ,| 4 %> - + % ?{
)' -& m(2004 r %p ? 2005 1967 ? ) ) )U 1 , m(1987 % 1 ) 4 1
+ ) ? ) ? < 6 - & - -& m(2001 + ) + ? ) 5- ) v :- m(2001 + ) 5- ?)
) => D 0? 5< ? , I, 4- & .(2008 : - )) Chara tomentosa % ) Y? (2006
\%> _- % ) & & Q l ; S, 5 <3 O, 7, ; <S J ? :) 40 & 6 - & 4- Q ( ) P<
.&& T !C O;

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.(2001 + ) 5- ?) 5 1) % A ) ? / % & , 3 a 71% - ) -p ; ) )> U ) :D, ` a
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& .(2005 ? m1987 % 1 m2001 + ) + ? ) 5% & 4? J ? 42000 & 5K ( , 40 Q () A70
) &; % % @ -3 ~K & ;? 0, E~ 5, % 0?5; ; ? } ( , 40 Q ( ;) A70 :D,
/- & 0 ;> Q ( 5< ' 2% ) %3 % (1379) % - c : ; ; (1967 & $,) 5% , xE , % S,
3 )4 ,3 & % ; ? 0, E~ /-: T O, r ? ; 5)& , + % , 165 ,
.0? , 240 6 - & -3 & , 200 150 & 5K 6 - & < K

> ? I G1'$ ' H+ D ;-

; \%> ^ 7 \; 4 E & % T +> < K 6 - & #, ) P< D 3 "l, - " ) % % ? ;
5< \ 4 ' -& .(2005 ? ) 0C ? -S + , - ) => D )+ 1) ) P< ?
/- $% ; (U7F J ? 14000-22500) A-1 + 3 .5)& , + % W\, ( K %) + 3 \6 (1967) 01-3 + Z?

873
 ) • - 3 IO , & + C & (U7F J ? 10000 -14000) A-2 + 3 + ,3 & .5< ; , 0C & + 5; ) P< ; &
6000 3 ) C + 3 .0< & dK (oak-pistachio) 1 -^ ; % ? /- (U7F J ? 6000-10000) B + 3 + ,3 & 5%5<
.(1967 ? ) 0? 5< xE , ^ ; p ; )5 & Z? (U7F J ?
; - € ? $% ; & ; & 1 > 7 a VE- & 4- C> 4- ;J @ & - 3 6- & k A
+ ) + ? m1977 z - ) 0? / C & ? ) => ; ^ ; , % ; ; % ) P< 0? & + ;
+ ) 5- ?) 0? VE- 3 5 ; & J @ & C $% ; ) P< D 3 5< ^ 7 ? D .(2001
"; & ; Chenopodiaceae-Artemisia 3 Y ? IO , X VE- & ) P< 0? 5< & \ .(2001
5< 4-:$- A 0? ^ ; ( % (Quercus) • U$ A Z? U7F J ? 5500 & 5K 4? ) k < 3 2- 5
Atriplex-) > ? -& + ) .(1987 % 1 ) 0? & ; / C VE- & 0? 5< 2 % r ? 4- ; .0?
3 .5%& ; ` a U7F J ? 16000 & 5K U7F J ? 40000 3 P ; 3 (Artemisia herba-alba- type) 1 > (tipe
> ? -& O; .(2 U <) 5% , F ; -p ; % ; > ? -& , 0 - P) 1 > 5 ; ; U7F J ? 16000
P) 0; @ , $ ) & & U- > ? -& ; & & 3 % 1 > ; 071% 0; @ ; dK!, U; F O;
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0? & ; & ? 0C & + 5; U7F J ? 23000 12000 4 ; - 3 K % 0l + , ` 4-5; .5% g ,
.(1967 & $,)

:D, )4 ' -& :2 1

(J ?!$ ) VE- & 3 63J
k % D 4 4? )
+ % + ,3 S & )4 W\,
; 01-3 + 3 ) 5)& ,
1987 % 1 Z? 1977
& O% ) .(0? 5< !C
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(Poaceae or Gramineae)
( %) Quercus +X C & )4
.0? 5< xE , 1 (^ ;
& 5K Quercus U$ A ?
.5 % U, U7F J ? 5500

& ; U7F 3 Q ( W C 6 - & „p K + ,3 +> & 0? 5< 0 - B A-2 ) + 3 & > ? -& % 4- ;
-> ? -& k A 4-:$- A (Poaceae or Gramineae) + ,5 /+ 6 4? ) k < & .(1967 ? ) 0?
P< 4 4? ) J @ & .5%5< ) • ^ ; 1 + ,3 + ) & 5< ; , J5 , Z- < $% ; 5%5< 1 >
bO? 0 - D (pistachio-oak) ^ ;- 1 % ? /- ; C ,& 4 - & 7\; 2 % & )+ 1) )
0; @ P- : $% ; U7F J ? :) 7 & 5K & ^ ; 4 & 2- 5 P- : /- .& 0 E7 P- : 2 % & 6 - &
w , 0; @ ' > P- : $% ; 0 - P- : 4? ) J @ & _- 5 ; ^ ; .0? 3 , 5I, ; ; , -& I, w ,
+ ? ) 5< ; , 4 4? ) & / C Z- < 4- ; ; 6 - & 4 - … O? $% ; : % ) )U 1 , .5< ; ,
U # -:2 .(1986 % 1 ) & c 1 ; k < U7F J ? 10600 & - 3 IO , & U$ A .(2001 + )
- ^ ; % U$ A & & + % (1963) 01-3 + ' - Z? 6 - & f @ ; ? & & A , ) )&

874
(Chenopod- Artemisia) 1 >-& k % 3 Y ? 4 % A P J ? :)11 3 U7F 5% < 6- &4 @ )
& ? Z- < 3 4? ) ; 4? 1 \% 3 + - =a ) => 5% .0? / C & ? Q@ , xC < 5<
, A ; ^ ; A 3 $ A + C & +> †@ & † 0? 5< U-57 = @ , 71% ' Z- < ; / C
& 5K (^ ; ( %) Quercus U$ A ? - 3 6 - & & .(1380 ) < \,) 0? 5< U-57 IO , ` a )
& 5% ; 6 & ; / C C - 3 & 0C & 5< ; ) => VE- & J @ & .5 % U, U7F J ? 5500
.& 7% U7F J ? 5500 & A , U$ A (0- I ) 5\$% ; 0; @ & P- : ; k < VE- & C
$% ; 0< & & A 1 W\, , W 5 & ; )• 4 & 2- 5 P- : /- B + 3 & .(1986 % 1 )
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.(2001 + ) + ? ) 5< J 7%& U7F J ? :) 6 & 5K / C 71% , , Z- < Z? 0( ? ;

D ; ? 4? Q ( : 5 )& + % (5% 5< & & + % ) + 1 4- + „ ) 70A :D, ) )U1 ,' -& :3 1
; 01-3 + Q; O, ; ? k % )+ 3 .(2005 + ) ? )`a + ,3 S & ) )U 1 ,k%
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. % , r :8 mf5 K r :7 m > = ? :6 m(clacareous clay gyttja) 4- < => )> ? U

& 3> )=> (1 - 6 - & ; 1; $ 1-3 ? X ) P< 5< ; -3 ; + ) (2005) ? 5 I( ;

; A ; + - .5 )& , + % 5% < & &:% ; => bO? +& ; 4 - ) &J @ & K ? (3 u! ; (2 (3 ;)
; 6- & - &:% ; UK ? xC < + ) Wh , % dK F! ; ;> ) P< 4 ; U; I , Z; & D
40000 ) P< VE- ; K , _ ( )€ ) ) % % 3 ' 5 ) UC & & $ A ` & D !(
5 ; & ; ^ ; , 5 ; UK , (Pleniglacial) VE- & ; ^ ; , B A K , :& - ? < 6 - & <S J ?
J ? 34000-42600) A K , & .5%& ; I 71% J ?!$ K , & F! ; ;> .0? 4? ) VE-
` „p K 4 > / - )=> $% ; Potamogeton pectinatus + dK Najas marina ? dK (U7F
+ ,: ) B K , 3 a> & ;> + ) & -3 „ 71% ? (U7F J ? 16000-34000) B K , & .0? Q ( W „ 71% <
875
 ; „ 71% % ,3 3 ; 4- .0? & 7% 0E? C - ) => Z- < 0? 4- $% ; 0? + C & 71% ? ;
21900 & 5K & 5 - P) + C & 5< J 7%& / C & ? 5< ; F ) => %p @ & /- ?
; ) => 4- 5( 1, % $% ; 5%5< 5 < 0C & + 5; ) P< /- Z? - 3 f @ ) U7F J ?
J ? 5000 16000) C K , .5< ) • ) => 4 - & 7\; WT!( 4 K , 4- \ % & .5< ; , + C & 5<
& (U7F J ? 2000-5000) D K , J @ & .0? 5< xE , F! ; W dK ;> B, A c 1 ; (U7F
B, A ( C J ? 2000) E K , & .& u l -&:% ; UK ? F! ; + ) , ;> + ) 3 1;
.0 - c 1 6 - & < K f @ & F! ; W ,
& (0? 5< xE , )& ) %& p ; % ; ) < P- : 6 - & => bO? & 4 - & 5- 4-5 6
Younger ) 3 - & $% - % ,3 3 ; ; Q; O, & 4 - 4- xE , .0? 5< 7w +> ? 40000 VE- J @
.& ; & ? / C ) => (Lateglacial) + 5 7E- & C J @ & .& ; ) p ; - ) => C ; 0? (Dryas
.(2005 ? m2001 + ) :% ? ) 5< 6 - & bO? +5,> p ; `7? K p; =% E7 4 - + : ,
6- & 5 , &\ 0? C J ? 25000 J @ & % 5( 1, Z- < $% ; ;> )0 , $ ) dK
0? & 7% , 5 6 3 P ; „p K 01 % 4 , 6 - & Q F& Q ( 4 E .0? & 7% Q ( C 0F V )
=> bO? U7F J ? 6000 14000 J @ & .& ; Q ( 6 - & U7F J ? 14000 22500 4 ; .(2006 ? )
=> bO? 5 ; ; U7F J ? 6000 3 .0? < & + ? % 0? 5< & & + % > ? -& + ) % & Z? % V%>
/ % )' -& p ; % .(1967 ? ) 0? < & ? 6 - & f @ & $A P< /- & ; 5- C
.(2006 ? ) 0? & ; < ` & C VE- ` a J @ & 6 - & 0? 4- $% ; (halophilous) 0? &
F ; 4- < => 5,> 4 - 0 5I, 5 , u l \; + 1,3 & 5 ( F , )+ D@ U & ; +
.(2006 ? ) 5% , ,

L (9
& , & -3 _- % + - , - 3 6 - & ? < 4 ,3 ; & & A , 5 <3 O, 3 5< q E ? (!@ Q l ;
.5< U K <S J ? :) 40 & 6 - & 4- Q ( ) P< ) => D
.& ; 1 > & 3 Y ? - 3 IO , ) P< 0C & + 5; / C & ? C VE- & (1
.5< J 7%& U7F J ? 6000 & 5K / C „ 71% , , Z- < ; 0( ? ; VE- & / C ) => (2
% ? /- ; C ,& 4 - & 7\; 2 % & 6 - & f @ \) ) P< 4 4? ) J @ & (3
.0 - D ^ ;- 1
; ^ ; P J ? 5000 & 5K 3 5%& A \, IO , ? ; U7F J ? 5500 10000 4 ; & )U$ A (4
.5< U-57 IO , ` a ) ,A
5( 1, Z- < $% ; ;> )0 , $ ) dK < & % ? % c VE- J @ & 6 - & => bO? (5
.0? & 7% Q ( C 0F V ) 6 - & 5 , & \ 0? C J ? 25000 J @ & %
.0? J ? :) 40 3 P ; ` , ; 6 - & 4? ( , 240 ˆ 5K) 6 - & ; ? & -3 0, E~ ; A ; (6

M *
.1379\; 54 < DA c3 ,> 5< - % (J 0 1F) $-& ) $% 3 - 3 6 - & J A % -
( 4 2% ""E - ( 2,) • @ ""E - ( , ) 2, - 3 6 - & ? < 4 ,3 ; ,5I, 1387 . 5 #,
.20 .185-169 #l 9 < W l) J ? (+ \l $ % & DA
57 < DA c3 ,> 5< - % + ?& -3 6-& & % O #, - -& )P) * ; - <> c - & ) < \,
.1380 \;

876
 1:1000000 + - \) • @ .1384 ? < - DA 1? ,
.1348 - DA + ,3 ? + - , 1:50000 I%
. ? < 4 ,3 + ,3 ? % ; -+ - , 1:250000 ? < 4 ,3 I% .1994 & 3 5 < ) & ? U %

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Holocene at Lake Zeribar, Iran. The Holocene, v. 11, p. 747-/55.
Van Zeist, W. 1967. Late Quarternary vegetation history of western Iran. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 2: 301-311.
van Zeist, W., Bottema, S., 1977. Palynological investigations in Western Iran. Palaeohistoria 19, 19–85.
van Zeist,W.,Wright Jr., H.E., 1963. Preliminary pollen studies at Lake Zeribar, Zagros Mountains, Southwestern Iran.
Science 140, 65–67.
Wasylikowa, K., 1967, Late Quaternary plant macrofossils from Lake Zeribar, Western Iran. Review of Palaeobotany and
Palynology, v. 2, p. 313-318.
Wasylikowa, K., 2005, Palaeoecology of Lake Zeribar, Iran, in the Pleniglacial, Lateglacial and Holocene, reconstructed from
plant macrofossils, The Holocene, v. 15, p. 720-/735.
Wasylikowa, K., Witkowski, A., 2008. The Palaeoecology of Lake Zeribar and Surrounding Areas, Western Iran, During the
Last 48,000 Years (Volume 8 of Diatom monographs). Gantner publication, 376 pages.
Wasylikowa, K., Witkowski, A., Walanus, A., Hutorowicz, A., Alexandrowicz, S.W. and Langer, J.J., 2006, Palaeolimnology
of Lake Zeribar, Iran, and its climatic implications, Quaternary Research, 66, 477–493.
Wasylikowa, K., Walanus, A., 2004. Timing of aquatic and marsh plant successions in various parts of Lake Zeribar, Iran,
during the Late Glacial and Holocene. Acta Palaeobotanica 44, 129–140.

877
‫منشاءیابی رسوب در حوزههای آبخیز‪ :‬مروری بر نمونهبرداری‪ ،‬ویژگی ردیابها و‬
‫مدلهای ترکیبی‬
‫فر‪3‬‬ ‫مازیار محمدی‪ ،1‬عبدالواحد خالدی درویشان‪ ،*2‬نادر بهرامی‬

‫‪ -1‬دانشجوی دکتری علوم و مهندسی آبخیزداری‪ ،‬دانشکده منابع طبیعی‪ ،‬دانشگاه تربیت مدرس‪ ،‬نور‪ ،‬ایران‬
‫‪ -2‬استادیار (نویسنده مسئول)‪ ،‬گروه آبخیزداری دانشکده منابع طبیعی‪ ،‬دانشگاه تربیت مدرس‪ ،‬نور‪ ،‬ایران‬
‫‪Email: a.khaledi@modares.ac.ir‬‬
‫‪ -3‬استادیار‪ ،‬گروه محیط زیست‪ ،‬دانشکده منابع طبیعی‪ ،‬دانشگاه تربیت مدرس‪ ،‬نور‪ ،‬ایران‬

‫چکیده‬
‫رودخانهها از مهمترین منابع آب سطحی هستند که در توسعه افتصادی و اجتماعی و تامین آب شرب‪ ،‬مصارف صنعتی و کشاورزی‬
‫نقش مهمی دارند‪ .‬فعالیتهای انسانی در دهههای اخیر باعث تغییرات مهمی در محیطهای آبی شده بطوریکه آلودگی آب رودخانه‬
‫یکی از نگرانیهای عمده در بسیاری از کشورها است‪ .‬از بین آالیندههای موجود در رودخانهها‪ ،‬فلزات سنگین به سبب تهدید جدیتر‬
‫سالمت انسان از اهمیت ویژهای برخوردارند‪ .‬یکی از مهمترین حالتهای انتقال آالیندهها بویژه فلزات سنگین در رودخانهها حمل‬
‫همراه با رسوب است و زمانی که سطح آلودگی (فلزات سنگین) همراه رسوبات باالتر از حد مجاز باشد‪ ،‬رسوب آلوده در نظر گرفته‬
‫میشود‪ .‬در طی سه دهه گذشته شناسایی منابع تولید رسوب و آالیندهها در حوزههای آبخیز مورد توجه قرار گرفته است‪ .‬منشاءیابی‬
‫رسوب بوسیله فناوری ردیابهای طبیعی‪ ،‬دادههای میدانی‪ ،‬تحلیل آزمایشگاهی رسوبات و روشهای مدلسازی آماری انجام میپذیرد‪.‬‬
‫از آنجا که شناسایی منابع تولید رسوبات و آالیندهها از ضروریترین ابزارهای مدیریت خاک و آب در حوزههای آبخیز است‪ ،‬لذا این‬
‫مقاله به روشهای نمونهبرداری از آب‪ ،‬رسوب معلق و رسوب بستر‪ ،‬خاک منشاء و خصوصیات ردیابها میپردزاد‪ .‬استفاده از روشهای‬
‫ژئوشیمیایی در منشاءیابی رسوب میتواند اطالعات سودمندی از نقش کاربری اراضی بر تغییرات زمانی و مکانی آالیندههای آب و‬
‫رسوب در اختیار مدیران آب‪ ،‬خاک و اراضی کشور قرار دهد‪.‬‬
‫کلمات کلیدی‪ :‬انگشتنگاری رسوب‪ ،‬ردیاب‪ ،‬حوزه آبخیز‪ ،‬ویژگیهای ژئوشیمیایی رسوب‬
‫‪ -1‬مقدمه‬
‫کیفیت آبهای سطحی در بسیاری از کشورها به موضوعی بسیار حساس و مهم تبدیل شده است‪ .‬همچنین‪ ،‬با افزایش آگاهی از‬
‫اهمیت ارتباط بین کیفیت آب آشامیدنی با بهداشت عموم ی و تاثیر کیفیت آب بر موجودات آبزی‪ ،‬ارزیابی کیفیت آب امری‬
‫بسیاری ضروریست )‪ Ouyang‬و همکاران‪ .)2005 ،‬در سطح جهان‪ ،‬جمعیت نسبتاً زیادی از انسانها در نزدیکی رودخانهها‬
‫زندگی میکنند و به طور گسترده با تغییر اراضی اطراف رودخانهها تهدیدی جدی برای کیفیت آب و سالمت رودخانه است‪.‬‬
‫اثرات انسانی و همچنین فرآیندهای طبیعی با کاهش کیفیت و ایجاد آلودگی‪ ،‬استفاده از آب را برای مصارف مختلف مانند‬
‫شرب‪ ،‬صنعت‪ ،‬کشاورزی‪ ،‬تفریحی و سایر اهداف محدود میکند )‪ Carpenter‬و همکاران‪1998 ،‬؛ ‪ Jarvie‬و همکاران‪1998 ،‬؛‬
‫‪Simeonov‬و همکاران‪2003 ،‬؛ ‪ Sánchez‬و همکاران‪ .)2007 ،‬بنابراین برنامه نظارت بر کیفیت آب برای حفاظت از منابع آب‬
‫شیرین ضروری است )‪ Pesce‬و ‪ .)2000 ،Wunderlin‬مطالعات ژئوشیمیایی در حوزههای آبخیز رودخانهها نشاندهنده ماهیت‬
‫عوامل ژئوشیمیایی است که کمک میکند تا چرخه عناصر در سامانه خشکی‪-‬رودخانه‪-‬اقیانوس‪ 1‬بهتر شناخته شود‬
‫)‪Giridharan‬و همکاران‪ .)2010 ،‬ویژگیهای هیدروژئوشیمیایی آب عاملی مهم و تعیینکننده در استفاده از آن برای اهداف‬
‫مختلف آبیاری و صنعتی است‪ .‬اثر متقابل آب با سازندهای موجود در حوضه که بر روی آن جریان دارد‪ ،‬بر ویژگیهای شیمیایی‬
‫و کیفیت آب اثر میگذارد )‪ Şener‬و همکاران‪.)2017 ،‬‬

‫‪1. Continent–River–Ocean System‬‬

‫‪878‬‬
‫در سالهای اخیر توجه به مشکالت محیطزیستی انتقال رسوب معلق در رودخانهها گسترش یافته است که شامل اهمیت ذرات‬
‫رسوب در انتقال مواد مغذی و آلودگیها مانند فسفر (‪ ،)P‬آفتکشها‪ PCB ،‬ها‪ ،2‬فلزات سنگین و عوامل بیماریزا از طریق‬
‫سامانههای رودخانهای است که در سالهای اخیر بیشتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است‪ .‬انتقال رسوب و به ویژه ذرات رسوبی‬
‫ریزدانه میتواند اثرات منفی بر محیطهای آبی داشته باشد‪ .‬رسوب معلق میتواند به کاهش کیفیت آب )‪ Lartiges‬و همکاران‪،‬‬
‫‪2001‬؛ ‪ Papanicolaou‬و همکاران‪)2003 ،‬؛ کاهش ظرفیتهای عملیاتی در تأسیسات آبرسانی )‪ Morris‬و ‪)1988 ،Fan‬؛ تغییر‬
‫شکل ریختشناسی آبراهه )‪ Wright‬و ‪)1987 ،Berrie‬؛ افزایش کدورت آب‪ ،‬محدود کردن نفوذ نور و در نتیجه کاهش تولید‬
‫اولیه )‪ Wood‬و همکاران‪)1997 ،‬؛ و نابودی سکونتگاههای زیستی )‪ Wood‬و ‪ )1997 ،Armitage‬منجر شود‪ .‬عالوه بر این‪،‬‬
‫انتقال رسوبات ممکن است انتقال قابل توجهی از کربن و مواد مغذی خاک را تسهیل کند )‪ Prosser‬و همکاران‪ .)2001 ،‬پس از‬
‫ورود فلزات سنگین به زیستبومهای آبی‪ ،‬بسیاری از آنها به شکل متصل به ذرات رسوب‪ 3‬حمل شده و گاهی در رسوبات بستر‬
‫تجمع مییابند و حتی اگر شاخصهای کیفیت آب در وضعیت مطلوبی باشند نیز فلزات سنگین میتوانند اثرات نامطلوب‬
‫زیستی داشته باشند )‪ Bibi‬و همکاران‪ .)2007 ،‬تاکنون مطالعات مختلفی با هدف منشاءیابی و ارزیابی آلودگی فلزات سنگین‬
‫رسوبات رودخانه انجام شده است )‪ Li‬و همکاران‪2015 ،‬؛ ‪ Hernández-Crespo‬و ‪2015 ،Martín‬؛ ‪ Sundara Raja Reddy‬و‬
‫همکاران‪2016 ،‬؛ ‪ Ali‬و همکاران‪ .)2018 ،‬رسوبات از منابع مختلف منشاء میگیرند به دلیل فرآیندهای مختلف فرسایشی‬
‫سهم نسبی هر منبع تولید رسوب در طول زمان و مکان متفاوت است‪ .‬هدف از مطالعات انتقال رسوب در مقیاس حوضه اغلب‬
‫منشاءیابی‪ ،‬بررسی سرنوشت نهایی و چگونگی فرآیند انتقال رسوب در درون حوزه آبخیز است‪ .‬با این حال‪ ،‬بسیاری از‬
‫متغیرهای حوضه مانند آب و هوا‪ ،‬پوشش گیاهی‪ ،‬توپوگرافی‪ ،‬نوع خاک و اختالالت انسان میتوانند بر منابع تولید رسوب‪،‬‬
‫سرنوشت و فرآیند انتقال آن تاثیرگذار باشند‪ .‬با توجه به تغییرپذیری شدید متغیرهای محیطی در مقیاس زمانی و مکانی‪،‬‬
‫پیشبینی و مدلسازی دقیق منشاءیابی و فرآیند انتقال رسوب دشوار است )‪ Davis‬و همکاران‪.)2009 ،‬‬
‫محققین و مهندسین رشتههای علوم محیطی روشهای دادهمبنای جدید را برای شناخت این فرآیندهای پیچیده با قطعیتی‬
‫باالتر توسعه دادهاند‪ .‬انگشتنگاری رسوب‪ 4‬روشی برای شناسایی منابع رسوب در حوزه آبخیز و تخصیص سهم رسوب تولیدی از‬
‫هر منبع با استفاده از فناوری ردیابهای طبیعی با ترکیبی از جمعآوری دادههای میدانی‪ ،‬تجزیه و تحلیل آزمایشگاهی رسوبات‬
‫و فنون مدلسازی آماری است )‪ Davis‬و همکاران‪ .)2009 ،‬این روش از یک یا چند ویژگی منحصر به فرد فیزیکی یا‬
‫بیوژئوشیمیایی رسوبات به عنوان ردیابهای طبیعی استفاده میکند‪ .‬برای تعیین میزان رسوب تولیدی از هر منبع‪ ،‬ردیابهای‬
‫طبیعی هم در مناطق منبع و هم رسوب معلق در خروجی حوضه اندازهگیری میشوند )‪ Collins‬و ‪ .)2002 ،Walling‬استفاده از‬
‫روشهای منشاء یابی رسوب بر دو فرض اساسی استوار است‪ .‬اول اینکه منابع تولید رسوب باید بر اساس ویژگیهای‬
‫انگشتنگاری قابل تفکیک باشند و دوم اینکه با استفاده از مدل های ترکیبی چند متغیره بتوان منشاءیابی رسوب را بر اساس‬
‫نمونهبرداری رسوب از مناطق مرجع و مسیر رودخانه انجام داد )‪ Sadeghi‬و همکاران‪.)2014 ،‬‬
‫‪ -2‬نمونهبرداری از آب و خاک منشاء‬
‫مطالعات منشاءیابی رسوب مبتنی بر نمونهبرداری از منابع و بخشهای مختلف حوضه شامل رسوبات رودخانهای‪ ،‬رسوبات‬
‫مخزن سد و دشت سیالبی میباشد که اغلب نمونهها از بار معلق رودخانه میباشد‪ .‬در مطالعات مختلف برای نمونهبرداری از‬
‫خاک با استفاده از نقشههای کاربری اراضی و حتی زمینشناسی (‪ Franz‬و همکاران‪ )2014 ،‬و زیرحوضهها و با در نظر گرفتن‬
‫تناسب تعداد نقاط نمونهبرداری با مساحت کاربریهای اراضی و زیرحوضههای مختلف صورت میگیرد (‪ Lamba‬و همکاران‪،‬‬
‫‪ . )2015‬همچنین به منظور شناخت منشاءهای احتمالی برای رسوبات معلق و بستر‪ ،‬از بخشی از کنارههای رودخانه تاالر که‬
‫دارای رخسارههای مشخص فرسایش کنارهای هستند نیز نمونهبرداری انجام میشود (‪ Lamba‬و همکاران‪ .)2015 ،‬سه روش‬
‫اصلی برای جمعآوری نمونههای رسوب معلق در حوزههای آبخیز شامل نمونهبرداری نقطهای‪ ،‬نمونهبرداری زمانبندی شده و‬

‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪Polychlorinated Biphenyls‬‬

‫‪3. Particulated Matter‬‬
‫‪4. Sediment Fingerprinting‬‬
‫‪879‬‬
‫جمعآوری خودکار نمونههای آب میباشد‪ .‬براساس نوع ابزار مورد استفاده‪ ،‬نمونهگیری نقطهای متشکل از دو رویکرد است؛‬
‫جمع آوری صدها لیتر آب جریان و استخراج رسوب معلق با یک سانتریفوژ جریان مستقیم (‪ Motha‬و همکاران‪2003 ،‬؛‬
‫‪ Devereux‬و همکاران‪)2010 ،‬؛ و روش آبگیری در محل با استفاده از سیستم سانتریفیوژ قابل حمل یا سیستمهای تصفیه‬
‫(‪ Horowitz‬و همکاران‪ .)1989 ،‬مقایسهی استراتژیهای مختلف نمونهبرداری در جدول ‪ 1‬بیان شده است‪.‬‬

‫شکل ‪ -1‬فرآیند مورد نیاز برای منشاءیابی رسوب در حوزههای آبخیز شامل نمونهبرداری‪ ،‬انتخاب ردیاب و مدل برای تعیین سهم منبع رسوب‬

‫جدول ‪ -1‬مقایسه انواع مختلف روشهای نمونهبرداری از رودخانه‬

‫اثر لحظه ای‬ ‫زمان طوالنی‬ ‫نمونهبرداری‬ ‫نمونه معرف از‬ ‫تعیین اثر‬
‫سیالب‬ ‫نمونهبرداری‬ ‫کافی‬ ‫حوزه آبریز‬ ‫هیسترسیس‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫نمونهبرداری نقطهای‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫نمونهبرداری زمانی یکپارچه‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫نمونهبرداری خودکار آب‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫نمونههای بار بستر و دشت سیالبی‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫نمونههای مخزن‬

‫‪ -3‬نمونهبرداری از رسوب بستر‬

‫نمونهبرداری از رسوبات بستر نیز در دو دوره کمآبی و پرآبی در محل ایستگاههای هیدرومتری صورت خواهد گرفت‪ .‬عمق‬
‫نمونه برداری از رسوب بستر در مطالعات مختلف از صفر تا سه سانتیمتر )‪ Duodu‬و همکاران‪ )2016 ،‬تا حتی ‪ 2/6‬متر )‪Bábek‬‬
‫و همکاران‪ )2015 ،‬متفاوت میباشد که در این تحقیق رسوب بستر توسط ‪ Grab sampler‬در پنج سانتیمتری سطح بستر‬
‫رودخانه نمونهبرداری خواهد شد )‪ Liao‬و همکاران‪ . )2017 ،‬غالب مطالعات انجام گرفته در ارتباط با اندازهگیری فلزات سنگین‬
‫در مسیر رودخانه نشان می دهد که عناصری مانند مس‪ ،‬کبالت‪ ،‬مولیبدن‪ ،‬روی‪ ،‬منیزیم و آهن در رسوبات با دانهبندی بسیار‬
‫ریز تجمع می یابند به همین دلیل در مطالعات نمونه برداری از رسوبات رودخانه با دانهبندی کمتر از ‪ 0/2‬میلیمتر صورت می‪-‬‬
‫گیرد )‪ Salminen‬و همکاران‪.)1998 ،‬‬
‫‪880‬‬
 ‫‪ -4‬خصوصیات ردیابها‬
‫برای بررسی منابع رسوب و مواد مغذی از روشهای مختلف ردیابی فیزیکی و شیمیایی استفاده شده است‪ .‬این تکنیکهای‬
‫ردیابی شامل اندازهگیری یک یا چند پارامتر برای انگشتنگاری رسوب و تشخیص منابع آن فراهم میکنند‪ .‬برای اینکه یک‬
‫پارامتر در منشاءیابی مفید باشد باید بین منابع مختلف قابل تمایز و در طول مسیر نمونهبرداری دارای ثبات نسبی باشد‪.‬‬
‫ویژگیهای ردیابها در حوزههای آبخیز به علت تعدادی از عوامل مانند کاربری اراضی و شیوههای مدیریت‪ ،‬ویژگیهای‬
‫زمینشناسی و ژئومورفولوژیکی متفاوت است (‪ .)2005 ،Fox‬به همین دلیل در مطالعات مختلف از ردیابهای مختلفی استفاده‬
‫میگردد‪ .‬ردیابهای مورد استفاده در مطالعات انگشتنگاری رسوب شامل رنگ رسوب )‪ Grimshaw‬و ‪ ،)1980 ،Lewin‬محتوای‬
‫گرده گیاهان (‪ ،)1985 ،Brown‬ویژگیهای ژئوشیمیایی )‪ Collins‬و ‪ ،)a2002 ،Walling‬ویژگیهای مغناطیسی مواد‬
‫معدنی )‪ Hatfield‬و ‪ ،)2009 ،Maher‬کانی شناسی رس )‪ Motha‬و همکاران‪ ،)2003 ،‬ویژگی های رادیونوکلئید ‪Vanden‬‬
‫)‪ Bygaart‬و ‪ ،)2001 ،Protz‬محتوای مواد آلی )‪ Walling‬و همکاران‪ ،)b1999 ،‬نسبت ایزوتوپ پایدار کربن و نیتروژن تجزیه و‬
‫تحلیل ترکیب ایزوتوپ پایدار خاص )‪ Papanicolaou‬و همکاران‪ )2003 ،‬میباشد‪ .‬مزایای ردیابهای فیزیکی شامل رنگ‪ ،‬تراکم‬
‫و ابعاد رسوبات خوب آنها به راحتی قابل شناسایی و اندازهگیری هستند )‪ Davis‬و همکاران‪ .)2009 ،‬با این حال‪ ،‬این ردیابها‬
‫اغلب پایدار نیستند و در حین فرآیند انتقال تغییر میکنند‪ .‬در این میان استفاده از روش ژئوشیمیایی یکی از روشهایی است‬
‫که بطور گسترده در مطالعات منشاءیابی رسوبات در مسیر آبراهه‪ ،‬دریاچه و سایر پهنههای آبی مورد توجه محققین قرار گرفته‬
‫است‪ .‬تعدادی از عناصر غیرآلی شامل عناصر کمیاب خاکی (‪ ،)Yb ،Tb ،Sm ،Lu ،La ،Eu ،Ce‬عناصر ردیاب (‪،Cr ،Co ،Ba ،As‬‬
‫‪ B (Fe ،Zn Ag ،Th ،Ta ،Sc ،Hf ،Cs‬عناصر اصلی ‪،Fe2O3 ،Al2O3 ،K2O ،Na2O ،CaO ،Ti ،Mg ،Ca ،Al ،Na ،K ،B‬‬
‫‪ ،)Mn2O4 ،TiO2 ،SiO2 ،V) ،Tl ،Se ،Sb ،Pb ،Ni ،Mn ،Cu ،Cu ،Cd ،MgO ،P2O5‬مجموع کربن معدنی‪ ،‬نیتروژن‪ ،‬فسفر و‬
‫تعدادی از ردیابهای آلی از جمله مجموع کربن الی‪ ،‬نیتروژن و فسفر در مطالعات انگشتنگاری رسوب استفاده شده است‪.‬‬

‫‪ -5‬نتیجهگیری‬
‫رسوبات معلق در سیستم رودخانه میتواند به تعدادی از اثرات محیطزیستی مضر منجر شود‪ .‬تکنیکهای انگشتنگاری رسوب‬
‫برای شناسایی منابع رسوب در جریان رودخانه اعمال میشوند‪ ،‬با این حال انتخاب مدل و روش بهینهسازی می تواند تاثیر قابل‬
‫توجهی بر خروجی تجزیه و تحلیل منشاءیابی رسوب داشته باشد‪ .‬در تمامی مطالعات انگشتنگاری رسوب باید بر روی انتخاب‬
‫روش نمونهبرداری‪ ،‬انتخاب ردیابها و نیز مدلهای ترکیبی تصمیمگیری شود‪ .‬لذا با توجه به محدودیتهای زمان‪ ،‬بودجه و‬
‫هدف مطالعه باید روش برداری به درستی انجام شود‪ .‬به عنوان مثال‪ ،‬نمونهبرداری از سیستم رودخانه روش مناسبی برای‬
‫تعیین منشاء رسوب در یک سد است‪ ،‬درحالیکه نمونهبرداری نقطهای مناسبترین روش برای نظارت بر میزان رسوب در یک‬
‫رویداد سیل است‪ .‬بودجه رسوبی همچنین در انتخاب ردیابهای مورد استفاده در انگشتنگاری رسوب موثر خواهد بود‪.‬‬
‫ردیابهای فیزیکی ارزانتر هستند و میتوانند به آسانی اندازهگیری شوند‪ ،‬اما ثبات ندارند و ممکن است منجر به ابهام در‬
‫تفسیر نتایج شوند‪ .‬با توجه به تعداد زیادی از عناصر موجود برای اندازهگیری اثر انگشت رسوب‪ ،‬ردیاب های ژئوشیمیایی در‬
‫مطالعات اخیر مورد توجه قرار گرفتهاند‪ .‬ردیابهای رادیونوکلئید قویترین ردیابها برای تشخیص رسوب از خاکهای مختلف‬
‫است‪ ،‬اما به ابزار گران نیاز دارند‪ .‬بررسیها اخیر از مطالعات منشاءیابی رسوب نشان میدهند که کاربری اراضی و زمینشناسی‬
‫را به عنوان شایع ترین تفکیک کنندههای منابع رسوب هستند‪ .‬اهمیت نسبی منابع رسوب در سیستمهای زهکشی در بین‬
‫حوزههای آبخیز مختلف به علت تفاوتهای جغرافیایی‪ ،‬مورفولوژی‪ ،‬هیدرولوژی‪ ،‬اتصال سیستمهای رودخانه‪ ،‬دخالت انسان و‬
‫بسیاری از عوامل دیگر متفاوت است‪.‬‬
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Sediment fingerprinting in watershed: a review of sampling,

tracer characteristics and mixing models
M. Mohammadi1, A. Khaledi Darvishan2* and N. Bahramifar3

1. PhD Student, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat
Modares University, Noor, Iran
2. Assistant Professor (Corresponding Author), Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of
Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
Email: a.khaledi@modares.ac.ir
3. Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares
University, Noor, Iran
Abstract
Rivers are from the most important surface water resources that play an important role in economic
and social development, drinking water supply, industrial and agricultural use. In recent decades,
human activities cause significant changes in the aquatic environments so that the river water pollution
is one of the major concerns in many countries. Among pollutants in rivers, heavy metals have
particular importance due to serious threat to human health. Transportation with sediment in rivers is
one of the most important phases of pollutants transmission, especially heavy metals and when
contamination level of particulate pollutant (for heavy metals) reach to above the allowed limit,
sediment is contaminated. During the last three decades, sediment and pollutant source identification
has been considered in the watersheds. Sediment source identification is carried out using natural
tracer technology, field data, laboratory analysis and statistical modeling methods. Since sediment and
pollutant source identification is among the essential tools for soil and water management of the
watersheds, therefore, the present research deals with methods of sampling water, suspended sediment
and bed sediment, soil origin and traceability characteristics. The results of this research can provide
useful information about the role of land use on temporal and spatial variations of water and sediment
contaminants to water, soil and land managers in Iran.
Keywords: Sediment Fingerprinting, Sediments Geochemical Properties, Tracer, Watershed

883
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emohammadi02@gmail.com :- & ./
rahmani_a74@yahoo.com :- & ./ ! 0 ! 1 .2 " .# 3 :

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A review of petroleum system and hydrocarbon potential of the

Qom Formation (Oligo-Miocene)
Ebrahim Mohammadi*: Department of Ecology, Institute of science, High technology and environmental
science, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran, E-mail address:
emohammadi02@gmail.com;
Ali Rahmani: National Iranian Oil Company, Tehran. E-mail address: rahmani_a74@yahoo.com

Abstract
The Qom Formation is the main reservoir and source rock for hydrocarbons in Central Iran. The Qom
limestones are the reservoir for the Alborz, Sarajeh, Arun and Fakhreh oil/gas fields in Central Iran.
Despite its economic importance, existing knowledge of petroleum system and hydrocarbon potential
of the Qom Formation is quite limited, and little research work on the petroleum system of the Qom
Formation had been done up to now. Besides, only a few of them has been published, and most of them
are unpublished or published in non-English Journals (i.e. French, German and Chines Journals with
English abstract). This chapter is a mini-review on the petroleum system and hydrocarbon potential of
the Qom Formation in Central Iran back arc basin. The data presented here are based on the scattered
data extracted from relevant published and unpublished works. Alborz and Sarajeh are two adjacent
anticlines in Central Iran, formed at Late Miocene-Pliocene and are closely related in terms of geometry,
geological setting and timing of development. Yet the Alborz anticline is an oil field producing up to 35
000 barrels of oil per day, while the Sarajeh anticline is a gas field producing over 40 million cubic feet
of gas (mmsfc) per day. The abundance, types and maturity of organic matter in Shemshak Formation
(Jurassic) and Qom Formation (Oligocene-Miocene), and oil source correlation in Qom basin, show that
the Shemshak Formation is the most possible source rock, and the Qom Formation has hydrocarbon
generation potential.
Key words: Qom Formation, petroleum system, hydrocarbon potential, Alborz oil field, Sarajeh gas field

884
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.‰ 4 .! 1 8 3 : "7 : G
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Lepidocyclina sp., Operculina compleneta . ،Spiroclypeus sp.، Nephrolepidina sp.
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Haplophragmium sp., Austrutrilina sp., pyrgo sp., Miliola sp., Peneroplis sp., Triloculina trigonula ,Spirolina
cylindracea. Borelis sp.
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Heydari, E; 2008,Tectonics versus eustatic control on supersequences of the Zagros Mountains of Iran,Tectonophysics,
451,56-70.
Laursen,G.V.,Mobini,S.,Allan,T.L.,Pickard,NA.H.,Hosseiney,A.,Vincent,B.,Hamon,Y.,VanBuchem,FS.P.,Moallemi,A.,Druil
lion,G.,2009.The Asmari Formation revisited: changed stratigraphic allocation and new biozonation, shiraz,first
International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers.

Biostratigraphy of Asmari Formation at Tang-e Uojan-

Dure,Lorestan Basin.

Z.Mahmoudi I. Maghfouri Moghaddam.

1-M.sc. Student of Stratigraphy and Paleontology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan
University
2-Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University

Abstract:
In order to biostratigraphy study of Asmari Fromation, one stratigraphic section was chosen in Tang-e
Uojan-Dure Darre shahr, located at southern flank of Kabir Kuh anticline. The thickness of Asmari
Formation in study section is 120 m and containis of limestone and clay limestone. Lower and Upper
boundaries of Asmari Formation with Pabdeh and Gachsaran formation is sharp. The study section
contains lower, middle and upper Asmari. In this study, 32 genera and 11 species of pelagic and
benthic foraminifera and genera of algae were recognized that belong to 5 Assmeblages zones:
1- Nummulites vascus - Nummulites fichteli Assemblage zone, 2- Lepidocyclina - Operculina -
Ditrupa Assemblage zone, 3 - Archaias asmaricus - Archaias hensone Assemblage zone, 4-
Miogypsina - Elphidium sp 14.- Peneroplis farsensis Assemblage zone, 5- Borelis melo curdica -
Borelis melo - melo Assemblage zone
The age of Asmari Formation is Oligocene - Early Miocene (Burdigulian).
Key word: Biostratigraphy, Asmari Formation, Tang-e Uojan-Dure, Darre shahr, Kabir Kuh.

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Diagenetic processes affecting on the limestones of the Chehel

Kaman Formation (upper Paleocene), south of Dargaz
Hamid Moradi Nejad Ravari1, Mohamad Hosein Mahmudy Gharaie*2, Reza Moussavi Harami3,
Asadollah Mahboubi4
1. M.Sc., student in Sedimentology, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Iran, Hamid.moradi@mail.um.ac.ir
2. Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,
mhmgharaie@um.ac.ir
3. Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,
moussavi@um.ac.ir
4. Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,
mahboubi@um.ac.ir
Abstract
In this study, a 332m thick stratigraphic section of carbonate rocks of the Chehel Kaman Formation
(Upper Paleocene) in south of Dargaz city (NE of Iran) was investigated to interpret the diagenetic
sequence and post-depositional history of this carbonate Formation. According to the field observations
and petrography studies, the most important diagenetic processes observed in Chehel Kaman Formation
include cementation, compaction, micritization, neomorphism, dissolution, dolomitization, bioturbation,
geopetal fabric, fracture, and veins filling. The paragenetic sequence interpretation of limestones
indicates the effect of diagenetic processes in marine, meteoric, burial and uplift environments.

Keywords: Chehel Kaman formation, carbonate rocks, paragenetic sequence

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‫ورد ط‬ "‫ن در ط‬ ‫ل‬ ‫زد‬ ‫ھی‬ ‫آھ‬ ‫راژ‬ ‫ وا‬.١ ‫دول‬

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_ ,`7 ,+ \ A j 5 67 8 9 $ E ,!#9 O - ,Q*/ : 1386 . - ^R . \ . #\ •
.86-8 "# $ / 6; "#6 )E#-
• Adams, A. E., Mackenzie, W. S., 1998. A colour atlas of carbonate sediments and rocks under the microscope: Longman,
London, 180.
• Ahmad, A. H. M., Bhat, G. M., Azim-Khan, M. 2006. Depositional environments and diagenesis of the Kuldhar and Keera
Dome carbonates (Late Bathonian-Early Gallovian) of the India. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27: 765-778.
• Choquette P. W., James, N. P. 1987. Diagenesis 12, Diagenesis in limestones _3, the deep burial environment. Geoscience
Canada, 14(1): 3-35.
• Cooke, M. L., Simo, J. A., Underwood, C. A., Rijken, P., 2006. Mechanical stratigraphic controls on fracture patterns within
carbonates and implications for groundwater flow. Sedimentary Geology, 184, 225-239.
• Dickson, J. A. D., 1966. Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36,
441-505.
• El-Saiy, A. K., Jordan, B. R., 2007. Diagenetic aspects of Tertiary carbonates west of the Northern Oman Mountains, United
Arab Emirates: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 31, 35-43.
• Emery, D., Meyers, K. J., 1996. Sequence stratigraphy, Blackwell science ltd, Oxford, 297.
• Flugel, E., 2010. Microfacies of carbonate rocks analysis, Interpretation and Application. Second edition, 984.
• Garcia-Pichel, F., 2006. Possible mechanisms for the boring on carbonate by microbial phototrophs: Sedimentary Geology,
185, 205-213.
• Hens, G. M., 2005. Investigations of burial diagenesis in carbonate hydrocarbon reservoir rock. Geoscience Canada, 32, 103-
128.
• Kassab, M. A., Hassanain, I. M., Salem, A. M., 2014. Petrography, diagenesis and reservoir characteristics of the Pree-
Cenomanian sandstone, Sheikh Attia area, East Central Sinai Egypt, Journal of African Earth Science. 96, 122-138.
• MacNeil, A., Jones, B., 2003. Dolomitization of the pedro-castle formation (Pliocene), cayman brac, British West Indies:
Sedimentary Geology, 162, 219-238.
• Robert, A. M. M., Letouzey, J., Kavoosi, M. A., Sherkati, S., Muller, C., Verges, J., Aghababie, A., 2014. Structural evolution
of the kopeh-Dagh fold-and-thrust-belt (NE Iran) and interactions with the South Caspian Sea Basin and Amu Darya Basin.
Marine and Petroleum Geology, 57, 68-87.
• Tucker, M, E., Wright, V. P., 1990, Carbonate sedimentology, Blackwells, Oxford, 482.
• Tucker, M. E., 1993, Carbonate diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy, in: V.P., Wright (ed.), Sedimentology review,
Blackwells, Oxford, 51-72.
• Tucker, M. E., 2001. Sedimentary Petrology. Third edition, Blackwell, Oxford, 260.

902
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Leila 93 samadpour@ gmail.com
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M + ' T & D4+ / O ?% I 3% T) 3= , K' ) ( "S + ' L + "O% R & ( % ' #( / O ?% "+
. ( 4# * X 6 ) + L # W/ V +' L (?U6 & (?% /" 4 & % + )
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Studied Microfacies and Sedimentry enviernment of Ruteh
Formation in Fashand Section, Southeast of Qazvin
Hossein Mosaddegh1, Leila Samadpour*2
Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Erath Sciences, Kharazmi University
Ph.D Student of Geology ( Stratigraphy and Paleontology), Kharazmi University
Leila 93 samadpour@ gmail.com
Abstract: The Ruteh Formation age Middle Permian is composed of carbonate rocks in the
Fashand section. In this research, Ruteh Formation was investigated with a thickness of 254
meter in southeast of Qazvin. This formation with disconformity is located on Doroud
Formation and the upper boundary of the Ruteh Formation finished at the laterite layer. The
lithology of this formation consists of medium to thick limestone units with layers of marl and
shale. Lithology and facies investigations led to the identification of nine microfacies that were
deposited in four sub-sedimentary environments including tidal zone, lagoon, shoal and open
marin. Regarding the identified microstructures and comparison with the sedimentary model
provided by Flugel, the conversion of gradual to monotonous fields and the absence of turbidity
deposits and slipping and sedimentation sediments were proposed for the homoclinal sediment
model for the desired sequence.
Key word: Microfacies; Ruteh Formation; Fashand Section.
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.(P6 -2

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-.9+ % ? O ?% % .2' ( 3 ) F O ) ) "%C D 9: /F#' Qa .
3= C + % R B& :1 60 .2' (3 ) M$ /L& + "%C D 9: /H/I ' %C + /
" ' * + H #+ / ` # , zG .(Adachi et al., 2004) 2' E D & I K Q #/ J /I
J =C K Q JI 3 ) #/ J O ?% % N+ & 3T> / 6 ) & J & , 2% B& C =&
KQ & & W( "+ (Flügel, 2010) 3= , 17 W( ' O ?% L N O ?% % . (+
- ?E % ( " + "% _ / #% , L& /M $ .(s-23 () 2' " , = > V J =C
"+ J ( H% ? #/ J % .(Coe, 2003) 2' n +' { ./ % "`>& + d T) w T6 7 & ( +
. ( + AI v& " G

< 25& ;16 5 )1= # / ,& # 4 2 # 04 2 : MFT4 * +,

(Benthic Foraminifera Bioclastic Wackestone/ Packstone)

Langella, Geinitzina, / p#B J lW/ H #+ /`# , O ?% % a /D 6I

Neoendothyra, Globivalvulina, Codonofusinella, Shubertella, Paleotextularia, Pachyphloia,
"+ J ) JI , ?B .2' O ?% % %35 JI & , a . #/ 3 ) Cribrogenerina
' O ?% % . & , %15 )10 & G " ( "` & *& ' = I& % + HT B M N8>
*& ' = I& % + * 6 `' /3 O,& " ( + "%C D 9: ) K' /H/I F#' M a "+
3T> O "+ 2TO O % ,& /`# , % w TO b #) :1 60 .2' O% / &
n= 6 /" ' * + %/ ` # , B& .2' + C + w TO K Q E " 2' J =C K' & G & Q
' O ?% + O ?% #$ . ( + Z ` "R8# & V 2W' "+ V & Q
.(M-23 () 2/ T( (Flügel, 2010) 3= , RMF20

< 25& ;16 5 )1= # +>3 <> - # 4 2 04 2 # : MFT5 * +,

(Benthic Foraminifera/ green algal wackestone/packstone )

" (+ S , & (Dasycladasean) "' q ' ?T' 4 T B C + & , O ?% % a =0%&
/`# , # % % jW D G "+ j N ' ?B /D 6I R+ & 2' %40 )30 & G
?B . & , %25 ) 15 & Codonofusiella, Neoendothyra, Climacammina, Globivalvulina H #+

905
 "%nU) 2 ' O ?% % #lW/ . ( S& % + & ' = * O * / "+ J ) ,
. (+ O ?% % G 'P 9 /2WO> t , S O, _I . D $ "+ t , S
# | d 8 _I " ( / O "%C D 9: /H/I F#' + O ?% % Qa
.(Bromley and Hanken, 2003) + ? W) `)q* jW D /.9+ 4' , S :1 60 .2'
C =& " ' * + % / ` # , ?T' 4 T B B& . ( % J =C jW D 4 9+ % ? _I %
+A ' }) J ? TO + + . (+ ' c i "+ J =C O ?% #/ J % "# B& &
K% ( % " ( jW D & I /K Q - O= & ": G J ) !% 5B n +' z, J ?
"# /D 6I % = > .2' 5' # O+ C =& / ` # , W/ "+ ?T' 4 T B W +
20 W( ' O ?% L N " O ?% % .2' n +' KQ J + E D %
.(v-23 () 2' " , = > (J =C K Q ) V & W( "+ (Flügel, 2010) 3= ,
(Bioclastic Grainstone) @2 ,A ; 71* & 4 2 5,19 : MFT6 * +, : 3 * (?

%10 I& % + O% / & M N8> 3 ( & ?T' 4 T B O% / w) W O ?% %

' O ?% % . ( 3e % % "+ J W ' K' ) " ( + %15 * + %10 *& ' =
- & , :1 60 . #( + ) O F "+ w ) W 4 #' % . ( + ) /I /F#' "+ j N
+J ) O ?% % . (+ O ?% % 3 ) C+ E _) + W ' "# ' /
j N) V O #+ W "+ " "O% R (Flügel, 2010) 3= , 27 W( ' O ?%
.( -23 ()

(Coral Framestone) @B -1 4 2 ,1= : MFT7 * +,

F#' O F "+ Qa O ?% % .2' ( 3 ) L ) O 4 B bW B

H$ / ) M a "+ % Qa / / B / # % . ( % "%C K' /H/I
K' ) = ( * _ + / ~' % 2' ( •`G / ~' N( '. ( % j, H% D/ 3e`#
4 t' + & + B 2, + : O`) . " , + ? 4I + > + 2%
3e & ) /€ 4 ' +. ' J ' + # O/ 3e D/ "+ " " 6& ?B (Dunham,1962)
.(&-23 () 2R+ 8 (Flügel, 2010) 3= , 12 ' O ?% + O ?% % t ' % + . D4+

+>3 C > - # @2 ,A ; 71* & )1 ; 4 2 : MFT8 * +, :A & ,7 * (7

(Bioclast Green Algal Packstone) 3 ,7 5 ,D

" ( + Gymnocodium, Permocalculus b "' % #W%E ?T' /HT B O ?% % a /D 6I

"' q ' ?T' HT B %10 ) 5 ` # , %15 )10 S # ' ?B % . & , %40 & G
\ ) K' /H/I F#' M a "+ & O ?% % .2' %5 * O * & %5 )3 /I& % + %10
J& , zG & (Adachi et al., 2004) /" + 2% B& :1 60 . J W# F O "%C
3 ) * + & I& % + S # " WB 6 /#' M B zG & "' % #W%E ?T' HT B
( g R# H ) W O ' % B .(Flügel, 2010) 2' + % jW D & E D K Q /" 4
.(Mu / J ?T' HT B "+ JI j N) 46C ' + + •Q+ #/ (? > % ?T') I "' % #W%E
J ) O % (+ % % JI + oW!) " HT B % 2O% 3Q "+ "B ) + 1991; Bucur 1994)

906
 7 W( ' O ?% L N O ?% % . 2TO + % "+ & " ( G Cw W G & ' % B .9+ "+
.( -23 () & W( "+ (Flügel, 2010) 3= ,

(Bioclastic Echinoid wackestone) /3 * ) )7 @2 ,&4 2 # : MFT9 * +,

&%5 * + %10 ) 5 ? > HT B %20 & , + 2' * O% M N8> 3 ( O ?% % a /D 6I
O ' "+ E% / #% , . " , = > 2% "# " + %5 W / ' I& % + ` # ,
% Qa O F "+ "%C \ /H/I F#' O ?% % . (J ) 26 '3 ) J (
+. = (jW J 3T> O ?% "+ 2TO 2% .% ?, & ' /D 6I J ( D :1 60 . (
' O ?% + & ( + J O & 2, + " 2' ( ,N O ?% % 2' * M N8> B& "+ "B )
.( -23 () 9W/ (Flügel, 2010) 3= , 7 W(

(M H #+ / ` # , & G J O & ) J ' (s 2% 6& ) J ' (A 2 6 ) & ' (P6 :")& ' / O ?% :23 (
- + J O#% = ( H #+ / ` # , & ?T' HT B & G J O * ) J O & (v H #+ / ` # , & 2O % + & G J O & ) J O *
.2' * + W/ J O & 2O % + ( "' % #W%E ?T' 4 T B & O% / + W/ J O * ( B J ' + (& O% /

: 0# BA 3 ; 2ECB @& 3 . % 1 60 # 1 > 0

" ( x9 # , : C ‚8' - + / O ?% o% ) Q j > ' + & ' #( F#' M N6 8 t ' +
.(33 () ( + J =C K Q "+ d + ")& ' ( ") / O ?% % +

."N6 8 - + "+ d + / O ?% W :3 3 (

907
 . W 2O ") V 2WO> # ,- + /" 4 " ")& ' ") #+ V +' L : 43 (

& 4 TB & , & ,& "+ "B ) + o> & . #( + V K Q "+ 3W +' / O ?%
2 # % 6 ). (3 ) =C / O 2' E D K Q #/ J " C =& /`# ,
.(Pomar et al., 2004) ( L # W/ V H% 3 ) "+ !# D%q 5 ( H% !% + ": G M #+
/D 6I J R, (?U6 & (?% M + ' & % + ) M + ' J R, & D/ "+ / O ?% I 3% T) "+ "B ) +
V b /" 4 % +' KQ jW KQ jW D M + ' T #lW/ & S&? * & S I " WB
% & (Shoal) " * (Lagoon) J =C (Tidal) & ?B K Q 3 ( " (Pomar, 2001) ( x9 )
.(4 3 () ( + (Open marine) +
3 (&L % /"%C J + "%C D 9: ) K' /H/IF#' 254 2 9: + ")& ' : 1 9 F 2B
M N6 8 t ' + .2' ( " 4 L # W/ V H% & *J M + ' % .2' ( 3 )
?% 9 O & , + / =0%& ' 7& ' ?B & / ` # , - O= & & , & , =& *
. ( H `) + % & " * J =C & ?B "#4* 3 ( + ' K Q % 4$ "+ d + O
:G& 5
."Q`a 586 ' #( J 'M .J % ' #( .1389 .b ) T >I
.1:1000000 t R ' #( = , = ) & % , UB "O' J % / p i .1388 .t 9+
."Q`a 109 . ' #( J 'M J % ' #( + "$ T% .1355 .u . T
Adabi, M.H., 2009. Multistage dolomitization of Upper Jurassic Mozduran Formation, Kopet-Dagh Basin, NE Iran: Carbonates and
Evaporites, v. 24, p.16-3.
Adachi, N., Ezaki, Y. and Liu, J., 2004- The origins of peloids immediately after the end-permian and the United Arab Emirates.
GeoArabia Special Publication, p. 503-548.
Annells, R. N., Arthurton. R. S., Bazley, R. A., Davis, R. G., 1975. Explanatory text of the Qazvin and Rasht Quaderangles Map
1:250000, Geology Survey of Iran. 94 p.
Bromley, R.G. and Hanken, N.M., 2003. Structure and function of large, lobed.
Bucur, I., 1994. Lower Cretaceous Halimedaceae and Gymnocodiaceae from southern Carpathians and Apuseni Mountains
(Romania) and the systematic position of the Gymnocodiaceae, Beiträge zur Paläontologie, 19: p. 13-37.
Coe, A. L., 2003, The sedimentary record of sea level change, The Open University, Cambridge University press, p. 99-118.
Dunham, R.J., 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Memorial 1, p. 108-121.
Embry, A. F., and Klovan, J. E., 1971. A Late Devonian reef tract on northeastern Banks Island, N.W.T.: Bulletin of Canadian
Petroleum Geology. V. 19, p. 730-781.

908
Flügel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks, Analysis Interpretation and Application. berlin-Heidelberg, New York,
Springer, 976p.
Mu, X., 1991. Upper Permian calcareous algae from Western Guizhou. Acta Palaeontol. Sinica, v. 20, no. 1, p. 33-48.
Nichlos, G., 2009. Sedimentology and stratigraphy, Chapman and Hall, 432 p.
Pomar, L., 2001. Types of carbonate platforms: a genetic approach. Basin Research, v. 13(3), p.313-334.
Pomar, L., Brandano, M., and Westphal, H., 2004. Environmental factors influencing skeletal grain sediment association: A
critical review of Miocene examples from western Mediterranean. Sedimentology, 51:627-651.
Scholle, P. A., Ulmer- Scholle, D. S., 2006. A Color Guide To the Petrography of Carbonate Rocks; grains, textures, porosity,
diagenesis. AAPG. P. 459.

909
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m-rajoli@oiecgroup.com 6 - 78" 7- $ 120 ) 1!$ ,23 - #4 " 5 ) 6 - 78" 7- $ 9(: ; ,) ( -2

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(I) * ,C '4 3 F( C 5 B@ $ + 2; 5 G " 3 4 F( C H = '4 %( B C! . #3 !" $ @
+ 3 O 5 P7 $ L #$ %( ; # = ) + #F 4 # ',; & 5 M ( 5 N ,C + $ 4 5 '- #$% J= K 5 .7
. 5 '#(:3 ) F" 5 24 + " 5 72 " (I) * +5 8 4 :Q3 3 8 # ; #" Q3 ;5 # = ) 'J= K +5 8 R 5 +5 4 - 5 3
( $ 6( ; , ) " '4 'U 4 '- $ #! ) S 5 %( +5 8 4 :Q3 T 4 7D 4 '#(:3 1- ,J( 3 5 R F" '4 I=
Q" BC! 7 '4 +5 8 % 5 5 %( , & 'J$ VT 5 1 ,) '4 (5 7F2" %,; & 4 F( C %( % 4 5
T4 "T Z ( $ !( ; + 3 ; 5 ' W ; + " - %,;5 % 4 # ' ,; 4 X 4 7 '4 7F2" %( '- 7 -Y H4 D
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" 6C4 5 93 +5 \"5 H $ '" :(5 ] , + #4'" 4 + ,2- @ 8 \"5 '4 \# '
R , 207,2 (1962) Mcquillan 5 7 C` '*" #O 5 " U ^" _ 8 D ; " 7 C` 5 5 .7
h, " , ; ,@ %( . " , 240 - R ( D , 311 (1972) Nicol ) @ , 300 ،(1963)
8 " 4 - + 3\# ' 3& 8 " 4 - ) + # ' 3 & 5 N( 5 %( 4 . $ 4 D ; % - " 9 *8
.(1372 J K ) 7 Q#@5 + 5 : " 1* & - 5 #( - *" ,$ - 5 , 5 " %( . " " @
%( + , 3729 3617 iQ 5 '- 5 5 D - 9( 5 Q$ O 5 7 `5T 7 D ; " '" Q" S 4
jD 5 FZ 1- k $ 7 '4 '- 7 , 112 # `5T 7 S 4 5 " %( 7 C` %( 4 #4 ',; & 5 D O
%( '- 7 $+ & " " %( , 500 5 9( '! = O 5 . & ; J + '# O 7 C`
4 : " 4m 4 D ; " % . (1990 - R ( D)7 2Q3 D ; - 5 " %( LT 4 6C4 4 # 7 C`
'4 i J, " ( @ 4 % ) '4 i J, " @ 4 7 !" 7; ( 5 M @ L (5 5 # #- (
(1988) - R (D " %( '4 n 4 7 4 # Z %( @ . (1975 " , ) " ',2" 8 " 4 - )
.7 Q" 'L 5 D ; - 5 5 + '" & ?#) 4 ',; & 5 M #$ & > 4 '- 7

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5 B@ $ + 2; D ; " ',; ( H *! \# ' 3 F( 4 F( C % - D ; + 3 " +< = , =
% - " 7 C` . $ ',@ #$ % ) % 4 D ; " #7 " %( I= 1 ,23 # '
" 49 #- \# ' 9( 5 G 4 # L ) > Q $ S5 :& , 285 (% - \# ) D ; - 5
+ #- ( 5 ( ,2( ,8$ 4 '- ( Paleosoil) Q( D + 30 @ ,Q ," 25 i( Z LT 4 3O
. $ L #$ "5 5 D D ; " D

46. $ ! "!7 8 -
. 5 5 D >5 ; ? @ +:- 6C4 r #U 5 ^" 5
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I= " $ ',@ #$ :C \# # '4 >5 ; ? @ 4 + !C45 % " % '4 + 3 " GJ4 '- o"
I= $ 4 % " = Q, C s !,- + , 5 5 + h 9Q- " , % " 4 5 S ,2& Q" BC!
5 4 % #tQ3 @Y % QC = Q, C + Q ,2& % J 5 " , %( 5 %( % J
%( >5 ; ? @ " ( 6C4 5 '- 7 -Y H4 D . $ 4 ',$ ##-% J ! " !C4 %( +5 8 4 + u,D
" , C %( 7 C` & ,2& % J .7 $ +5 8 % - :C + , 5100iQ '- 7 " %=
o" $ 4 ( F( C + & C 5 % ) % " % '4 %( ( + !C4 5 = Q, C s !,- + 4 + o#)
5 Q 5 4 #U >5 ) #" Q3 >5 ; ? @ 5 ( 1 %( ( + 36C4 5 jD + & C '-
: '4 %( '4 7F2" o" 5 % - " 5 & 5 G R Q, "5 5 D %( :C %( ,Q- , 5 :3
. 4 6( :; + (
GJ4 5 ',F= .7 8 " 4 - Q % " #$'# O F" !( ; F $ & 4 Q3 % - 4 D ; "
! ( 'U5 105 '( F$& ' 5 - 5 R v 5 K4 $ BC! 5 '( F $ & 9( 4 %( !C4
+ ( u + 35 Q" %,$ ( dip meter v ?# k $ *(: ; ,) 5 Q" 9( %,; & 4 7 %*Q n " GJ4 5 I=
. Q" U 5 D ; %- , 5 '4 #3 !" 5 k $ w '- FMS/FMI #" Q3
%- " % J 'J= K 5 5 7 + = jZ 8, 3 9 *8 + $ 5 ( *(
# L ) B C! 5 D T M ( _ Q 5 +5 " =+3 '- O 7 H*! +5 " = 28 > 4 D ; "
x ` 5 & + 36C4 5 : " ;Z 5 5 D + , 4500 6 4 Q 5 " %( % 4 '*" R "5
9Q- %( B C! 5 + = jZ 8, I= #3 !" ,C(51 4 72 " BC! 4 @ '4 + = jK
. #* Q" " #O
" %4 (1-H*$) + , 4575iQ 5 A O 5 +< = # = ) 'J= K > 4 'J= K 5 5 - R (D
',; & 5 D y( D (Crest)' D *( :" 5 O %( '- 7 +5 ` ',*" %( -Y .7 - BC! 5 D ; 4 % -
( * 500 5 5 ) #,23 +:(5 5 24 + 3H 2; 3s5 # = ) '- o" .(2-H*$)7 7 5 3 ' K# '4 9( :"
U 4 #3 !" iQ %( 5 5 % " % " $ L #$ A O 5 '- L ;5 # = ) '- 5 U * %( I=
h 5 '- , 5 3 '4 4 9( :" ) * " ,* ,8$ 4 ' K# '4 O 4 9( :" 7 '4 ;5 # = ) '- O #$ F"
5O $ o4 U (7 *Q" + 3 (Collapsing) S:(5 HM 7 $ o( y( D ' D 5 *Q" F#& 7 = J;
Fh . " $ o4 U " ',2" , , 5 '4 #,23 +:(5 5 24 " + 5 '- ;5 # = ) " $ (Leaching) & $ ',2$
4 , ! BC! $ 4 ',C(5 1 4 2& ' K# 5 '4 '- 3 O + 5 4 +< = # = ) 'J= K 4 + ' ` ; % #O
_Q 5 %( '*#( ( 5 7 JKD s5 # = ) + #F 4 O %( 5 $ BC! ( '- Q" BC! # QZ
911
%( 5 " U + :w z 3 % - D ; +3 " '- 7 +5 ` ',*" %( -Y . 4 5 D " , + % L )
L o4 U +5 4 5 Q3 3 Q" !" 5 JD iQ : " @ %( '- 7 +5 8 + 3 @ '" Q" + #F 4 # 'J= K
' K# 5 : " "5 @E + $4 4 " %( '- 8, +< = , = % #O 4 K Q#@5 .7 Q3 Q
'4 + & :w '- O ',$ " U R '4 Q % #O + :w : " >5 ; ? @ " ( 6C4 5 5 " U >5 ; ? @
',$I& .7 Q3 ( 9$ 4 5 Q3 ' K# %( 5 ;5 # = ) 'J= K * y) .7 (I) * iQ %( 5 ,C
3 5 R F" '4 I= $ 4 Q" (IW" * , 5 '4 +5 8 % 5 O 5 4 F" 5 24 ;5 # = ) 'J= K
@ %4 #$'# O F" 9( >5 ; ? @ ' K# 5 % " 4 5 '- $ 'U ',*" %( '4 T 4 7 7 JKD 4 (
S5 %( % J + 4 ( 3 5 # '4 I= 3 !" 5 % ) %(5 Q- r *$ 8"4- Q %"
7F2" %( 4 5 , +5 I 4 5 4 R QJ 5 K4 . $ 8, & 'J$ VT 5 Thorium/Potassium %,; & 7F2"
5 '4 #$ " - X 4 6( :; 4 # ' 5 7$I& 4 1( 4 5 D , ) " ; 5 & " Q 74 h - 5 K4
, )" 'O 3 '- 4 w u# %( 7F2" $ sI #,23 1 ,) + '- 5 W ; + "-
5 " +< = , = k= p 4 F( C ":C 3%- D ; " '- o" . T 4 7F2" %( $ , "T Z
8, 'K4 5 %( D ; 4%- B C! 7 U ^" 5 5 > % Q3 4 I= 3 H *! \# '
9( 4 ( 8 " 4 - Q %" !C4 " R Z 5 ) 4 6( ; 7 "T Z 5 %- " . $
B O & 'J$ VT 5 Thorium/Potassium7F2" % J 8, 4 y) U D ; " V5:4 , ) "
%( " 4 " , '- (3-H*$) 3 !" 5 9 ) + , 4543 iQ 5 7F2" %( . $ % QC %(
'- 7 -Y H4 D . 5 7 4 5 7F2" %( , Q" ',$ " " #O 7 JKD &T ( $ S:(5 7 '4 A O 5 . $ 4
. $ 4 1 ,) D ; " +5 8 H& k - '- Q" 8, , L 3 O 5 # 'K4 5 %(

A O 5 +< = # = ) 'J= K > 4%- " 7 JD -1H*$

912
A O 4 _ FK" > 4B O5 D ; " + 5 4 'J= K 5 + 3 O " * 7 JD -2H*$

913
 & 'J$ VT 5 Thorium/Potassium 7F2" > 4 B O5 %- 4 D ;%4 %- " % J -3H*$

: ; : ",
O +5 4VT % 5 , 5 " U Q#@5 5 u4 " '4 , * '- $ +5 8 3 O 5
C 5 & 'J$ VT 5 Thorium/Potassium %,; & 7F2" > 4 5%- D ; +3 " % 4 , 4
. Q" % J 7 " % 45 "T Z , ) " ; + 5 '- # '
:<$ .
5 !," ( #$% r ,- %( xZ #Q$ 3 1( *= F ^" ( > & #$ '# O ( #$% 1372 JK
.' 8M 536 5 !- #$%

- Ghavidel Syooki, M., 1988. Palynostratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Faraghan Formation of South –Eastern Iran, Ph.D.
Thesis, Michigan State University, 279.
-Ghavidel Syooki, M., 1990. Palynological study of Mila, Ilbeyk, Zard Kuh and Fraghan at Zard Kuh, Chal-i-sheh areas and
Darang well No.1 in Zagros Basin Southern Iran. NIOC Geol. Lab. Paleo. Rep.No.380 proc.1st Intern. Symp. on diapirism
with special reference to Iran, v. 1, 141-214.
-McQuillan, H.A., 1962, IOOC Tech. Note(Unpub.)
-Molazal, 1963, Cited in Szabo and Kheradpir, 1978.

914
-Nicole and Kheradpir, A.,1972, Interoffice Memo. (Unpubl.)
-Setudehnia, A., 1975. The Paleozoioc sequence at Zard Kuh and Kuh-e-Dinar Bulletian of the Iranian Petroleum Institute,
Third Quarter, No.60.

Title: The boundary between Zakeen and Faraghan based on

petrophysical logs in one of the Iran gas field in Persian Gulf
Authors: *1-Mazaheri, Fatemeh, 2-Rajoli, Mohamad Reza,
*1-Ph.D. student of Sciences Faculty, Islamic Azad University, branch of science and research, Tehran
2- Head of petrophysic of KPE Company, No.12, 6th Koohestan Allay, Nobonyad Sq., Pasdaran Ave.
Abstract: The boundary between Zakeen and Faraghan in the Persian Gulf are not well understood. These two formations
show different lithology in the Persian Gulf than type section. Distinguish the boundary due to clastic lithology in two
formations and absence of fossils is hardly possible. Geological studies carried out in the various sections, the border is
detected based on palynomorph. Study of palynomorph was very time consuming and after drilling and after several months
it is possible, so after researching ways to faster, less expensive and Strengthening careful when drilling, a method is
proposed that due to the disconformity and severe erosion in clastic rocks by taking the ratio of potassium to thorium in
gamma ray logs can be determined this boundary immediately. It is noticeable that these ratio due to maturation of sandstone
and alteration of feldespar in duration severe and long erosional phase, rises, that this peak is used to identify the boundary.
Key words: Faraghan, Zakeen, Boundary, disconformity, Palinology, rate of Thorium/Potassium

915
 4* " # 3 2 1

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.'- 7- ' () * +, -. / 01 2 03 0- 0 5, -. -4

Ati.madani_1247@yahoo.com

8 / G/ H 87- . .. -. - C =0 3 E 3 F 0- ) 9 @ - '29 . '- 7- A 0 . BC-2 D.2

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/ N P 2 N 7- N7 N 7 N * . F2 9- O7 4 .N - 4 ( - C XRD ) - . 2 0 N0-. /
* . 7. ( 7 0 0 D =R 2 0 / 0 D Spss12 -) - : . * 87- * Q . -.- . . 0 / G2 4 * Q .
25 M 5 8 / >4D- - -. * 87- . 0 / .. F * 9 9- S7 / 1 * * * 0 D 87- 9- :-
. 0/ H .. F * 9 / N@" Q .

. ! XRD :

Mineralogical studies of sediments of the catchment area of the

Korcorsar River, Noshahr, north of Iran
Seyyedeh Atefeh Moafi madeh Madani 1, Seyyed Reza Mousavi Harami 2, Kiamars Hosseini * 3, Ali Moghini kanlose 4
1- PhD Student, Sedimentology and sedimentary rock, Hormozgan University,iran.
2-Professor of Earth Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,iran.
3-M.S student of sedimentology and sedimentary rock, university of Hormozgan, iran
4-Assistant professor of Earth Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Lahijan,iran.
Ati.madani_1247@yahoo.com

Abstract:
The Korcorsar River is located in the north of Iran in the Central-North Alborz Zone, southwest of
Noshahr. In this region, the sediments accumulate to the Upper Precambrian Age to the Upper
Cretaceous. In this study, 11 samples were collected and analyzed by XRD to study the mineralogy of
sediments in this basin. The results indicate that the minerals of Monte-Murionite, Chlorite, Ilitic and
Kaolenite are different percentages. Subsequently, the percentages of these minerals were clustered in
Spss12 software and four clusters were identified. Each of these clusters is in harmony with one of the
creatures in the Caucasus Basin. These clay minerals have a difference of between 5% and 25%
relative to the formations in the region.
Keywords: mineralogical studies, XRD, Curricous catchment basin.

916
 : # $ %

- C ) 9 @ - '29 .2 V . H . .N - 0 BC-2 =0 ' 4 =0 3 F 2 3 E . H . H

/ '2) - . - 0 40 @ - 'W . 7? / X M M 8 "L 87 @ L 9- Y M M / N - / 7 L G / - -. '29 87- .. -.
M @ CW) N - 0 : 5 - 0 M Z 2. . '29 87- Z 4D S0 (. [ / , ,MW *.- 72 4 - / 'W
-C @ c R 1:100/000 0 8 9 X, )7 /W /_/ 0 8 9 X H . .(1383
.N - 4 ( - C / 2 [V/ . , 'W . . F G > - / F M / d 87- / e@M [ @ 2 4 (

XRD ;7 9W - / 0 N0-. / * _ 2 M H .2 V , -1 fS0

: &'
7 0 I / .. F 0 8 9 * -2 9- 0 N0-. / 11 0 G H I /
0/5 fQ- / 2 h,D A / E g2 9- . 4 - / 2 ' 0 h,D 9- iL * . - 0 . W X M L g- L e M *
9- 4SR .) )7 -. 3 : ( 50 .2 * 9- ij . 4 ( - C ) W . ( 4) )7 D M
A 4 - XRD ;7 9W : 5 - - / ()7 @M -2) 0 ;</ , 08 9' 9 +,7 9W / 2 9 - F( 4
k7) / d @0- (2) (mge) A S ( 8 M- 9- d @0- (1) N 2 =R f 0 4< f - +,7 9- 87- . . 0 .-.
. 7. ( fQ 79 O7 4 2 N ( : 5 - (k) k 4L / d @0- (4) F . 550 G - (3) (mg)
()
=R (XRD) iS7- M L g- L ;7 9W : 5 - 2 )7 /W ..F * 9 9- 0 N0-. / * .
* Q .8 M - /. 4 ( - C 7 0. f / N P 2 N7 N 7- N 7 4 * 2(
* * h L 79 N " (Moore, D. M., and Reynolds, R. C., 1997) / [ l g2 9- . 4 - / * 9- :-
' , (4 M 2A S0-) * iS7- M L g- L -. .(1 A2 F) 0 / Q . 2 @ V = W 9- :-
-2- Q . 9- 2 40-. . F2 N P N 7- N7 N 7 4 * H . . *.
.(1A2 F) -. D / M2 4

917
(m . )7 /W . = - - * 9- 0 N0-. / * . * iS7- M L g- L * -. . (1 fS0
D.2 * 4,= 9- 0 N0-. / * . * iS7- M L g- L * -. . (2 .N P (k 2 N 7- (i N7 (c N 7 4
.N P (k 2 N 7- (i N7 (c N 7 4 (m . )7 /W . '- F -

(c N 7 4 (m . )7 /W . ) M 9 9- 0 N0-. / * . * iS7- M L g- L * -. (2fS0

. S*W 1 -2 9- 0 N0-. / * . * iS7- M L g- L * -. . (5 .N P (k 2 N 7- (i N7
N P (k 2 N 7- (i N7 (c N 7 4 (m . )7 /W

918
(m . )7 /W . S*W 1 2' -2 9- 0 N0-. / * . * iS7- M L g- L * -. (3 fS0
*1 -2 9- 0 N0-. / * . * iS7- M L g- L * -. . N P (k 2 N 7- (i ،N7 (c N 7 4
.N P (k 2 N 7- (i N7 (c N 7 4 (m . )7 /W . , ,MW

)7 /W h7m 4 * -2 9- 0 N0-. / * . * Q . '-) 8 M -1 A2 F

9 : N 7 4 N7 N 7- N P %d 5
*
- - 0 35/71
4/76 59/53 100
= 1

9 : N 7 4 N7 N 7- N P %d 5

* 4,= 2 12/5 59/62 27/88 0 100

- D.2
'- F 3 8/99 58/14 30/72 2/15 100

9 : N 7 4 N7 N 7- N P %d 5

4 7/23 37/11 35/05 20/61 100

)M 10 26/78 0 20/55 52/67 100

11 34 0 31 35 100

9 : N 7 4 N7 N 7- N P %d 5

5 21/73 28/26 31/54 18/47 100

h*W 1
6 15/04 18/58 43/36 23/02 100

9 : N 7 4 N7 N 7- N P %d 5

7 34/93 0 39/75 25/32 100

2 '
S*W 1 8 15/27 0/46 55/97 28/30 100

9 : N 7 4 N7 N 7- N P %d 5
* 1
, ,MW 9 15/82 28/79 37/41 17/98 100

* o4 '- / * 9 .. F * Q . '-) 9- W N . / G > - -.- .

0 : 5 - * o4 87- - 0 D / 4 . SPSS 12 -) - : 9- . 4 - / ij .N - 0 4 ( I . 9 *

919
 02 . 0 4() / @ ) W 72 / HC ) W / 4 . 7 - 0D / 4 . .(4 fS0)N -
4 ( - C 2 ( h7 . / , 7. / * o4 g2 87- . .N - 2 ( h7 . . F * o4 8 / _ @M - - C / - /
87- . 0 f S,M M2 4 * 2 ( - 0 D / 4 . . . -. . F2 A 4 - 87- . . ( - F p - +7. 9- 2
(1373 ) N - -. / V 9- 0 G2 M

* - 0 D -. -4 fS0

* N - . h S M 2 ( =R / - * - 0D / 4 . ) W N ( '- M 4 fS0 / F M /
* Q . '-) *. ' , - 87- . 0 / .. F * 9 9- S7 / 1 * * 2 (
.N - H . H .. F =9 +7. / N@" Q . 25 M 5 8 / >4D- - -. 9 *
: * +,
M L g- L /- / . * Q- 2 ( =R 9- :- * 0 q<, r VM 87- 9- W N . / O7 4 / F M /
9- 0 N0-. / * . 0 0- = W / ? / . l @ / F M / . *. ' , . D 9- G2 4 4 iS7-
(1) N 2 =R . (XRD) iS7- M L g- L ;7 9W : 5ss - 2 (1 , ) )7 /W ..F * 9
) * 2 ( =R k 4L / d @0- (4) F . 550 G - (3) Mg / d @0- (2) A S ( 8 M- 9- d @0-
/ * 9- :- * Q.8 M - /. 4 ( - C 7 0. f / (N P N7 N 7- N 7 4
/.(1-6 A2 F ) 0 / Q . 2 @ V = W 9- :- * * h L 79 N " / [ l g2 9- . 4 -
N - 'W 2 5 r ..F S,D * . M . (.9- * G 0 3 M9 / -t( 3 ' 9 . *c 0
.- * , C- N C 8S G H 87- 87- / / (Griffin, George M., 1962)
- * 2 3W 8 u * 2 N - 7 7 . e V q<, = - - * ;</ * N 7- . q<,
h S M 2 ( =R / - * - 0D / 4 . ) W 8 u *. 0 / v N 7- f S,M . 3
'-) *. ' , - 87- . 0 / .. F * 9 9- S7 / 1 * * 2 ( * N - .
H . H .. F * 9 +7. / N@" Q . 25 M 5 8 / >4D- - -. 9 * * Q.
.N -
:B/
. V Q 586 A2- F , G ,4 - 2 0 8 9 ' 9 G- ,4 - '- 7- 0 8 9 1383 .d c M @ CW
. V Q 659 A2- w R (g M -2 ) @ - 4 Q +, -. G- ,4 - W 8 9 @ 1373 .8"

920
 . , G ,4 - 2 08 9' 9 1380 c R 1:100000 08 9 ,
Griffin, George M., (1962), Regional Clay-mineral Facies- Products of Weathering Intensity and current Distribution in the
Northeastern Gulf of Mexico, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 73,737-768.

Moore, D. M., and Reynolds, R. C., (1997), X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals:
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 337 p.

921
! "# -
( $ % & '( ) * + ' ,
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

3 2 *1
reza.moezzi.nasab@pgs.usb.ac.ir -1
mngorgij@yahoo.com !" -2
m_bakhshi@science.usb.ac.ir !" $ -3

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
:
+2 ' 2(!3 !. $1 2 !. ! 0 ( )* + !, -! .!/ - % '! % &
2 02 92$ & +2$ < 2= & % 27 %8 ' 2(0 " ' /& ( % & $ 9: . ( % 7 %8 $ ( 0 " 4$ 0 5 6
' 2(FG B C H /% I +$ 6 +$ ( 0 ?.!$@A B C D & 0E , % 7 %8 $ (0 " ' 0 $ >
A.globosa, 2 % 27 %8 ' 2(02 " $2 J 2 !2 2 02/% I 0 , K I& $ L*( .? 0E , $ < G
. - A 7 ( A.sakaryaensis, A.aragonesis, A.frumentiformis

-- 7 -.'5" ,- *'5'*6 ,4 0 3) & 2 ) " / ,0 1 - . ,-.' -'( *" " '$()% : & !"# $%

Systematic determination of Some Alveolina Species in the Oligo-

Miocene Conglomerates of Hormak Section (South Eastern of
Iran)
Reza Moezzi nasab* 1, Mohammad nabi Gorgij 2, Mohammad reza Bakhshi mohebbi 3
1. Master of Geology, Stratigraphy & Paleontology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan,
reza.m1371@yahoo.com
2. Professor of Geological Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, mngorgij@yahoo.com
3. Professor of Geological Department, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, m_bakhshi@science.usb.ac.ir

Abstract:

Oligo-Miocene conglomerate carbonate sequences with the introduction of Hormak Section in the
north-eastern city of Zahedan, which includes a high frequency of Large Benthic Foraminifera,
especially species that are of Alveolina. Also, this adaptation in the study area based on Alveolina
species such as A.globosa, A.sakaryaensis, A.aragonesis, A.frumentiformis is indicated Early-Middle
Eocene age.

Keywords: Oligo-Miocene conglomerate, Hormak Section, Large Benthic Foraminifera, Alveolina,

Early-Middle Eocene
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊

922
 :8 9
OP2 02 2( !Q2 ) *2 R - % '! MN M N% A ' ( % & 0/% I ' (-!
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2$ (LBF) 5 62 +2 ' 2(!3 !. W ' (! (+(8 O P & ' ! " ' (0: 0
H 2[ G 02 -!2 2$ . $ !" F$ * A Z G ( )* R -! B C H /% I .(2 OP )
.(1OP ) ? 9: + !, ' P$ 6 ^!_ ) ] $ . !\V

: ;
,(1370 , G @6) A' & 8 F > # ( 1372 , <# C ) A" &"< . );- < 8 9 <" ? 3@" ,8 * = > ' 89=) . );- < 8 9 -1
1:250000? 9

923
 0 1K ( 8) J). A'3. -2: ;

?S 2 2"! 4$ 02 2 * ( H 2% c 2 2 '! $ 2V b 2R% 0 !$ a! . 0E , ' S ' %

O2 " 2 02/% I 02>I .(1383 & 2T :8)?2 ' 2: 6( +$ ! ? LA ' S!
0E , O P& !e 0 0 ? ' 0 "0 8H![ c Q O " !P *_ .? 9: c Q 8H![
02 &! 02E , O2 P& 2 2$ f8 ' ( S H 3 ' : ! = 0 QA 8
02 (c 2Q O2 ")Z!W O2 " 2$ 2 H .!" !: h &!&. * 0e,g & 8 !E , Q_ & : .
' 2( & 8 D2A ( 0 &! '( S 0 ? H = $ ( 8H![ O ")a! ?*
( 8' ! 0 A ]0 ( 7 ) % $ ' ( j & j & ?$!T* $ $ f8 ' (i 0 (0 &! ) 1 A ! " $ f8
. A - % '! k & h !" H =0 0*& S 0 7 ' (F . 0 .? 0 Q

924
 2 7 - 2 A 2 N% A ' 2. Mm2 & ! B!3&gA 0 ( (LBF) 5 6 + ' (!3 !. % 7 %8 ' (D V
Hottinger, 1998; Sirel, 1976 a & b; Sirel & Gunduz, ) ' ! " 9$ & (D & N ) D & 0E , A
$ 2(02 " H 2= [ S < 2= & 2 2$ 2= j ( .(1976; Drobne, 1988; Pignatii, 1988; Sirel & Acar, 2008
. - S- TQ + !, -! - % '! ' . M m ' (Z8 H % 7 %8
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
:L 9 G K#
H 2/% I . 2 ' 2 2 8 02/% I 2 -!2 c 2 92I> 100 2, H /% I $ B C % 7 %8 $ '!
$2 J 2 0 $ C 8 .? 3 G ' (- B! ?G ' (i (LBF) 5 6 + ' (!3 !.
H 2/% I 2$ 2$ 2 ( +2$! $ +2$! %8 ' (! A 0/% I B6 (LBF) 5 6 + ' (!3 !.
% 27 %8 ' (0 " .!/ ' ! h % ] ' (-! 0 Q& e 0 < G H QV ' (0 * 3 G ' (-!
Bozorgnia & Kalantari, ) 2 3 G !T / 9 8! / % 7 %8 ' (0 " $ L*( . m( !.
1965), (Kalantari, 1976), (Rahaghi, 1978), (Rahaghi, 1980), (Rahaghi, 1983), (Leoblich & Tappan, 1988),
. 3 (Bozorgnia & Kalantari, 1995), (Jawad Afzal, 2010), (Sajjad Ahmad, 2010

Alveolina globosa Leymerie, 1840

2 ?2 +$ 6 m( 0 0 % ' ( 0 = . .? ?3( & o A FL A ' ( /& ? OP ' ! & % T " 0 A
Early Eocene (Middle : 2 .(fig1-3 ) +$ 6 m( 0 U C $ Q ' (p A m( ' / ' (
Ilerdian)

Alveolina sakaryaensis Sirel, 1976

H !C, ? OP W! mG& 5 6 V !C, . 0> , 11 ? OP r 0 A :+$!3 !P B!.
Early Eocene (Middle Ilerdian) : .(fig4-5) ( m( 0 +$ 6 h&! +

Alveolina aragonesis Hottinger, 1960

1 " 2 6 tS .? ! 3 $ !I: ! 3/5 ' R !I: ' ! 0* & OP W! mG& 0 A
0 ) FL A Q & 0 . ( ! . A FL A 4 & 3 ٬ !P 400 ' R !I: 5 6 V !C, .?
2(+2: & .?2 +2$ 6 m( 0 U C $ Q FL A F & Q m( ' / 0 & ? +$ 6 m(
Middle : 2 .(fig6-7) 2 ( ! 2 ' 2 QA u 23& ?T2 ' !& ! ' (FL A $ 0* & ' ! 5 6
Eocene (Middle-Late Ilerdian)

Alveolina frumentiformis Schwager, 1883

!2 2 2/5 0 j = E!_ ! 80 j = % ] '0 & +$!3 ! B!. j = OP
0 8 ^!_ ! 22 0 8 ) ] % ] j = ' +$!3 !P B!. .? ' ! U T$!>& V !C, .
Middle Eocene (Late Lutetian) : .(fig8-9) $ j = hI: 0 , (+: & . ! 4

925
 fig1-3: A.globosa, fig4-5: A.sakaryaensis, fig6-7: A.aragonesis, fig8-9: A.frumentiformis -3: ;

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
: 8M 3
- % 2& - A 7 ' (Z P j!/ 0 $ % 7 %8 D V 0 " 4 0% > ?QV 0/% I $ ]
92$ & 2 02 $ > O2 : 0 , $ % 7 %8 H /*C& h &!& $ .? + !, -! ' . Mm ' $ & ! H '(
.? D & 0E , 0/% I ' ( % 7 %8 H /*C& 0

◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
: . /N )
.586 * B x / H. w 640 !$ 1383 .u & T :8
1:250000 J > (0 $ 0 > -" Q 0 > - 6" 1370 .u & T :8
. / H.
H. 1:250000 J > ( 0 > -" Q 0 > z! 1372 .8 ' !Q
. /
◊◊◊◊◊◊◊
References:
Bozoignia, F. and Kalantari, A., 1965. Nummulites of parts of central and east Iran. National Iranian Oil Company, 24.
Lochlich .A.R., and Tappan ,H ,1988. Foraminifera general and their classification, Van Nostrand Reinhold company .new
york.
Rahaghi, A . ve Schaub H., 1976. Nummulites et Assilines de la Tethys Paleogene Тахinomie. phylogenese et et
biostratigraphie, Schvveizerische Palaontologische Abhandlungen Me m. suisses de Paleant. 104.
Rahaghi, A., 1978. Paleogene biostratigraphy of some parts of Iran. National Iranian Oil Comраnу, Geolo-gical
Laboratories, Teheran, publication n° 7. 82 P . 41 pls.

926
Serra-Kiel, J. Hottinger, L. Caus , E, Drabne , K, Ferrandez, C. , Jauhri , А.К., Less. G., Pavlovec , R., Pignatti, J. Samso ,
J.M., Schaub , H, Sirel , . E. Strougo , A., Tambareau , Y. , Tosquella J. Zakrevskaya E., 1998. "Larger foraminiferal
biostratigraphy of the Tethyan Paleocene and Eocene". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 169 (2), p, 281-299.
Sirel, E. & Gündüz, H., 1976. Description and stratigraphical distribution of the some species of the genera Nummulites,
Assilina and Alveolina from the Ilerdian, Cuisian and Lutetian of Haymana region (SAnkara), Bulletin of the Geological
Society of Turkey, 19 (1), 31–44. (in Turkish).

927
 " ) * ' (vsp) ! " # $ %% % &' (

%&' #$ " !
mohammadali.moghimzadeh@yahoo.com

&' #$ " ! $*, % ) *+ % ' (

m.abdideh@yahoo.com
-.
% * # , - * ' ( # ) * +# .#% # & " !
: * +;) ) 6) 7 + 8 9 -4 : * + 0)% 5 0 +# 23 4% # % . ) / 0% 1
# CD ) 4 E & 0 7 # 0F #-0 < 0=1 6 > 23 # ? @7+ .# , 9 , A ) (EOR) 9 # # 3#%
. 0 3I 4 # E G H
J 23 L #7 . D 3= * + .K3) ! ' 3% * +7 % # 2 ( # * ,% 6 J
;) % N? ( * ,% 6 * +,# # ;% # & 9 ) 9 M J 7> . * + .K3) 2 1 * : * &
Q- * + & R # # 9 ) 9 M J 3# > % ,# / .73# . 2 P Q D * ,% 6 O
5 -4 Q + / 23 % 79 2 P ,# ) " 0 7 50=1 F * -6)7 R % S& 6 > 23 # .79 H # &
.73# . ,# / (EOR) 9 # # 3#% : * +;) ) 6) 7 + 8 9 -4 : * + 0)%
V) 7 W % 9 * + < 8 9 3 ) ( P9 ) * 5 ) 3 >6 * +" 7> E
3 - # (TCYL) P9 MM < 1 8. W % MM * + < 8 9( 7> 3 4 . (SWBO)
7> E . D # 0F #-0 < 0=1 V X # 9 # # 3#% ) 6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * : * +N
[1M ) L * + 3F * +" 23 @Y H ) Z 7( ) ND 7( > * +" 5N1 1 5, )> 5 F * +V)7
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*> ? $& .1
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) 2 % *) Me 0` # + e0) # * ,% 6 * +;) % 3 Q D * ,% 6 O ;) .7 8+ 7 / 8
) ,# X2 % # * 8 7 # 3= 23 VSP ;) ,79 R J .7 # D , e 0) # # -
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..) 6) 7 + 8 9 ( X 5, e , 3# * 73 &.7 <3# * + i ( # 9 # # 3#% * i ( # - 7374
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928
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.7 R 0 % 5, e 0) # f 1 * +\ N >
* ,% 6 * +,# # . 9 ) 9 M * +J 5 * + .K3) R * + & 23 Q- % 3
Vista = h % "+)K& 23 # : 8 + & 23 0# )` # * Q D * ,% 6 O ;) % N? (
c ? = h 5 +J 7 0 % 2 6) R % S& .. ,79 ,# / * ,% 6 * +,# # ;% # & * 7.0
.7 R 9 M ) 9 J

S$PG * + (2 + ; 18$ &? (* B F( $ -1-2

6 <e ρ 5Gpa :8( 3# 3 V)7 Edyn 0` # # 9 ,# / 1* ' % 3 V)7 R *
3
. m/s :8( 9 ) 9 M J : Vs ) Vp 5g/cm :8(
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:# 9 ,# / 3% p ) % ?

929
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7% M % M * M # # 3F 3% 83) ) 6 <e 7& h 6 7 6) 7 + @ 9 c #
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.79 7 6 c7 V X # @ 9 3 ) x/( ) V
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, e , 3# # # 4 ;=3 5 6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 u , e , 3# N * : *+ &% 3
6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * 7 8+ ;=3 * # , e , 3# # 3 +N . 'D ) l 6 * +kF % ,# /
Q 8> K4 )K3 5K2 5K1 0)% -e +7 % 23 50F # ) 0 < * +7 % # # 4 * + 3F E .7 8 :
@ 9 # L3 -4 : 3F I 1 * 0)% 23 # #. ,79 ,# # 0 M (1) V)74 # 7 9
.Q3% # & 6) 7 +

930
 +0` \ ) 9 , + f 1 * + 3F 0F # ) 0 < * +7 % *7 Q 8> 1 V)74
9 > * ? (m) 3F 3% 3F 7% h
+` 6)# 6)# 5 3 7 2836-2948 K1
6)# +` 2948-2954 K2-a
0<
+` 2954-2983 K2-b K2
6)# +` 2983-2993 K2-c
+` 6)# 6)# 5 3 7 2993-3114 K3
6)# +` 3114-3127 TOP
+` 3127-3142,8 K4-a
6)# +` +` 3142-3169 K4-b 0F #
K4
6)# +` +` 3169-3194 K4-c
+` 3194-3200 K4-d
+` 6)# +` 3200-3212 K4-e

3182 3140 )3120 3084 53073 3051 52942 2900 * +\ # , e , 3# 5BS ) l 6 kF 4

. 8 : 6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * 0F # 7 % K3 ) 0 < 7 % K2 * + 3F L # ;=3 * #
@ 9 # L3 * + 3F 23 # # .7 8+ * * +;=3 * # 50F # 7 % K4 ) 0 < 7 % K1 * + 3F
+0` Z 7( ) ND 7( > * +" @Y H ) , > " 5 3 V)7 50 & R8 7> E 6) 7 +
;=3 7D , e , 3# +0` # K4 ) K1 * + 3F # 3 +"1 7 .Q +# D # ) L * + 3F
6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * : 3F I 1 -4 + 3F 23 M 7P ) Q3 . u # 737 0
7D * 3212 3194) * 3142 3127\ % K4 3F # ) * 2900 2836 \ % K1 3F # .Q3% # &
50 & R8 p 7> .Q3% # & +0` M @ 9 # L3 * 737 0 7 8+ , 3# # ;=3
,79 ,# # 0 M (2) V)74 # d * + 3F * , ) > ) N1 1 5 Z 7( ) ND 7( > " 5 3 V)7
. ,79 ,# # 0 M (3)V)74 # C ) B 5A * +0)% ) L * + 3F # Z 7( ) ND 7( > " 7> .

, ) > ) (PHi) N1 1 5(SHmax) Z 7( ) (Shmin) ND 7( > " 5(Es) 3 V)7 5(vs) 0 & R8 p 7> :2 V)74
6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * 737 * +0)% # (UCS)

Es Shmin SHmax
Zone Depth (m) vs PHi UCS (Mpa)
(Gpa) (Mpa) (Mpa)

A 2836-2900 0.2922 6.8 61.55 69.30 0.024 91.53

B 3127-3142 0.2922 6.8 68.00 76.45 0.024 95.16

C 3194-3212 0.2941 6.4 70.13 78.70 0.072 90.23

C ) B 5A * +0)% ) L * + 3F # Z 7( ) ND 7( > * +" 7> :3 V)74

Shmin (Mpa) SHmax (Mpa)

Layer Depth (m)
mean mean
2815 60.44 68.07
A 2836-2900 61.55 69.30
2905 62.48 70.36
3121 68.12 76.49
B 3127-3142 68.00 76.45
3145 68.35 76.84
3190 69.83 78.37
C 3194-3212 70.13 78.70
3220 70.58 79.18

931
 C ) B 5A * +0)% 3 & ) 3F * + 3F 2 Z 7( ) ND 7( > " @Y H :4 V)74

Layer
Zone Shmin (Mpa) SHmax (Mpa)

Up 1.11 1.23
A
Down 0.93 1.06
Up 0.12 0.04
B
Down 0.35 0.39
Up 0.30 0.33
C
Down 0.45 0.48

. ,79 ,# # 0 M (4) V)74 # 0 9 ) L * + 3F C ) B 5A * +0)% Z 7( ) ND 7( > " @Y H 2 | +

% M C 0)% # N1 1 7> .7 8+ F *, )> 2 | + ) : 3 V)7 ) 0 & R8 * #
Z 7( ) ND 7( * +" @Y H 7> . 3= * # <3# 0)% )# R8 0)% 23 u 23 % <3# * +0)%
@ 9 ; 8. * * - C <3# 0)% )# R8 0)% 23 u 23 % ) M 5 ) L * + 3F A 0)%
7P .79 I 1 6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * 0)% 23 - 0 A 0)% X . ) L * + 3F # 6) 7 +
) * M N1 1 * # 3% * - p3 9 * # B 0)% R8 6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * C 0)% 5A 0)% %
. B 0)% % M 8 ) L * + 3F 0` Z 7( ) ND 7( > * +" @Y H

( U V .4
2 P L p ) % ,# / Z 7( ) ND 7( > * +" 7> :# 0 3% c ? 0 P6 ' 23 G3
) 67,67 0F # 7 % # ) 70,71 ) 62,68 : 0< 7% #V & < :8( +0` p 7> 73# .
% ,# / (UCS), )> 7> 5, e , 3# * 73 & # s *+ &% 3. 76,03
: 0F # ) 0 < * +7 % #V & < :8( , )> p 7> .73# . R L p)
Z 7( ) ND 7( > * +" 50 & R8 5 3 V)7 5, )> 7> .. 95,56 ) 90,42
9 # # 3#% ) 6) 7 + @ 9 # L3 * 0)% 23 - * 2900 2836 \ 73# . [1M N1 1 7> )
# L3 * : *7P * +0)% : * 3142 3127 ) 3212 3194 * +\ 50)% 23 % S& . (EOR)
.7 8+ 6) 7 + @ 9

U( .5
[1] Aali, J., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., and Kamali, M. R., 2006, Geochemistry and origin of the world's largest gas field from
Persian Gulf, Iran: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v. 50, no. 3, p. 161-175.
[2] Abass, H., Nasr-El-Din, H., and BaTaweel, M ,.Sand control: sand characterization, failure mechanisms, and
completion methods, in Proceedings SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition2002, Society of Petroleum
Engineers.
[3] Adam, L., Batzle, M., and Brevik, I., 2006, Gassmann's fluid substitution and shear modulus variability in carbonates
at laboratory seismic and ultrasonic frequencies: Geophysics, v. 71, no. 6, p. F173-F183.
[4] Al-Dabagh, H. H., and Alkhafaf, S., 2011, Comparison of Kρ and λρ in clastic rocks: A test on two wells with different
reservoir-quality stacked sands from West Africa: The Leading Edge, v. 30, no. 9, p. 986-994.
[5] Amadei, B., and Stephansson, O., 1997, Rock stress and its measurement, Springer Science & Business Media.
[6] Ameen, M. S., Smart, B. G., Somerville, J. M., Hammilton ,S., and Naji, N. A., 2009, Predicting rock mechanical
properties of carbonates from wireline logs (A case study: Arab-D reservoir, Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia): Marine and
Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 430-444.

932
 Examination Appropriate Zones For Creating Hydraulic Failure
in one of the south-pars oilfield well’s via using VSP and
petrophysica data
Mohammadali Moghimzadeh, Masters of Petroleum Engineering Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Islamic Azad
University Omidiyeh
mohammadali.moghimzadeh@yahoo.com

Mohammad Abdideh, Ph.D. Geology, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Islamic Azad University of
Omidiyeh
m.abdideh@yahoo.com

Abstract
Geomechanics is a science that studies the behavior of stressed rock. Geomechanics has many uses in
the field of exploitation of oil and gas reservoirs, among which these can be used to determine the
stability of a well wall, to designate zones with potential for oil production, Examination of
appropriate euphoria (EOR) and so on.The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the
geomechanics of the Kangan-Dalan reservoir in one of the wells of South Pars, in the Persian
Gulf.Seismic waves during the course of the subsurface formations are affected by the physical
properties of the rock.As a result, the speed of these waves is a suitable parameter for estimating
geomechanical properties. The amount of compressive and shear wave velocity was determined by
processing seismic data obtained from the vertical seismic profile .It was calculated using shear rate
and velocity values .in this paper, after calculating the elastic modulus of the reservoir rock, the stress
field was determined which used these concepts to designate zones with potential for oil production,
Examination of appropriate euphoria (EOR).Based on the amount of inductive stresses (tangential,
axial, and radial) and that (δ_θθ> δ_zz> δ_rr) is a common type of shear fracture (SWBO).
Considering that the amount (δ_3 = δ_rr) of tensile fracture of radial tensile fracture (TCYL) was
eventually investigated for the proper location for creating hydraulic split and harvesting along the
Kangan-Doanan reservoir, based on the value of the modulus Elasticity, single-acting resistance,
porosity, horizontal and minimum stresses, and the differences between these adjacent layers were
determined. The depth of 2836-2,900 meters is the best zone for creating hydraulic failure.

Keywords: Geomechanical Reservoir, Petrophysics, VSP, Elastic Modules, Hydraulicfailure

933
 (vsp) ' * ) ( ' "#$ % &$ !
-,)# + , Vertical seismic profile

%"# $ !
mohammadali.moghimzadeh@yahoo.com

"# $ ! *(+ % ' () % # &!

m.abdideh@yahoo.com

,-
% ( # , - ( * + # ' ( )# .#% # & " !
9 : ./ # ; <6) .# , = , > ) 5 , /# ( 6/ & 3 7 . 8 3 )# ./ 0 % # % 1 ' 2 3% 4
. 3 / G 0 # E A B # CD ' 0 E & 3 6 # 3F #-3 ? 374
H ./ J #6 1 D /7 ( ) 1I/' ! * /% ( )6 % # . + # ( ,% 9 H
L' % N; + ( ,% 9 ( ),# # L% # & = ' = M H 6:
. ( ) 1I/' . 4 ( K ( &
P- ( ) & Q # # = ' = M H /# : % ,# 2 .6/# 1 . 8 P D ( ,% 9 O
RQ -0 P ) 2 ./ % 6= . 8 ,# ' " 3 6 S374 F ( -9'6 Q % T& 9 : ./ # .6= B # &
.6/# 1 ,# 2 , 5 , /# ( 6/ & N
- [ 1 2,11 ' 1,093 K V R ; U 6+ N1 3%' ' ND 6+ N1 3%' 3F #-3 ? 374 N # , 5 ( 2+ (
MM ( ) ? ] = S# = M 3^ % ( 2+ N1 3%' 1 6/# 1 # - M & [ 1 2,48 N1 3%' V 6:
( ( 6/ & , 5 , /# % / )N ' PEF _F /# : % ,# 2 . = # P ) B N1 N (' % ) ' ,6= # J/ 6 % #
( # 3F #-3 ? 374 d e # ( 3174 3170 ' 3120 3080 S2945 2943 S2932 ( )` 6= a4M 6 #
.6 ]) 69 N] &

, 5 O /# ( 6/ & S F ( -9'6 SVSP S /7 ' & S374 :(6 R : 0 .*

(3 4 *" .1
# () % <6) .#% # & 3^ # ' ( )" ! P
' /7) & L' ./ # '^ # ),7g (' "/ %^ 3 )d'6 ./ 6: . F ( -9'6 3# '^
( ) 1I/' . 4 ( .# 1 R ; P : ] > L' F ( )d'6 ( Q hF 8 ./ 3 %
( ,% 9 ( )L' /# : ./ Q ( . /i& G 0 = M ' = H 6: % ,# 2 K >
' . % (' M5 3^ # ) 53' # ( ,% 9 ( )L' % / P D ( ,% 9 O L' .6 ]) 6 2 ]
' ,# e. % # ( ] 6 # /7 ./ VSP L' ,6= Q H .6 # D , 5 3' # # -
h Q] ' (# [ % /3 P .6 ]) ( ' j 8k ( # * ( ,% 9 ( ),# # Q]
..' 9' 6 ) ] = + e S, 5 , /# ( 6/ &.6 ?/# ( ) l + # = # # /#% ( l + # - 6/60
% C 0 d6 /7 ' & ( ) _F ' VSP L' ( ) ,# # % ,# 2 ` : ./ #. ,6= 3 / m l'
( 2+.... , 5 , /# ( 6/ & 6 - P ) 2 Tn S ,6= - 3 / # 0 E & (% 1 3 6 374
.## 1 a4M

934
 6 7 89 ( * :* .2
H 9 e . % o* # ( CQ 3^ # ( ? ,% 9 ( )L' % / P D ( ,% 9 O P L'
% ( ; # ' 6 = ,# # +F ,5 % )3 3 7 )'6 69 ;
.6 Q 3 % S, 5 3' # j 4 ( )` N : # a4M
S*P> ( ) &? ) @ 0=* "4 &( 7 <& * -1-2
9 ?5 ρ SGpa K]+ /# / d'6 Edyn 3^ # # = ,# 2 1( * % / d'6 Q (
. m/s K]+ = ' = M H K Vs ' Vp Sg/cm3 K]+
(1)
Vs ' Gpa K]+ = d'6 G 3^ # #= ,# 2 '2( * % /# = d'6 Q (
. m/s K]+ = H

(2 )
H Vp SGpa K]+ 9 d'6 K 3^ # # = ,# 2 3 ( * % 9 d'6 Q (
. Gpa K]+ = d'6 G ' 9 ?5 ρ Sm/s K]+ = M

(3)

d'6 G ' / F ( )d'6 E S3 & Q] v 3^ # 4( * % 3 3 & Q] Q (

. 68 3'6 3 & Q] . =
(4)
,# 2 ),# # ./ % K > ) 6- N #'6 /#7 8D ' 6: ( )d'6
# # = ,# 2 (6 '5) V ' % 9'# q % h U ( 9 9 89 * # 3 6 # / 0 .# =
.[6] 3 & Q] vs ' Gpa K]+ /d'6 SEs V ' ./
(5)
(6)
< e % ,6= # ' ( )' ' ( 2+ N1 3%' ' q S (' S )3^ M ' j 4 RF ' T0 0
# J/ S, 5 , /# L7/ J 6 6 # J/ , 5 < e 6 % # g ( 2+ #
Rt M ./ S( 2+ N1 . / , J & . 8 3 K > .# = , 5 , /# ( 6/ & / - # ' N1 (' % ) ' < =
.# < e

- (& * 0G 7 (& -2-2

,'t .6 = . 8 ND 6+ ' V S U 6+ ; ( )" R ; ; ( )" u+ Q #
6: Q ( .6 v () 6 = # J/ ( 2+ / :9 / )" ; ( )"
:# = ,# 2 /% V ' % ; ( )"
(7)
. 9 9 ?5 ρb S J / #
(8)
(9 )

935
' ND 6+ : " σHmin S, ' " SvS S / d'6 E SR / S(i2
M pp S3 & Q] v V ' ./ #
. U 6+ : " σHmax
% ,# 2 Y'X () (' *B " ' 16= N/ e ( ) 29v 6 S 0 " . 4 F ' & L' #
K S ' / d'6 E S3 & Q] v S, ' M Sv V ' ./ # .# = a4M (11 ' 10) ( ) *
.6 ]) Y' X ( ) (' *B " '
(10)
(11)

L# ) 8 7 * "M .3
' N* & ! O 47 * ( 8 7-1-3
; / 0 .# P ]: 3 % <t B 3 <t B S 3# 6&( e
( ,% 3 1# )3 ./ w ( )6 3 % . 9' . = # S ]) 15 ?/6 ) % )3
# Q
3F # ' 3 ? ( )6 % # (vs) 3 & Q] ' (Ks) 9 S(Gs) = S(Es) / ( )d'6 6: :1 d'60
Formation
Elastic modulus Es (GPa) Gs (GPa) Ks (GPa) Vs
Min 4.25 1.65 10.10 0.2892
Kangan Max 7.46 2.89 1782 0.2905
Average 6.45 2.50 15.36 0.2900
Min 4.44 1.71 10.82 0.2903
Dalan
Max 7.36 2.85 17.58 0.2971
Average 6.43 2.48 15.52 0.2929

A/ .# Q 3F #' 3 ? 74 ( ) /F # " 36 3 NQD ]D # ,6= m * V '

,6= ,# # "/ (1 ) N = # R Q ./

3F #-3 ? 374 # Mpa K]+ (SHmax) U 6+ : " ' (Shmin) ND 6+ : " S(Pp) (i2 M S(Sv) , ' M 6: :1 N =

( hF 8 /% ( * % 6= (UCS) , M ' : , 5 , /# ( 6/ & () &% /

.6/^ # # = ,# 2 3 / G > G 0 ( )3 6
(12)
,6= F , ': ' . / & N4 4 ( * ./
': . 4 ( * ./ % 3 0,2 % N4 4 6: 3F #-3 ? 374 # / 0 .
.# ,# 2 (UCS) ,

936
 - # #P (& -3-4
'S ' : 6: S F ( )d'6 6: 3 6 v , 5 , /# ( 6/ & # /) & ./ P- %
T& 6 ]) P : ] ( * ( # , 5 , /# ( 6/ & 3 7 ' F ( )d'6 ..# , = n 9 _F . x )
' () &E 89 * ./ # .# ,# 2 )3^ % 3 , 5 , /# ( 6/ & 3 7 (
. ? ' P /7 SP /# : .6= 2 ( 6/ & y 9 % j 4 Et , 5 , /# S(6 = B L' % ,# 2
, 5 , /# ( 6/ & -0 % )Et (6 Q z (6 = B # ,6= ,# 2 () &% / )(
( #S () & /# : ./ M . = # 1 Et (5 2) d'60 0 .# 1 D ,# 2 #
( ),# # ( (6 = B . ) .6= ( 6/ & 0 # ./ ( # /# : ./ 4 Et ' ( 6/ & 0 # ./ M
,6= a4M e3 ) ,6= ,# # 3 M 6 d'60 # 1 D ,# 2 # 7 , ':
(,6 )#3 M 1 Et . , ' : ./ ( # 5 Et ' , ' : 6: ./ M ( # 1 Et
-Et ( 1 D ? ?5 8N = # . , 5 , /# ( 6/ & ./ (,6 )#3 M 5 Et ' , 5 , /# ( 6/ & ./ M
( )d'6 ,6= a4M N = # e3 ) . ,6= ,# # 3 M 3235 2890 ` % 3F #-3 ? 374 d e # )
6: ./ (,6 )#3 M 6 ]) 4 Et q % 3335 3220 ' 3175 3160 S2905 2890 { # F
.6)# 3 M { ./ # |] . ) , ' : (6 Et . x ) . { ./ # , 5 , /# ( 6/ &
N = # e3 ) . BS ' Caliper _F ,6= [ J (6 3'% ]/ : L' ./ J ; ( L' ./ -
.6 ]) , 5 , /# # L7/ ./ M ( # 3257 3254 ' 3182 3152 S2933 2901 ( )` a4M 9
Caliper _F ' (6 3'% ./ . Q `* 6/# 1 a4M 8 N = # ,6= [ J (6 3'% { ./ ]/ :
, ' : ' 4 ' 3 ( )Et q % K > F ( )d'6 2933 2901 { # d U e # # # 0' BS '
': ' F ( )d'6 6: (,6 )#3 M 6 ]) 3 Et q % h 6 ' 5 ' 4 ( )Et q % K >
( # 3182 3152 { ?/# d U . , 5 , /# ( 6/ & , 5 , /# # L7/ ' S,
5 ' 4 ( )Et q % , ' : ' 2 ' 3 Et q % F ( )d'6 3^ # , 5 , /# # L7/
. { ./ # , ' : . / & 6: ' F ( )d'6 V ' . / & 6: (,6 )#3 M ./ .6 ])

)Et % / ) # / d'6 . ? ' P /7 SP /# : :2 d'60

Minimum Maximum Mean

Name Pat
(Gpa) (Gpa) (Gpa)
Class-1 6.66 7.48 7.06
Class-2 5.85 6.66 6.26
Class-3 5.06 5.85 5.46
Class-4 4.25 5.06 4.65

)Et % / ) # = d'6 . ? ' P /7 SP /# : :3 d'60

Minimum Maximum Mean
Name Pat
(Gpa) (Gpa) (Gpa)
Class-1 2.58 2.90 2.73
Class-2 2.27 2.58 2.42
Class-3 1.96 2.27 2.11
Class-4 1.65 1.96 1.80

937
 )Et % / ) # 9 d'6 . ? ' P /7 SP /# : :4 d'60

Minimum Maximum
Name Pat Mean (Gpa)
(Gpa) (Gpa)
Class-1 15.90 17.83 16.86
Class-2 13.96 15.90 14.93
Class-3 12.40 13.96 13.00
Class-4 10.10 12.40 11.07

)Et % / ) #, ' : d'6 . ? ' P /7 SP /# : :5 d'60

Name Pat Minimum (Mpa) Maximum (Mpa) Mean (Mpa)
Class-1 121.64 133.66 127.65
Class-2 109.62 121.64 115.63
Class-3 97.60 109.62 103.61
Class-4 85.59 97.60 91.60
Class-5 73.57 85.59 79.58

& Q R .4
:# 3 /% R ; 3 89 * ./ A/ 89 * ./ #
d & ? K]+ )3^ V 6: 6/# 1 . 8 J V ' % ,# 2 U 6+ ' ND 6+ : ( )" 6:
. 76,03 ' 67,67 3F # 6 % # ' 70,71 ' 62,68 K 3 ? 6% #
/ Et 6 6= P ]: Et -5 3 = 6: E F ( )d'6 , 5 , /# ( 6/ & 3 7 . 8 (
': . x ). , 5 , /# ( 6/ & 6: ./ ( # -5 Et ' , 5 , /# ( 6/ & ./ M (,6 )#3 M
6: ./ A & Et ' ' : ./ M (,6 )#3 M / Et 6= P ]: Et A & 7 ,
': ' F ( )d'6 # 1 R ; (6 Et (BS) *D ' n 9 _F ]/ : . ':
' F ( )d'6 4 ' 3 Et ( # K > S6 ]) L7/ ( # , 5 # / )` 6/# 1 a4M ,
( )d'6 2' 1 ( )Et ( # S6 L7/ 6D , 5 , /# # / )N . x ) .6 , ' : 5 ' 4 Et
( )_F ' 1 R ; (6 Et . K ` * (,6 )#3 M ./ 6, ' : 3' 2 ' F
.. (BS) *D ' n 9

Q& .5
[1] Aali, J., Rahimpour-Bonab, H., and Kamali, M. R., 2006, Geochemistry and origin of the world's largest gas field from
Persian Gulf, Iran: Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, v. 50, no. 3, p. 161-175.
[2] Abass, H., Nasr-El-Din, H., and BaTaweel, M ,.Sand control: sand characterization, failure mechanisms, and
completion methods, in Proceedings SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition2002, Society of Petroleum
Engineers.
[3] Adam, L., Batzle, M., and Brevik, I., 2006, Gassmann's fluid substitution and shear modulus variability in carbonates
at laboratory seismic and ultrasonic frequencies: Geophysics, v. 71, no. 6, p. F173-F183.
[4] Al-Dabagh, H. H., and Alkhafaf, S., 2011, Comparison of Kρ and λρ in clastic rocks: A test on two wells with different
reservoir-quality stacked sands from West Africa: The Leading Edge, v. 30, no. 9, p. 986-994.
[5] Amadei, B., and Stephansson, O., 1997, Rock stress and its measurement, Springer Science & Business Media.
[6] Ameen, M. S., Smart, B. G., Somerville, J. M., Hammilton ,S., and Naji, N. A., 2009, Predicting rock mechanical
properties of carbonates from wireline logs (A case study: Arab-D reservoir, Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia): Marine and
Petroleum Geology, v. 26, no. 4, p. 430-444.

938
 Determinethe Stabillity Of A Well Wall One Of The South-Pars
Oilfield Well’s Via Geomechanical Study of Source Rock using
Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) and Petrophysical Curves

Mohammadali Moghimzadeh, Masters of Petroleum Engineering Hydrocarbon Reservoirs, Islamic Azad

University Omidiyeh
mohammadali.moghimzadeh@yahoo.com

Mohammad Abdideh, Ph.D. Geology, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Islamic Azad University of
Omidiyeh
m.abdideh@yahoo.com

Abstract
Geomechanics is a science that studies the behavior of stressed rock. Geomechanics has many uses in
the field of exploitation of oil and gas reservoirs, among which these can be used to determine the
stability of a well wall, and so on.The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the geomechanics
of the Kangan-Dalan reservoir in one of the wells of South Pars field, in the Persian Gulf.Seismic
waves during the course of the subsurface formations are affected by the physical properties of the
rock.As a result, the speed of these waves is a suitable parameter for estimating geomechanical
properties. The amount of compressive and shear wave velocity was determined by processing seismic
data obtained from the vertical seismic profile .It was calculated using shear rate and velocity values
.in this paper, after calculating the elastic modulus of the reservoir rock, the stress field was
determined which used these concepts to calculate the stability of the well wall.In order to drill a well
in the Kangan-Dalan reservoir, the minimum flower weight and the maximum flower weight were
1.093 and 2.11 g / kg, respectively. The average weight of the critical flower was 2.48 g / kg. If the
drilling depth is more than We will have tensile fractures in the formation and full thinness of the
flower. Using the values of the PEF log and the areas of the well wall that have less stability, it was
found that the depths 2932, 2943 to 2945, 3080 to 3120 And 3170 to 3174 meters along the Kangan-
Doanan reservoir have potential for sand production

KEYWORDS: GEOMECHANICAL RESERVOIR , PETROPHYSICS , VSP , ELASTIC MODULES ,

STABILITYOF A WELLWALL

939
 ! "
# $ % & ' ()
faezehmollaie221172@gmail.com ! " "# *

mmortazavi@birjand.ac.ir ! "$ ) $ ( &' %$

mmotamed@birjand.ac.ir . . ! ." $ ) . )+$ , -)+ %$

+, * - *(#$ ( )16 "#$ % &' ( ) 160 290

9 :; < = > ; (? /8 ( @ A , B #C > 7# 4 , 8 #' . " 4"' ' 56 $ (/0 1 * - % &')
(Fm, Fl) 6 4 , 2 (Sh) 4 , 1 ، (Gcm, Gmm, Gmg, Gt, Gh) ; 6 4 , 5 F ' ) 4"' D E 8 AB
(&C 9 J? > 7# 4 , I( = ." 6 1 (SG, GB, SB, FF) , H#C 4 7# 4 , /8 ."'
4"8 4"8 , ( %" >9 ( O 4" ('K8 L & M ($ "# FM' > 4 , N $
. 4"' 0 /8 8 6P8 $ 4 & ; 6

./0 1 * - % &' /8 8Q ? )> , ( @A > , B #C > 7# 4 , : 0# 1 !2

Abstrac

The Malek-Abad section siliciclastic deposits with 290 meters thickness are located in 160 kilometers
of the north of Birjand and 16 Kilometers of the south west of Khezri (North West of Qayen). Based
on field and laboratory studies lithofacies identification, architectural elements and sedimentary
environment of this sequence have been done. The lithofacies are including 5 gravelly lithofacies
(Gcm, Gmm, Gmg, Gt, Gh), 1 sandy lithofacies (Sh) and 2 muddy lithofacies (Fl, Fm). These
lithofacies are classified in 4 architectural elements (SB, FF, SG, GB). Based on lithofacies types,
vertical and lateral lithofacies changes, geometry and finning upward cycles and sediments color,
gravel- bed braided river with gravity flow deposits is suggested for these deposits.
Keywords: lithofacies, architectural elements, fluvial sedimentary environments, Early Cretaceous,
North West of Qayen.

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943
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l ) #' / Q P Q >1:100000 = W >f (&8 6 #' / Q W .1384 >.% > 8 ( >.D.= > " &C -
. ":
- Fisher, J.A., Nichols, G.J. & Waltham, D.A., 2007, Unconfined flow deposits in distal sectors of fluvial distributary
systems: examples from the Miocene Luna and Huesca Systems.
- Foix, N., Paredes, M.I. & Giacosa, R.E., 2013, Fluvial architecture variations linked to changes in accommodation
space: Río Chico Formation (Late Paleocene), Golfo San Jorge basin, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology, v. 294, p.
342- 355.
- Gao, C., Boreham, S., Preece, R.C., Gibbard, P.L. & Briant, R.M., 2007, Fluvial response to rapid climat change
during the Devension (Weichselian) Late gladal in the River Great Ouse, southern England, UK. Sedimentary
Geology, v. 202, p. 193-210.
- Ghazi, S. & Mountney, N.P., 2011, Fluvial Facies and Provenance of the Early PermianWarchha
Sandstone Salt Range, Pakistan. Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 3, p. 59-68.
- Ghosh, S., 2014, Palaeogeographic significance of ferruginous gravel lithofacies in the Ajay- damodar interfluve,
West Bengal, India. International Journal of Geology, v. 4, p. 81- 100.
- Köykkä, J., 2011, Precambrian alluvial fan and braidplain sedimentation patterns: Example from the
Mesoproterozoic Rjukan Rift Basin, southern Norway: Sedimentary Geology, v. 234 , p. 89–108.
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Springer-Verlag, New York, p. 582.
- Selley, R.C., 1996, Ancient sedimentary environments and their subsurface diagnosis. Chapman Hall, London,
U.K, 300 p.
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El-Hamra (Shabrawet area, NE Eastern Desert, Egypt): Facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy and paleoclimatic
implications. Sedimentary Geology, v. 329, p. 115–129.

944
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946
 The investigation of morphology and internal structure of
microbialits of Aghchagyl Formation in northeast of Gonbad
Kavoos

Abstract

Microbialits developed as one of main figure of Aghchagyl Formation with the age of Pliocene in the
north east of Gonbad Kavoos. Microbialits of Aghchagyl Formation are mainly aragonity and it saves
the valuable archive of geobiology character, water chemistry, the old hydrology condition and asepsis
evolution.
The microbialits instances that are outcome of studying on the seven cutting of two dales in the
Azadegan in north of Aghband village are checked for petrography, fabric, figure, size, external
morphology and geochemistry and digenesis. The investigations show that from of grape cluster,
cylindrical, cauliflower and domical microbialits sequential show the most abundance. Also with the
internal structure of the studying microbialits, vacuolar, conciliate, laminate structure and without
structure have the most extension in the studying area. The investigation of microscopic tissue show
that compressed (clot) tissues have more abundance than scattered (gauzy) tissues.

Key words: Aghchagyl, Microbialit, Pliocene, Geochemical, Digenesis , oil system .

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' ( '+ -=) O, , . < ' +( & 3+ /) NPHI ( & PEF R7 0 9 0C QST ( & RHOB 9 &N
U* ( <1( ( N 'G 9 0 9 < $ O? ' + * = F # ) + ( <1( = OP M ( 87 ( . 7 K Q ,0 -;!
X# 7 9 ( <1( = ) ' -)/. 1 F # 87 ) . 7 K Q ,0 ( <1( 16 ' / V # C ! =9 >! F # ) % =
* # -.[-# Z 9 $ + ' -)/0# 87 $ 1 ) 7 K Y, ! ' ( <1( 9 ' -)/. 1 #( ) $ VD . . - D ( :C
( <1( 4 + # -. [-# _ $ . . ^ &7 7 ) /. 1 4 ( /) ! ' +/0# ( 87 $ . -. ) ! \+/) / ;. ( <) :,!
1- ( <1( . . R &7 3+ $ ' ( ' + 0! ( D ` F# ) ' O, , : ! F # ) a ^ ) +% b 3
) 2- ( <1( . # :,! * P C b"3 M ) $ O, , : ! ) 8 7D O9 ) ) (%4 ) O, , OP ' (
) 4- ( <1( . # ' 0 ) :,! * ' ( (%15) Q 1 O, , ) 3- ( <1( . ( - 7 D :,! * %7,5 O, , 8 & !
. . ! Q < ! (%23) O, , _ $ :,! ( <1( 87 *

B # $ # ' -)/. 1 MRGC 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( :

Electrofacies determination of Sarvak formation in one south west

Iranian oil field
Vali Mehdipour1, Riyaz Kharrat2, Ali Kadkhodaie3
1. MSc in reservoir engineering, Islamic Azad University, science and research branch
2. Full professor of reservoir engineering, The Montanuniversität, Leoben, Austria
3. Associate professor of Petroleum Geology, University of Tabriz

Abstract
The main purpose of this study is determination of Sarvak formation electrofacies in one Iranian oil
field. FACIMAGE module of Geolog software has been used for electrofacies clustering. In this study,
MRGC approach was employed for electrofacies identification due to high capability. CGR, DT,
RHOB, PEF, NPHI and porosity logs were used for electrofacies determination. The minimum and
maximum number of electrofacies setting (4 and 16) was chosen according to lithotype and
microfacies numbers in studied area, respectively. Nine clusters were suggested by software, which
combined into four clusters based on porosity and other parameters range. The dominant lithology of
all clusters are limestone with minor shale volume. First class has low porosity of about 4 % less than
cut off value. The second one has about 7.5% porosity. The third electrofacies has about 15% porosity
and the fourth one, which is the best electrofacies, has 23% porosity.
Key words: electrofacies, MRGC, clustering, Sarvak formation

953
 ! "
/ 3T $ . # /0C K ( ? 1 T( 1 ! $ '( <) X# 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( 8 = ( )( ' 7$ =9 >!
7 # -. F( C k 1 Q -T 87 ! $ 7 ( ( &-# ' + K '$ C j>-! R - $ 0# ) 1383 E # ( 7 1 *
O /7:L - ) ( 1 /! 7 D 1384 E # ( * . ( P ) 7$( ( ! ( % :,! * *
' /. 1 : 9 % M ( ' =9 l C ' 0 ) P $ 0# L (! ! ( '( 3#% $ # 7 0 9 ' + ( <1(
`0! -N ' /. 1 : 9 % M ( $ 0# ) (1390) ' 3 ! . ( P #( ) ( ! ( 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( 8 = T
/) (1391) ! ?( D ( ) 3 ( . * ' -) $ 7 # -. ( 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( F ; ( -) / >-! ) ^ R3 N (
'( 3#% :,! N (1394) 3. + . -01 D 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( R3* ) -) * ( + :,! n 0,! ' $ R
n 0,! ' + \07( &9 $ 0# ) ( :,! ' + V # C 0 9 ( P 7: C 0D < ( ! ( ( ! 0 !
"J : 8 0 G(% ( 0! ! /) A ) ! ' :`! ( & ' + j $ 0# ) (2006) - 0# . * 8 =
N A 1 . ) B 0 ! / 3 ' + :`! ( . + ! ' + ( <1( ) " b ! * /* * n7 = 7 + V # C 0 9
. * n ? :`! ( & ' + $ 0# ) / -) * :,! R7 ( ( &-# ' +/ K (2009)

!# $ %
. C K L HI JG ( :C FACIMAGE™ E G ! $ 0# ) 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( 8 = '$ #/. 1 /=9 >! 87 (
< 1 7: C 0D ' +( & $ ' = . 7 K Q ,0 -;! ' ( ' + 0) 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( 8 = ' )
$ VD + 87 . 7 K Q ,0 ' ( ' + -=) -0. _ ( ! ' -)/. 1 ) ( A ; ( 87 0 ) /* .
. . ' -) /. 1 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( 8 = T MRGC \07( &9 $ 0# ) M$ !%

&'(
) 2/- N 0 ) ( ; /) 7 1/7I R7 --* Y, ! /* ( & ' +o# D $ ' / 3L! $ # ( ; 7 0 9 ( <1(
' ) 7 =>P M ( R7 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( * ( >) .(Serra,1980) K ! &7 ' +/7I $ % Y , p )
( . -. ) :,! 7 # -.8 !$ ' + Kq7 ` -+ - ! /* -0<+ 7: C 0D ' +( & ' -)/0#
r 1 0 ) s7$ ! a# -! \07( &9 ) :,! # -.8 !$ ' + 0! ( D ) j;>-! 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( /7 ( ( ?
Gill, ) . ! n7 = + ' -)/. 1 ' -;! ) 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( . . ! \+ C :,! R 0# '$ #E ! ( :,!
' +( & /) A ) ! ' + ' -) K ' ( ' +( & 8 ) $ /) ! 7 +/. 1 80C 7 ' -)/. 1 $ @ + .(et al.,1993
$ 0,! '( !% ' +: 9 % $ ! + ' -)/0# T . . ) ! + K 7 # $ + K 87 801 # :7 30! /) !
$ K R7 /) /. 1 * ( >) . 3 0# ;t / ;. M ( 7 ' /. 1 : 9 % 7 : 9 % ? ' :T : 9 % O ;P
/7 D + ' -)/. 1 . ( &7 ' +/. 1 ( T ! u . /) ;< \+ ) ' 0 ) + ;. /* . ! l"v u .
$ RN * # # = ;v ' + K n7 = -7% C 87 $ @ + . . ! Q < ! ' -) /0# '$ #E ! ' +\07( &9 F #
w3+ 7 +( & 'G 9 0 9 8 = T + Kq7 87 0 ) .(1384 ( 3+ 7 1 *) . ) ! + H(:) K R7
/_ "! ' -)/. 1 ( ' ( ' + 0! ( D - /) + Kq7 87 $ 0# ) /* . ) ! NPHI PHIE GR RHOB PEF
' + \07( &9 +M ( . -. ) ! ! ( ? /) >1 ' '( 01 # ' ( Kq7 ' 6C ( + /* . !
7 @ K /7 D ) -N '$ #/. 1 M ( ' -)/. 1 ' +M ( 8 ) ( . ( T ' -)/. 1 ' ) ' =0!
M ( 87 ( . . ) ! &7 x ) /<7 ! ( ' 0 ) ' -)/. 1 ;# ! ' + ) P ' ( MRGC3

bed 1
strata 2
Multi Resolution Graph Based Clustering 3

954
 R7 R - 87 . . ! : 3 &7 3+ $ )( * X# + 0! ( D ' < 7 n7 = ) -3. + ( ? /) + V # C 0 9
27 3 &7 <3+ 87 R7 : ' -;! ) ' =) -N ' /> ' &9 Y , ) -0;! R7 0! ( D ^ '( !% M (
' + ( <1( ( ! ( ' ! "v ) ! 8 ) $ ( =) /) &0<) O ! +M ( 7 # @"1 ) . # + C K
' + K = ;v ' -) /0# w D ' +( 01 # : 9 % ' ) M ( 87 . ( % ! # /) 1 ( 01 # $ # -.8 !$
:,! 9 R7 ( ) #( ' + ( <1( 7 # -. ) ) a# -! ( <) 0! ' 9 &N + $ +O .( +
'+ 7 ( :,! $ # # -.[-# 7: C 0D ? t1 K -* D :,! O . /) ;< ' 0 ) 7
.(Khoshbakht & Mohammadnia, 2012) . ! D :,! $ # % ( T ! 7 T
C K 27 3 &7 <3+ 87 0 7 : ' -;! ) ' =) -N ' /> ' &9 Y , ) -0;! MRGC M ( * ( v/)
# + % ! '( L3+ />) ( / /* NI5 KRI4 Y1 . O! . /* . /C y V7 M ( 87 ( . # +
0! ( D KRI '( L3+ Y1 . 0! ( D NI . . ! /;# ! + 7 6C / ? C ' ( $ '( L3+ />) ( 87 . . ) !
/) /T ) ; ! / < # &7 ' +M ( @"1 ) . # / ? C 0! ( D 87:&7 T NI '( T\+ 0! ( D . # O * Y1 .
-* Y, ! ( + ( <1( = M ( 87 $ 0# ) ! )( * -+ ! 1 $ '( 0C( /N + ( <1( / -7
/) (x) _ ( ! ' + /) ;< + /; ( $ NI '( L3+ Y1 . . 7 3 8 = + ( 0C( F # ) ( + K =
. 7% ! #
M ' ) ( 7 6 /T( 7 '( T\+ '/T( /* # M(x,y) ( $ / ? C s) / ? C NI $ KRI V7
z M $ ( 'I ) 7 6 /T( ( ? 87 ^ ( # /0C 7SD z . ) M $ - 7 D /T( K . -* ! Y, !
/* ( )ST ' + K) K ! O . + $ N * ' + K KRI '( L3+ ' +Y1 . F # ) * ( >) . < 7SD
T \+ $ 7 +$ ! X# )ST ' + K . -. ) 0! \+ ) 27 T ;< 9 &N $ O . _ $ # 8 3!
' + ( <1( 3+ 7) 0K(:) ' + K O . a * &7 7 ) .( /) ( -7% C R7 ( + K 87 . . !
-3 O .) -* 8 = ( 7 0 9 ( <1( ' ) T 1 ' + E ! = ! )( * M ( 87 ( . -+ ! ( ( 7 0 9
. ! a ! ' =? ( ? /) + E ! . . ! 8 = KRI s7$ ( 01 # F # ) + ( <1( /- ) = E ! + ( .(2
) 9 ! ' + ( <1( $ ' / 3L! 7$ ( 0 ) ( <1( = ) I ) R ) 9 ! /) A ) ! ' + ( <1( /* '( v /)
. ) + 1 ( \* ' + ( <1( = ) 8 7 D R

!# $ , -./ 0 1 ) * #+
. C K L HI JG ( :C FACIMAGE™ E G ! $ 0# ) 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( 8 = '$ #/. 1 /=9 >! 87 (
/N + 1 -. T ( ! K 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( x { ? ' -)/. 1 n 0,! ' +( & #( ) ) 7 K =# S9
' + ( <1( 8 = ' ) . . /0. ) % :,! ' + 0! ( D ' ( <1( =9 >! ( =>P 2+ * :,! 0 )
( A ; ( 87 0 ) /* . < 1 7: C 0D ' +( & $ ' = . 7 K Q ,0 -;! ' ( ' + 0) 7 0 9
/=. ( & O ;P $ 1 ' +( & O! . +( & 87 . 7 K Q ,0 ' ( ' + -=) -0. ! _ ( ! ' -)/. 1 )
< ' +( & 3+ /) NPHI ( & PEF R7 0 9 0C QST ( & RHOB 9 &N ( & DT ? ( & CGR ! K
( 0# ( ! . < 1 7: C 0D ' +( & /) A ) ! ' + K 0< + 1-O . ( . . ) ! O, , .
. # . MRGC M ( ' /. 1 4 0#"* ' ) ( <1( + ( ' ( ' + ' + "D F * '$ #/. 1
. 7 K Y, ! /- ) ' +/. 1 = + M$ !% $ VD
+/. 1 U* OP = 8 = M ( 87 ( . 7 K Q ,0 + ( <1( 8 = ' ) MRGC M ( 0) /=9 >! 87 (
< *) ( <1( ( N 'G 9 0 9 < $ O? ' + * = F # ) + ( <1( = OP M ( 87 ( . # ! :9

Kernel Representative Index 4

Neighboring Index 5

955
87 ) . 7 K Q ,0 ( <1( 16 ' / V #C ! =9 >! F # ) % = U* (F( 7( !9
. . - D ( :C X# 7 9 ( <1( = ) ' -)/. 1 F #
j ! /* #( ) 87 . . /<7 ! + 0!( D x ` _ $ . L7 ' + ( <1( E / ! (
87 $ 6=) /* . O? /L 0 87 ' ( <1( 9 ' -)/. 1 #( ) $ VD . ( T /. 1 4 /) % 2+ * +/. 1
) /) ! ' +/0# ( 87 $ .(2-O .) -. ) ! \+/) / ;. ( <) :,! * # -.[-# Z 9 $ + ' -)/0#
1) O, , ! _ $ r t,) /) ! ' + ( <1( F # 87 ) . . L7 +/0# = 87 0 ) . a * &7 7
% ^ $ VD 7 ( . . O7 ; ( <1( ( N /) 7 K ^ &7 3+ ) (9 8) (7 6 5) (4 3) (2
4 ' -)/. 1 ' 3 K -* D 3-O . ( . . O7 ; ( <1( 4 /) MRGC M ( $ O? ' ( <1( 9 ' -)/. 1
. # . O, , ( ! # -.[-# ' + 3+ /) layout R7 ( ' ( <1(

' /. 1 4 0#"* ' ) ( <1( + ( ' ( ' + ' + "D F * ' -)/. 1 T' ( '+ s7$ K 0< +1-O .

' ( '+ ` /-! 3+ /) ( <1( 4 /) ( <1( 9 j ( ( <1( + ( ' ( ' + s7$ K 0< + 2-O .

. . ) ! 7$ | . /) MRGC M ( $ O? 7 0 9 ( <1( ( N t, !
9 ' -)/. 1 ( 2 1 V # C 0 9 ^ $ ) +% ( ?( 10 ) I ) ' ! K ?( ) ( <1( 87 :1- ( <1(
$ O, , : ! ) 8 7 D O 9 ) ( <1( 87 . . ) ! (%4 ) O, , OP ' ( 1- ( <1( . # . O? 7
. # . /. 1 87 ( O, , s7$ K 0< + 4-O . ( . # :,! * PC" b 3 M)
' ( <1( 9 ' -)/. 1 ( 4 3 ( <1( ^ $ ) / -) * b 3 R7 ( <1( - 3+ ( <1( 87 :2- ( <1(
87 ( O, , s7$ K 0< + 4-O . ( . ( - 7 D :,! * %7,5 O, , 8 & ! ) ( <1( 87 . 7 K O?
. # . /. 1

956
 K 0< + 4-O . ( . # )1 :,! * ' ( (%15) Q 1 O, , ) . ) ! +% ( <1( 87 :3- ( <1(
. # . /. 1 87 ( O, , s7$
( <) :,! * ' ( (%23) Q 1 O, , ) :,! ( <1( 87 * ) ) +% b 3 ( <1( 87 :4- ( <1(
. # . /. 1 87 ( O, , s7$ K 0< + 4-O . ( . # ) 1
. C K ( P 0# ( ! &-# ' + / K 8 = ( V~# . n7 = ' + ( <1(

N ( O, , . < 'G 9 0 9 0# 3+ /) MRGC M ( $ O? 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( s7$ 27 3 3-O .

n 0,! ' +/. 1 ( O, , s7$ K 0< + 4-O .

957
 4!2 03
' -)/. 1 M ( ( :C $ 0# ) 7 0 87 ! $ 7 ( B # $ # 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( /=9 >! 87 (
VD . 7 K Q ,0 ( <1( 16 % = U* ( <1( ( N + ( <1( = OP M ( 87 ( . 7 K Q ,0 MRGC
. -. ) ! j O) P /. 1 4 ( +/0# 87 7 K Y, ! ( :C ' - D ' ( <1( 9 ' -)/. 1 #( ) $
87 . 7 K O? 7 9 ' -)/. 1 ( 2 1 V # C 0 9 ^ $ ) +% I ) b 0;< ' ! K ?( )1- ( <1(
. # :,! * P C b"3 M ) $ O, , : ! )8 7DO 9 ) ) (%4 ) O, , OP ' ( ( <1(
) ( <1( 87 . 7 K O? ' ( <1( 9 ' -)/. 1 ( 4 3 ( <1( ^ $ ) / -) * b 3 \+ 2- ( <1(
:,! * ' ( (%15) Q 1 O, , ) ) +% 3- ( <1( . ( - 7 D :,! * %7,5 O, , 8 & !
. . ! Q < ! (%23) Q 1 O, , ) :,! ( <1( 87 * ) ) +% : 4- ( <1( . # ' 0 )

5( 6
& # -.8 !$ (! ! ( '( 3#% $ # 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( O /7:L .( # -.( * /!
7 D 1384 . *
.
< )E# 2+ qD 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( R3* ) -) * ( + :,! n 0,! ' + $ R 1391 .| ! ?( D x ( ) 3 (
.72 ( 3.
Q -T ( &-* $ # 87 7$ 2,) :,! * ) 7$( &-# ' + K 7 # -. .( # -.( * /! 7 D 1383 x w, 7 J 1 *
. & # -.8 !$ '$ C j>-! R - $ 0# ) F( C k 1
$ 0# ) ) -T F( D '$ K !( 7 &-# ' +/ K 8 3, 1384 $ o . .x.F 3 =! .(. J y( .x w, 7 J 1 *
.690-678 r \ =! ) & 7 # -.8 !$ 83L 27 3+ 8 3 .'$ C '$ <9 ! '$ C :* ! ! '$ #/. 1 R -
F ; ( -) / >-! 1 ) ^ R3 N ( `0! -N ' /. 1 : 9 % M ( $ 0# ) 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( ' -) $ 7 # -. 1390 | ' 3 !
.$ . & # -.8 !$ K 7 # -.8 !$ ! 27 3+ 8 9
536 7 # -.8 !$ Q 0* 87 | v ( * # -.8 !$ !$ # ( 0 F K $ # -./- N 7 # -.8 !$ .1372 = >!
.r
( %$ 0# SOM MRGC '$ #/. 1 ' + \07( &9 $ 0# ) 7 0 9 ' + ( <1( 8 = 1394 . ( 3+ .• 3. +
. ! * /0<) s7 -? $ K ! 27 3+ 8 ! # ' ( <1( '$ #E !
References:

Chekani, M. & Kharrat, R. 2009. Reservoir rock typing in a carbonate reservoir – Cooperation of core and log data: Case
study. (SPE paper 123703.) Paper presented at the SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference in
Abu Dhabi, UAE, and 19-21 October 2009.
Gill D., Shomrony A., and Fligelman H. “Numerical zonation of log suites and logfacies recognition by multivariate
clustering,” AAPG bulletin, Vol. 77, No. 10, pp. 1781-1791, 1993.
Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi, A., and A. Amini, 2009, A fuzzy logic approach to estimating hydraulic flow units from well log data: A
case study from the Ahwaz oilfield, South Iran: Journal of Petroleum Geology, v. 32, p. 67-78.
Khoshbakht, F., & Mohammadnia, M., 2012. Assessment of Clustering Methods for Predicting Permeability in a
Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir. Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology, 2 (2): 50-57.
Serra, O. and Abbotte, H., 1980, The Contribution of Logging data to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. 55th Ann. Fall Techn.
conf. SPE of AIME, paper SPE 9270, and in SPE J. Serra, O., and Abbott, H.T., 1982, “The contribution of logging data
to sedimentary sedimentology and stratigraphy” Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, v. 22, no. 1, p. 117-131.
Stinco, L. P., 2006, Core and log data integration. The key for determining electrofacies, SPWLA 47th Annual Logging
Symposium, Society of Petrophysicists & Well Log Analysts.

958
 !" #$ % &

3 2 1*

2 * /0 1 & #) ! "#$ ! % & ' () *! (*! $ +,- . .1

.4# 5" 67 2 /6 % 8 , & ' () #,$ .2
:4#; 2 /6 % 8 ! /0 (* 5 #,$ .3

D2$ (*5 (3D) ="+ %> ! 14: ? #,@ %#, ! @ A4 +" + ("#$ ) ( ! ( %+ < 5 =
%K=E ! ( %+ < 5 = /)J > , %I ! ./ ! #E :' F G- & " #" H #$
%R 1* !#" 14: ? #,@ ! P +" :Q P ( + < > , 1 ,L 4 % (4 #? M $# ! )J N" O
P #" +7 54 ! . * " &:' D , > ! ( %+ < + ( " AO A4 #" M ( I ! 0,
U - V% +$ * ?#= (PRT) ( %+ < 14: ? #,@ 5 = #" A J * ! #,($ 1T( 7 1 =7 S
(D , L 4 ! Z<Y !) (*5 % <X4 +" ! ) V% # < #W ! ! &:' 1 (4 ! ,?! 1 ,
a 0 ( 1) : * Y T 4 J I ! D4 N4^ N4_ +" +J " I ! 54 . [; # +\ "# =]"+ [" !
:Q %P a 0 (2) ( ! T-!) b( > ! & #"! $ % +;(J 14: ? #,@ (*5 % (4 #?
+$ 0, % 4! ( #" =" + %> P :Q P .4 #4 N" O ! + D4 +c ! (3) !
. * ! ! +" & += #2 > \ ! % 2$ 0 $ # Q "
="+ %> 1 ,L 4 % (4 #? + ("#$ ) ( ( %+ < :

Review of conventional reservoir rock typing approaches in carbonate

reservoirs and introducing new rock typing method
Vali Mehdipour1, Riyaz Kharrat2, Ali Kadkhodaie3
1. MSc in reservoir engineering, Islamic Azad University, science and research branch
2. Full professor of reservoir engineering, The Montanuniversität, Leoben, Austria
3. Associate professor of Petroleum Geology, University of Tabriz

Abstract
Carbonate rock typing drives the quality of the distribution of petrophysical parameters in three
dimensional (3D) Earth models and is fundamental to reservoir characterization. The conventional
approaches to rock typing have significant gaps in incorporating diagenetic processes, transferring
rock types from core to log domain, accounting for fractures and using appropriate methodology to
realistically distribute rock types in the static reservoir model. The workflow proposed in this paper
according to Skalinski and Kenter addresses these issues in a comprehensive way by determination of
petrophysical rock types (PRTs), which control static properties and dynamic behavior of the
reservoir, while optimally linking to geological attributes (depositional and diagenetic) and their
spatial interrelationships and trends. This approach is novel for the fact that it: (1) integrates geological
processes, petrophysics and Earth modelling aspects of rock typing; (2) integrates core and log scales;
and (3) provides a flexible ‘road map’ from core to 3D model for variable data scenarios that can be
updated with progressive changes in data quality and quantity during the life cycle of an asset.
Key words: rock typing, carbonate rock, diagenetic processes, 3D earth models

959
 ! "
D2$ (*5 (3D) ="+ %> ! 14: ? #,@ %#, ! @ A4 +" + ("#$ ) ( ! ( %+ < 5 =
D4 O ? /0 /=(F ( %+ < 5 = 4 / 2% Vf! ./ ! #E :' F G- & " #" H #$
( %+ < 5 = R % +$ g ./ + ("#$ ) ( ! ( %+ < 5 = #" ! , > , K4#=
: ( %+ < A4 ="+ %> ! ! ! 54 :' % <X4 + ( "AO M ( A4 + ("#$
" ./ 0, N" O # f ( %+ < 5 = #" J K4! = #h$ * " > & 4#J J! /0 Vg >#,($
%+ < 5 = i4 ! )* ! +( 54 ! 5 07 a" :' =7 S ! ( %+ < 5 = / 2% +" +J
5 = #" A J * ! +7 54 ! ./?#< ! #O !#" ! (2014) #,($ 1T( 7 1 =7 S P #" (
V% # < #W ! ! &:' 1 (4 ! ,?! 1 , U - V% +$ 4 #< ?#= (PRT) ( %+ < 14: ? #,@
+" +J " I ! 54 . [; # +\ "# =]"+ [" ! (D , L 4 ! Z<Y !) (*5 % <X4 +" ! )
! & #"! $ %+;(J 14: ? #,@ (*5 % (4 #? a 0 (1) : * YT 4 J I ! D4 N4^ N4_
P :Q P .4 #4 N" O ! + D4 +c ! (3) ! :Q %P a 0 (2) ( ! T-!) b( >
! +" & += #2 > \ ! % 2$ 0$ # Q " +$ 0, % 4! ( #" =" + %>
(1) . * " #4 ),4: ! :' 14: ? #,@ (*5 % +,? 4 a 0 " ( %+ < 5 = . * !
%P a 0 (2) ( ! T-!) b( > ! & #"! $ % +;(J 14: ? #,@ (*5 % (4 #? a 0
+$ 0, % 4! ( #" ="+ %> P :Q P #4Z@ R S= ! + D4 +c ! (3) ! :Q
. * ! ! +" & += #2 > \ ! % 2$ 0 $ # Q "
!# $ %
! #O !#" ! (2014) #,($ 1T( 7 1 =7 S P #" ( % + < 5 = i4 ! )* ! +=7 S 54 !
. 4 #< ?#= ( %+ < 14: ? #,@ 5 = #" 4 J A J * ! /?#<
&'(
% & ! &:' U - N $ ! \ +" " ! % ! T-! +$ #< k#? ( % + < 5 = i4 ! %I ! !
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14: ? #,@ U - M ( 04#= J .! J D4: ? #,@ (*5 V N" ! ? $ ! ) .
. * & ! %& A4 ! * +g , ! ( %+ < 4 8? K4#= ! )" #" MJ ( %+ <
) (*5 %# (Y m ;* 4 # + 2J ) 14: ? #,@ U - 5 " +S" ! ! "! $ . $! S"
5" (n 1 , L 4 /% ;* ! J ( ! g2% 4 8? % 7 1 ,L 4 # Q " ! /? " + 2J
+" +,T" ( %+ < ./ P # < ! #O +J ! 4 " +$ # 4 +7 T . ! J ( #4 %+4_ & 2(-!
* 51 % Z? ( P ! (1) : # < g P 4! ( %+ < 5 = H_ 2= . (,T% P
:7 % 1 J a4!: (4 ! ? % :Q p @ P ! (2) . * 0, (CT) # o $ ? #<
.& 4#J P (4) 4 ! P ( 3) . * 0, ? #< #,@ q A\ 3 :Q > 2= : 7 4 2 :Q 5 !
!F % m K ,' %P 5 " r ; ! ! #O#" /)J " - %I _ -#" ! +n#<
="+ %> ! % A4 ! ) 0, ( %+ < 5 = 4 ) R % #< > 54 " / +,?#<
#,)" 4 4 J 14: ? #,@ ( %+ < s E . @ . * V % - +J P .7 n " * " 1 (4 1 ,
! ) N )T ! = +$ ! h ; V * " +,* + ("#$ ( %+ < 5 = ! J % I ! #" ! # /

١
MICP
٢
RCAL
٣
CCAL
4
PRT

960
t#* #4 ! \ +" t#\ ! )n ! + ("#$ ( %+ < 5 = ! J )* ! .V ($ t#S V4! 4 J =7 S
. *

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4 I#" =7 S -#" ! . 2 % )J N" O % 8 & T14 % #" r (; #" ("+ ;\
4 %/4 ! NMR . * 0, Z? ( m 5 = #" NMR D (1 ! T2 * #; 7 $ +,T% ~ \ (Q
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AO ! . * K4#= #0 m 1 ,L 4 # Q " ! ( % ! T-! M $# " ( %+ < I ! 54 !
* K4#= MICP / " #0 m ( ( % ! T-!) " ! % ! T-! a 0 " ( %+ < #h$
% (4 #? 5 " 4_ " r ; ! #4 (4 / " V ,T # f %I ! " 1 , L 4 % (4 #? !54 .(Skalinski, 2014)
/ " " ! % 7 5 2% 0, " > 4 8? % ! . ! J #0 m 1 ,L 4
4 1 , L 4 a\ ( A4 #" 2W( M ( %I H_ 2= * g :Q p 7 % %

٥
DRT
٦
matrix
٧
MICP
٨ Thomeer parameter
٩ porosition

961
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( %+ < 14: ? #,@ U - ( % ! T-! 5 " x' +S" ! J =7 S -#" ! ./ *
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10
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( %+ < 5 = .(Skalinski, 2014) * ( %+ < a O # f %/;T 4 8? ( ". @ +" #g( "
./ #2% (*5 V % 0 +" +J DT4! " +$ * " ! ! ,- Y ', " ! 5 = NF ! /7 54 !
+" I ! 54 / ? & : ./ 0, K ,' :' %> ! 14#,17 % ! T-! 4 FZI )0 / ? & 1
% ! 14#,17 % ! T-! 4 GHE FZI 5 " r ; ! & : :Q NF FZI [ ! / ! ( ". @
#2% " ! >#,($ " +$ + ("#$ ! & ' ! NF % ( ". @ r ; ! 54 54 #" (" . ! ,T" (*5
./ #2% .7 n " 1 , L 4 4 * # Q N 7 " + ("#$ & ' ! %I ! 54 ./ #,)" /
1= , </ 01/ 2!) * + #,
U - A4 F R % #< . * r "# ( %+ < 5 = R % +" ( %+ < 5 = I ! ! +7 T 54#-
" ! % ! T-! M $# (; #" 1 , ( %+ < 5 = * " (Y m ;* 4 # N' ' ) 5 :'
! ? % ( ( ;T 4 # A4 R % #< .(Skalinski, 2014) * " ? $ #0 m 1 ,L 4 # Q
K4#= (2008) . ! 12% : < ./T M ( &:' m 2 #" 1 , ( %+ < 5 = * " ( 4
. *" < *# /> b( N" , #l N * +$ +c ! 15 :Q U G' %: 7 0, " ! ( %+ <
b( N" , #l _ P 2 t S +" +1 " /T &:' U - =" H ?#F &:' ( %+ < 5 = I ! 54
%p @ NF 1 , 1 (4 %#, ! @ (2004) b( J +27 (2003) & % . ! ,T" : >
N' ' ) CCAL 4 RCAL % P #" 1 , ( %+ < +$ (,?#< +g , ~o #$ !#" ! &:'
O " /0 m ;* K ,' #4 ! 1 (4 #l & ! / " #" 16 1% ( 4 ! ? (Y m ;* 4 #

١٠
electrofacies
١١ RQI
١٢ FZI
١٣ artificial binning
١٤ GHE
١٥ SCAL
١٦ drainage capillary

962
/ +$ K ,' < *# " %b( #" 1 , ( %+ < 5 = ./T M ( 0, ;T 4 # (Sor)
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.(Skalinski, 2014) #$ 0, 1 (4 > ! 4 )
01/ 2 !) * + #, ( B C % = 1D
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r "# %> + 2g 4 PRT =" + D , > #" N2, +$ / 8 + # NF 4 ) +g , .(1 N1*)
:' m 5 = + # " ! ( %+ < 5 = + # % 4! ( > + # . * " / =SO +"
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*!E <)
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١٧
multi-well

963
/ %#, ! @ =O A4 K =E 5 2' > G +" #g( / 512 & 4#J 5 2' ( % + < 4 8? A4
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. # < ! #O 0, ! % R 1* p N ;O +4 l #0 m ~14#

K ,' % a0 0, " *5 = % PRT ( %+ <5 = I ! (% & ! 2 2-N1*

References:
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Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 36, 278–298.
Clerke, E. A., Mueller, H. W., Phillips, E. C., Eyvazzadeh, R. Y., Jones, D. H., Ramamoorthy, R.&Srivastava, A. 2008.
Application of Thomeer Hyperbolas to decode the pore systems, facies and reservoir properties of the Upper Jurassic
Arab D Limestone, Ghawar field, Saudi Arabia: A ‘Rosetta Stone’ approach. GeoArabia, 13, 113–160.
Corbett, P. W. M. 2010. Petrotype-based sampling applied in a saturation exponent screening study, Nubian Sandstone
Formation, Sirt Basin, Libya. Petrophysics, 51, 264–270.
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Paper presented at the SPE/EAGE Reservoir Characterization and Simulation Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 28–31
October 2007.
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between geology and SCAL. (SPE paper 118284.) Paper presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition
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Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, CO, 5–8 October 2003.
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Geology, 17, 772–793.
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1405.
Marzouk, I., Takezaki, H. & Miwa, M. 1995. Geologic controls on wettability of carbonate reservoirs, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.
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964
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Geological microfacies study of Sarvak formation in one south

west Iranian oil field
Vali Mehdipour1, Riyaz Kharrat2, Ali Kadkhodaie3
1. MSc in reservoir engineering, Islamic Azad University, science and research branch
2. Full professor of reservoir engineering, The Montanuniversität, Leoben, Austria
3. Associate professor of Petroleum Geology, University of Tabriz

Abstract
The main purpose of this study is geological rock typing of Sarvak formation in one Iranian oil field.
According to five determined microfacies in three studies wells, ramp platform is suggested as a
depositional environment. Some digenetic modifications such as physical and chemical compaction,
dolomitization, cementation, dissolution, neomorphism, fracturing and micritization influenced the
reservoir quality. Dolomitization, cementation, dissolution have significant effect on reservoir quality.
However, neomorphism and micritization have minor effect on reservoir quality. Intercrystalline and
dissolution pores are the min pore types, which enhanced the reservoir quality in the case lack of
cementation. The reservoir type is hybrdic which both depositional facies and diagenetic modification
control the reservoir quality.
Key words: Sarvak formation, microfacies, ramp, diagenesis, hybrdic reservoir
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,& 9S $ - & _ -S: y ,& $ A ! $8 K 4 F % R .(2-N +) + ( #-S + - &
. & % ,' + 6 G U4 T & *4" D 54 ,;6 < % $ (, 0 % . % #4 $8 K 4 $ (F
z0 Q' ! & $ 4% :e $ ( -S H ( -S' % - & $ N) ) . + H - S' 0 F %
] % % 4 A % & N + ,& 4 0 + ] % " % ,' - K 4 *4 D G a4 + 0 . + (
& - S ' v 0 ,;6 < % $ (, 0 % A $ ( 0 . ! Nq- #4 4 ,& % (, +N Y* 4
N 6 & ] % QU " ` ,' $ *4 D Q' . + & $ ,h $! % $ ,:% ;& Q( 0 $ (a4 & D $ %
( 6 - *& ' & % % 4 0 + Q' R q 54 -0 . & 4 /( ' % & % D ! + (, + D
-N + $ (% & +% A $ 9; $ % % & + H 6" F ( 6 - r' ,;6 < % 8) % . *-S(
QS D% 2 $ ( *4" D .(2-N +) + & ( 6 - $% U ! $8 K 4 e % 9 *( ,' + 6 %
. ,-+ *E L 8) '% & 8) % D $ ( *4" D X8A % 8) % + -4
8K (z 0 z0 Q' * D F ) 8 K 8 (a4% 2- 4 4% 8 K 4 F ) 8 K p , , % % 'k $ ( *4 D
+ & $ A 8 K 4 4 a4% 2- F ,& ? & ;&Q( - S ' 0 . + N (a4% 2- : " e &)
8) ' /( ' yA ,4 L , 6 $ (N) ) % N & ,' $! % - S ' 0 .(Hajikazemi et al. 2010)
-4 $ ( *4 D % 'k $8 K 4 $ ( *4 D ! .(1390 & " ! ^) +N $ A 8K 4 ` +
|% 8 K 8 Q( 8 K p F % Q( QS D% 2 *4 D . (8 K p ) 4 4% 8 K 4 F % 48 D Q' +
: $ N) ) U4 8 K 8 * D F ,& ? & + -6 - + - 6 *4 D R 54 & . (
|% 8 K F % ( #-S + - & R 54 & . + U4 8 K F % v 0 ,E : F , ( ,& ? &
.(1392 % 0( U .)

968
 A B

C D

E F

G H

I J

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& ($ ,h ) $ , , + 0 H - ($! % ) **' H - S ' 0 G G – 54% & 5 & F-$ 96 M 6
6 $ (% & +% 6" & + H 6 - J - 48 D Q' % L" I -$ , 5 &

:( % /CD E #
,*& ' ! ) % 4 + *#0( ,& U* , *& ' $ (Y* % 8 K 4 4 + $ 4kH L 0( ,& 8) $ ( % S.% G *
4 N) ) ,' 6 % + U4 $% k:] % ! % & % , 6 4 N) ) .(Ahr, 2008) +
54% & 5 & G ! N) ) 8 54 - & . *( h 4 %" A ,& $% k:] % ! CH $ ( *4 D % $8 K 4
( 6 ! N= 54% & 5 & $ ( N) ) . % " A & %$ L ) ) Q-S a4 ,' + & 6 $(
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969
 & 9 - H N: + ,;6 < $ ( % S.% r' , *4 A & 8) 54 - $ ! % @! i` D : -H
,-D 4 /4 8D 8) ' ! & $ ( #-S + . & 0( ,& R + - 6 - K 4 $ ( *4 D N 6 & 6
54% &5 & N) ) . ,-+ 8) ' /4 8D % 4 8S& / $ 54% &5 & N) ) %54 ! .(Warren, 2000)
,& .(Saller and Henderson, 2001) + Q( 4 /4 8D T & N) ) G 54 . + - 6 *4 D & F9
$ *& Q S ,A & ' % <& . & L 8) ' % N) ) G 54 ! .&% 6 _ -S: N 6
$ ( % S.% Q( - K 4 $ ( *4 D Q( ,' + & $ 4 9 ( G ! 8) 54 ,' : (" F ,-D : U
.(Ahr, 2008) **' R -*' % 8) ', 6
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C D ,& ,A & @ ! ,;6 < 54 \ & . *+ & z 0 z0 Q' ! & $ 4% j4% j4% $ A :e
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+ -4 #-S + QS D% 2 R + 0 + - 6 * A ( + -6 - ) 4 0+
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! 8) 0 N) ) . % 8) '% *E L + -4 QS D% 2 $ ( *4 D ,-+ 8)
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References
Ahr, W. H., Geology of Carbonate Reservoirs, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2008, 277.
Alsharhan, A.S. and Nairn, A.E.M., 1997. Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Geology of the Middle East: 843 p.
Dunham, R. J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to their depositional texture, in W. E.
Flugel E. 2004: Microfacies analysis of limestones. Translated by K. Christenson. Springer-verlag, Berlin.
Flugel, E., 2010- Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks: analysis, interpretation and application. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, New York, 984 p.
Hajikazemi, E., I. S. Al-Aasm, and M. Coniglio, 2010, Subaerial exposure and meteoric diagenesis of the Cenomanian-Turonian Upper
Sarvak Formation, southwestern Iran: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 330, no. 1, p. 253 - 272.
Morrow, D.W., 1982: Diagenesis II. Dolomite- Part II; dolomitization models and ancient dolostones: Geosci. Canada, V.9, p.65-107.
Pedley, M., 1998." A reviw of sediment distributions and processes in Oligo-Miocene ramps of Southern Italy and Malta (Mediteranean
divide)", Geological Society, London,149, p. 163-180.
Rahimpour-Bonab, H., H. Mehrabi, A. H. Enayati-Bidgoli and M. Omidvar, 2012, Coupled imprints of tropical climate and recurring
emergence on reservoir evolution of a mid-Cretaceous carbonate ramp, Zagros Basin, southwest Iran: Cretaceous Research, v. 37, 15-
34.
Saller, H., Henderson, N., 2001. Distribution of porosity and permeability in platform dolomite: insight from the Permian of west Texas:
reply, AAPG. Bull., V. 85, No. 3, P. 530–532.
Satarzadeh, Y., Cosgrove, J.W., Vita Finzi, C., 2000. The interplay of faulting and folding during the volution of the Zagros deformation belt.
In: Cosgrove, J.W. & Ameen, M.S. (eds) Forced folds and fractures. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 169, 187–196.
Sharland, P. R., Archer, R., Casey, D. M., Davies, R. B., Hall, S. H., Heward, A. P., Horbury, A. D. and Simmons, M. D., (2001). Arabian
Plate Sequence strarigraphy. GeoArabia, Spec. Publ., no. 2.
Tucker, M. & Wright, V. P., 1990- Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, p 482.
Warren, J., 2000, Dolomite: occurrences, evolution and economical important association, Earth Science Review, V. 52, p.1-87.
Wilson, J. L. 1975. "Carbonate Facies in geologic history", New York (Springer), 471 p.

970
 2 *1
.١
!" .2

-8(92 (273 % /0 %. 5 16 123 4 . /0 % '() *+ , - . & %$% #

$ C 5 $+ + = - ) 3 B A7 % / %8(92 ?@ 4>3& $ 3=% < 3=- 5 : ; %
5 K< %H $2I' J3 %H . ( * 96) H G( II I % 3& $ 9- 6F E & D- !)
N < 9-K F 3; % M + / %0 %. / ,5 3 ( / %0 % -(' ; L 63 9-K F 3;
+ R ) IS - - Q( / %0 % (' 8Q - + . (I2 P NMR < MO )( )(" 9- 39< .
%$ 6 - )X . 0 7P $+ -@ / %0 % 5V- $.W 5 ! $ 5 < S T ? ) + $U 3 5 3
$9< ) $9< 0 % $N) 5 < %[ DBSR (BSR) 3=+ $7 5 ? ) + $+ () / %0 % 5 <
. 5

BSR 9-K F 3; M 3 /0 %:

Geophysical Indicators for gas hydrate identification

Vali Mehdipour*1, Khadijeh Hashemian2
1. Petroleum geologist, Dana Energy
2. Reservoir Engineer, Sahrakav company

Abstract
In recent decades, significant amounts of gas hydrates have been explored around the world. Gas
hydrates are crystalline minerals and complex crystalline molecules generated as mixing of water and
light gaseous molecules such as methane, ethane or carbon dioxide in three structures I, II, and H,
under certain conditions of temperature and pressure. Several methods such as seismic and
petrophysical methods, are used for gas hydrates exploration. They have significant effect on
petrophyscial logs such as caliper, resistivity, sonic, neutron, density, and NMR logs. However, the
presence of gas hydrates in marine areas is mainly proved via abnormal seismic reflection. BSR,
DBSR, seismic chimneys, hydrate mounds and, flat and bright spot are the main geophysical
indicators for gas hydrate exploration.
Key words: Gas hydrates, methane, petrophysical log, BSR
!
5 - 9- @ < I % < - 9 \@ 8 I 7W, Q ( /0 % '() *+ , - . & %$% #
# & $+ / %0 % . 5 16 ; + T , Q( IS - ; - A-K9 ] 2& K& -
= * < + / %0 % 5 >J+ . $3F / , I2S ^ U ..! $'() ( J3 % * = 3; (+
?@ 0 _) 0 % 3& ('( / $ 2/ P - 3=+ -; Q 0 W& % 5 O / 8 .3 4(W&
4>3& $ 3=% < 3=- 5 : ; <(92 (273 % /0 %. + I% 5 (%
* 96) 6F E & D- !) $ C 5 $+ + = - ) 3 B A7 % / <(92 ?@
. % * 96) 5 Q - O + - ; < 3=- % 3& % ( ; $2 (+ +K ?@ <(92 . (
5K < 3=- H G( II I 7J9 3& $ 9- $+ 6F - C D- !) () / %0 %
(`Q a- - ?@ (`Q B $ < D- + *I36 ( * 96) () /0 % @ P $ W- . (

971
 \+ % S B $-( P D- \+ 6F b; C 5 + 7W, - 7W, T / %8(9<(
5 K< %H $2I' J3 H . + 0 % AO( 8 3=- A- @ (' $+ 6F 0 ( / - '
+ R ) IS - - Q( / %0 % (' . / ,5 3 ( / %0 % -(' ; L 63
-? ) + - . 0 7P $+ -@ / ) % 5V- $.W 5 ! $ 5 < S T ? ) + $U 3 5 3
. ( 5 (& BSR - - 3 9- !) ? ) + c $+ R ) IS %
" # $
. F / , < I' + ( 5 < %*F ; + / %0 % - d 6) %H $J< W -
R & $ /0 % ^+ - $+ 4(+ 9-K F 3; % (I $ - ('( ^+ (+ ! $+ $'() +
. F/ , + $'() ( $3F / , + - L 63 (
%&'
- . /0 12 + 3 40( ' + , * ()
/ %0 % + - d 6) () K %5 O $+ 4(+ 9-K F 3; 0 S># M 5 < %5 + 5 >S
$ % 6 8(IJ Q 3/ K+ R\(IJ / 0 % Q $.W 5 O W, N < (I . 5 3
L ! (I - / 0 % Q e# (& - J 7# * = 3; L>3& (I . / %0 % $-KU)
Q $.W .(Thakur and Rajput, 2011) % 6 @ / Q $.W + $=- . ( 3I ) 3I R 37=
e# )( (I . ( 5 % 6 ?@ G 7 % Q + $=- . < MO [% / %0 %
% 6 @ / Q $.W % f * 2 ) [% L>& + * 2 ) K [- KF /0 % Q
%0 % (' . *IS 9- 39< e- S A- ( S $+ a- I% / %0 % .(Collett, T. S., et al., 2010)
?@ 5 G 7 .F + $=- . / ) % Q e# . % [- KF g . ( @ / -) /
Q $.W .(Boswell., et al, 2008) $.W / %0 % (' 7 $ % 6 -\ + .
Guerin, G., and ) + - [% / - ?@ + 5 G 7 $.W + $=- . )(" h ( (7S /0 %
.(D. Goldberg, 2002

+/ + 3 40( ' + , * () &2

(`Q $+ () 5 < h( S _) 0 (" BSR - ١ 3=+ $ 7 5 + ) + B 5 < %( 5 3 +
j % $ .# / %0 % $ 9I 8 Q - + .(1-*9 ) + ; ^# . /0 %
[- KF C'( () 0 +( h F *2& / 0 % (' . / 5 % 6 (' $ 7 5 + ) + $ (/
)(" l N - =+ [% kS + @ :I% . / (GHSZ) 2 / 0 % -;5 ! 5 < h( S
$9< U- kS + () / 0 % Q 0 +( . ( BSR \ + 5 < h ( $ $'() *+ , [% $U 3
%$-\ + 4 )(" l N 3 ) ( C'( GHSZ ('( @ / . ( 5 < ^# . ٣
%
C2T $ ( .2) - ; =+ + 32 F S( @ / . + - [- KF 3=+ $ 7 5 +) + - 5 <$ +(
.( $3F / B - ; =+ + %? ) + \ + =+ + %? ) + + (, 5 A 9 ) nW A- ( J+
d& - (' 23 9-K F(b %d& J, + % @ 4 7) S( o 5 < %5 8
.(Thakur and Rajput, 2011) + 4 7) @ / / %0 % + %

1 Bottom simulating reflector

gas hydrate stability zone 2
3 Bright spot
acoustic impedance 4

972
 3 % *Q ( Kerala-Konkan $q(Q BSR 1-*9

-. 6 5
*+ , 9-K F 3; 9-K F(b 0 . .!) $2I' 123 %H 5 3 + 0 +( / 0 % ('
@ / / %0 % - I % M 6 %d& - + 9-K F(b 0 . .!) . +-
- X 9-K F(b d& A- ( S $+ BSR .(Thakur and Rajput, 2011) + 5 < %5 $S(IU
- + D7) (GHSZ) / 0 % - ; 5 ! + BSR $ ( (o) . ( $3F / B / %0 %
/ %0 % 0 +( 5 3F c $+ @ / 0 +( ('( 0 % + )(" l N 3 2S $+
123 %d& - + X- N+ / %0 % ^- () + $+ X (3+ $9 - + .(Holbrook et al.,1996) +
- 5 5 < 5 - KF ? ) + (DBSR) $ / 3=+ $ 7 5 + ) + BSR 3=+ $ 7 5 + ) + * 7, 9-K F(b
.X +- ٦0 % %$N) 5 < %[ 3=+ $7
7
/09' + ( 8 )' 7+ '
$+ C ) ) $+ ( U- 0 % -; 5 ! q $W (+ + 5 < % 5 + ) + S F [ + BSR
( U- / %0 % (' $W (+ % BSR s . ( $3=+ 0 +( ('( 0 Q $' 6F S
.(Thakur and Rajput, 2011)
BSR / + 3 8 +/ ) -. )' 7+ '
$ - %$-\ .(Holbrook et al., 2002) + - [% - [- KF 5 < ? ) + 2+ , 0 % B2T $+ $'() +
5 - KF ? ) + 2+ , $U 3 (+ 0 +( %$-\ 36 + =+ 3S % () + G7 0 %
:I% / +( %$-\ + )(" l N 3 [- KF kS + GHSZ @ / ^IU) . -@ ('(+
(# $+ . (' / 0 % @ $ (+ BSR 5 - KF % ? ) + % () -' .( 5 <$
5 - KF %5 + ) + $ - ' - + 5 >S . ( (! eIS S $+ + - I H 3=/ q S 0 (o+ @ 2
A- BSR 5 - KF 5 < % ? ) + - . (+ -\ + 0 +( BSR /*9 % () + - $I) &
$+ Q $W (+ K I3 0 % $ % 6 / e# ('( 0\>3& $W (+ $ + (IS 4 7)
.(Thakur and Rajput, 2011) $3F - *9 M3=9 - *=/ %$-\ 3 3 / \+
9
+/ < 3 3

enhanced seismic reflection 5

6 hydrate mounds
Bottom Simulating Reflectors 7
Enhanced Seismic Reflections 8
Seismic Chimney 9

973
 +
- `F 4 7) U- C'( $ + 5 < %5 ('( (IS %5 ! I% 5 < %[
+ () / %[ (`Q . ( eIS X % / % U % 10HK- $W. M3 t 6 g
Q % M3 A 9 ) +( $q(Q $: - ) + ' .(Heggland, 2004) (I = ) + % 6 % =
1 Jq 5 < % [ *& - - ; ('( %BSR . ( 5 3 A6& % M3 (+ % - &v
.(2-*9 ) +

A-K9 ] 2& 5 <[ < s 2-*9

11
* >7
$U 3 5 U- )e IS D ! A- %$N) 2 (# $+ . ( 1- J) 2+ M 3& A- ( S $+ R\(IJ $N)
$N) . 9%@ %A72' - - 3 + q < JF .F 6 %$N) ( .F . + !W w !3 h ( , F
(o) . ( $3& $3=' + 0 (o+ 1- 0 ('( D () 5 (+ +@ - %1- J $+ =- 5 / -
$ 5 U- 0 +( ('( / %0 % A 9 ) /*9 $W (+ - - - % 3& $ (
6F C 0 Q $' / 0 % %$N) .(Chapman et al., 2004) ( 5 «0 % $N)» R Q>W"
+ $3 5 nW 5 *9 $W (+ () %$N) 8(IJ (# $+ . ( * 96) E & - I C )
@. ( +- & - (' 0 % @ -@ $9 - J) (' @ $ W ! + %$N) .
^IU) K + @5 ! , @ \ + ) $N) 5 (+ 0 3 % BSR $ . + L" / R\(IJ
.(Thakur and Rajput, 2011) + - [% @ LzQ + 5 (+ 4 7) 0 % t 6 3&
12
@& +/ /12 ?2
% $ (I -z; _) $B!< 5 < % M 6 . + 5 < %5 5 @ $+ 0 S># 5 < % M 6
9- ( S $+ % M 6 - . - I A 9 ) X% 5 < P h( *9 F $+ o! %$ <( % 6
k!+ ' / %0 % @ + 8 Q - + . 5 $3F / B / (`Q + X 9-K F(b %d&
.(Thakur and Rajput, 2011)
13
B 7+ ' * A
$+ @ () + $B!< A- 5 < %8 M * z' ? ) + 0 , - 14 $B!< $
7s $6 I% ? ) + 0 , - + + . + 15 5 < l- ) + [ (; S( @ . (I (o) F *.3= $ (S
16A- ) 4 . - + P( $2 ?) + 0 , . + 5 7P %5 + + + @ / K+ $7)

pill-point 10
Hydrate Mounds 11
Instantaneous Seismic Attributes 12
Reflection Strength 13
Instantaneous amplitude 14
seismic trace 15
dim 16

974
$W (+ C2T ? ) + 0 , 7 ' 0 _) . - I $b )(" l N 3 ( ) S># $2 - . +
+ «17 4 .» + ) + 0 (" $+ / C2T - . ( U- + % ^IU) - g 0 _)
07 ) ('( X UQ % 5 ?) + - + ?) + 0 , () - + 5 >S . ( %f \+ $
< MO S *" Q M- 0 7S $+) M3=+ )(" l N *+ .3 P $+ ? ) + 0 , . (I 5 3 3=+ w
% [% (P) S 5 < 6F h ( () 0 +( zF ('( @ / I " .( +
@ / . -I U- ) (, ( 4 . ) % ? ) + C2T @ / %$-\ - + + .(Domenico, 1977)
C ) 3 M %$6. 5 3 + () ?) + 0 , . K P h( 1 Jq =+ 5 <
X ) + M6 - () - + 5 >S . (I * 2!) $-KU) $3F 6 ; 5 % - F - - +- %5
.(Thakur and Rajput, 2011) (I 5 3 g /*9 ('( q S 0 _)

(Green Canyon) K7 5 0 % % $N) < s 3-*9

18
@& D2 /.
7 K+ ( J+ 5 < /V- - . + 8 M A- =+ KI% 1 "() %5 9- $B!< l F
M /5 + $+ $3=+ . $B!< l F . ( $3F / B 7 ' M 5 < M3=7I% +
* < $+ ( @ - ; C'( K-( (' $ O + ( $B!< l F = ) . + =+
l F . ( ^, \+ $ + 5 +) + + () + 5 I% U % + - ; =+ $9 -
I % U % $3 z/ . + - * 2.) ('( 0 J / (' $W (+ \ + % =+ $B!<
. 5 3 J" ( / ) <(IJ + % ^IU) +[; + @ (' $B!< l F
\ + 191 J`) + %5 ! - 2& w 9W" (' 5 < ?z' $W (+ () $B!< l F
F - % (& * 2.) \ + 1 J`) \ + =+ + E & $.W A- l F - .(Thakur and Rajput, 2011) 5 3
\ + R 37= S 2S $+ $U 3 . % (& _) \ + 1 J`) + %5 ! ) - ; % =+ + % ? ) +
l F M 6 = ) + () 2 (W+ . % | \ + =+ + U % A- $ B3 () / %0 %
h( 63 0 P $+ $B!< l F M 6 . (I $b / %5 ! - ( I 0 S># $B!<
/A 9 ) A- ( S $+ @ () 5 (+ 9-K F M 6 - - + + % 6 [ +( % /V- $+ :I%
5 3 + % d& ( S $+ @ - ; =+ ('( U % $W (+ () 8 Q - + . (I 5 3 P(
l F :I% . + - [- KF $O N9- T % $ $W (+ zF ('( 2J+ @ P ) % / O % (I
w % $-\ B ) e , $W+ $+ )\ + % =+ . (I 5 3 3=+ q d& ( S $+ () $B!<

bright spot 17
Instantaneous Frequency 18
attenuation 19

975
 $ %5 =& - B ) X UQ +$-\ + - % $ % + 8 ) - ; % =+ -I 5 *
l F @ $ - % 9 $+ 4(+ X - I 4 7 3 M 5 < %5 X () $ ) S># $2I' . +
% f 3- >; / (9J kS + R 7< T BSR . % 6 >S $3F - [- KF / 0 (o+ $B!< %
(o) 5 (+ 4 7) ٢٠
LVL + DBSR M 6 G(, . + - *+ , 3Q $+ 5 < ^# . - + + (
\ + % =+ 5 < %5 $B!< l F 0>; . (' / 0 % Q $.W M6 -$ (
\ + K) % 140 Q 5 < %5 $B!< l F - . . % 6 K , +@ g + C ) ) $+ -;
X - A- ( S $+ () DBSR . + - _) @ / $.W ('( %? ) + K) % $+ BSR 75
6 - - %$-\ 36 + 1 J`) % | BSR - ) - ; % =+ _) . = $B!< l F (I
=+ % $- - + +.( \ + ?z' C'( 6F h( S - [% + 5 >S / Q 0 +( . %
)(" l N @ 3 % | (, / + ) + + %$-\ - $ ) (" + 5 I% @ / + R\(IJ - ;
.(Taylor et al., 2000) % [- KF
/, 02
*+ , 9-K F 3; 9-K F(b 0 . .!) $2I' 123 %H 5 3 + 0 +( / 0 % ('
5 >J+ . ( $3F / B / %0 % - X 9-K F(b d& A- ( S $+ BSR . +-
%$N) 5 < %[ 3=+ $7 - 5 < 5 - KF ? ) + DBSR * 7, M- 9-K F(b %d&
C'( () 0 +( h F *2& / 0 % (' . / ,5 3 ( / 0 % d 6) X% 0 %
- G7 0 % $ - %$-\ . / (GHSZ) /0 % -; 5 ! 5 < h( S [- KF
. -@ ('(+ 5 - KF ? ) + 2+ , $U 3 (+ 0 +( %$-\ 36 + =+ 3S % () +
5 <$ :I% / +( %$-\ + )(" l N @ 3 [- KF kS + GHSZ @ / ^IU)
%$N) BSR $ . ( * 96) E & - I C ) 6F C 0 Q $' / 0 % %$N) . (
. , @ \ + ) $N) 5 (+ 0 3
References:
Boswell, R., Hunter, R., Collett, T., Digert, S.,Hancock, S., Weeks, M., and Mount Elbert Science Team, 2008,
Investigation of gas hydrate-bearing sandstone reservoirs at the “Mount Elbert” Stratigraphic test well, Milne
Point, Alaska: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July
6–10.
Chapman, R., Pohlman, J., Coffin, R., Chanton, J., Lapham, L., 2004. Thermogenic gas hydrates in the northern
Cascadia Margin. EOS. Trans. A.G.U. 85(38), 361–365.
Collett, T. S., et al., 2010, Permafrost associated natural gas hydrate occurrences on the Alaska North Slope:
Marine and Petroleum Geology, doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.12.001.
Domenico, S.N., 1977. Elastic properties of unconsolidated porous sand reservoirs. Geophysics 42, 1339–1368.
Guerin, G., and Goldberg, D., 2002, Sonic waveform attenuation in the gas hydrate-bearing sediments from the
Mallik 2L-38 research well, Mackenzie Delta, Canada: Journal of Geophysical Research, 107, 2088.
Heggland, R., 2004. Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation above salt domes – Risking of prospects by the
use of gas chimneys: Presented at the 24th Annual Gulf Coast Section, SEPM.
Holbrook, W.S., Hoskins, H., Wood, W.T., Stephen, R.A., Lizarralde, D., and Leg 164 Science Party, 1996.
Methane hydrate and free gas on the Blake Ridge from vertical seismic profiling. Science 273, 1840–1843.
Holbrook, W.S., Gorman, A.R., Hornbach, M., Hackwith, K.L., Nealon, J., Lizarralde, D., Pecher, I.A., 2002.
Seismic detection of marine methane hydrate. Leading Edge 21(7), 686–689.
Taylor, M.H., Dillon, W.P., Pecher, I.A., 2000. Trapping and migration of methane associated with the gas
hydrate stability zone at the blake ridge diapir: new insights from seismic data. Mar. Geol. 164, 79–
89.doi:10.1016/S0025-3227 (99)00128-0.
Thakur, N.K., and Rajput, S., Exploration of Gas Hydrates, Geophysical Techniques, Springer, 2011.

low velocity layer 20

976
 !
r_mehrniya@pnu.ac.ir
----------------------------
:

- ( () * ., ! "#$ % & '

3 4& 5 6 7 /89 ' . # & ! "#$ 3 & $: / ; 3 4& 0 -0 1 2$ 0 / & .
+4 +6
*= >? < 5 0 '/ =< 9& / 5 & : < U / U ! 2$ % &3 ;
* 0. 0 ( () !" E. F& ' @A "#$ ' B 0 /C ' 2? /D ; .,
!& H 94$ -0 0 - J ., - -0 > () I G &/ 0 ' < H8 & $ ' H 94$
/D ; I #' G & ?$ & 0 5 6 * &' ' ( - 5 / Terra K$
5 ( 0 25 ' / , () L& 0 E# ' M .8& I/ 3 J H 94$ N ., O &
,< = 0 RI ' P# & Q , OD / , ? ; 0 * . 2 & B 0 /C /D ; , 0 < 0 P # & Q
.0 0 ,9 8& R )= ' UF 0 , < G ! "#$ G 5 ; '$ /? S ' $ -0 B 0 /C ' T ' 2?

.'# ( ! " # $% :

Prospectivity Model of Uranium Deposits in Alborz and

Kopet-dagh Sedimentary Basins
Reza Mehrnia, PNU, r_mehrniya@pnu.ac.ir

Abstract:
Supergene epigenetic enrichment, is known as the main type of uranium mineralization in
sedimentary basins based on its geochemical relation with sand-silt-clay facies. Reductive
environments with moderate decreasing in pH, cause precipitation of U+4 as important chemical
reactions for paragenesis with Fe-sulfides. Alborz and Kopet-dagh basins have comprised from
various sedimentary formations with few potentials for supergene enrichments according to fuzzy-
based algorithms which introduced for reproducing genetic and prospectivity models of Uranium
deposits in sedimentary prone basins. As a result, focuses on new image processing techniques as
well as study on geological, geochemical and radiometric pathfinders, indicated poorly evidences of
Kashaf-rood basin for hosting uranium minerals because a Triassic lack of radio-resources in Kopet-
dagh region. Respite Kashaf-rood, Cenozoic sediments at least have 3 traces of radiogenic halos in the
west Alborz region along well-developed drainage systems and better U-sources (than Kopet-Dagh)
for transportation and precipitation of Uranium minerals as roll front deposits in Azerbaijan.
Keywords: Alborz, Fuzzy logic, Kopet-dagh, Uranium deposit.

977
 )
! "#$ ' T= ' ( / 0 ( #& * &' W ' B 0 /C ' 2? /D ;
/D ; * ( * &' / X @ >$ ! ?0 / & ., % &
@ B 0 /C 0 ., 0K Y * &' - 0 ' Z ! .4$ &' / " <# !
P# & Q ' 7 [ \ * () L & O & / X ; * 5T& 0 E# ? '
' ! 9& 0 .: 4& 2 U L< /; * Q ? ' 0 O& ' ( 0 * O&
, 0] #>#$= Q )> -0 $ & 0 ( '$ \ ^ L& < 0 O ' ' 2?
S5R$ M_I "& " < & /"2 ` -0 0 ( K Th U / ? 5 6 ' /D ;
= < 0 /D ; 0 ,T #& : .^ * a5 ., - : < ?= 0 & ' / & - ( 0 '$ \ ^
' 2? ,< = ' T B 0 /C ? ' ; 0 " M_I 3 L.< @ 2 $ S5R$ @ I T& GA4
, ' 2? 0 - ,2b R ' O = ' $ /? ,O -0 L &

*% +
- -0 > () % & I J? /6 ' < , 9< & ,( 0 ' /? 9& * 0
$ >\) O 2d 0 ^ <0 K$ 0 ' * ? 2I [A( / , @] 5 ; * Y 2& ,< ' < / 7 .,
H.8& 0 9& / ' < 5.Y 0 2 0 4& .(Yousefi et al, 2017) " & -0 > / , e^ S $ / 0 (
.(Yousefi et al, 2017) 0 0 * &' .^ ! & !; 0 O& 0 - = _ [ 8O %I & >\
T ' ? &. , 9< & ,( 0 /( '/ 0 98 & - 0 / NOT OR AND $
0 U /#9 %? Y 0 = I ( / 0 # & R GAMMA PRODUCT SUM 2 $ $ ' -0 > L
.(Bonham Carter, 1998) ,

.0 '3 H 8& Zn 5 @ 2 4& H8 & $ - -0 > Y X g <U h & 0' i D &j 0

(X) PRODUCT (Y) = Z1 (١)

(X) AND (Y) = Z2 (٢)

(X) OR (Y) = Z3 (٣)

(X) SUM (Y) = Z4 (۴)

NOT (X), NOT (Y) = Z5 (۵)

G5 ; * 5 / , / / T = ? 5 ; S ' $ / & 0 / /I $ Z4 $ Z1 h & 0 ; (4) $ (1) 3 0

., Z4 / 1 & G 5 ; * # Z1 / 1 & 0 (

Z1 < Z2 < Z3 < Z4 (۶)

SUM - 0 - 0 Z 0 ( G5 ; U %I & AND PRODUCT 98 & - 0 (6) /8 H 8&

0 ( , e^ S $ / < @ \ h& "& H >.$ ` / '< ' ? &. # & 0 ( * U L< %I & OR
.(Bonham Carter, 1998) 00 J & /2 4& & $ 3 $

=( (٧)

978
/ , $ >\ * , b 5 % D -0 & 2 $ $ ' !\ ; , e^ S $ ' 7& ( /8 0
$ U L< / , T ., T , e^ S $ 0 PRODUCT SUM .\ $ , #& ,2 J
OR AND - 0 / ' H 94$ * 0 .0 # & # T G & ? $ 0 SUM $ U9 - / 9& '
., - /6 (, 9< & ,( 0) $5 @ K -0 > I #' J? / 0 NOT
" L < 6 (1387 j ;) 5 6 .(1383 $ 2 Y=) * &' S & 0 Z & : >& n >\ $G &
., - 0 G 5^ /D ; O& H2d ' < : J? -0 (Sabins, 2002) R 0 (1389 A)

,-.
- Y /2 @ ' 57 & ? $ !& -0 0 E# ' / M & B 0 /C 0 @A "#$ p $ S89&
E# * 0 ' , 2 @ % $ &' @ 7;A& n .(1383 $ 2 Y=) , G ' /] &
- &= 0 I [ 3 4& 0 0 E# Q - $ 2 TJ / & ! & 0 # & - #& #5 - 0
@ 0 E# YA$ !4& 0 ; @ h$ ' & .(1383 $ 2 Y=) , B 0 /C 0 0 > K4 & 8 4& !& ^ /
- /( X 0 E# ' $ P # & .(1380 T&) (/R Q q @A "#$) 0 # & - #& * ' n $
., /R -0 E# ; ' & S $ -0 /98 & " ; % & = /? ,O & ,
/ 0 - T^ / U GA4 0
+6
. U9 / $ ! - Y /2 3 4& A 0
G & 0 .(1380 T&) , -0 0 q 0 E# ' % : n 5$ 0 O 2d s $ L 0 6LI
0 - /6 J? H 8& _? . 5 n 0 0 ' $ \ ^ # & Q ' 9 Y0 @ ^Ad 0 E# I
& 0 R 0 ` 3 $ UF & Hd & / 0 # 05 L&Q 0 t( 1!"
. -

.* O& P # & Q 0 E# /D ; 0 I jA& -1!"

* O$ 5 & - ( H Y0 ' ' S & / 0 0 I 0 ' @ & T 0 E# ' ' $ P# &0 & 0
* &$ '] ! / $ - ^Y : $5 & * &' H2d . 0 J & T= 5 6 @ \ K(
* * )= Q ' TI $ ! Y UF 6 ' L& 5 .Y 3 / /I $ .(1383 $ 2 Y=) , / '$ \ ^
T&) - / $ @ 0 = @ O8Y G .4& @ \ / / 0 Y L U < b $ ,4$ - 0
S ' $ /8 0 J 0 @] TR& /D ; ,F * &' 5( - ,( ^ .(1384

979
( R v d h& 7 ) " L < 6 /< ' T= / 00 u / , -0 = 0 I " < & /"2
( * &' @ 7;A& R 0 ` 3 $ L&Q O& .0 5 -0 > / 0 G
< ; - ( "& % $ $ / $ 0 J & Z F & 0 * &' 5 6
H 94$ * 0 . 5 : < ' $ @ h$ ? ' /] "& @ 4& 5(
@ ' ( ? ') ; 3 4& ">$ "& ' # R 0 E# - & K$ \ ( `' 0
O& b= [ # i 5R& 0 .0 0 0 I n 9& X * &' /#9 3 $ (/ $ - ^ Y 0) /R q
-0 0 0 _? ., . K>$ /5 ' < 0 ' $ /? H Y0 /O? 8& & 0 />? & ? $' &' B 0 /C
@& Y ( $ & 9& ' <) -0 ' $ /? @ "& * O$ <\ - & v"^ & 0
. 5 0 !Y O
3 ., *? "?= ) > -0 $ / M & = /D ; 0 -W ' 2? P # & Q 0 E# ' [A(
/ b /? U #" ' /"2 /O $ %I & ( ) < $ % - 5 / /D ; * 5 .Y
* ., @A "#$ ?= 0 & ' 5 w ,< = ?= 0 & / 9& 9& 0 .(1387 j ;)0 # &
L 5$ # /$ '] ; ! = 0 / , /D ; ' UF / 0 4& ' 2? ' $ /? /O $
*? "?= : $ 5 & . - : <( 5 6 ) ( " )- ! 0 I ! ?0 / U+4
! "#$ '] 5 6 ' ; $/ 2 & O & Hd & ' ' / 5 R )=
!& ^ 0 Y* ' ,$ = 0 -0 $ * ' $ \ ^ .(1383 "5 < ), 0 (
h$ R )= # ' G & 0 5!" H 8& . A @ 48 M= 0 - e;
* = 0 I SY 0 ., - y 4? ; - - ( ' & t F#$ 8 4& jA& O *=
0 ., = 3 J *= < ; 3 4& / # (, 0) <z0
* &' 5 ( !& ^ t F#$ 0 5T& U9 ' 2? R 0 "L < 6 / < 0 E# / 9&
., / < @ \ ( Fe /Fe ) Eh @ h$ /O? 8& n
+2 +3
'$ /? ' / 0 O & Hd & 5 6
2!" H 8& _? ., - ; d /98 & * 0 / < " > \ $ jA& n ' 2? I G &
[ 2& J? * ; d * a5 . - M F A () @ 7;A& n /98 & . t(
., - Y OR AND $ ' -0 > ,5 "& 1 2$ -0 0 K Y * &'

.( ' 2? ) R )= < = ' 0 I jA& -2!"

980
Q @ \ K( ., L & P# &Q 3 % & O& !& ' 2? I G & 2!" H 8&
' / 0 Y /D ; * ' < 0 < hI y 4? / / - ; d - ' ) > -0 $ $ P# &
, 0 ( * & $ ,TI M .8& " L < 6 ,5 b& 5 6 4& % & 5 ( 3
T $ -0 /98 & *? "?= )> 0 '$ .\ !& ^ ( > < ),$ = 2 < .(1390 "5 ? )
K$ `' 0 L&Q O& /8 0 ., Y R )= 0 /D ; ' ( / 0L P # &
& 0 ,2 ! .4$ (, . , 5 ? , $ , 7 ) [ O& - 5 / - &
, ? 0 ' $ Hd & * O$ ; - ( t F#$ (U/Th @ h$ &)
0 0,5 * = >? = < 5 ; 3 4& b / ; 1 2$ / /I $ .
5 / -0' ' t F#$ * = , . < ! ?0 / * a5 .( ' $ ,< = 0 , - #&)
.(1396 "5 -0 ' 9$) , _ "& - & K$
' / 01
0K Y * &' 0 I O& ! .4$ / 0 - /( ,< ' < , 9< & ,( 0
S $ .00 J & 7 0 & h & * * O& > \ $ 3 / 0 %I & 98 & $ ' -T / ,
-0 0 / 0 "& 7 0 & , 5 / T = t KF$ / , 0 ( / <0 K$ 0 ' ' < , e^
% & jA& n I G & /6 .00 J & ! T $ * &' .^ - : ;* Yn
/ '] ., - -0 > - 1 2$ 98 & - 0 ( ' -0 ' 2? B 0 /C /D ;
t( / 0[ . @ K / , ,5 I G & L 5$ / , )
/C ' 2? O & Hd & ' - /6 G &n . - 0 ' < ( ) p$
@ D Hd & * Eh @ h$ ' 7&/ & 0 t( ?$ &L5 - & K$ `' 0 B0
"& ASTER - R K$ ' !\ ; UF & Hd & * ? 2Y ! Y "& ,9 8& 3!" / /I $ .0 0
@' & / >d X K$ O .00 J & - #& Y R )= /D ; ' UF 0 & 0 &
. / ; n 9& 0 I G & ?$ #J "L < 6 / 0

/ # L& Y E d . ASTER - R 0 Mratio ` / ' 2? < = /D ; ' #F 0 ; - ( t F#$ -8!"

., Eh @ h$ / ; / # 0 ' E d Eh<0 / # L2 E d Eh>0

981
 ' 0 0 @ >$ ' ;( $ ) ' 2? I ,< = B 0 /C @A "#$ / 9&
P# & Q O& Y < ] ; ! : .^ 0 E# ' ., /D ; 0 * 0 '$ /? U
)> -0 $ ' 2? !" Y$ ' < 0/ , ?; 0* . 0* 0 /? ' 57 & S ' $ -0
/ X ' & / 2? . 0 ( A M 5 \ ^ * &$ '] 5 6 ' / 0 Y- ' & O &
? ' / ] 0 = ,#T GA4 2 & , OY & L * ' / $ 0 /R - 0 E# (
,< ' ' .8& u $ '$ \ ^ ;P# &Q 0 2 ! ?0 / & -0 5 : < B 0 /C
/ , 0' 0 () ! "#$ . />? & 0 ' 2? /D ; % $ $ * ., - #
0 .0 F 7 ' 0 O& b= / 0 ( Y ' 2? -W ) J 0 ; / = I G & : 5O$
"& < =@ ,#T - R I ' * O$ P# & Q , OY & ' /2 / 0 # & 0 T # /5$ (
.00 : < ' J# : J? ' -0 > Y R )= /D ; I G & : 5O$ ' '

2.
./4>\ 582 # O& @ < # * &' &' * &' .1386 .i $ 2 Y=

* 5 # @] 9& ." M G5 0 $: $. 5 6 ".(1383) .i &^ . & . J TI . <

.1-11 | 0 O \ - J# 0 # * &' *5R U 5

` ' -0 > X0 /98 & ; - ( ">$ t F#$".(1396) .@ w2 . .n T& .' -0 ' 9$

.1141-1146 | L 2$ - J# 0 # - J# 0 * &' .& U 5 * 5 0 ." R 0

./4>\ 615 :# s X T$ - J# 0 # 5 6 @<# G \ (1387) . .i j ;

5 & !& "$ d 5 6 < ".(1390) .[ ; .Z 5^ .M < O> . & ?

T$ :.O& , $ - J# 0 # * &' *5R U 5 * 5 0L @] 9& /^ 54& ."( Y R )= M ) - ' j
.68-79 | ( &' ()

./4>\ 485 0 s X L 2$ - J# 0 # "L < 6 @<# G \ (1389) . .i A

80-0513 .( 0 ` L 5$ &' ."0 ' 0 /] 0 L 5$ '/ O&".(1380) . .n T&

./4>\ 71
84-0002 .( 0 ` L 5$ &' ." O & < # /T 0 ? & 9 ".(1384) . .n T&
./4>\ 100
Bonham Carter, G.F., 1998, Geographic Information Systems for geoscientists, Pergramon Press, Oxford, 398.

Sabins, F.F., 2002, Remote sensing principle and interpretation, W.H. Freeman & Company, New York, USA, 3 494.

Yousefi, M., & Carranza, E.J.M. 2017, Union score and fuzzy logic mineral prospectivity mapping using discretized and
continuous spatial evidence values, Journal of African Earth Sciences, 128 47-60.

982
 #$%" !
+.& 12 . ) * "& +,, - . /0 : & '"
& */
٢ $ % ١ ! " #$ ١ ١ *١
) * (' & % ! #$ ! " -1
)* " -2
* Email: parvinmousavi@iasbs.ac.ir, Tel: 09193440312

&'
123 4/ 5 ' ' 6 - 3 - 75 4 '8 / 3 9/ & :' ; ! 5 <= # .%*! > %? 5 - (- (./ 0 '
?D< 5 E ) 3 / A 1 ? = B - >/C '5 <= # .%*! '8 / 3 9/ & :' ; ! . &
# N4M J 5 I = ! # K AF L4M - . 5 5 F (- GAH - 5 I' - = I = ! 1 ?( 3 ? (3 5
(# .0S ; ( - 5B F (B5 A<' T & "A= ' >UB T' articulation ) 2 ) O%?) Q 5
' Z3 <= X%*! (2 = MY <= X%*! (1 :; (3 > 1 -(N4M 5 5 UV (- ? <= # .%*!
# N4M ' A<' J 51 ? . - 1 & S - <= X%*! (4 ( / A<' <= X%*! (3 ( V
# .%*! ]6^ 1 "/ ; ! ) 5 %U TN = MY \' (- # ' B ' 5 ? :' (3 ? ) <=
:' - :4! _ 75 4 5 ' <= # .%*! ` AH a 5 ]6^ 1 "/ > ? 5 # 6! . 5 <=
.> Jb L% Y 18 \' (- 0
8 ( 9 + :9 6 7 .233 .4 5 $0 . 0 1$ + . /- ,- : *+ (

Shell beds, a key guide in determining the depositional

environment: a case study on the Lalan Section of the Mobarak
Formation in the Alborz Zone
Seyedeh Parvin Mousavi-Taher¹*, Aram Bayet-Goll¹, Mehdi Daraei¹, Najme Etemad-Saeed¹,
Javad Rabani²
1- Department of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), P.O. Box 45195-
1159, Zanjan, Iran,
2- Department of Geology, Department of Sciences, University of Zanjan
* Email: parvinmousavi@iasbs.ac.ir, Tel: 09193440312

Abstract
This study documented the significance of the shell concentrations in the paleoecological analysis of the
Lower Carboniferous Mobarak Formation in the Alborz Zone. Paleoecological analysis of shell
concentrations records successive phases of colonization and demise, each of which are characterized
by specific taphonomic features and sedimentary fabrics. Based on taphonomic and sedimentologic
attributes of their individual components (i.e. degree of articulation, abrasion, orientation, encrustation,
degree of fragmentation and sorting by size and shape), the occurrence modes of the shell concentrations
were classified into four types, including: 1) storm wave concentration, 2) composite or multiple-event
concentration, 3) primary biogenic concentration, and 4) transgressive lag concentration. Sedimentary
and biological evidence suggests that hydrodynamic currents or storm events play a strong role in time
averaging and preservational bias. Differences in preservation and nature between different types of
shell concentrations identified in the Mobarak Formation are mainly related to environmental criteria,
most importantly storm energy and water depth.
Key words: Shell concentration, Lower Carboniferous, Mobarak Formation, Lalan, Paleoecological

983
 "; <
d5 2 )b 5 ... ? c ' - ?) B ? 6 = ? & 3 - 1 A< <= a ! ' ' 6 - 3 - 75 4
) J 5 ) ('' 1 - ' (3 > (A )b (- * ' (Sardar Abadi et al., 2017) >
('C : A ! 7 1 ?I?b e ?; )CC d - 5 75 4 1 S TH- . 5 5 F - 1 \' > %?
TH- 5 5 S <& (- B e ( 1 5 - Z D? U "A & - (3 > ; !
5 " ( # N4M (- Z D? ' = (A & 5 M (- (3 > ('CD Hf 1 ?(A U 2 )b 'C -
) ' 5 / % ( ^ 6 - 3 1 ?(A U %? (3 1 ? ^ 5 3 5 0- . UA '' & (-
(f ^ 5 ' 5 ? 18 ) 2 (Bayet-Goll et al., 2018) 5 S)= M Y ' # g!> !
V .> (A - 5 1 ?(A U 15 AF # K F 1 5 - 5 g ! ' A - = M 5b 1 ? 5 <B 5 # h!
U b > / .= a ) 5 B 5 A=5 ?; <= = a !15 - '2 = - 5 1 ?5 AF 1 5 - gi! - $ ! h!
- 2 1 ' g ! 5b = M 1 ? 5 <B # . 5 5 gi! ' A - ( K ^ (shell bed) ; <= & L= a >' U 5
1 - ?L= ' 1B - = ! 1 ?( .(Kidwell 1991) 5 ?)b = ! 1 ?( ; <= & 1 ?L= 1 5
a ' (./ 0 ' * j ? . 6A U b X%*! ) 5 B - 5 "A<' ( / :' Y A A
.> ( ' ' 15 l"- 5 : > .S - ?L= ' k 4!5 4/ ) )CC d - 5 75 4 ; <= & 1 ?L= ` AH
"9> =
GH ; <= & 1 ?L= 1C - = - (3 (> Hf A 195) 75 4 1 ?(A U 1 S ^ (./ 0 ' 5
5 - ?)b 1 5 - = ! 1 ?( ; <= & 1 ?L= 1 5 - 0 # g ! l/ . 5 S 5- 5
? 5 <F5 d5 4 - 1 "/ - 5 : L % # h! (f ^ n A<' (- n % <3 & 5 5 - A 5 ' 5 .
1 ?( (Fürsich & Oschmann, 1993) %V T'5 5 = d 5 o - . - (./ 0 ' * k T&
& c K # ./ 0 L4M - 75 4 ; <= & 1 ?L= ` AH a A K 5 S- =!
A<' T & A<' T' = A K F "A< ) 2 T' 5 - ; (X0N 60) 7 XM N
; <= & L= Dc S 4 B d A< 1 "/ ) ( V # K AF O%? .> ( a 5 M %? ( = a !
' B 5B A K ?T' 5b - '>UB) J 5 s( ?; > Hf 1 - ('C r 0
(Fürsich & Oschmann, 1993) %V T' 5 = (3 1 .A 1 ?5 . o - .> (A= 5 S 5 - 5 (1 -( B
. ' GH U b - :4! ; ! :' 15 l" ' 75 4 )CC d - 5 ; <= & L= a 4 % (c 5
"<>A ! A7 0 - ?% @
' .> (A= ' ; ! 5 1 ?('C) - 5 ; <= e 5 ! ! - 3 1 ? ^ 75 4 )CC d -
& 6 - 3 )b A<' 1 = (- (B ! - 75 4 . ' = . (Assereto, 1963) ! b : !5 - / 1 -
/% ( ^ 1? / ! %U TH- 75 4 ! - 3 1 ? / ! .> (A= Q 5 ( c2' - '2 5 !)
u D3 A 1 ?I?b e ; % 5 0- (3 ; ! ) ' n % 5 5 (tA ! 9/ & o S - B TH-)
) A<? 1 ? A 5 ' ' 2 5 ) U! n % 1 A 3 45 5 75 4 ) /C ' )CC d - .> /b
> D = B ) U! )CC (- ) 5 < .> XS )CC 1 A 5 (- ) % ) A U ) S 5 - 5
.(2 1 1 ?; )
$C &DE FG 6H /- ,- B $
(storm wave concentration) $ - I * /- J #E :K B $
I' 2 1 ?TH- ! 5b 1 ? 5 <B ' 5 B5 F v 5 v 5 1 ? 5 <F5 ; <= & 1 ?L= a ' ) -2 5 <F5
; Z/ u 5 M (- 5 <F5 ' 1 S 1 ?TH- 5 .(B, C 2; ) > B5 F v 5 5 = M 1 ? 5 <B '&

984
 B .> ; ! 2'5( 1 ?(A U 5 <F5 ' K ( - !5 4 (- ; !) A A ; ?b
) - 1 ?(A & 5 C - "A< - L= a ' (3 ; <= & 1 ?L= ) (A U (- * ' 1 ?) = M 1 5
.> ' ;- S ?(A & 1 5 - A<' T & A<' T' = B ' T' C - >% (- J ; 6
1 2B IV 3 ) - ('C 7 J F 5 B *'5 ! 1 -( - ' = ' GH 1 S w0 B

1- 5 ? ' ! :b .(1387 ! 4 Sb o 4AS ) ( 5 A ) (./ 0 5 d - > .S - 123 4/ 15 AF ) 5 (N0 ( N :a (1 ;

Wendt et o 4AS ) ) ' 4/ ) 5 ' ' 6 - 3 1 ( Ve 1 ? ^ 1 5 D? :c .) U! y n % )CC 1 A 5 5 (./ 0 5 d -
.(al., 2005

= M 1 ?) ' B (* A ?(A & C -(- 5 J T' 5b .(A3 ; ) > L= ' 1 ? \' "' ? ; !
: !# ! 3 1 ? 'b = ( - ) (A U ?(A & J F ]6^ .> # - AUB ' AUB I! 1 ?) ' B
' 'C - 1 ?TH- >% (- B ' - . ? ) 5 B5 F v 5 5 (distal tempestite) i 5 = M# ' B
2'5( # - 5 ) n - u A - T' = (- * ) = M ( - 5 T' = 5b 1 ? 5 <B ' 5 5 <F5
A< #5 K (- ?(A & 5 - ) (A U * ' B(- B ' <= # .0S F "' ' ?(A & ) B
A - A<3 A< &/ A< ' > $3 ' - 1 ?('C J ! Z/ u 5 M (- ?L= ' ) -2 5 <F5 .
` .f 5B ' = S ) O%? 1 ? B ( - ; <= & 1 ?L= .> ; ! ; <= & 1 ?L=
A<' T' = A<' T & (articulated) 5 ; 6 1 A%3 5 N - ; 6 ) - 1 ?(A & 3 & DQ T' 5b
>/C <= # .0S A - T' F !C - > Hf ' & 1 ?L= - (<' N 5 .(B-D3 ; ) GH
T & 4 .> (f ^ ' 5 ? :' = M 1 ? 5 <B A<- A - # - ?L= ' ; ! A%3 L% -
# 5 X' 15 l J 5 - # ! 3 (f ^ `3 5 ?(A & ) S - ) (3 ? ) e '5 - A<'
5 (proximal tempestite) i (- I' 2 = M # ' B ) .- 5b 5 <B 1 ? ' )b 1C - 5 = M 5 <B 1 ?
storm-winnowing ) n - u ; <= & 1 ?('C 1 ?L= ?L= a ' 1 -2 5 F - 5 .> v5
; <= & 1 ?L= 1 5 - )b g ! (f ^ ;F ' 5 ? 18 # = g ! (* A 5 (concentration
<= 1 ?Z/ S n "V T' 5b - A< ' - A< & !> 5 ( ( ) S- - A 2'5 ( ( n- u
. -5 -
985
.3 2 1 a ; <= & 1 ?L= > .S B, C . ' (- k - - 5 / ! 1 (F V 5 )CC d - 5 75 4 ( V ) A (2 ;
1 ? 5 <F5 5 75 4 1 S TH- 5 ; <= & 1 ?L= ) A -; J A 1 ? ('C .B .75 4 B *'5 ! .A
h! ; <= & 1 ?L= > Hf T? 3 - B5 F v 5 (- v 5 1 ? 5 <F5 C - >% (- 7 2'5 / ! 3 "/ .C . B5 F v 5
. F v 5 1 ? 5 <F5 ; A { ! % (./ 0 5 d - 5 75 4 TH- ' !C - .D .1 5 <F5

(composite or multiple-event concentration) "$ A' L+ * /- J #E : B $

- J ! 5 Z/ u 5 0- > 5b 1 ? 5 <B 5 v 5 1 ? 5 <F5 ; <= & 1 ?L= a ' ) -2 5 <F5
1 ) C 1 (A & J5 1 -( V 1 ^ 5 Z/ u 5 (3 > A< & A< ' I A $3 ' - 1 ?('C
(3 ) = M = ' V g - (3 > ; ! A 1 ? F M H Z u ; <= & L= a ' .(E 3 ; ) A<?
K ` .f 5 B ?L= ' 1 ? \' ' A%U .> 3 ;% ! 5 > 5 - ) (A U T' = (- *
T & ) - C - T' - ; 6 ) - 1 ?(A & A< ) (A< n & - '>UB A< ' t ' ! A
986
D? 5 3 5 D/ (A< 1 ?(A & ? %? (- (B ! - .> & 3 - Z u D3 1 ( a ! - e '5 - A<'
' = S C - 4 B d A< - D Hf _ A4< # N4M . * ;N ;%^ 5 V A K ' 5 )%
F <= # N4M D Hf 1 ?('C *' | - ?L= a ' 5 Y 5 g!. ' U b 5 *'5 ! o 5
5 (benthic colonization) # B "' A<' ) 31 - =3) ?> .S ' 5 (3 C-n 6 -
. - A<' T & e '5 - ( ? ) - ?; <= (A & (3 ZB 5 1 ?) = M -
(primary biogenic concentration) " 9 / 0 * /- J #E : B $
-J !5 v5 ' & 1 ?TH- 5 = M 1 ? 5 <B 1C - 5b 1 ? 5 <B ' 1 ?TH- 5 ?L= a '
K 1 ? \' .(B, C2 ; ) ' ('C 7 A< ' ! N4M 2'5( A<3 A - # N4M
! D3 A T' 5b - ( ? c ' - c ' 3 & 3 -) <= # .0S ' 1 ( a ! ) O%? 1 ? B ?L= a '
T' = T' ? %3 5 N - ; 6 ) - A%3 5 N 5 ; 6 Z u 1 ?(A & B D3 5B 3 &
A<' T & e '5 - B ?; <= g - ? %? ' & T' F (B5 B ? "' .> A<'
; )> A 5 ? 5 ' 2'5 A< & ! A< ' Z/ u 5 0- # .0S - 1 }= 5 B t ' ! .>
) L= ' ) (A U .- (3 > )b '~ K ]6^ D3 "A< C - 1 ( a ! ?L= ' 5 .(F, G 3
a ' 5 I = ! # K AF ;3 5 .> (A= " 5 S - 5 ) ' B # g!> ! - 5b - 5 A<- C M
Bayet-) > - C - 15 l"- 5 • L= ' ; ! " ? 5 > I 8 ' - )b 5 ?(A & X%*! (3 ? ) L=
1C - • D3 n NA ) - (autochthonous) B5 ]6^ - ( / 5 1 "/ 1 ? B .(Goll et al., 2017
.(Parras and Casadio, 2005) 3 >' %^ ) ' B 5b :' 5 L .! >/ ^ 15 l J 5
(transgressive lag concentration) D $ @ * /- J #E : 'B $
?b # N4M ) = <= # .0S - 1 ('C 7 C - >% (- 1 ? / ! S 5 ; <= & L= a '
1 ?L= ' 1 S TH- . ' 1 ?('C ) - A<3 / A ! 7 # N4M (- ( A< &/ A< ' )
*'5 ! U b 'C - o %! ;- N 5 .> '&1? ^ ' 6^ - %? 5 Z/ u 5 ' = ; <= &
& 3 -) ?( D3 5 <- a ! <= X%*! a ' 1 ? \' . ? ) F 5 *'5 ! 1 -( -
' ! D3 hA T' F (B5 "AH'5 D? (- S 6! T' 5b ; 6 ) - _ 4/ u 1 ?(A & () A &5 F '
T' 5b N= 1 >UB ! ?(A & GH 1 >UB ' ! D3 A K ]6^ : A 5B
; 2'5 ( A< ' t ' ! 1 ( 5 L= ' O%? .> A<' T' = ' & (B5 : A ! 3 &
(3 > ` AH = ! 1 ?( - A K B L= a ' \' ' A%U .> A= - "A - - %?
;%^ C - ;N ;%^ ) 5 5 1 ? \' . ' D? 5 3 5 # 6A I =! ? - A # .0S
I' 5 ; <= D3 # N4M (- ; <= & ?b # N4M )b *'5 ! ;' 4! ' = '' B (3 > ?(A & *
> '5 Jb w0 ) C - - %? (! T' = 1 ? ' = g ! 3 ^ C - >% (- 2'5 7 1 "/
15 l J 5 - T' = (4 u - / ` AH I = ! 1 ?( B ' = S .(Parras and Casadio, 2005)
1 ?( B . - ' T' 2= 15 l J 5 ) 2 T' = • ' ? 18 w0 T? 3 - C - >% (- (3 >
1 ? = 5 T' = * ;%^ g ! > ! "' 1 ?L= (- >4< L= ' !C - ) # - >/C ` AH I =!
1 ?(A & ' . A<? E52- D Hf a L= ' 5 S - 1 ?(A & .(Kidwell, 1991) > .A
# ?(A & (3 > )b '~ ' 1 ? \' $ (- L= ' 5 A<' T & . (A=5 - !` .f A V 3
> / .= 1 - >K = Y5 F # - 5 # .= (- ' - D3 15 l"- 5 • A 5 }^ (f ^ 5 1 ' )
.> (A D? = A<'

987
 A<' T & S = (3 n a ; <= & L= :B-D .n a ; <= & L= :A .75 4 )CC d - 5 ' ; <= & 1 ?('C (3 ;
. a ; <= & L= :F-G . a ; <= & L= :E . - A<' T' =

"# $
1 -( B ' B ?(A & - '>UB (B ! - 75 4 - 5 1 ?(A U 5 ; <= & 1 ?L= ` AH a
1 ? 'b = A<' > / .= 5 -5 1 % 5 # $M ?L= ' 5 t ' ! A K 3 &a ' = S
- 5: <6! 5 Q (- A<' # / ! 15 l J 5 • = M 1 ?) ' B Y ` AH ' 5 ?
75 4 ; <= & 1 ?L= - 5 ? ( V # K AF = ! 1 ? \' 5 - L4M - .> 3 (c 5
988
:; ?L= ' . ' .! U b - :4! 15 l"- 5 : ' ; <= & L= a 4 123 4/ ) )CC d - 5
composite or ) ( V ' Z3 <= X%*! : a (storm wave concentration) = MY <= X%*! :n a
: 5 UV a (primary biogenic concentration) ( / A<' <= X%*! : a (multiple-event concentration
) ' 5 5 - 5 1 ? \' €3 .> (transgressive lag concentration) 1 & S - <= X%*!
' # g ! > ! ) ' 1 ?TH- "' %? / % ( ^ 5 75 4 6 - 3 1 ?(A U (3 ?
.> -)= M Y
J A
.• 640 ) ' . # = A3 ) ") ' " 1383 . a ! 4 Sb
Assereto, R., (1963)," The Paleozoic Formations in Central Elburz (Iran) ".– RivItal. Paleont Vol.lxix, No.4, 503-543
Bayet-Goll, A., Nazarian Samani, P., De Carvalho, C.N., Monaco, P., Khodaie, N., Morad Pour, M., and Kazemeini, H.,
Zareiyan, M.H.,( 2017). "Sequence stratigraphy and ichnology of Early Cretaceous reservoirs, Gadvan Formation in
southwestern Iran". Marine and Petroleum Geology, 81: 294-319.
Fürsich, F.T., Oschmann, W., (1993). "Shell beds as tool in facies analysis: The Jurassic of Kachchh, western India". Journal
of the Geological Society of London, 150: 169–185
Kidwell, S.M., (1991). "The stratigraphy of shell concentrations". In: Allison, P.A., & Briggs, D.E.G., (eds.), Taphonomy:
releasing the data locked in the fossil record. Topics in Geobiology, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 115–129.
Parras, A., and Casadio, S., (2005). "Taphonomy and sequence stratigraphic significance of oyster-dominated concentrations
from the San Julia´n formation, Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 217,
47– 66.
Sardar Abadi, M., Kulagina, E. I., Voeten, D. F., Boulvain, F., & Da Silva, A. C. (2017). "Sedimentologic and paleoclimatic
reconstructions of carbonate factory evolution in the Alborz Basin (northern Iran) indicate a global response to Early
Carboniferous (Tournaisian) glaciations". Sedimentary geology, 348, 19-36.
Wendt, J., B. Kaufmann, Z. Belka, N. Farsan, and A.K. Bavandpur. (2005). "Devonian/Lower carboniferous stratigraphy, facies
pat- terns and palaeogeography of Iran. Part P. North and central Iran". Acta Geologica Polonica 55(1): 31–97.

989
 ‫بررسی تغییرات محیط رسوبی از شرایط احیایی به اکسیدان‪ ،‬مثالی از رسوبات‬
‫آپتین زیرین در جنوب غرب ایران‬
‫زاده*‬ ‫سید محمد علی موسوی‬
‫گروه زمین شناسی‪ ،‬پردیس علوم‪ ،‬دانشگاه یزد‪ ،‬یزد‪ ،‬ایران‬
‫‪moosavizadeh@yazd.ac.ir‬‬
‫چکیده‬
‫بررسی رسوبات واحد پایینی سازند داریان در برش در زون فارس داخلی نشان دهنده وجود الیه هایی از شیل و آهک به رنگ قرمز ارغوانی است که در‬
‫عین وجود رخساره پالژیک و عمیق دارای موجودات بنتیک نیز هستند ‪ .‬داده های مربوط به اندازه گیری های عنصری توسط روش جذب اتمی نشان‬
‫دهنده افزایش عنصر ‪ Fe‬و عناصر وابسته دیگر همچون ‪ Mn‬در این افق است‪ .‬آنالیز کانی شناسی با استفاده از روش ‪ XRD‬نیز نشان دهنده وجود‬
‫اکسید آهن به فرم هماتیت د ر این رسوبات است‪ .‬از آنجا که بررسیهای عنصری مویید حاکم بودن شرایط دیاژنز دفنی در یک سیستم بسته در این‬
‫رسوبات است‪ ،‬عامل ایجاد رنگ قرمز در این الیه ها مربوط به وجود کانیهای اهن دار در زمان رسوبگذاری است‪ .‬چنین رسوباتی تحت شرایط اکسیدان‬
‫تشکیل شده که با شرایط تشکیل الیه های غنی از مواد آلی و رسوبات پالژیک همخوانی ندارد‪ .‬عامل ایجاد شرایط اکسیدان در یک محیط آنوکسیک و‬
‫بدون اکسیژن‪ ،‬کاهش دما پس از رویداد آنوکسیک اقیانوسی است که این تغییر دمای آب منجر به افزایش پتانسیل اکسیدکنندگی آب های عمیق‬
‫حوضه و انتقال اکسیژن به این مناطق شده است ‪ .‬با توجه به اینکه عامل کاهش دما خروج حجم عظیمی از دی اکسید کربن از اتمسفر به شکل رسوبات‬
‫غنی از مواد آلی است‪ ،‬تشکیل این الیه های قرمز اق یانوسی در زمان کرتاسه به عنوان رویدادی متعاقب با رویداد آنوکسیک اقیانوسی در نظر گرفته‬
‫میشود‪.‬‬
‫کلمات کلیدی‪ :‬الیه قرمز‪ ،‬هماتیت‪ ،‬ژئوشیمی‪ ،‬آپتین‪ ،‬زاگرس‪.‬‬

‫‪Study of sedimentary environment changes from reduction to‬‬

‫‪oxidant conditions, Example from Aptian sediment in southwest‬‬
‫‪Iran‬‬
‫*‪Seyed Mohammad Ali Moosavizadeh‬‬
‫‪Department of Geology, Faculty of sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.‬‬
‫‪Abstract‬‬
‫‪Study of lower Dariyan Formation unit in the Interior Fars Province confirm existence of shale beds in red color‬‬
‫)‪show pelagic facies accompanied with benthic organisms. Geochemical data (elemental and mineralogy analysis‬‬
‫‪release increasing in Fe and Mn and presence of Hematite in these sediments. Since that geochemical data‬‬
‫‪confirm diagenesis condition in a close burial system, the red color of sediments can be attributed to iron bearing‬‬
‫‪minerals that have been deposited in sedimentary basin. These sediment have been deposited in an oxidant‬‬
‫‪condition which is completely different with previous organic rich sediments. The cause of the oxidant condition‬‬
‫‪in deep oceanic environment is to reduce the temperature after the OAEs, which this change in water temperature‬‬
‫‪has led to an increase in the oxidation potential of deep water basins and the transfer of oxygen to these areas.‬‬
‫‪Considering that the temperature reduction factor is the release of a large volume of carbon dioxide from the‬‬
‫‪atmosphere in the form of organic-rich sediments, formation of these red oceanic layers during the Cretaceous is‬‬
‫‪considered as an event subsequent to the anoxic event of the ocean.‬‬
‫‪Key Words: Red Bed, Geochemical, Hematite, Aptian, Zagros.‬‬
‫مقدمه‬
‫الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی مجموعه ای از رسوبات کربناته و آواری دریایی هستند که در ادامه رخساره های عمیق اقیانوسی حاوی‬
‫فونای پالنکتون و فاقد فونای بنتیک تشکیل میشوند و با رنگ قرمز ناشی از حضور کانیهای آهندار مشخص می شوند ( ‪Hu et‬‬
‫‪ .)al., 2005‬این رسوبات به ع نوان پنجره تازه ای برای بررسی تغییرات آب و هوایی و اقلیمی در گذشته در نظر گرفته می شوند‬
‫(‪ ) Hu et al., 2012‬و توسط محققان مختلفی از زمانهای مختلف از کامبرین تا ائوسن گزارش شده است ( ;‪Hu et al., 2005‬‬
‫‪ .)Wang et al.; 2005; Wang et al.; 2009‬الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی در رسوبات کرتاسه ابتدا توسط )‪ Sture (1860‬و ‪Gumbel‬‬
‫)‪ (1861‬از الیه های ‪ Puchov‬در بخش شرقی آلپ گزارش شدند‪ .‬در دهه ‪ 1990‬الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی از رسوبات کرتاسه‬
‫باالیی توسط محققان مختلفی در چین گزارش شد (‪.)Hay, 2008‬‬
‫واژه ‪ CORB‬در ابتدا توسط )‪ Wang et al. (2004; 2005‬و )‪ Hu et al. (2005‬منتشر شد و پس از آن در بسیاری از مطالعات و‬
‫انطباق ها به صورت گسترده مورد استفاده قرار گرفت‪ .‬الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی سنگهای رسوبی (به طور کلی سنگ آهک‪،‬‬

‫‪990‬‬
‫مارن‪ ،‬شیل و یا چرت) به رنگ قرمز تا صورتی تا قهوه ای به سن کرتاسه است که در محیط های پالژیک دریایی ته نشین شده‬
‫اند (‪ .)Hu et al., 2005; Scott et al., 2009‬مقاالت مختلفی در باره این موضوع در قالب پروژه ‪ IGCP‬منتشر شده است که‬
‫خالصه این مطالعات شامل داده های گسترش جغرافیایی‪ ،‬بایواستراتیگرافی و رسوب شناسی توسط )‪ Wang et al. (2009‬جمع‬
‫آوری و منتشر گردید‪ .‬این مطالعه تالش دارد تا عالوه بر معرفی الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی در رسوبات کرتاسه زیرین با استفاده از‬
‫شواهد رخساره ای و ژئوشیمیایی‪ ،‬شرایط تشکیل این الیه ها را مورد بررسی قرار دهد‪.‬‬
‫زمین شناسی منطقه‬
‫برش آب پخشان در ‪ 12‬کیلومتری شمال شرق نورآباد مم سنی و در غرب گسل کازرون قرار دارد و بنابراین می توان موقعیت‬
‫آن را در زون فارس داخلی و در مرز زون ایذه در نظر گرفت (شکل ‪ .)1‬از لحاظ جغرافیایی این برش در مختصات '‪30°12‬‬
‫عرض شمالی و '‪ 51°36‬طول شرقی واقع شدهاست‪ .‬دسترسی به این برش از طریق جاده کازرون به گچساران امکانپذیر است‪.‬‬
‫روش مطالعه‬
‫از طریق بررسی نقشه ‪ 1:100000‬چشمهدزدان (‪ )McQuillin et al., 1978‬برش چینهشناسی آب پخشان با ضخامت ‪ 40‬متر‬
‫انتخاب و نمونه برداری برداشت شد (‪ 25‬نمونه سنگ آهک‪ 8 ،‬نمونه شیل)‪ .‬رخسارههای رسوبی مربوط به نمونه های سنگی‬
‫کربناته از طریق روش )‪ Dunham (1962‬و (‪ Embry and Klovan (1971‬نامگذاری شدند و نمونه های شیلی نیز جهت‬
‫مشخص شدن محتوی فسیلی آنها تحت شستشو قرار گرفتند‪ .‬جهت بررسی ویژگیهای ژئوشیمیایی پودر ‪ 9‬نمونه سنگی و‬
‫شیلی تهیه و توسط دستگاه جذب اتمی (‪ )AAS‬در آزمایشگاه دانشگاه یزد مورد آنالیز عنصری قرار گرفت‪ .‬به منظور تعیین‬
‫ویژگی های کانی شناسی نمونه ها‪ ،‬پودر مربوط به ‪ 9‬نمونه توسط دستگاه ‪ XRD‬در دانشگاه کاشان آنالیز شدند‪ .‬در نهایت روند‬
‫تغییرات کانی ها و عناصر موجود در توالی مورد نظر بررسی و ساز و کار تشکیل الیه های قرمز تفسیر شد‪.‬‬

‫شکل ‪ )1‬موقعیت جغرافیایی و راه دست رسی به منطقه مورد مطالعه‪ .‬برش مورد نظر با عالمت ستاره مشخص شده‬
‫است‪.‬‬
‫نتایج و بحث‬
‫بررسی های لیتواستراتیگرفی صورت گرفته در برش مورد نظر نشان دهنده وجود ضخامتی از رسوبات شیلی به رنگ قرمز‬
‫(شکل ‪ 2‬الف) در واحد پایینی سازند داریان است‪ .‬آنچه که وجود این الیه را قابل توجه کرده است قرار گرفتن آن بر روی توالی‬
‫کربناته ای است که از یک طرف حاوی فونای پالژیک و عمیق مثل رادیولر و فرامینیفرهای پالنکتون (گلوبیژرین و هدبرگال)‬
‫بوده و از طرف دیگر محتوای مواد آلی باال و حتی آغشتگی های هیدروکربنی در آن دیده می شود‪ .‬الیه شیل قرمز رنگ با‬
‫فاصله حدود ‪ 1‬متر و ‪ 20‬سانتیمتری بر روی این رخساره پالژیک قرار گرفته است‪ .‬شرایط ژئوشیمیایی تشکیل رسوبات پالژیک‬
‫حاوی مواد آلی به رنگ تیره و رسوبات قرمز رنگ کامال با هم متفاوت است‪ ،‬به همین جهت بررسی های دقیقتر جهت تفسیر‬
‫این مسئله صورت گرفت‪.‬‬
‫همانطور که عنوان شد مطالعه رخساره های رسوبی توسط میکروسکوپ پالریزان در سنگ آهک های قسمت زیرین الیه قرمز‬
‫رنگ نشان دهنده وجود رخساره پالژیک حاوی فرامینیفرهای پالنکتون و رادیولر است ولی الیه شیل قرمز رنگ و الیه های‬
‫سنگ آهک آرژیلی که فصل مشترک الیه قرمز رنگ وجود دارد عالوه بر فونای پالژیک‪ ،‬فرامینیفرهای بنتیک نظیر شوفاتال‬

‫‪991‬‬
 ‫(شکل ‪2‬ب) نیز به فراوانی دیده می شود‪ .‬حضور فرامینیفرهای پالنکتون و‬
‫بنتیک در کنار یکدیگر موید این واقعیت است که اکسیژن محلول در آب هم‬
‫در سطح آب و هم در بخشهای عمیق حوضه وجود داشته است ( ‪Hu et al.,‬‬
‫‪ .)2012‬عالوه بر این رنگ زمینه گل آهکی در این رخساره ها نیز قرمز است‬
‫(شکل ‪2‬ب) این مسئله نشان میدهد در زمان ته نشینی این رسوبات اکسیژن‬
‫به اندازه کافی به بخش های عمیق حوضه رسیده و امکان زیست برای‬
‫موجودات بنتیک را فراهم کرده است‪.‬‬
‫مطالعات صورت گرفته توسط )‪ Moosavizadeh et al. (2015‬بر روی سازند‬
‫داریان در برش کوه سفید نشان می دهد رویداد آنوکسیک اقیانوسی آپتین‬
‫پیشین در رسوبات واحد پایین این سازند ثبت شده است‪ .‬در برش آب پخش‬
‫نیز دقیقا رخساره مشابه با واحد پایین سازند داریان و با همان محتوی‬
‫فسیلی و حضور مواد آلی در زمینه رخساره های پالژیک وجود دارد که موید‬
‫همزمانی رسوبگذاری این واحدهای رسوبی است‪ .‬به طور کلی حضور اکسیژن‬
‫در رسوبات بخش عمیق حوضه قدری غیر معمول است به خصوص اینکه‬
‫شکل ‪ )2‬تصویر صحرایی (الف) و رخساره ای ()‬ ‫کمی قبل تر از ته نشینی این رسوبات‪ ،‬در بخش های دیگری از حوضه‪،‬‬
‫رسوبات قرمز رنگ سازند داریان‬ ‫توالی های شیل و آهک سیاه رنگ حاوی مواد در طی رویداد آنوکسیک‬
‫اقیانوسی ته نشین شده اند (‪.)Moosavizadeh et al., 2014‬‬
‫مشخص شدن منشا رنگ قرمز در الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی میتواند کلید مهمی برای درک نحوه شکل گیری این رسوبات باشد‬
‫(‪ .) Hu et al., 2012‬به منظور مشخص شدن عامل ایجاد رنگ قرمز‪ ،‬رسوبات مذکور مورد مطالعه ژئوشیمیایی قرار گرفتند‪ .‬داده‬
‫های مربوط به آنالیز عنصری توسط روش جذب اتمی در جدول ‪ 1‬و همچنین نمودارهای مربوط به آنالیز ‪ XRD‬نیز در شکل ‪3‬‬
‫ارائه شده است‪ .‬به طور کلی هماتیت‪ ،‬گوتیت و کلسیت های حاوی ‪ Mn2+‬مهمترین عوامل ایجاد رنگ قرمز در الیه های قرمز‬
‫اقیانوسی هستند (‪ .)Hu et al., 2012‬به عنوان مثال شیل های ‪ Chuangde‬در فالت تبت در چین از لحاظ کانی شناسی حاوی‬
‫کلریت‪ ،‬ایلیت‪ ،‬کائولینیت‪ ،‬کوارتز‪ ،‬آلبیت‪ ،‬کلسیت و هماتیت است که این هماتیت عامل ایجاد رنگ قرمز در آنها شده است‬
‫(‪.)Lie et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2012‬‬

‫جدول ‪ )1‬نتایج آنالیز عنصری و درصد وزنی کانی هماتیت مربوط به نمونه های سازند داریان‬
‫‪Sample N.‬‬ ‫‪Ca%‬‬ ‫‪Mg%‬‬ ‫‪Fe ppm‬‬ ‫‪Mn ppm‬‬ ‫‪Na ppm‬‬ ‫‪Sr ppm‬‬ ‫‪Fe 2O3%W‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪35.2‬‬ ‫‪0.27‬‬ ‫‪2300‬‬ ‫‪133.3‬‬ ‫‪569.3‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪2.17‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪37.7‬‬ ‫‪0.24‬‬ ‫‪2200‬‬ ‫‪162.1‬‬ ‫‪559‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪3.19‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪36.2‬‬ ‫‪0.31‬‬ ‫‪4300‬‬ ‫‪211.9‬‬ ‫‪601.3‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪6.98‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪35.4‬‬ ‫‪0.37‬‬ ‫‪7100‬‬ ‫‪283.3‬‬ ‫‪641.7‬‬ ‫‪1900‬‬ ‫‪8.31‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪35.9‬‬ ‫‪0.35‬‬ ‫‪6700‬‬ ‫‪290.8‬‬ ‫‪602.4‬‬ ‫‪1800‬‬ ‫‪9.23‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪33.3‬‬ ‫‪0.29‬‬ ‫‪6900‬‬ ‫‪278.7‬‬ ‫‪690.1‬‬ ‫‪1800‬‬ ‫‪9.13‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪33.4‬‬ ‫‪0.42‬‬ ‫‪7200‬‬ ‫‪286.2‬‬ ‫‪521.9‬‬ ‫‪1700‬‬ ‫‪7.31‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪35.7‬‬ ‫‪0.33‬‬ ‫‪2400‬‬ ‫‪153.7‬‬ ‫‪636.2‬‬ ‫‪1300‬‬ ‫‪2.11‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪35.2‬‬ ‫‪0.37‬‬ ‫‪2300‬‬ ‫‪140.4‬‬ ‫‪594.2‬‬ ‫‪1200‬‬ ‫‪2.31‬‬

‫آنالیز عنصری‬
‫آنالیز عنصری رسوبات مورد مطالعه نشان می دهد بیشینه عنصر آهن در این نمونه ها برابر با ‪ 7300‬پی پی ام و مینیمم آن‬
‫معادل ‪ 670‬پی پی ام است‪ .‬ترسیم تعییرات عنصری در رسوبات مورد مطالعه نشان دهنده افزایش ناگهانی عنصر آهن و منیزیم‬
‫در محدوده شیل های قرمز رنگ است‪ .‬در این محدوده فراوانی عنصر آهن از ‪ 2200‬پی پی ام به ‪ 4300‬پی پی ام رسیده و در‬

‫‪992‬‬
‫ضخامت ‪ 65‬سانتیمتر در محدوه ای بین ‪ 6700‬تا ‪ 7100‬پی پی ام در نوسان است‪ .‬پس از این افزایش مجددا فراوانی عنصر‬
‫آهن به میزان ‪ 2400‬پی پی ام کاهش پیدا میکند‪ .‬روند مشابهی نیز در مورد عنصر منیزیم مشاهده میشود‪ .‬این روند تغییرات‬
‫می تواند تابع دو ع امل اصلی باشد‪ .‬یکی در دسترس بودن عناصر مورد بحث در زمان ته نشینی رسوبات قرمز رنگ و دیگری‬
‫تغییر شرایط اکسیداسیون و احیایی محیط و ورود این عناصر در رسوبات ته نشین شده است‪ .‬بررسی رسوبات کربناته در الیه‬
‫های قدیمی تر نسبت به الیه های قرمز رنگ منعکس کننده فراوانی بلورهای پیریت در رسوبات حاوی مواد آلی مربوط به‬
‫بخش عمیق اقیانوس است‪ .‬این مسئله به خوبی نشان میدهد عنصر آهن در هر دو زمان به فراوانی در محیط وجود داشته است‬
‫و شرایط اکسیداسیونی و احیایی محیط است که امکان تشکیل انواع اکسید آهن را فراهم می آورد‪.‬‬
‫آنالیز کانی شناسی‬
‫بررسی های کانی شناسی توسط دستگاه ‪ XRD‬نشان دهنده وجود کانی آهن دار هماتیت (‪ )Fe2O3‬در رسوبات قرمز رنگ واحد‬
‫پایینی سازند داریان است‪ .‬با توجه به درصد وزنی هماتیت در این نمونه ها (بین ‪ 1/93‬تا ‪ )9/23‬و فراوانی این کانی در بخش‬
‫شیل قرمز رنگ (‪ 6/98‬تا ‪ )9/23‬با اطمینان می توان گفت که عامل ایجاد رنگ قرمز در رسوبات مورد مطالعه کانی هماتیت‬
‫است‪ .‬بررسی روند تغییرات کانی شناسی در توالی به وضوح بیانگر وجود شرایط اکسیدان در زمان ته نشینی رسوبات قرمز رنگ‬
‫است‪ .‬بررسی های رخساره ای نشان می دهد در الیه های زیرین الیه قرمز رنگ رخساره های حاوی مواد آلی دارای بلورهای‬
‫فراوان پیریت است‪ .‬با توجه به اینکه تشکیل بلورهای پیریت به عنوان شاخصی برای شرایط احیایی و کانیهایی نظیر گوتیت و‬
‫هماتیت نشان دهنده شرایط اکسیدان در نظر گرفته میشود (‪ )Hu et al., 2012‬میتوان این روند تغییرات در محتوای کانی‬
‫شناسی را به عنوان شاخصی جهت تفسیر شرایط اکسیداسیون و احیا در محیط در نظر گرفت‪.‬‬

‫مکانیسم تشکیل‬

‫)‪Cai et al. (2009‬‬ ‫آنچه که در مورد الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی حائز اهمیت است ساز و کار تشکیل این الیه ها است‪ .‬مطالعات‬
‫نشان میده د که بطور کلی هماتیت در رسوبات دریایی از دو طریق ایجاد می شوند‪ :‬حالت اول منشاء قاره ای داشته که توسط‬
‫بادهای فصلی و به همراهی بوهمیت و دانه های کوارتز به بخش های عمیق اقیانوسی انتقال می یابند‪ .‬طریقه دوم هماتیت های‬
‫درجازا (‪ )authigenic‬هستند که از آب دریا ته نشن می شوند‪ .‬در حالت اول دانه ها هماتیت بزرگتر از چند میکرون هستند و‬
‫پراکندگی ناهمگن (‪ ) heterogeneously distribution‬و نمی توانند باعث ایجاد رنگ قرمز به صورت همگن در رسوبات شوند در‬
‫صورتی که هماتیت درجازا پراکندگی کامال همگن داشته و به همین دلیل غلظت های کمی از آن می تواند به راحتی رنگ‬
‫قرمز در رسوبات ایجاد کند (‪ .) Cai et al., 2009‬با توجه به این مسئله می تواند گفت که منشاء هماتیت در رسوبات سازند‬
‫داریان ته نشینی مستقیم از آب دریا بوده است‪ .‬در مورد مکانیسم تشکیل الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی فرضیه ای توسط ‪Wang et‬‬
‫)‪ al. (2011‬ارائه شده که پیشنهاد می دهد رسوبگذاری الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی به عنوان فرآیندی متعاقب با رویدادهای‬
‫آنوکسیک اقیانوسی تفسیر شده اند‪ .‬بر اساس این فرضیه افزایش تدفین کربن آلی و پیریت در طی رویداد آنوکسیک اقیانوسی‬
‫منجر به کاهش شدید محتوای دی اکسید کربن در جو زمین شده است (‪ .)Arthur et al., 1988‬به عنوان مثال رویداد‬
‫آنوکسیک اقیانوسی ‪ 2‬منجر به کاهش شدید (در حدود ‪ 40‬تا ‪ 80‬درصد) فشار دی اکسید کربن (‪ )ρCO2‬در اتمسفر شده است‬
‫(‪ .)Kuypers et al., 1999; Barclay et al., 2010‬این کاهش شدید فشار دی اکسید کربن نیز به نوبه خود منجر به سرد آب و‬
‫هوا در مقیاس جهانی می شود (برای مثال ‪ .)Hu et al., 2012‬چنین سردشدگی در زمان پس از رویداد آنوکسیک احیایی آپتین‬
‫پیشین (‪ ) OAE1a‬نیز به عنوان یکی از دو سردشدگی اصلی در طول شرایط گلخانه ای کرتاسه گزارش شده است ( ‪Hu et al.,‬‬
‫‪ .)2012‬شواهد این سر دشدگی به صورت سوبات یخچالی در حوضه های رسوبی مختلف مثل ‪West ،Canadian Sverrup‬‬
‫‪Svalbard‬و ‪ Australia‬گزارش شده است (‪ .) Frakes et al., 1995‬همچنین شواهد ایزوتوپی پایدار اکسیژن نیز این سرد شدگی‬
‫را تایید می کنند (‪ .)De Lurio and Frakes, 1995; Immenhauser, 2005‬کاهش نانوفسیل های آهکی در اقیانوس تتیس نیز‬

‫‪993‬‬
‫از دیگر شواهد اثبات کننده این سردشدگی است (‪ .)Mutterlose et al., 2009‬البته یکی دیگر از دالیل کاهش دما پس از‬
‫رویدادهای احیایی می تواند به کاهش فعالیت های ولکانیکی در بستر اقیانوها مربوط باشد (‪ .)Larson, 1991‬مطالعات قبلی‬
‫انجام شده در رسوبات واحد پایینی سازند داریان نشان دهنده انطباق زمانی آنها با یکی از رویدادهای بی اکسیژنی اقیانوسی‬
‫مهم در انتهای آپتین پیشین (‪ )OAE1a‬است (‪ .)Moosavizadeh et al., 2014‬از طرفی بررسی های رخساره ای و چینه نگاری‬
‫سکانسی صورت گرفته توسط )‪ Moosavizadeh et al. (2014‬نشان داده است که رسوبات واحد پایینی سازند داریان در برش‬
‫مورد مطالعه در یک حوضه اینتراشلفی با رسوبات پالژیک ته نشین شده است‪.‬‬
‫داده های حاصل از این مطالعات با فرضیه باال کامال همخوانی دارند یعنی الیه قرمز اقیانوسی در ادامه رسوبات پالژیک‪ ،‬بعد از‬
‫رویداد آنوکسیک اقیانوسی آپتین پیشین و پس سنگین شدن ایزوتوپ کربن رخ داده است‪ .‬به هر حال سردشدگی جهانی آب‬
‫اقیانوس ها منجر به افزایش آب های سرد عمیق می شود و با توجه به محتوای باالی اکسیژن محلول در آب های سرد‪ ،‬ظرفیت‬
‫اکسیدکنندگی آن ها افزایش می یابد (‪ .)Hu et al., 2012‬عالوه بر این‪ ،‬افزایش کربن آلی دفن شده در طی رویداد آنوکسیک‬
‫احیایی‪ ،‬میزان اکسیژن اتمسفر را افزایش داده و نسبت فتوسنتری ‪ CO2-O2‬به ‪ 1:1‬می رسد (‪ .)Arthure et al., 1988‬این‬
‫مسئله نیز به نوبه خود می تواند پتانسیل اکسیدکنندگی آب های عمیق را افزایش دهد‪ .‬بنابراین کاهش فشار دی اکسید کربن‬
‫در نتیجه تدفین کربن آلی در طول رویدادهای احیایی می تواند ظرفیت اکسیدکنندگی آبهای عمیق را افزایش داده و شرایط‬
‫برای تشکیل الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی فراهم شود‪ .‬بررسی ها نشان می دهد که این تغییر فاز از رویداد آنوکسیک احیایی آپتین‬
‫پیشین (‪ )OAE1a‬به اولین الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی (‪ )CORB1‬در بازه زمانی کوتاه در حدود ‪ 1‬میلیون سال در غرب (ایتالیا)‬
‫(‪ )Hu et al., 2009‬و مرکز اقیانوس نئوتتیس (ترکیه) (‪ )Eren and Kadir, 1999a‬طول کشیده است‪ .‬به این ترتیب الیه های‬
‫قرمز رنگ اقیانوسی سازند داریان می توانند با فرضیه مطرح شده کامال منطبق باشد‪.‬‬
‫نتیجه گیری‬
‫بررسی رسوبات واحد پایینی سازند داریان نشان دهنده وجود الیه های شیلی قرمز رنگ بر روی رسوبات پالژیک حاوی مواد‬
‫آلی است‪ .‬آنالیز های عنصری و کانی شناسی صورت گرفته در این الیه ها موید افزایش محتوی آهن عنصری و همچنین حضور‬
‫کانی هماتیت در این رسوبات است‪ .‬نظر به نتایج حاصل از آنالیزهای ژئوشیمیایی و با توجه به اینکه در این رسوبات عمیق‬
‫دریایی فونای پالژیک و بنتیک با هم دیده می شوند می توان این الیه ها را الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی (‪ )CORB‬نسبت داد‪.‬‬
‫مقایسه داده های ب ه دست آمده با نتایج حاصل از مطالعات ایزوتوپی قبلی در رسوبات معادل نشان می دهد این رسوبات در‬
‫نتیجه سردشدگی ناشی از خروج گاز ‪ CO2‬از اتمسفر و افزایش توان اکسیدکنندگی آبهای عمیق تشکیل شده اند‪ .‬این نتایج‬
‫می تواند در بازسازی شرایط قدیمه حوضه رسوبی بسیار کاربردی باشد‪.‬‬

‫شکل ‪ -3‬مدل شماتیک از محیط رسوبی الیه های قرمز اقیانوسی و شرایط ژئوشیمیایی محیط (اقتباس از ‪Hu et‬‬
‫‪)al., 2012‬‬

‫‪994‬‬
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Study of Geotourism Potential and characters of “Saghand

Playa”, Central Iran desert, Yazd
Seyed Mohammad Ali Moosavizadeh*
Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
Abstruct
Consideration of Saghand Playa shows that three alluvial, aeolian and evaporate environments have
been located in the area (about 2200 km2) which can be regarded as geotourism site in Yazd Province.
Alluvial Fan deposits subjected wind erosion led to formation of “Serir” or “Desert Pavement” with
different types of “Ventifact”. On the other hand, deposition of eroded sand grains on other part create
beautiful “Sand Dunes” in different forms such as “Barchan” and “Longitude Dunes”. Moreover,
“Nebka” is another landform in this part. It seems that the most interesting landform for tourists in this
area is “Playa” which contains beautiful salt aggregations and large salt polygons (pentagon to
hexagon) in 80 to 100 cm diameters. Given the proximity of this area to Yazd city, Saghand Playa can
be consider as a geotourism site in this province.
Key Words: Geotourism, Saghand, Playa, Polygon, Desert Pavement.
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Dowling,R. and new some, D., 2006. Geotourism, oxford, 260.
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Playa in Central Iran by Remote sensing: The 5 international conference on geographic information systems, Istanbul,
Turkey, 783-789.

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Romania); International Journal of the Physical Sciences. 6 (5), 1161 -1168.

Wang Lili, Tian Mingzhong, Wen Xuefeng, Zhao Longlong Song, Jiling, Sun Meng, Wang, H., Lan Y., Sun M., 2014.
Geoconservation and Geotourism in Arxan-Chaihe Volcano Area, Inner Mongolia, China; Quaternary International, 74, 384-
391.

١٠٠١
" 22
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Abstract:

The main purpose of this study was to compare two methods of clustering, MRGC and SOM to separation
Asmari reservoir electrofacies and finally, selection more suitable method for this separation. Considering to the
lack of core drilling in most wells, with use of petrophysical data selected best of electrofacies model for both of
clustering methods was generalized. After accurate review of petrophysical data, it seems the clustering method
based on self-organizing map (SOM) have been somewhat more successful in the reservoir Lali Asmari reservoir
Oilfield, That this could be due to the ability of the supervisor in the selection optimal clusters size in this
method and also diversity limit lithology of reservoir.

Keywords: Electerofacies; Clustring; MRGC Method; SOM Method; Asmari reservoir

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' Q ! 2' . A' B8 8 J; *@ /&G' 2 /. *@ C$! .- /. * A&! @ &G' <2 1 8
.(Mukherjee, 1997) & ! (Unsupervised) _ L! @ % 2' % 2
(4)I : Euclidean 9 '& 38 ' /A ' ;2 ! .' * /A ' @ *V` : *C S ' @9 /
. ' A& A '
(4)

(MRGC) &3@ & E ' =! *2 H @ * 9 'A ' @ : ;4' 38-2

' :' 5 ! Facimage =$K '& @' (MRGC) &3@ & E ' =! *2 H @ * 9 / : ;4' 38 ' @
4N .'& 22 A = A E (NPHI) ! 8 ! J>V>8 (GR) 3 C# % (RHOB) 4 kE 2 = HA E /hN hN X
.(2J; ) & : % ' K (Training Data) . - ' @ /A ' 2' S` ' @ s &!& > !' = - &!

1004
 4N .'& 22 A = A E I& 62' ' @ A ' /hN U2 8 . - -2J;

4 . &@ # *@ ' :'5 ! f 8 * 1@ /* '&38 MRGC * 9 'A ' @ &3@ *VG

/ @ *@ * 8 @ .& 2 % @ ' I& 2 1@ /A ' @ +, q C8 ' ' K @ @ &!' 8 P ! 1 8 &2 % j>M P !
> !' I& 2 1@ .' 3@ @ : ;4' 8 ' ' * 4& ' :'5 ! f 8 A& 1 M H /* @ ' /A ' _ 34 ,
NPHI = RHOB CGR .' *E / * / A ' /hN *@ * 8 @ *34 , 2' .(3J; ) &
/hN *@ * 8 @ *34 , .> . ' ' @ 8c@ ! > ' * .- & @ M @
A = 'A ' @ A 8 &@ 8 ' ? 8 8 *@ ! > L! ' MRGC 9 A& - &@ / : ;4'
KNN 9 'A ' @ * ' ' .(<2 I & ) ' ' ! > 2 1@ 1 : ;4' * &!& & @0 $+8 8 8 1
.&!& A ' 0 =38 A E J *@ A& 38 / : ;4' (KNN Facies propation)

4N .'& 22 A = A E MRGC 9 @ A& - &@ / : ;4' :3J;

4N .'& 22 A = A E !> L! ' MRGC 9 @ A& - &@ / : ;4' & @A :1I &

(SOM) - =0 ? ) = ' %@4 - . ? )%& ' +$, ? = > ) . ( ) $ !* : ;<

FACIMAGE =$K '& @' (SOM) A& / . *M+! C @ * 9 / : ;4' 38 ' @
(PEF) X 4 4 hN (CGR) A& u Sg8 4 % (NPHI) . 8 ! (ROHB) 4 kE 2 = H A E /hN hN X ' :' 5 !
' K (Training Data) . - /A ' 2' S` ' @ s &!& > !' 4N .'& = - . > 22 A = A E
62' *@ 6 * A =! > !' 3*3 3@' @ ' * 1@ /* _ 34 , *@ * 8 @ P ! &3@ *VG .& : %
L! ' 9 2' @ A& - &@ / : ;4' /hN *@ * 8 @ .(4J; ) ' A& : ;4' 9 I&
2 1@ 1 A = : ;4' * &!& 0 $+8 9 8 1 A = ' A ' @ A 9 &@ 8 ' ? 8 8 *@ ! >
A& 38 / : ;4' (KNN Facies propagation) KNN 9 ' A ' @ s .(2I & ) ' ' ! >
.&!& A ' 0 =38 4N .'& 22 A E *@

1005
 4N .'& 22 A = A E !> L! ' SOM 9 @ A& - &@ / : ;4' & @A :2I &

4N .'& 22 A = A E SOM 9 @ A& - &@ / : ;4' :4J;

A# * * : ;<
@ 2 ' 01 *VG <2 X 4 4 2 .(Asquith, 1982) ' k $@ .- *@ &! <2 ! >
2' . ' A& A ' X 4 4 38 1 4 kE – . 8 ! _cH (' ' *34 , 2' . % $S ! > a'
' =! * ! .(Brock, 1986) ' 2 8 /_ E @ ' &! bV > / ! < ; 8 &G 2 1@ _cH ('
*@ Q! 38 ' @ 0 + $ d ' @' 2 8" K *V= ' &! A&!' A E 0/ @ 4 kE . 8 !
A& A ' . M! *34 , A E *@ q @ 4 kE . 8 ! _cH (' 5 J; .(Clavier et al, 1984) & 2- $G
. '

NPHI-RHOB _cH (' f 8 X 4 4 Q ! 38 -5J;

BC. $ D
C @ * (MRGC) &3@ & E ' =! *2 H @ * 9 *@ & @* /I& 2 1@ > !' ' H
I ; ' * ,! =/ .&!& 0 8 0 =38 *34 , AE / : ;4' *=/ (SOM) A& / . *M+!

1006
 @ 1@ "@ ,8 < ; 8 ' C8' *V$V 9 <2 * MRGC 9 *@ C$! SOM 9 A&/ M 5 A =
@( _ Oc#' " V8 J` G 1@ "@ ,8 < ; 8 2' . ' A ' 5 6!' = - . > X 4 4 <2 : H
= -. > &! ! > * % .' 8 H .& @ P ! f 8 /* * 1@ > !' 1 ;2 : H /A '
(SOM) A& / . *M+! C @ * 9 'A ' & $/ ' @ &S Q 8 '*
.& @ * ' ' "@ ,8 < ; 8 2 M @ &!' 8 A& 62' / : ;4' ' 8?

4N .'& 22 A = A E SOM MRGC & @* 9 ' A& - &@ / : ;4' *$2 + -5J;

: %
& E ' =! *2 H @ * *V= ' @ H 01 $@ * 9 ' !> / : ;4' 38 1
*2 H @ * 9 . ' A& A ' (SOM) A& / . *M+! C @ * (MRGC) &3@
' :' 5 ! f 8 1MH : ;4' /I& @ ' k _ ` n ! 4 . &@ * (MRGC) &3@ & E ' =!
SOM 9 R=/ .& > !' ' ;2 : H /A ' *@ I& 2 8<2 ! * : ;4' 8 I&
: ;4' 9 '&38 > !' ;2 : H /A ' " V8 @ /* * 1@ 3@' k _ ` n!0 + $ 4 @*
'' ' !> 2 8&@ 9 A = : ;4' !> 2 1@ <2 A = : ;4' * & 38
&G 8 4N .'& = -. > * $!' 8 (SOM) A& / . *M+! C @ * 9 H .& @
&S Q 8 R=/ 9 2' * 1@ /* 3@' > !' P ! 2 !' 8 J 4 *@ &!' 8 2' * & J=O 8":
J ;M8 </- ' * = - . > & ! & $/ &S ' ' * ! > ' @ .& @ . >
.& L! *@ 8? A& / . *M+! C @ * 9 'A ' &!'A&
!@< $ 4<
.' 'K ' 1 ! "# V y2 @ / 2 =G ' & !'& * P @ . % A& $2 !
.& @ * ' ' !' &K ;M8 I = *34 , 2' 5 6!' ' @ 5 N /A '

1007
 E. -
.1389 .' 18 A kM!' _' M !' 5 z E 2 = HA E / k! $ 8 ' @ I `' .Q ' 1E .5 2 n .1
.1394 V ' 9 ' % 4N .'& *34 , .e =S .5 HJ = .2
3. Serra, O., H. Abbot, (1980). The Contribution of Logging Data to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, SPE
of AIME, Transaction 55th Annual Fall Technology Conference.
4. Ye, S.J., Rabiller., P , A new tool for electro-facies analysis: multi resolutiongraphic based clustering, SPWLA,
41st annua l logging symposium, June 4-7, 2000.
5. Kohonen, T., (2001). Self-Organizing Maps, Springer series in Information Sciences, New York, Springer
Verlag, Vol. 30, Pp. 501.
6. Asquith, G.B., (1982): Basic well log analysis for geologist. AAPG, p.217.
7. Brock, J., 1986. Applied open-hole log analysis, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas
8. Clavier, C., Coates, G., and Dumanoir, J., Theoretical and experimental basis for the Dual-Water model for
interpretation of shaly sands, J. Pet. Tech. April, 1984.

1008
 ! "
4 3 2 1*

*1

2
" #$ %
3
" #$ % '
4
*+ ,) - )

! "#
' . ) -) + 6 * 2) 3 2 %' 5 (/ * )1 2) 3 '1 2 4 2) 3
E 2 4 C)D ) 2 2 (/AB) @ 2) 3 . : >?) 760 2 : ; % + (D،C،B،A) 8$ 9
2 /AB )% A 4'1 - / H2 /AB 2 / , 4 /A ) /' ) 2) 3 .: ; % + / F2 GH I
.: 4 C ' ; % + ) # 2 J 4 %AB ;
' 4 A - 2) 3 - K ')OPC A 4 * 2 ) (XRD)M%' +)I N )I 4'5 + 2 I % 2)% E KH L
A 2 #T A - $ 4 (: H % )C ' : + IB F #C E ) R#S ) : + IB 2 5+ . ')OPC QC
. AB A P 2 :') I (: #' : U R#S ) A : H2 : P# ; $)C

- ) + 6 * :')OPC 2) 3 , H) : '( )!$ %

Mineralogy of phosphorites in the Jeyroud ore deposit, Shemshak

valley, North of Tehran

Milad Najafi*1, Mohammad Yazdi2, Mehrdad Behzadi3, Khalegh Khoshnoudi4

1*
Msc student of Economic geology, Shahid Beheshti University
2
Professor, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
3
Assistant professor, Faculty of Earth sciences, Shahid Beheshti University
4
PhD of Economic Geology, Atomic Energy of Organization of Iran

Abstract

The Jeyroud Formation (Uper Devonian age) is located in the upper part of the Jeyroud village,
Shemshak valley, North of Tehran, Iran. This Formation has been formed from 4 members (so called
as A, B, C, D) and has a thickness of 760 meters. The Jeyroud Formation is between Mila (limestone)
and Doroud Formation and formed from the Paleozoic sediments. It consists of sandy limestone,
oolitic limestone, calcareous shale and conglomerate.
Microscopic studies and XRD analysis on the phosphorite of this Formation have shown that they
have simple mineralogy. Quartz and apatite are the main minerals and calcite, dolomite, clay minerals
(mainly montmorillonite), pyrite and iron oxides are the secondary minerals. The apatite are mainly
carbo flour apatite (frankolite).

Key words: Mineralogy, Jeyroud, phosphorite, North of Tehran

1009
 * +
4'1 /' 32 H2 ) -B X 2 " : 2) # V + W + 13306 - )' :')OPC ' 3 I
')+ Z H2 N 5D V)D 4YL GH I S A- 2 '1 4 +) A- I :')OPC
" V)D 4YL * #[ 2 %*A - P+) 2 2 - A W + 13666 :')OPC ' 3 I :# #*$
I .(1373 9 # 2 E1@A ) :C)D ) E KH L ' ] I )' 6 C ^ 3 + ) 2 \ -B X 4 :C)D
' :' 2 SB * *T 2 ` A )*A 4 2 -2 # W + 1344 )+ )_H 4YL :')OPC ' 3
2) 3 '1 2 A :')OPC 5 2 V)D I '1 F :')OPC A 4 a 4 ) E KH L
.(1373 9 # 2 E1@A) 5 ) )_H

*, - . *+- / 0* #% / 01 2
N) PD ) PD 9 H * 6 ' > 5 b 2 4 C)D ) )_H A 4 5 ) :*P K 4YL '
)_H 4 ` : K_+ 4 4YL E Y_X *$ 2 . A ; % + / F2 GH I 4 ;% )S - )
4H 4 _H .: e) 6 * : 3 43 50 + 40 E Y_X R 2 : NW-SE + E-W 5 )
:\+ 4YL ' E Y_X . 43 35 ; ` 5 ) ]> 2 ZF 4 /' 5 A 4'1 R 4YL ^)S
A P% ) 2@$ . ;*\ 3 +; A ' 3 2 4 C)D ) 5gH 2 V %K A ;PD U ) f +
i' E Y_X K A 9 2 4 hD ) f + :\+ 4YL 5 ' D b 9 ;` ) '
- + 4 L : 5 ) )_H *$ b )f 4YL b . A "2 Y 2 ") A 4'1 -2
)%#*$ )f -B 3 6' 4 A ;% + H # B H * 6 ' 4KH L A4 4 : I 9
2) 3 A4 . - * b -B '1 + F I / F2 GH I E 2: 4C a# > A 4#PD
- H1 B AJ 4 2 ) 5 b@ . I @ %AB A 4'1 R *A L 4YL '
(j _ ) ')' )O ) ; PC 4'1 Z >? + W A /AB W + 2) 3 C ]> .: 4 C)D )
4H ") ) : 2) 3 C2B > 4 l ) (1968 +) B) +) B Z PY+ Q_X ]> ' . I
8$ 9 ' . ) 2) 3 2 %' 5 (/ * ) 1 2) 3 2) 3 .(1373 - C
/ H2/ , 4 /A ) /' ) 2) 3 . : >? ) 7602 : ; % + (D،C،B،A)
.(1 ;% ) : 4 C)D ) 2 2 @ 2 4 C ' ; % + %AB ; 2 /AB )% A 4'1 -

1010

‫ن‬LOP‫ و‬QBM،‫ود‬ABC DE‫ز‬GH IBJKLM -١ <=>

 3)%45 6%.
A QC K+ 2 ) 4 * ' )\T A : ) 2 ' Q')X )n oYL E $@X 2Bm*3 MI
MI . 2) 3 - K 3 )> A; +2 A- *b )4 * ' . " 2) 3 :')OPC 2 \ :')OPC
mLY 4 * 10 K+ I % 2)% E KH L n 4 ) 4 * A- *b ; C2)I 4 +
)+ Q E KH L ) :')OPC J P 4 * 2 Mp .:C)D ) 4KH L 2 4 + #Y T j mLY 4 * 10 2 j
. 4'5 + XRD 4# 2 4

7 8% 5 * 9 % . *
E ) g+ E T 2 .: ')OPC QC 1 )* 2 ' I)* A ]> 2 ')OPC ]> 2 ; ) 4 * A QC
;*$ 4 ')OPC QC ) ) 4 * ')OPC -2 :')OPC $ ) g+ 2 J q \H 43 + ;
[*A .: 4 C)D ) 4KH L 4YL ' ')OPC QC A - * b 2 A 4 )+ % 3 # L .:
2 ')OPC QC \ 4 9 A ` 2 .: 4 + 2) 3 - K J P I 11 210 * A4 *
A 4'1 ) 4 9 A M % .: - (3) ;% / +* E T4 A4 * : K
. 1 )D ')OPC A QC - 5 ) # A `2 ^2 + 4 4 ') # 2 4

^)S m 2) 3 % (r 2 ( 2) 3 ^)S m 2) 2 % (^ ( 2) 3 - K m 2) 1 % (aH 4 9 H + -2 ;%

A -B ')OPC QC ' 3 2 ( 2) 3

1011
2) 3 ')OPC QC ' )\T )'2 + -2 ;%
 / 0 (
QC ')OPC 4 A - 2) 3 - K ')OPC A 4 * 2 ) (XRD) M%' +)I N )I 4'5 +
AJ 2 n 4% ' 4 43 + .: Ca5(PO4)3F 6 )C 4 : + IB F #C 4KH L A
QC : + IB F #C RH S 8` (McClellan and Kauwenbergh, 1990) (: H % )C) : + IB F #C E ) ')OPC
D A [*A 2 5 , ' ' )C X (: H % )C) : + IB F #C E ) b CO3 r2)b 4 - + h A
) 2@$ ')OPC 2) 3 - K ')OPC QC ) A4 * .(Mcarthur, 1985) :P W_+)
3 2 \ :_P (CO3+F) -B # 4%_ 4 (: + IB F #C E ) )) : H % )C U : + IB F #C
: E _$ (a= 9,36 A 2 c= 6,88 A) -B 4 H2 4%_ A) I _ ) -B *$ 6 )C 2 : PO4
; P 2 A ) n ) ' :')OPC A 4 hD E KH L V ) [*A. (Ca,Na)10(PO4)5.4(CO3,F)O4F2
6 )C : + IB Z P ) [*A 2 Ca5(PO4)3Cl 6 )C : + IB)# 2 Ca5(PO4)3FH 6 )C : + IB
.: N 5D 2) 3 ')OPC A 4'1 (Sr,Ba)6(Ca,Re,Mg,Na)4(F-OH)2(PO4)6

+)I N )I u )D -3 ;%

- K ')OPC QC (XRD) 6

.(024 4 * ) 2) 3

+)I N )I u )D -4 ;%

- K ')OPC QC (XRD) 6

.(021 4 * ) 2) 3

1012
 + * AB 4 ' B . AB P 8` ; H 4 A : + IB J 2: J /' : + IB
:')OPC ;% : + IB . J ) g+ w$ 2 )Y P vL 4 : + IB # 4%_ 2
-% y b 2 U x> +4 L 32 H P') 2)% + H + P') p') E T 4 2) 3
(;% ) - C # , 2 Williames etai (1954) ،Emigh (1958) ،Weaver (1955) . * )'hI
) P*A 2 # - ' )b J 4 -C H . ) % A : + I 4 ' ) (Collophane)
4YL ')OPC 2 ')OPC A J A 4#% ') * 5+ .(aH 6 ;% ) . :C ' 4KH L 4YL
mX Y )z 4 ) * # K 5+ A 4 .: ) PD P a# > A J -B E ) g+ 4 4
N 3 ')OPC A4 A -B D ) C 2 )D ^ b 5+ E KL .: ;% + 4KH L
2 : + D :') I + _$ 4YL :')OPC a# > A4 * 4b AB A .(^ 6 ;% ) .:
J U 2 )A 4 4YL ')OPC A J AB ')+ *$ 2 ')+ *$ :') I .:')% B
- B E KH L . 4YL AB Z A 5 :')% B . 32 3 + ; Y 4 ZH 2 A
2 6 #\ A -2 AE ) 4 ' :#$ ' . 32 ) * A :')% B 4 A
WYC : + D 4 A - B E KH L .: :')OPC A QC AB :+ D. E)3
: H2 2 : P# .(r 6 ;% ) : A A ) S A4 * " %[ A 2 32 A A]>
- * 1 *K 4 : P# 2) 3 :')OPC 4+ ) ')+ *$ . PA 2) 3 :')OPC *$) S A
ZA 2 4 ZA 4 A ;% +: HF J ')+ *$ .( 6 ;% ) . A ;% + J
* 2 + T 9 : HF Y : 4 :')OPC 4 ' 3 . 32 ')OPC E KL ;b
E KH L b) ){ ) 2@$. A ;% + J *$ : HF # :')OPC D )A
2 :')OPC J :P% | L 2 A )I A - $ 4 Z P# E OH 2 :' ) n ' A 4 hD
. F ) ' A 4 * 8K 5 :')# 2 % :' )' A

‫ب‬ YO‫ا‬

‫د‬ ‫ج‬

: P# :Ca :') I :Py 5+ :Q : + IB :Ap 2) 3 A4 * ' A -5 ;%

1013
 ;* <
4 A - 2) 3 - K ')OPC A 4 * 2 ) (XRD) M%' +)I N )I 4'5 + 2 I % 2)% E KH L
.: (: H % )C) : + IB F #C E ) U R#S A :')OPC ' #T . ')OPC QC '
)' . ' 5 : + IB Z P ) [*A : + IB)# 2 : + IB ; P 2 A ) n ) ' :')OPC A [*A
:') I (: #' : U R#S ) A : H2 : P# 5+ ; A :')OPC ' )*A A
) E KL 2 ;b :') I [*A 2 R )+ 9 32 . AB A P 2
. 2) 3 A :')OPC ; % + ) ( ' ` ) / , ' W \

=
.y 362 K EC 2 - E 19 E OPC - )' -1373 . " 9 # 2. E1@A
. K EC 2 - - )' 4 E OPC i+ ) '2 + m 3 |)X-1373 .j - C
.y233 5 * -X 22 * /# A)C Z3) B ~2)C E + A E OPC -1382 ." %P @

.y 360 K EC 2 - E E OPC :- )' ^ -1373 E1@A

McClellan. G. H., SJ., Van Kauwenbergh,, 1990, Mineralogy of sedimentary apatites, Phosphorite Research and
Development, 52, 23-31.
Assereto, R., 1963. The paleocoic formation in central Elburz (Iran) Preliminary note. Rev. Ital. Paleont. Stratigraphy Vol.
69.

1014
 ($ % & ! ")
-3697 &' ( $) ! " # $% -1
./ ! / 01 19395
E-mail: Hamidehnoroozpour@yahoo.com

3671641167 &' ( $) / 6 " 5 $' 4 # -2

E-Mail: hosseininejad@du.ac.ir.com

/0 #$ % & ' ( ) *+ ,- . ' "! "

+ ' & <1 .:; 320 3 67 1 #1 ' #( & .3' )+ * 4( 5 #1 '
+ - C - & 1 = 61 @ # A 1 3:B C - & 1 = 61 # " >( #( :"
) )+ B= E = / " = )+" + F' G ' ' D ' @ C+ ' .3' # 3:B
.+ B &# M F $ #*+ = # $ K 0( F 1 = 1 3>B L 1 ' .+ # . H:I J=
4 3' R Q= : T S5 + ' #1 ' R+ .+" 1# Q'C -"C 1 O P6 1N &
.+ $ < - & +' . *A #QV ' / + D /0 = )+" # ' " .C ) B;
!" #$ :

Lithostratigraphy and depositional environment of the

lower Permian deposits of Eram section (South Neka)
Hamideh Noroozpour, Seyyed Mohammad Hoseininezhad

1- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University (PNU),P.O.BOX 19395-3697

Tehran, Iran
E-mail: Hamidehnoroozpour@yahoo.com
2- School of Earth Sciences, Damghan University, pr@du.ac.ir, P.O.BOX 3671941167Damghan, Iran
E-mail: hosseininejad@du.ac.ir.com

Abstract
In this investigation lithostratigraphy and depositional environment of the lower Permian
deposits of Eram section (South Neka) have been studied. This 320 m thick interval of
Doroud Fm. in Eastern Alborz consists of 4 lithostratigraphic units. They are including
two units of carbonate- clastic sediments in the lower and upper part and oncoidal
carbonate unit in the middle part of the interval. The upper part of the formation consists
of weathered shallow-water red sandy limestone and withe sandstone. Permian deposits
in compare with Carboniferous deposits are rich in abundancy and variety of
foraminifera. The variety is mainly attributed to Asselian series. Based on
sedimentological studies 4 microfacies have been identified in studied interval which
have been deposited in tidal flat, lagoon and shoal in a carbonate homoclinal ramp.
Keywords: Lithostratigraphy, Lower Permian deposits, Depositional Environment, Neka

1015
 %
Y C 1. #Z .+ " 1# 3 : 1 # ) B; #Q -& # K 0(
) B* 1YA/ " 1 3= V #' #' " +; $*
D= . >( . [ 1 \C R :" #: + Y1 $ B1 = * 1 3' )+ C J $
G ' )+" )+ " )+ $ `J= 1^ * _: . ' – ]+ '
+4 + " .+ > = B Q' F 1=.* * a 1 . &#
<1 Z 1 = 3' .C *. G ' #( & - B
# ) & = #1 ' > + .3' " #' ^ 3= V c & 30& bVE
L1 ' ) 1 ) : 6>& ' 3 3 &A 3 B= 1 H$ < - & 1 Y :I Z 1 =
1 "# MC )+ C ) B; 1 ; e .3' d D1 #1 ' ; e ' % .
; e )+ B C3 1 Y [ ' # ( – #- C #& 1 = a $` D$ 1 .C R >
@ . &# # * . + . : * ' #1 ' ; e . *# Y [ ' #1 '
# " >( #: 67 >B #( & .(1385 #& > C) + #1 ' ; e
S5 # a /0 4& #$ % & ' ( L 4( 5 . = & = . : ; S5
G ' S5 + ' 3 47 #% %e # ' 3 47 .+" " 3 i( 3' )+ j D* 4( 5
.+ # . H S0& 4( 5 L 7 Y j 1 #1 ' / 0 #' "
%, - ./ ) *+ & '("
D #1 #V =C ' 1 & ( - . ' " ) S5 Y 2400 L I F&
j* e S5 .3' )+" Y ' M +" 1# 3 6 ' . B k
53m 36' 42" #( :" n I 36°m 25' 28" # $ l 3 4 3' # " >( . # 61 ' =
-. l ( F'C ) H Z b ) +0 1 #' ' . >( #( :" # "RZ
( Q = 112) N :[ R 51 Y -# 0 ) D - - ' ' -Y -'# -3 6 ' - - - '
L F= -# 0 ) D -. -Y+ 1 -J - + - ' = -. l ) H Z ) E41 .3' i . -
.(1 <-") +" 1# i . - D

() ' 3 EI) - Y ' j1 ) P& .1 <-"

1016
 & ; . : ; #- 320 3 67 1 Y j 1 + '
. "# N " D G ' ' 46/85 1 S5 + ' .+" 1# # " >( #( :"
+ ' 3' + - C & 1 = # 61 @ # A 1 3:B C & 1 = 61
G ' ' .C p + # . ) )+ B= E = / " = )+" D ' @C
#% ' L q 1 & 4Q RD + ' 1Y A1 . "# )+ + F'
G Y = + -C @ C AJ 67 B= ; L 1 = S5 )+:I .3' # ' $
#B @C # ' $ #% ' /' & # .+ B )+:I #% ' +V 4 = 3'
= +" " 1 @ C : + e .+ B )+ " . : ; 61 1 . "# r6
1 + ( $ ( = 1 kQ &A 1 & R = & . ) < B$ #- C A G' ' V
# -' - Z S + )+ D r; " ( $ + B + ' R -" &# + 1 ; '
3 C3 ( ' D & 3" 3 C3 ( < " G ' ' .+" 1# . B= & . ' N
3B b +" 1 4Q RD + ' - R : V .3' ) 1 ( B = L q 1 D& = .+ B
# ' " # " >( + ' (Jenny & Stamphli, 1978) . -: # 1 & 1 .(1-2 <-")
.+"
( " 9) 7 ( 2 3 45 6 "/ :1 0
V =CN ) E = D G' ' . 3 67 47/85 > S& #( & 61
1 .C G "# ' = G ' ' C+ B= . D A 1 3:' 1 .(A-2 <-") + " 1# C + B=
#( & 61 3 k>' C J= B1 H:I s5' B .+ =# l& " B= ;
.3' )+ * #QV ' / 0
?> 9@ < ! "6 = > 9 :2 0
+V 3' G #Q " @ C A. 1# ( & 1 = G'N + ' 61
.(C B-2 <-") "# )+ = 1 F $ #:= cC +V . 3 67 43
=& B " ! C D <# " 3 45 > 9 E / :3 0
@ C 3:B #; 1 A /' J 67 B= ; @ C < " 3 67 117 +V
.(D -2 <-") 3' A
C D> 9@ <G ! " 9> 9:4 0
+ = j 1 A 1 t Z 1 + -C ) + . 3 67 107 +V + - C @ C +V
:I + - C B .3' ) 1 1 +V 61 #5 0 ` 3F* . p + =#
. ' .(F E-2 <-") 3' ) < - & + ( $ = 1 F= @>Q C 1 3' ;
.3' )+" 3 <-" 4( 5 #( & #' " e
? E" H '6 ,
pu' $* BF& v01 Flügel, E. (2004) > 1 + ' ) B; 61
#I $ q I pu' #Qq Q- + 1 ) B; a q & . *# w + ' 3 #1 ' R+
.3' )+ * =\ .C 1 J= V ` <- &/0 . .: ' L q P; #*
( $ < " = # Q-' -1 :+ " 1# ) * 1 @ -F& <1 + ' )+ < - & J= (C
3' 1 = 1 = ' . '* #BQ 3' ; @>Q @e = F $

1017
 #1 ' / 0 .+ B 3 - := +S 1 3 u' &+:I = ) B; )+ ' J= & -2
.(1390 . u QI) +" 1 # (. l M R :") ' :e V 1 #( &

= = CD
7+ CD -1
J C) B " ! G" C
) B; < B$ .3' #Q B$ ) ; .C #Qq J= (C " .> # $ 1 ) B;
. : ) " ) B; @e = F $ F' #BQ= L + 1 a z ) 1 = ' 1 . &#
)+ ) B; D ' ) + D& = +S .(A-4 <-") 3' ) < - & 3 -
. "#
A B

C D

E F

.(3 +V ) A J 67 & /' @ C -D .(2 +V ) # ( @ C #Q " @ C- C B .1 +V D G ' ' -A .2 <-"

.(4 +V ) B= ; @ C { A. 1 + - C @ C -F E

G"K< # $
= 6" 9 B " ! G" C /G" C

; 1 #1 ; #Q B$ N & #Q= Z 1 ) 1 . > <* & . > @ 1$ ) B;

. "# )+ + w - C ) B; #; 1 d D1 ( $ = ' 1 = 1 3' ; .3'
.(B-4 <-") 3' l& +q 15 & 5 D& = . D

1018
 #$
| " 1k& & 1 = : J BS& + w # 'E= 1 +' ' 1 . &# ) * ) B;
.+ B

- Y j1 #( & #' " e . ' .3 <-"

B " ! G" C K
( $ .+" 1# ( $ ) 1 #Q B$ ) ; .C #Qq - " .> # $ 1 ) B;
N & .(Ross, 1982) + " 1# / 0 . 1 ` % : = ) 1 d D1 <-" #= A :4
@>Q b # 3'E= 1 .(Haijun et al., 2006) + : # + & / 0 . 1 ` D C
+ J 67 ) A :4 = Tubiphytes '* . = 1 = ' 1 3' ;
= : D& = J= B1 +S 1 + w Q 1 ) EI "# )+ aQ 6 :
J= V ` +' / 0 1 HQ4 ) B; 1 1 .(C-4 <-") + $ * # u' @
.3' ) 1 /0 1
G" C K

1019
 1 .3' ) B; )+ ' J= (C : #I 4" @ 1 $ 1 + w ) 1 . > ) B; 3$ 1
= 1 ' * @e = F $ 1 ' E=#' @>Q ( $ 3' ; )+ = Z
.3' ) 1 .C 1 J= V ` +' ) B; < - & / 0 .(D-4 <-") ) B;
.(Samankassou, 2001; Atakul, 2006) + B ` / 0 )+ . +w .e
.+ =# L >c N 7 D . 1.>
A B

C D

1 = 1 .> <* @ 1 $ -B .a z ) 1 = ' R B $ # 'E= 1 . B= -A .4 <-"

.#I 4" @ 1 $ 1 + w -D .d D1 <-" #= ( $ 1 # 'E= 1 . B * -C . = '

!" #$
( } F' R - u' & + 1 & b H :I ) B; Y+I A 1 BF& s 7 & 1 & 1
.(5 <-") 3' ) 1 R Q= : T + ' 3 / 0 = : ~ > ' % . &#

)+" # ' " ) B; 1 ) : + ' #1 ' R+ .5 <-"

K M

1020
1 # " >( Y j 1 + ' #1 ' #( & # -' - { Z S #$ * # 0q L 4( 5 ^ ' 1
3:B C - & 1 = 61 < " +V 4 .3' )+" # ' " #% ' +V 4 320 3 67
+ F' G ' ' D ' @C+ ' .3' # 3:B + - C - & 1 = 61 @ # A 1
K 0( F 1 = 1 3>B L 1 ' .+ # . H:I J= ) )+ B= E = / " = )+"
L 4( 5 ^ ' 1 .+" 1# Q'C -"C 1 O P6 1N & .+ B &# M F $ #*+ = # $
@ e e +' . *A #QV ' / + D /0 = 3' )+" # ' " ) B; 4 #' " '
.+ )+" R Q= : & 1 = T
:N+
#& > C . 0Fq 619 . = # +4 L $ = #' " . 'L . #' " .1385 .N #& > C
. 0Fq 586 = # +4 L $ = #' " . 'L . #' " .1383 .N
F $ > 1 (. l MR :") ' :e V % e 3B .1390 . u QI
.. l ) % +" #' " = . #- C @>Q
C $ l BF& .C 3 : p>Z { Q1 C ' ( $ #' 1 .1387 .| Y+S .N Z
.130-123 L 0Fq Y e #' +Q . & ) % Y QI Q[ . : ' ) "i*

Flügel, E. (2004). Microfacies of carbonate rocks, analysis, interpretation and application. Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York.
Jenny, J., Stamphli, G. 1978. "Lithostratigraphic du Permian de lElbourz oriental en Iran". Eclogae Geologiae
Helvetiae, 71, 551-580.
Ueno,K., Watanabe, D., Igo, H., Kawuwa, Y. & Matsumoto. R. 1997. Early Carboniferous foraminifers from
the Mobarak Formatoin of Shahmirzad, northern Alburz Mountions, northern Iran. In: Ross, C.A., Ross, J.R.P.
& Brenkel, P.L. (eds) Late Paleozoic Foraminifera: Their Biostratigraphy, Evolution, and Paleoecology: and
the Mid Carboniferous Boundary. Cushman Foraminiferal Reeserch, Special Publicationm.v. 36, pp.149- 152.
Samankassou, E., 2001. Internal structure and depositional environment of Late Carboniferous mounds from
the San Emiliano Formation, Cármenes Syncline, Cantabrian Mountains, Northern Spain. Sedimentary
Geology 145(3). DOI: 10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00150-6.

1021
 !"#
2 !" 1 1 *1

! " # -1

$ % & ' ( "% -2

*Norouzi.sn@gmail.com

$%

$ 79: 7% , 8 !$ ,2 3 +4! . 6 7 # 2 ,2 3 +4! ( "% 2 , 1 - $ ./ 0 ) ! * +, - )

. 0! * B C" $ 2 ,A $ ) . 6 0 ) ( "% 2 > $ ? @% +! .> # & < ) = 2 $ 7&; :
2 # 2 # A $ ) (AAS) +! HIB A $ 7# ) + /1 7 + 892 &! E@ ; ? &# . 6 "2 " $ D+," , 2 3 +4!
$ # 1:100000 7 9 P) *& 7# 7 / $ 79: 2 7, #? ' # $ $ + " ? *; 6% @ L M N O # . 0 "- # JK
4 *N T . 6 2 4"U A $ ) !O # 2 $ Z3 ? # $ 7% ) O # . 0 "- # 4 ) R # A $ ) . 7"(
.* # 2 $ U 7" - )O # YZ# 7# *60 # # 92/2 + " ? # # 2/3 *; 6% # # 2/5 @ # # 8/8 )$ L

)- / , 0! ) *+ ! , -& ! , -& : '( &

Using Raster Overlay in Geochemical Exploration in Stream

Sediments of Sarduiyeh Zone, Kerman
Saeed Norouzi1*, Seyed Abolfazl Yaghoubi1, Mehrdad Behzadi1, Mohammad Reza Hezareh2
1-Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University.
2-Geological Survey & Mineral Explorations of Iran (GSI)
*Norouzi.sn@gmail.com

Abstract
One of the most important issues in exploration projects is efficient decision-making. The decision-making
process gets more difficult when the zone under study includes different minerals with different
concentration points throughout the zone. One method used to facilitate the process is “Raster Overlay.” In
this study, after 892 geochemical samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS),
raster overlay was used for the zoning of areas with high Cu, Mn, Co, and Sb in Sarduiyeh zone stream
sediments in a 1:100000 map. The method laid 4 high-potential zones, wherefrom Z3 had the highest
economic value. The concentration Cu in this area is 8.8 times higher than the upper continental crust
average, with Mn at 2.5 times the average, and Co and Sb concentrations are 2.3 and 92.2 times the average,
respectively.

Keywords: Geochemistry, Geochemistry of Stream Sediments, Raster overlay, Sarduiyeh

1022
 )

) 2 # +!$ U " P) 7"8 $ 7% * \ 50 Y # [ $ 2 7, #? ) + /1 A $

* # 2 ,7 + 7% * $ " ] ( ) ^ # $ :# ' # $ < ) 7&; : . 6 _ > $ 9 # &
# 2$ 0# E ) + /1 ' &; : .(Fletcher 1997) "0, 7 8 $ * O # 2 ,YZ# Y) ( , \ 4> ,7, #?
) + /1 ' ( " % . "0, ` : ) + /1 ' ( "% 2 , % ) 7# $ +, 7"( '$ M 2 7, #? ' # $ 2 $
a "Z 2 ,7 9 $ # ) + /1 2 ,@ ; ? # 99> .* # $ ./ 0 ) ! @ # R># ) 7 +,
D+, A $ " 4 , 2 # 7 B 2 , 0C! 6&! 2 b# . % ) $ O # . 0 "- 2 $ JK "
P ! ) C" . + ) $* B ! .# U *N T 2 $ M < +b N 7% 2 7 [ ! *( P+% 2 " $
) . $ \ 6 7# $ B Z" ( "% 2 , 1 - 2 , 7 )@, Y, % ( "% 2 , )? ( $ . 0! c) 0! R #
7 # .> (H . # 7" B 79: $ ' C" *N T # & < = (a; 7% - 2 " # * +,
. 6 [ E* &U P) $ M *N T

(Janssen and Rietveld 1990, Carver 1991, 7 7# 2 g 90 7, \ K $ f) $ :# GIS $ e" = 2 , # ) $

# 2 ,$ @( P+% 7# e" = 2 , T C" # 99> .*( $ U 7B ! $ Eastman et al. 1993)
2 7 +b " $ P) $ 0# $ :# . % C" ,A $ ) ,2 3 +4! $ . 0! * B " GIS \ M *) $
D+, A $ $ . 6 M 8 2 ,A $ ' gK 2 $ ? .0 - , 7% * ,.0 - 2 #7 6 7"( )
' gK # 7)O ) = h % ! R # A $ ) . 6 ) 2 ,7)O # 7# * &U P) 2 $ 7)O , \ , 2" $
T ! , $ B ) + 7# 7"( ) i 4"8 7j$ , 7# 2 2 ,A $ O +& . [ 27)O P) $ ' C"
7# 7B ! # 7% )? * # ) 27)O $ \ , 2 # kZ A $ P) 8? $ . , b ,7)O 2 $ # j )$ ' 6 >
9 # JK $ # 7# ) A $ 2 $ # # 7; 9 ) $ . (desktop.arcgis.com, 2018)* .M [ 6U 2 ,7)O
) " # 2 $ 2 , . 7"8 - % " 7 / $ 79: $ (Sb) + " ? (Co)*; 6% (Mn)@ (Cu)L M N
. ) &! ) ! 9 # ( & M < +b N 2 4"U A $

) 1 2

7 [ $ *( '$ M 7 / $ 1:100000 7 9 2 $ # 2$ #7 + b $ N +# GIS 7 7# 2 #7 6 \ 7 [ $

) ?$ .) 6! Y 200 ) $ - 7# 2 ? )? ( b &# * # 2 ,7 +
A $ 7# (Sb) + " ? (Co)*; 6% (Mn)@ (Cu)L M *N T &! $ N 7# 7 + 892 &! $ % & ' ( "%
2 # . 3 ! 7 B $ :# _ > $ M +! *N T 2 " $ 2 ,7)O 8? $ .*( $ U @ ; ? $ (AAS) +! HIB
P) '$ 4# 7b " . "( $ U . >! $ T 3, # 2 " $ 2 ,7)O M < +b N O # . 0 "- # JK "( )
M +! ( "% A $ 7&; : ) $ 7% * %l 7# O . $ ?* # - 2 ,7)O 2 ,A $ T .M [ ) 7)O
. 7"( N $ 0 )

3"

@ . 7"( N $ , ; ? 70) 9 2 # (Wedephohl 1995) 2 6 # 2 $ U 7" - )O # *+0U h % ! Y, f- ) $

.* b A$ ^ # 2 $ U 7" - )O # *+0U $ , f- _ ! a "Z M 2 # ? * # *N T
2 $ .[ .# U T M h % ! &! 7 7# (H 7"( ) + 8$ 2 '6 % ! 76 > (a;

1023
(Rudnick *( $ U C" $ Y - U P) [ $ n$g% 27 7# \ A $ . ; mZ) ' # $ ) @)$7 2$ ? # $
7/ $ 79: $ (Sb) + " ? (Co)*; 6% (Mn)@ (Cu)L M *N T # ^ U (1)\ B . and Gao 2003)
.* 7/ $ 7&; : $ 79: $ M ) 2$ ? ' gK (2)\ B $ . 6 2 $ U 7" - )O # *+0U

; <= > WEDEPOHL *

(1995) ) 16
) 1
L *N T 67 14.3 52.7
@ *N T 932 527 405
*; 6% *N T 22 11.6 10.4
+ " ? *N T 28 0.31 27.7
? 7 / $ 79: $ $ %I M P) , @% +! 70) 9 (1)\ B
.79: $ 7&; : $ M 2$ ? ' gK (2)\ B .ppm h0[ # M P) , ; ? 2 $ U 7" - )O # *+0U $

) 16 / , 0! 5 67 89': )4

) 7/ $ 7# (4) (1). . ) 7 ! 4 , *N T 2 ,7 9 2 $ # j )$ ' + b ^ # 2" $ D+, 7 9

$ 4 , 2$ ? 2 , $ # # LD . ) 79: $ 4 ) 7# b 7 ; p) " 0C! .* 7"8 - ,7 9
2 # 2 70) 9 2 ,$ + . 6 , 7# q # ' gK ) + (3)\ B . kZ ) ! 9 # ! *( $ U . >!
.* 7/ $ (3) (2) 2 ,. $ , 2 4"U A $

? 4/( @ Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4
8A B 30 63 133 70
C 188 61 126 86
6D6 1199 1238 1333 1214
8 E( 20.22 20.2 27.7 23.1
@ ! /* 23 32.5 28.6 24.4
. ppm h0[ # a "Z 2 , $ M *N T (c# " %)*[ 0 (3)\ B

1024
.7 / $ 79: $ M P) , *N T 2 # # ) $ 2 ,7 9 (1).

1025
. ppm h0[ # a "Z 2 , $ M *N T 70) 9 (2).

.M 7 +b @% +! s >; 7# , A $ 70) 9 (3).

1026
 .7 / $ 79: $ + " ? *; 6% @ L M 2 # 2" $ D+, 7 9 (4).

. kZ c# 7 7# A $ ) " # 2$ 2 ,

G)F /

) "0, 79: $ . 0 "- ) !O # 2 $ 7% ( "% 4 2$ ? 2 , 2" $ D+, 2 ,7 9 . >! &#

$ $ $ U 76!$ + " ? \ 76!$ *; 6% \ 76!$ @ 76!$ $ L *N T s >; Z3 ? # 7% u
57°15'0.51" ; + 29° 3'7.67" * &U $ ) . 6 , +! # $ 2 4"U A $ ) " # 2 $ < +b
2/3 *; 6% # # 2/5 @ # # 8/ 8 ) $ L 4 *N T . 6 c# " % 133 ? *[ 0 7" $ U U
.* # 2 $ U 7" - )O # YZ# 7# *60 # # 92/2 + " ? # #

References
Carver, S.J., 1991. Integrating multi-criteria evaluation with geographical information systems. International Journal of
Geographical Information System, 5(3), pp.321-339.

Desktop.arcgis.com. (2018). Overlay analysis—Help | ArcGIS for Desktop. [online] Available at:
http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/analyze/commonly-used-tools/overlay-analysis.htm [Accessed 29 Sep. 2018].

Eastman, J.R., 1993. Decision theory and GIS. Proceedings, Africa GIS93, UNITAR, Geneva.

Fletcher, W.K., 1997. Stream sediment geochemistry in today’s exploration world. In Proceedings of exploration (Vol. 97, pp.
249-260).

Janssen, R. and Rietveld, P., 1990. Multicriteria analysis and geographical information systems: an application to agricultural land
use in the Netherlands. In Geographical information systems for urban and regional planning (pp. 129-139). Springer, Dordrecht.

Rudnick, R.L. and Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on geochemistry, 3, p.659.

Wedepohl, K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), pp.1217-1232.

1027
 ! "
# $% $ & '!
3 *2 1

# $ %& %& !' ! " -1

# $ %& %& !' , -. !%+ ! "( .*2
# $ %& %& !' ! " , -. !%+ .3
3 4 5 6- 2 # '01 !%+ $%
vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir :8 +9 : ;*

!"
( @ <@
A9 B ( # C( &D ( E D ( (%DF % $ $ <5. < =>? $ (
A9 B ( % ( H9 I J 2 %K !% "! % 300 E D $ ( (%DF % : 1G .: "
%K P$ Q D R S D ( G K O I :5 D J L M? % ( .% D % N " 2 82F J #(
? # ( " TU D 2 :9 $ D A9 B ( ( # ( # ( $ = D .: ! 52 (%DF % ( % N " 82F J
X > 8$ ( (%DF % ( Y'D ( K # ( # ( ( F A9 B .: ! D D V ? :9 $ D K $ %$ " W1
D (? & ( $ ; A9 B ( =B ( $( OF 6B - $$ ( ? 2 O + F $ ( .% D Outer Neritic
( .%2 # C ( <5. ( :9 K O + F( $ ; $( OF 6B O + F ( .% ( CZ
D # # ( # <5. 9 A ! N 3 ]$ ? ( %[( ! 52 D ( %P ) ( # ( # ( %[( ( F A9 B :$ &
.: $ P2 D ( G K <5. A9 B ( E D ( (%DF % ^ D :5

/' - 2' 3 4 , ' ( ) *+ ,-+ ( + (. /0% + /1 : $% & $%

Paleobathymetry of the Abderaz Formation at Bahadorkhan
section, Central of Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin, north eastern
of Iran
Azadeh Norozian1, Mohamad Vahidinia*2 Meysam Shafiee Ardestani 3
1- Phd student of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Faculty of science, Department of Geology, Ferdowsi
University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2*- Associate professor of Geology, Faculty of science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3- PhD of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, Faculty of science, Department of geology, Ferdowsi University of
Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran and Andishkadeh national elit fundation military northeast
* Corresponding Author: vahidinia@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
Abstract
In this research Abderaz Formation at Bahadorkhan section has been analized for paleobathymetry. The
thickness of Abderaz Formation 300 m was measured and composed mainly of shale, marl and chalky
limestone. Chalk limestone units of the Abderaz Formation increase westward. Comparing planktonic
assemblages recovered from the formation with those of Cretaceous biogeographical provinces indicate
a close similarity with those of Tethyan provinces. Also, based on statistical analysis of foraminifera
assemblages, it has been proposed that Abderaz Formation was deposited at outer Neritic open marine
environment. In the Early-Middle Turonian substages sea level was low and at the Late Turonian was
high. At Coniacian stage sea level was low and at the Santonian stage was variant. Finally based on
statistical analysis of %P, M3 and Van der Zwaan depth equilibrium were display sea level reduction
toward the top of Abderaz Formation at mentioned section.

1028
Key Words: Kopeh-Dagh sedimentary basin, Abderaz Formation, Bahadorkhan section, Planktonic
foraminifea, Paleobathymetry
/ 6
%2 # % $ Y" ( . c. ( #( # ( ` ( D a- 1 b = ( # " " L A9 B
# D <=> 52 d52 (Be,1977% ! %; (" <D B? OF # [ C 3 5. D 2 9 - 8? $ 8$ 2
$ : $ <5. ( D -e $ % D : $Q52 80-f ( % ? ( # ( # ( +$U 9 e9 ; g B= %(
# DQ D ( , ^ Co2 2 80-f $ ! D : $Q52 80-f ( # ( # ( H-I . ( Y'D h c = I( i D% ? L f
D 8 + k; 2 ]$ ? ( % D c =? l % # D 1977 4 ( Be .% % 9 ? YI ; C :&f C
]$ ? ( ! N +$ E ( D !% A P2 n; $ ( .: 2 l @ ( & F 2, "% ; m$ ? l
. " c ? A9 B ( =B ( $( OF 6B 0 L M? % ( <5. A? L^ A " ( +D '$ 8 + k; 2

/78 ,-+ /+ - *9
< @ L A9 B ( R S D ( G K Q ( (%DF % # C ( &D ( E D 9= $ (
ED D D. : " ( @ '9 E D D :0 -[ - 200 D # C( &D ( E D .: " ( @
O f - 60 ( A9 B ( E D . 5 : K # 'f D Q"( ! f :5 D VS # @ :5 D %& $ D # C( &D
.(1 + ) ( ( @ Q"( O I

R S D ( G KQ (%DF % # C( &D ( D &2 ( (1 +

1029
 @ =7

O I 4 5 :5 D %$ :&f $F (%DF % : (O 4 5 :5 D %$ :&f (%DF % 4 # 5$^ % D (a9 (2 +

4 5 :5 D %$ :&f # C( &D =B ( ; ? 2% - 5 ( O I 4 5 :5 D %$ q-? OF D (%DF % : (Z
OI

(P/B) =% /+ ' :;< + /' - 2' 3 4

C D a D( # ( # ( D :0 D( ( ( ( # + k L A9 B Grimsdale and Van Morkhoven 1955 4 (
+ $%D . D ! !( P/B :0 <5. D BD ( D D1951 4 ( Phleger L A9 B 4 0 D & F ( 09 .% $ $ <5.
N? s % 52 ( g $ D .% IF <5. D a ( # ( # ( :0 D BD ( <$ i $ $ <5. A? D 2Ek?
A? :&f -[ K u$ Y" ( X$ # D # +$ t D : " L( [ 2 $( ( ? A9 B c $( N $ G ! N D
.% ! N $ $ <5.
: D ( @ $%D & ; $ $ <5. A? D( 9 A a- 1 2 $( A9 B D Wright 1977 4 (
( 1) Depth = e (0.042 × %P + 3.48)
( @ A9 B ( Q % @ K( ( 2119 ? 40 3 5. D b D $ 2 5 1987 4 ( # ( +52 van Marle %AD 4 %
:% ( F : %D 8 + k; 2 N %[( ! N D <5. A? D ( $ BD ( %
( 2) D = e (0.061 × %P + 1.25)
:%$F : %D $ BD ( (%P) ( # ( # ( %[( (2) (1) XD ( (
( 3) %P = (P / P+B) ×100
( :0 $ % 5 # . c2 & F .(van Marle et al., 1987): a # ( # ( %A? B ( # ( # ( %A? P #F (
:0 ) 1600 P D 3 5. D %. 4% $ ( $ D D .: %2 1 $ ( ( #( # ( ; 1D #% K :-. D $ 3 5.
van Marle ( B 52 .% 5 . D @ P$ F 2 BC :&f D ( # ( # ( :0 ( 5% 5 %. Q (93% 8 + k;
&DF ( 5 #n ( ^D 9 % 9 ? :-. D :$ ( & ; BD ( D & F L A9 B -[ K u$ ( L N? % ! !( # ( +52
" Y" D b D & D L A9 B ( % 5 & ; & F :-. $%D .% D 4 D 2 $( :0 D & F A9 B ( =B D
. ! N (2) 4( # BD ( ! D c D #n ^ D 9 % 9 ? " (1) Wright 9 A : ! D 4 D iD $(
# ( +52 van der Zwaan . $ " g ( D % 2 hx P/B :0 ( '$ . <5. I D % # %AD L A9 B
.% & ; $ $ <5. A? D ( %$%f BD ( 1990 4 (

1030
 ) *+ ,-+ /' - 2' 3 4
OF 6B "% F $ ; # C -e $ % D $ ; M3 S$ ? ( ! " ^ D M1 ! " $$ ( ?O + F $ (
D ( ? O + F & ( VS !% F ?^ D %K ? $( OF 6B M2 ! " #% ? # D ( ?( . ( mB= $ ( $(
.: k :9 K ( !% F $ ; OF 6B !( D ( .% ( C %K $ ?^ D D $( OF 6B %P P$ Q
% D 140 %. ( %= D D D # C ( &D E D D 1990 4 ( Van der Zwaan 9 A X ? !% F : %D ' <5. d52
.(3 + ) : !% & outer Neritic <5. ! %> ( ( Y % Bergrren, 1998 =5. , " $ D <D B

M1= ) # C ( &D ( E D ( (%DF % ( # + 125 "(QD L D ( ( # ( # ( a- 1 &2 " L M? ' ' P$ 5 -3 +

Morphotype group1, M2= Morphotype group2, M3= Morphotype group3, %P=percentage of planktonic foraminifera

- B /2
% J A9 B D .: " ( @ <@ A9 B ( # C ( &D (E D( (%DF % A9 B $ ( -1
.: !%$ " + ? J %K 6 ! 52 D : 1G 300 # C ( &D (E D % W1 A9 B ( E D ( (%DF
H.globulosa A9 B ( E D ( l $ D !% F : %D B > X$ L M? D , = 2 " # Q A9 B $ ( d52 -2
,M.pseudolinneiana M.marginata Di.canaliculata A.Cretacea H.planispira G.bulloides, M.renzi H.delrioensis
(%DF % ( Y9 ! D B > X$ L M? D : = $ D ( Di.concavata Di.asymetrica G.linneiana M.schneegansi
$ 5 ( P.delrioensis C.patelliformis G.elevata H.carinata S. multispinata G.cretacea 2 " ^ D (
# ( " TU D 2 :9 $ D A9 B ( ( # ( # ( $ = D :$ & ( .% 2 ( ( B > L M? D :0 : = $ 5
.: V ? :9 $ D ( D ? $ D K $ %$ " W1 ?

1031
 (%DF % : #F K A9 B ( E D ` 5 ( a # ( # ( ! 52 D ( # ( # ( S$ ? ( 2 ! " ( F A9 B -3
& ( $ ; A9 B ( <i ( $( OF 6B - $$ ( ? 2O + F $ ( .: !% & Outer Neritic X > 8$ (
:$ & ( .%2 # C ( <5. ( :9 K O + F( $ ; $( OF 6B O + F ( .% ( CZ D (?
# # ( # <5. 9 A ! N (( ( # ( # ( ) 3 ]$ ? ( %[( ! 52 D (%P) ( # ( # ( %[( ( F A9 B
%D $ P2 A9 B ( % <5. # C( &D E D & :5 D !%. @
References

Be, A, W.H, 1977: An econlogical, zoogeographical and taxonomic review of recent planktonic foraminifera. In: Ramsay,
A.T.S. (Editor) Oceanic micropalaeontology, I, 1-100

Berggren, W.A., 1998. Marine Micropaleontology an Introduction; in: Haq, B.U., and Boersma, A.: Introduction to Marine
Micropaleontology (Second Edition). P 3.

Grimsdale, T.F. and Van Morkhoven, F.P.C.M., 1955: The ratio between pelagic and benthonic foraminifera as a means of
estimating depth of deposition of sedimentary rocks. Proc. World Pet. Cong., 4th, Rome. Sect. l/D4, 473-491.

Phleger, F. B., 1951: Foraminiferal distribution, pt.l, Ecology of foraminifera, northwest Gulf of Mexico. Geology. Soc. Am.
Mem., 46: 1-88.

Van der Zwaan, G.J., Jorissen, F.J., and De Stigter, H.C., 1990: The depth-dependency of planktonic/benthic foraminiferal
rations; constraints and applications; Marine Geology 95, 1–16

Van der Zwaan, G.J., Duijnstee I.A.P., Den Dulk M., Ernst S.R., and Kouwenhoven, N.T., 1999: Benthic foraminifers: proxies
or problems? A review of paleoecological concepts; Earth Sciences Reviews 46, 213-236.

Van Marle, L.J., Van Hinte, J.E. and Nederbragt, A.J., 1987: Plankton percentage of the foraminiferal fauna in seafloor samples
from the Australian-lrian Jaya continental margin, Eastern Indonesia; Marine Geology, 77:151-
156

Wright, R.G., 1977: Planktonic-benthonic ratio in foraminifera as paleobathymetric tool. Quantitative evaluation; Annual
American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Convention
(Washington, D.C.), 65 (Abstract).

1032
Plate 1: Whiteinella brittonensis; 2: Marginotruncana pseudolinneiana; 3; Whiteinella paradubia; 4, 5, 14: Marginotruncana
coronata; 6; Marginotruncana cf pseudolinneiana; 7; Dicarinella sp. ;8, 12; Marginotruncana marginata; 9;
Archaeoglobigerina cf cretacea; 10; Globotruncana cf bulloides; 11; Marginotruncana sp. ;13; Globotruncana cf lapparenti;
Scale bar represent 100µm.

1033
 A :
! "#
2 ! 2 1 1 1 *1

! "# -1
% &'( )* " +, +( #-2
*Mohammad.Nikbin@mail.um.ac.ir

# $%
3 / / <"=3 .+-- ./ 0 1 21 3 4 "5 / 6% "3 ( 7 '8 & 9 :"-- ! - ; . % - 63 "( -
/ M -- / 3 / +M 63 6KL B / J &/ ,I 'H 2 57/78 --# 6 % D!-- ! @ ABC 125 -- '8
83 6I S & /'5 6" ; RQ # & / P1/ "3 =( / J 4 J/ J / / P1/' / +,9 O 8 % 63 N" 6( +
3 \ 6( +-# ] 2-P 3 62 Z/ -[ 6KL B 63 65 % 3 Q( / . -# T " ( =9 U / &/ V 3 - / W X Y / 3 & /
6KL B / a 3 "( -- '8 3 / 3 5 % Q3 M _`% ! 2 ^ Q -- '8 + , ( 3 _ 6" W --#
&/ ,I J Q( &^ L 2 L / = & / 3 S Z X Xc % N = ; J&9/ = 3 / ,2 3 "b=9 . 62# & /
. K 4 B '8 ) 3 9 J " 63 6KL B / J ( / B3 6P C @ A* C Q[ I 2; 3 O8

. -2 3 4 . 01 /. ,-* . : )* (#& '

Reservoir Evaluation of the Kangan Formation: A case study of

well No. A in one of the southern Zagros Gas Fields
Mohammad Nikbin1, Mohammad Khanehbad1, Reza Mussavi-Harami1, Asadollah Mahboubi1,
Mahdi Khoddami2, Ehsan Ghofrani2
1-Department Geology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2- Iranian Central Oil Fields Company, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The Kangan Formation is one of the most important carbonate reservoirs in the southwest of Iran and
the Persian Gulf. In order to evaluate the reservoir of this formation, 125 microscopic thin section of
57.78 meters of the core from the well No. A were carefully studied, which led to the recognition of
seven microfacies in the framework of four facies belt including the tidal flat, lagoon, shoal area and
part of the open marine in a homoclinal ramp depositional environment. In general, according to the
study, it should be acknowledged that, in addition to the paleoconditions affecting the reservoir quality,
digenetic factors have a significant impact on Kangan reservoir assessment, especially in this case study.
Also, using to evaluate the charts and performing the necessary corrections on the graph, the lithology
of formation of the drilled well is compared with the petrography obtained from the thin sections, and
in general, this well was introduced as a well with a desirable reservoir horizon.

Keywords: Kangan Formation, Reservoir Evaluation, southern Zagros.

1034
 6
J/ "( !9e 6 = f3. e 4 PI 63 . % Q / & ; 63 d 3 Z 3 / L "(
j / 1 != i" h M % g # / # 3 M # 4 "5 / =9 63 P M % / 6( # 3 ( Y / =#
+ . % S3 ; AM / 6( + 2 ; 3 =9 S 3 " ; I. / / M
.(1372 K B ) + o =9 Z/ [ 63 / ne # m83 Y2# & 8i% 3 S 3 I .(1383 % i Me)
:" Z KL B . 3 < / (1 Q!#) / (V J / "( '8 3 / p 9 3 79 6KL B N
63 = ; J & 9 / P,% "b=9 e ""( T 2"( & / P1/ & 9 2 / ; &/ ,I 'H Q[ I A* C "#
.+ 3 L =5 / B3 2; & 9 3 e g iB ! ' 2; 3 / + 5

/ A J ( + KM "( ) & / 3 6KL B / & UGC 6 C -1 Q!#

7 8 9'
6KL B / .+ # N = ; J & 9/ = &/ ,I 'H 2 57/78 # 6 % @ ABC 125 / 3 3 3 /
(Gregg & Sibley, 1984) i q (Dunhum, 1962) f / 63 D! ! & 9 / P1/ @ A* C
3 / & 9 / P1/ 3 6P C ' 2; & 9 a 63 65 % 3 D! ! & 9 / P1/ "# hD # &/ V
,2 3 R6KL B & K3 / .+ N (Wilson, 1975 & Flugel, 2010) Q P W % # 6r /
/ 3 = ; J & 9/ = / 2 & 9 p W % @ A* C / 3 3 \ 6KL B / J &^ L 2 L I.P. / '
& / 3 S Z X Xc% Q i% / ' 63 / + 5 o " + 63 M/ 1 & 9 23 . # 6P C 79 3
+ / N (Schlumberger, 2000 & Brock, 1986) & i2K A3 " . 3 9 / 6 ( P,% hD N 9
. 7 / = ; J & 9 / = Q[ I &^ L 2 L ,2 3 "# 6" J 2
:
'H 2; Q[ I 0 2 3 e ) iB% =; J&9/ Q[ I Z \* P,% f ; 7 '8 3 /
%6 9 e 6K % 8 6" 3 &/ 3 3 & 3 9 e + , ( K% '8 & 9 "# / <"=3
.(1393 / !=9 &/] ) + &/ 3 ( / 9
; ' ( # ! 0/ •
6KL B / J &/ ,I 'H Q[ I @ A* C '8 Z [ c1 T 2"( / 3 / & 9 / P1/ mC + =9 63 65 % 3
& 9 "3 =( 63 d 3 / P1/ ' / +,9 /3 * / 6( + / M / 3 / 3 / W X & / P1/ <
9 / P1/' / / 3 63 / c21 63 6 / 6( .(2 Q!#) # "# 3 & / S & /'5 6" ; & / P1/
:7 ; e 3 /WX
:(Tidal Flat) ' 02 - < # ! - *

1035
 : #3 T-MF2 T-MF1 / P1/' / 2 & I "% & / P1/ "3 =(
Dolomicrite to Dolomicrosparite :T-MF1
/ P1/' / -1
g = vK3 / (3 -A Q!#) ( ! 40 / B3) + ! L / % = &9 + L / P1/
/ 5 &' ^ & 9 " e .+ # Q ! % ( ! 200 / B3) + / D L / q/'3 & 9 + L
(Q8 8% N 63 N" ) T\X =( 1 / C 63 # = # 2 L # 2 L 63 % / P1/
&/ C 6( # 9 2P!# iL M &/ 3 3 L ( & ,I & 9 Q8 8% / P1/ / . ( /#
/ P1/ . # ; K3 79 P & 9 = W % 7( 1 / C 63 2 / & 9 = W % 9 Q8 8%
SMF 23 3 / 3' / P1/ .+ # 9 J =9 / "% / & /'5 6" ; & / P1/ "3 =( / =(
. # 3 6P C Q3 M ' (Flugel, 2010) Q (Wilson, 1975) P
Bioclast Wackestone :T-MF2
/ P1/' / -2
10 m 3 / P1/ / .+ # 2 L g= vK3 / 6( # 3 2P( / P1/ Y D! ! ABC /
.(3- B, C Q!#) # !i 5 & 9 +" \ ( 2 & 6,( 62 ; Q iM 2 ! & 9 1 [/
2/ &9 = ) # = # 2 L # 2 L 63 % / P1/ / 5 &' ^ & 9 " e
/ =( iM / P1/ 63 79 / P1/ . ( / # ( L\X 6b /) = # 7( % =( ( P & 6X,[
Wilson, ) P SMF 19, 20 3 / 3' / P1/ . # 9 J =9 / "% / & /'5 6" ; & / P1/ "3 =(
. # 3 6P C Q3 M ' (Flugel, 2010) Q (1975
:(Lagoon) ?@ # ! - *
: #3 L-MF3 / P1/' / 1 & I "% & / P1/ "3 =(
/ P1/' / -3
Bioclast Packstone :L-MF3
Y 2"3 & 6,( & 9 1 [/ 30 Q # / P1/ 2 ! w '5 .+ / +P ( 3 2P!; Y D! ! /
63 % / P1/ / 5 ! 2^ & 9 " e .(3 -D Q!#) # 3 / "( !i 5 +" \ ; 2
# 2 L (T P!% Y;% ! ; P 2/ K3 79 T QP & i = Q #) # =
9 & 9 Q8 8% x . ( / # = # ! ' 7( % (+ # L ( & ,I Q8 8% N 63 N" 6() T\X
79 vK3 L 1 vK3 6( # 3 9 9 "; L ( & ,I & /] / iL M & 9 Q8 8% Q # / P1/ / #
/ e # 62 6 / P1/ / / Q P 2P!; + 3 / vI ( / B3 . # ; 2/ K3 79 = 3
(Flugel, 2010) Q (Wilson, 1975) P SMF 18 3 / P1/ "b=9 .+ 63 Y ' % @ X% ; W X
. # 3 6P C Q3 M '
:(Shoal) # ! - *
: #3 Sh-MF7 Sh-MF6 Sh-MF5 / P1/' / 3 & I & / P1/ "3 =(
/ P1/' / -4
Peloid Grainstone with Ooid & Bioclast :Sh-MF4
10 I) r & 2=( / C 2 0/25 W-- 2 3 r ; - [/ 30 m 3 3 =9 / r ; 2--P" Y
&9 1 , 28 C 3 =9 9 7( Le 6( --# & 9 +--P ( 2" 2 0/4 W-- 2 3 ( --[/
.(3 -E Q!# ) # 3 ( [ / 10 I) ; 2 & 2 3 / C 63 [ / 5 I / & 6,( x +P ( 3
-# 2 L - # = - T\X - # 2 ! 63 % / - P1/ / - # 9 - ! 2^ & 9 " e
& ,I & 9 Q8 8% Q # R / P 1/ / 5 & 9 Q8 8% x . ( / # ! ' 7( % (3 -F Q!# ) 7P / y
K3 79 ( 3 2 L & 9 = W % z % = 6( # 3 2P !# Q[ I Q8 8% iL M & /] / L (
. # 3 6P C Q3 M ' (Flugel, 2010) Q (Wilson, 1975) P SMF 18 3 / P1/ . # ; 2/
Ooid Grainstone :Sh-MF5 / P1/' / -5

1036
 I 9 r W 2 . #3 # / 5 & 9 r [/ 50 m 3 3 / r 2P" Y ; ! ! /
-G Q!#) 9 / W X &S 3 &^ 2 / D 6" / 9 r &S 3 # #/ 5 . # 3 2 0/ 5
iL M & 9 Q8 8% N 63 N" 6() T\X # = 63 % / P1/ / 5 ! 2^ & 9 " e .(3
# 9 r 2P!# Q!# H% 63 N" 6() = # ! ' 7( % ' =( / C 63 (+ # L ( & ,I
,I & /] / iL M & 9 Q8 8% Q # / P1/ / # 9 & 9 Q8 8% x . ( / # 7P / y (+
79 & 9 = 3 ' =( / C 63 "2P9 L 1 z % = 6( # 3 2P!# Q[ I Q8 8% & /] 3 L ( &
iL M Q8 8% / P1/ / 5 Q8 8% 2= . # ; 2 L = 2=( / C 63 P 2/ K3
Q (Wilson, 1975) P SMF 18 3 / 3' / P1/ .(3 -H Q!#) + # N 9 r T\X _ / 6( # 3
/ '8 + , ( & V;] , Q8 8% / C 6( + (V3 Q3 M 62! . # 3 6P C Q3 M ' (Flugel, 2010)
.+ 9 / P1/ %S 3 "( / / P1/
Ooid Bioclast Grainstone :Sh-MF6 / P1/' / -6
& 9 1 [/ 30 2 0/55 I / # / 5 & 9 r [/ 40 3 / r 2P" Y ; ! ! /
2 / D 6" / 9 r &S 3 # #/ 5 (3 -I Q!#) # 3 ; 2 & 6,( 62 ; x 2!
' q/'3 & 9 +P ( 2" 2 0/3 BM 3 r ; =( / C g = vK3 / . 9 / W X &S 3 &^
/ P1/ / . #3 3 & / 63 W X T c% &/ V 3 / W X &S 3 &^ "9 6( + # 9
.+ 9 Q3 M ' iL M & 6 3 Q8 8% x "b=9 ! + 8{ 79 6 # I x = x
. # 3 6P C Q3 M ' (Flugel, 2010)Q (Wilson, 1975) P SMF15 / P1/ 3 / P1/
:(Open Marine) . / # ! - *
: #3 O-MF8 / P1/' / 1 & I "% & / P1/ "3 =(
Fossiliferous Mudstone :O-MF7 / P1/' / -7
& 6,( 62 ; [/ 5 3 =9 g = vK3 / 6( / % 2 ! 6" 3 2 Y ; ! ! 6KL B /
. ( /# # = # 2 L 63 % / P1/ / 5 ! 2^ & 9 " e .(3 -J Q!#) # 3
(Wilson, 1975) P SMF3 / P1/ 3 + 8 4 B + , ( M / =9 #3 Q8 8% M / P1/
. # 3 6P C Q3 M (Flugel, 2010)Q

6KL B / J 6% "3 ( U / &/ V 3 / W X / 9 / P1/' / A % Y % =# c% -2Q!#

1037
 & 6,( 62 ; & 9 1 3 =9 / +P ( 3 2P ( / P 1/ :B .&/ 3 3 Q8 8% 2 ! L / P 1/ :A : ' /\; / A J -3Q!#
:E .& 6,( ; 2 9 +P ( 3 3 2P !; / P 1/ :D . 2 ! 6" / !i 5 & 9 +" \ & / 2P ( / P 1/ :C . ( 2
. 2P" r / P1/ :G .& r ; / P1/ / # 7P / y :F .& 6,( 62 ; ; 2 QP r & C 3 =9 & r ; / P1/
& r 2--P" :I .( 1 / ; - "--# :"-- o ( % Q L 3 = - 9 r - # ;) iL M & /] / Q8 8% 3 2--P" r :H
.& 6,( 1 7( & C 3 =9 3 & / 2 / P1/ :J .& 6,( & 9 1 / +P ( 3

/ <# % (# , ' -A - % B /. •
# 6 % @ A* C 6KL B ,2 3 '8 | 1 3 / / QI 2= ! " 63 &^ L 2 L "#
2= .(1389 / !=9 a Y ) + "# 6" J 2 7 / = ; J & 9/ = 'H Z , [ % &/ ,I 'H
/ . 3 VCLGR VCL & 9 / 6KL B / 5 = ; J&9 63 65 % 3 '8 P ,% & 9 2 / ;
K% 62 ---P Q8 8% K% & 3 RHOB DT & 9 / --- ---# 7NI ./ ---[/ K% + 5 63 SGR
'8 3 / P,% / ! ' 2; & 9 / %& ( ! 6( _ Q8 8% i 6( PHIE / a 63 &^ L 2 L
/ (./ [ / ) Q # 7NI / C "2P 9 !9e 2 L / P 1/ & / 6( J M = (4 Q!# ) / = )i* .+
h!K 3 + i " '8 & 9 a & / J = P + %' =% % 6( M = / I\B[ + ; 9 e
i--- " '8 & 9 Q8 8% '8 2 / ; "9 ( Q L 3 S 3 ---# 7NI 3 9 ) 2/ &96S
7 "( / N / 2; Z KL B .+ @ / P3 J 9 m83 / ( ) L 2; / vI T =2I "2P
[/ 3 ; Q L 63 2P " !9e & 9 / P 1/ C M 6( 7 "( 9 7 9 )3 B% / (V & 9 qS Y ; 3
g= / "( / = )i* . # 3 J / '8 < 9 / P 1/ 2 3 _ Q8 8% 3 S 3 ./
) =9 / S 3 7NI 1] T =2I 3 '8 + , ( 2 3 & / 6KL B / J & 2 2635-2675 3
Q L 3 J 9 )= / "b=9 # 3 & W X & 9 / P 1/ 3 )iB" 2; Z KL B )i* 6( # 3
9 m83 6N 2 / ( ; m9 ( _ Q8 8% 2 / & 9 6 S 5 & ./ [/ 3S3
& /'5 6" ; & 9 / P1/ 3 )iB" 2 3 9 ) A* C Z KL B )i* # 3 3 B '8 a M "(
. #3
3 # N 2; Z KL B 6( # Q[ I 6N 2 "# :" 2 7 / Q[ I p /3 3 + /
. / +C3 B & I % = ; J&9 6 (

1038
 6KL B / J = ; J&9 / "# 6" J 2 / = -4 Q!#
4 CB
S & /'5 & 9 6" ; W X Q # & / P 1/ "3 =( / J 4 J/ J / / (V J @ A* C / 3 63 65 % 3
'8 Z [ c1 # 9 6 = / 6( = &' ^ & 9 ;. / M 6% "3 ( U / ,%\; 3 & /
. "# i 2P !# # 2/ # 2 L T\X # = x 7( % RQ # "9 / M _ % +X% /
/ --P1/ 6( e +-- 3 6N 2 @ A* C 6KL B Q--[ I Z \* 3 e )3 B% = ; J&9 / 3 / )i*
'8 + , ( _ Q8 8% ' 3 ; Q L 3 9 / P 1/ '8 } XL 9 / P 1/ 2 3 & & 9
&96S 3+ L Y9e :"--- &^ L 2 L 6KL B / J ! ' 2; ---P,% + / i/ /13 31
. / & o "% + 3 @ A* C Q[ I 2; 3 6( 9 /Q# c8 / C 2/
D -
.6X,[ 805 / ( K Z 2( "# "# .1383 .x % i Me
.O[ 536 / ( "# Z/ 2 . "# 6" J . "# 1372 . K B
J&9 / ,2 3 3 "5 ./ ; & / S "( & 9 '8 | 1 3 / .1393 .~.. & .4 I . &/]
.89-81 Z X,[ 27 / =# +P W X "# 9 a; = 6 " c . = ;
'8 + , ( 3 _ & 9 " e 9 / P1/ .1389 .•L & ,Bc .•L / "! & . / ; •BL . 7 M T P" ( . & c=M a Y
.O[ 8 "# =N m =9 =9 / J . 3 "5 ./ ; & / S "( & 9 ! ' 2; 3 /
Brock, j, G, 1986, Applied open hole log analysis, V.2, Gulf publishing co.
Dunham, R., J. 1962. Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture, In: Ham WE, (ed.), Classification of
carbonate rocks. AAPG Memoir 1, 108 -121.
Flügel, E., 2010. Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks Analysis, Interpretation and Application. Second edition, 984.
Gregg, J.M., & Sibley, D.F., 1984. Epigenetic dolomitization and the origin of xenotopic dolomite texture. Journal of
Sedimentary Petrology, 735-76.
Schlumberger, 2007, Log interpretation Chart, 171.
Wilson, J.L., 1975. Carbonate Facies in Geologic History. New York (Springer), 471.

1039
 !" #
$ % &' ( ) * ! (+ %#
2 1*

hashemi.azizi@gmail.com :1
p.rezaee@hormozgan.ac.ir # $%& ' ! " :2

:
. # 80 4 # (98: # 8 ; ,<= & 3 - % &# " 3 4 5/ 0 ,12 ( & ) " * + , - . $
' 8 ? -8" E1' $ +" .D +1 A 3 B2 ' ? ? @ & " C , B" 3 )> , 3 ? @1* * , - . $
,8 8' & # - . $ . ' 0 # ( & I ,H ,<= & AF $ G , # " ) " *
8'# M ? ,8 D8 N H8 M %* 8 8 ML*F ' 8 4 ' ? 8 +8" F 8K1 1 ' 0 ' J1! *
D8R 5 .D8 ' 4 # M $$ ' 4 P& A 3 ? #F Q . , M $ ,0 O ML*F
J8: T & ? S * 0 ' +" ' J1! * N , ' & # %1 - . $ F K1 1 ', 0 M : :
V" ? ? # !& - . $ " 101 WX ' . ,M$ & 3 / UM ',1 T ML*F '# 0 ?
1Y Z K$ # 0 C JP& [10 * [0 B " " ,\ T -" +1! 2 # &? :D F B' M #F N 1 ,*
11a* 3 ,\ T -" , Y ^& ,4 O +1 _0' # 0 V`* & FN , 1 , +"%1 F # &? ]H , D
- . $ +1 C & 'D' ` , ,C * .D " $ ,\ T # [10 , ^ & +1 " b # &? N T .D
8^ " 84 g 8h [h 8 & 8 8 , 1O e `* f E1' # - . $ / 0U& 15 D1U3 & (# " A / 0 ) AF
. & ( 1Y ) " * # &? 1 / UM C ,1 T AF ,\ T !" % e `* -. ,\ T " C
. +, - ( %) !%' % " #$ %& : !

Petrographical and geochemical investigation of the siliciclastic

rocks of the Nakhlak Group and their connection with tectonic
events in the southern Eurasia during the Triassic
Seyyedeh Halimeh Hashemi Azizi*a, Payman Rezaeea
a: Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, 3995 University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran

Abstract: The Triassic Nakhlak Group is located in the northwestern most part of the Central-East
Iranian Microcontinent, in the Anarak area of the Isfahan Province. The Nakhlak Group is composed
of the Alam, Baqoroq, and Ashin formations from base to top and oldest to youngest, respectively. It
has no similarities with the Triassic sedimentary rocks of Iran, except the Aghdarband Group in the
Kopeh-Dagh region. Petrofacies analysis of the Nakhlak Group revealed volcanic fragments, and arc
eruption-related quartz and feldspar grains as the main constituents of these siliciclastic rocks. In
addition, the Baqoroq Formation is composed of metamorphic and sedimentary rock fragments. Major
and trace element concentrations of the Nakhlak Group clastic samples support sediment supply from
volcanic arcs in the active margin settings. Petrographical and geochemical evidence allow following
depositional conditions for the Nakhlak Group sediments to be constructed: In the Olenekian, a fore-
arc shallow to deep marine depositional basin developed that later was filled by recycled and arc-
related detritus and changed into a continental basin in the Anisian. Ladinian extensional movements

1040
let to a deepening of the basin. With respect to the similarities between Nakhlak and Aghdarband (NE
Iran) groups and obvious unusual present position of the Nakhlak Group with no stratigraphic
connection with the surrounding area, an alternative depositional basin in close relation with the
Aghdarband basin at the southern Eurasian active margin in the Triassic is here proposed.
Keywords: Nakhlak Group, Central Iran, Triassic, Provenance.
: ' .'
, D`K 4 " C 4 +" O K1 * ) 13 # , K # ? , ,C * # " -1 !* & !* 1
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1K # +1&? ,C * & Q1& Dj ,' ? , " " -1 !* k P2 ? # M, jP & J12 , , D (CEIM)
.(e.g. Stöcklin et al., 1965; Stöcklin, 1977) D , M $ 3
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.(Davoudzadeh and Seyed-Emami, 1972; Alavi et al., 1997) ' & # " 'D( & # " A / 0 AF
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2 8* 81& -+18 1Y ) " * + , - . $ .(1 J! ) D l3 # (9: A / 0 & 1 220 ; (
84 +8 B' 8' 2 * ,8 D' ` , _1' S `" <* , D ,* F K1 1 ' ? = .&
M 1* 1 'D' ` . ' 0 # (# " A / 0 ) I ,H AF 2 * G , # "
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8$ ? 8& 8 " C , ( 1Y +1<<P& +" .D l3 ) " * "? C ,1 T , &
? #F ` C D T D ', < D T D(C gQ4 3 - % &# " 3 4 L4 O 1op* DP* Sb 0 T - .
(e.g. Seyed-Emami, 1971; Davoudzadeh et al., 1981; Soffel D , 3 ) " * # &? ? "? C ,1 T JP&
.et al., 1996; Alavi et al., 1997; Saidi et al., 1997; Seyed-Emami, 2003)
" 101 WX 0 ,=< M $ Y 'Z f [" h ? - . $ F K1 1 'L. [13 ,U2 =& ^ "
.B1 & #F 4 4 M : : +11U* # _0'
: /0 1' 2
;? 8 l8=<& 8 500 8U* " P8: N 8U2 =& 8 D8 8 ',8 0 ? 8M $ Y N U2 =& ^ D(C
,8 0 20 8U* ' 8 , & ? 8 %8C 8 M 8&F 1$ ? 8 D8(C 8( F +18 ? , ,1(* Y ! !1&
Z ,8 8 8. +1 ? ? , &, 0 7 A 3 ? ? , & , 0 22 B2 ? ? , &
8C & ',8 s8 .& f 8 . 0 ,=< # 02F + 1* $ (Ingersoll et al., 1984) # K 1!" - %$
(?Q 8 "XQY B188 Y N H88 M) N H88 M ( 8O -88*) %* 8 ,88 0C ? -88 . 8 $ ' 8 , &
Z 08 8& ,8 0 8' ,8=< 300 8U*, # 018 +1 8 8' ( 8$ $ +" tF) ' 4
N H8 M %* 8 8: 8U ,8 T & . 8" $ 8!* ',8 0 ,81 08 ,=< 8=4 L' 8 R &,8 . M $ 3
.DM $ 3 9 & 4 ,U2 =& v$ D(C ' , & : %C # , ' 4
8 .D8M $ 83 %12 8 F & . -. $? 1 , & , 0 30 U* " 101 WX N U2 =& ^ D(C
+ 8 # %1& . 9 (XRF) ]!" ,U ] W M w s1h Z ? M : ? 4 : : 1$ ?
', 0 C &N ? J: T CaO x1Pj* J: T ' . 1$ ? LECO j %12 F J
" 8<2 s 8y& 08 QY 8& C ^ 8 s1h Z ? 84 M : 1$ ? D(C .DM $ 3 9 &
8 +1&? 8 $ 01 WX $ '%12 F ^ , 0 ? &F JT & ,1 . 9 (ICP-MS)
.DM $ N : # 02F + 1* $ +1&? % & +1&? DK"? $ =1P&
1
Central-East Iranian Microcontinent

1041
 .# (9: # l3 ; ( !" % - . # U& m % ,U 3 ' & " j* :1 J!
:345
B82 ? 8 ' 8 , & %* 8 # %81& - . $ ' , & ^ 0 ,=< N U2 =& )
B1< 8K& 8 & 4 J! 4 -* f ? %* ', +" @ 5 . & %65 T * %0/2 ? D 1a & +1
8: %* 8 A 3 8 ? 8 ' , & & . ' &# 4 ? ^1 4 $ 4 S `2 5 /4 , $ ' 3M
# 8 L" %8M ? ) , 3? , D C& &4 -* O f ? @ 5 (%45 +1 1&) , "b
'N H8 M # %81& . 8 " & L' 8 N 8 , ? ) , 3 ? B1< K& &4 -* %* ', . ' &
8 M? A 38 ?8 8'N H8 M . 8 8& %1 %93 , ', 0 ? 4 D ,C * J 3 +1 B2 ' ?
8 ' 4 ? 0 1K <& T +1 B2 ' ? ' , & .(%30 G T) 4 0
?8 ' 8 , & 8 " ' 4 f . K' ML*F ' 4 f ? (C * J 3 # %1&
N 8O f 8 ? ; 8 1K # %1& , ' 4 .D $$ ML*F ' 4 J& @ 5 A 3
8 8 D81& 0 8 ML*F ' 4A 3 ? 3 .D ' & ', 0 ? 4 -'F
. 8 & %8M 8$ $ ' 8 4 # %81& , ML*F ' 4 # %1& ? ? 3? #
Z 08 : %C N 11a* - . $ # 0 ,=< ' , & 1$ 3 `" <* JP&
.D # 2 J!
B82 ? 8 'J18 ' 8 , & 8C & 8: : DR 5 , # M : : " 101 WX %12 F
D8R 5 +" .D "? * V & (Rudnick and Gao, 2003) "b 2 3, Y : +" DR 5 +1 1& ,K" <&
.(Hashemi Azizi et al., 2018) D V & +1 ? 1a & A 3 ?
8U O $ 8" -8" #F !1 8 !* 8 " C # F D , D(C - . $ ' , & 'J1 01 WX w"
' 18K ) 8 !1!9* l * $ " +" .(3 J! ) D B1 * (Verma and Armstrong-Altrin, 2013)
+1" 8Y ]1 18 b ]1 1 f & B1K<* D9" 4 #0 "C : , , , , D :
84 ,8 8 B18 * b 8 ]1 1 $" -. $ , & 1 ', 0 & 0* , 0 -" G , .D
? 8 , & , 0 -" . ' & # D9" "CA 3 ? ? , & , 0 -" ' &# #0 "C
,18 T -81!9* 8 #F 8 Q8 . ' & # #0 " C %1 4 B1 * +1" Y ]1 1 $" , B2 ?
8: 8: ) 8 8!" !1!9* l * , D ,M$ 3 9 & " $ " / UM 15 ? / UM
8C & 8: 8: 8 P& .(Verma and Armstrong-Altrin, 2016) 8 M 8: 8: @1 * ) "
,8 0 8( * .(A 4 J!8 ) 8' & # 8 -8 . 8$ / UM ,1 T !1 !* " C - . $ ' , &
.D8 / UM 15 / UM ',1 T +1 ? & !" % , D , M $ 3 / UM 15 ,1 T P& B2 ? ? , &

2
Upper Continental Crust

1042
 ' &# #F / UM ,1 T !1 !* " C %1 - . $ ' , & C& M : : @1 *
.(B 4 J! ) D , M $ 3 ? & , B2 ? ? , & , 0 -" G ,

N 11a* . M$ 3 9 & 0 ,=< ,U2 =& , , & ', 0 1$ 3 JP& 0', - . $ # :2 J!

$ $$ ML*F ' 4 # %1& N 11a* .- . $ : @KT (L) 4 (F) N H M (Qt) J %* # %1&
.D # %1 - .

? :i G& .(after Verma and Armstrong-Altrin, 2013) - . $ FN +1" Y ]1 1 (B) b ]1 1 (A) U O $ " :3 J!
. K' 'J1 , e & 2 4 * / ! ' , & , e & Y * / ! +1 ? :l & A 3 ? : " B2

1043
 (B) : : ) (A) (after Verma and Armstrong-Altrin, 2016) / UM 15 / UM ,1 T !1 !* " C -1!9* $ " :4 J!
.3 J! , & ', 0 0 0 ' .- . $ M : : @1 * )
8!'F 'J18 8 ML*F # 80 D12 UM ? [ & F ' 4 P& 'J1 ' , & B2 ?
+" 3 !" % * 1W -'F .D " & ,"b# 1& U* J1KM Y -'F 1W -'F
,8"b +18 J! , , D 1W &F !'F N <`h .D [0 B ! v$ V" ? T ?
8'# M 0' / UM ,\ T -" v$ V`* & 3 ML*F & T 1 , & N <`h
!8 8 V1P& -" v$ V" 11a* ' # , D # M # &? J: M U& ML*F
811a* D8 8 , & " &8 2 8* -8" ,8 A 3 ? .D F D2 T , ML*F / UM D2 T ? ? "
# 8<M A 3 8 ? F K1 1 N }2 DM , ,C * . ' & # 3, "" ? v$ V"
# ,8 -18K M ML*F & M $ YN ' &. & ? +10.* & , !" % $ ' 4
8^' 8 8 ML*F 8& .D8 ,8\ T g 8h 8'# 0 & D12 UM ' # , & 1"p* ,\ T
@81 * .D8 80' 8 , M $ p8 & 8&F b 8 8 Y -8" ? ,8 8 O %* ', $$ ' 4
!1 8 !* " C , & & @1 * , ' & # B2 ? ( & A 3 ? ', 0 " 101 WX
? 8T B82 ? ,K" <& A 3 ? V1P& V" "? 11a* . & ( 1Y ? +" K!"
+1&p* ~ l3 .(B2 ? ,\ T U") D ? $? * , , D ,\ T v$ b ~
.D8 J80 P& %1 ,\ T # , K D(C !1 !* ' 1 D2 4 +1 _0' .D ,\ T DK M ~ ? 1
8K' 8 '# 0 4 T, D !'F ',"b# 1& ,"b;? 'J1 ' , & ? J! & +1 ?
(e.g., +18 ?8 'J18KM 8o . 8 & 81"p* (p & ? Sb 0 T ) " 1 * '# " C , 1 , #F DK ,* ,
D8K M l" 8 L" %M +" . & 1"p* [10 " " V1P& -" #F v$ Vaziri and Fürsich, 2007)
8^" 1 3 "? , ]1 * •2 Y ) 13 , Y L M o , 9" ,\ T " C V`* & D +!0& ,\ T
, 8 & +18 ?8 ' , & ML*F ' 4 0' ML*F J! 4 '%* C .D
. , M $ 3# 9" L 1op* DP* , 13 '# 0 D
: % & 6 ,$
,8 "b 8 8 M %* 8 ',8 ,8 ' & # - . $ ? @. & ' , & 0 ,=< ? J: T w"
8 ML*F f 8 ? 8^1 4 $ 84 J!8 4 S 8`2 5 / 84 ,8 $ ' ? B1< K& &4 -* S * 0
& 8 8'# , , "b MA 3 ? Of C& &4 -* '%* . K'
' , & #F (+" 1 ?Q * ) B1 Y f (?Q 12 ) ?Q "XQY ? B 'N H M # %1& . K' $ $
g 8* # 8_0' 8 ML*F p & ? ?Q 12 $ $ +" tF & ' # ?Q * .D ,C * J 3 - . $
? 80 h,8 - . $ ' , & C& ' 4 .D D2 ? D"? F * D"? F D1 D12 "
188 8 ML*F & 8 p88 & ? 8 T ,88 1 +88 0' 8 ' 4 8 C . 8 J1!88 * 8 ML*F f 8
D18K" -%* 8 ) 8$ $ ' 8 4 .D8 V T ML*F & '# 12 !1& ' 4
& 8 8 ' # 8 ,8 8 8C 8 M , A 3 ? (DK1 D" !K& DK1 D" !K& %* DK1
8 ML*F '# 0 - . $ ' , & 4 ,<= & !1 !* " C .D V & * s1U\ ,C $$

1044
 -8 . 8$ J8 %* 8 b 8 # %1& , ,C * .D ^& ,4 O " ? ML*F # 0 Q A 3 ?
8$ F 8K1 1 ',8 0 8 M 8: : DR 5 . K' , M " L" M * V T f ? ML*F '# 0
/ ,84 O 8& ? S * 80 ' 8 +8" 8 ' J1! * N , ' &# J 01 WX w" ? J: T - .
. K' -1K M ML*F '# 0 p & ?
F 8K1 1 2 * V * 1 C / UM ,1 T 0 L1Y " C -" "" V" +1 1Y ) " *
,8\ T +8" .D8 # 80 D812 UM ? J: T ML*F F ' 4 TS* 0 , D N `o B2 ? ,*
S * 0 2 * -" J! , A 3 ? 11a* 3, "" ? V" Y +"%1 F # &? ]H
T !1 !* $ &F b , A 3 ? F & f .D +1 ,* 3 , & " &
' 8 4 ?8 J %* ', ^' , ^ & , v$ # &?B' !1 !* D12 UM +" .D g h
8 B8"X -8" .D8 8 D9" , $ &F b V`* & Sb 0 T D A 3 ? "b L. , $$
,8 ) -8O 8 13 ,8\ T -8" J1! * , ^ & D # 0 L1Y (B2 ? J1! * # &? U") SQ`3 , =1P&
8K4 ) +18 ?8 'J18KM o .D , M " DK ,* #F +1 ? , (D '* $ & # &? N &
D8 +8!0& ,8\ T D8K M l" L" %M +" . & 1"p* [10 " " V1P& -" #F v$ (] "
8K' ML*F ] C ? - . $ C& F & , +" , ,C * ,^1 . 9" ,\ T " C V`* &
N ` ,8 , 8 83 8 ,\ T !" % ML*F # 0 , v D Y b h 'DM K& J0T %1
.D 0 L1Y f ? ,\ T "
:75 8'
Alavi, M., Vaziri, H., Seyed Emami, K., Lasemi, Y., 1997. The Triassic and associated rocks of the Nakhlak and Aghdarband
areas in central and northeastern Iran as remnants of the southern Turanian active continental margin, Geological
Society of America, Bulletin 109, 1563–1575.
Davoudzadeh, M., Seyed-Emami, K., 1972. Stratigraphy of the Triassic Nakhlak Group, Anarak region, Central Iran,
Geological Survey of Iran Report 28, 5–28.
Davoudzadeh, M., Soffel, H., Schmidt, K., 1981. On the rotation of Central–East-Iran microplate, Neues Jahrbuch für
Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 3, 180–192.
Hashemi Azizi, S.H., Rezaee, P., Jafarzadeh, M., Meinhold, G., Moussavi Harami, S.R., Masoodi, M., 2018. Early Mesozoic
sedimentary−tectonic evolution of the Central-East Iranian Microcontinent: Evidence from a provenance study of the
Nakhlak Group, Chemie der Erde, doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2018.06.003.
Ingersoll, R.V., Bullard, T.F., Ford, R.L., Grimm, J.P., Pickle, J.D., Sares, S.W., 1984. The effect of grain size on detrital
modes: a test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54, 103–116.
Rudnick, R.L., Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the continental crust. In: Holland, H.D., Turekian, K.K. (Eds.), Treatise on
Geochemistry. Elsevier-Pergamon, Oxford, 1–64.
Saidi, A., Brunet, M.F., Ricou, L.E., 1997. Continental accretion of the Iran Block to Eurasia as seen from Late Paleozoic to
Early Cretaceous subsidence curves, Geodinamica Acta 10, 198–208.
Seyed-Emami, K., 1971. A summary of the Triassic in Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report 20, 41–53.
Seyed-Emami, K., 2003. Triassic of Iran, Facies 48, 91–106.
Soffel, H.C., Davoudzadeh, M., Rolf, C., Schmidt, S., 1996. New palaeomagnetic data from Central Iran and a Triassic
palaeoreconstruction, Geologische Rundschau 85, 293–302.
Stöcklin, J., Eftekhar-Nezhad, J., Hushmandzadeh, A., 1965. Geology of the Shotori Range (Tabas area, East Iran),
Geological Survey of Iran, Report 3, 1–69.
Stöcklin, J., 1977. Structural correlation of the Alpine Ranges between Iran and central Asia, Soc. Geol. France 8, 333–353.
Vaziri, S.H., Fürsich, F.T., 2007. Middle to Upper Triassic deep-water trace fossils from the Ashin Formation, Nakhlak Area,
Central Iran, Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran, 18, 263–268.
Verma, S.P., Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., 2013. New multi-dimensional diagrams for tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic
sediments and their application to Precambrian basins, Chemical Geology 355, 117–180.
Verma, S.P., Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., 2016. Geochemical discrimination of siliciclastic sediments from active and passive
margin settings, Sedimentary Geology 332, 1–12.

1045
 !"-

Idendifying basement fault effect on reservoir quality in Gulkhari

oilfield
# ( ! "# ) % & "'( ) *+ ,- ,. " '/ :*
email: mojtaba.homaie@um.ac.ir % & 0 12 3

email:ghcherik@gmail.com % & 0 12 3 # :

email:omidpour.a@nisoc.ir % & 0 12 3 # :

:
< ,= => %;,= " 6= ? ': = <& -; /"' : " @ A ; @ . (9;" % 1B - -B + 75 6 78"9: %;
= /"': @ 6= C @ =8 6 5 DE & B +F .,; '( # 6 H < 1 , IE " 653 *J @ 8 3? " @" ' 6K @ *(
6=K M <O & K C P; .M 6 /'( 'E ' -; /"' : @ . (9;" " @86 ( @ 6 LM N - ;
= ,=; =8 6= 5 @" ' 6K -; /"' : " @ A ; Q R2 & ; H F K 6 C " " % SH8 " M N ,5 H8
'U = 6 6N C -B V -B 75 6 ,W , K B %HN 6W %; . D3B KT : 3? T( , " F K
6= B % = & ) =*+ ; = B 6= 6 B T2 ., - H;,E @ 8 3? % L & < ! -; /"' : M J X? <,
3 < % & # WB < & @ ' '. " 61 B Y K C ' ) HB M 6 Z; 0 . " H8 & @ Z
. @' ( '. 6 :

Abstract:

This study discusses effect tectonic factors on petrophysical, diagenetic and sedimentary properties of
reservoir. Gulkhari field was chosen because two basement faults cross it. Some data such as area
geological maps, seismic section, stratigraphic thickness, petrophysical properties and reservoir rock
type were studied. The results reveal that its thickness, petrophysical and diagenetic anomalies with
basement lineament no-1 are correlative. Therefore it emphatically concludes role of tectonic in basin
evolution even reservoir petrophysical characters. As geoscience justify many unknowns and reservoir
anomalies, then oil companies should continually apply geologist’s experiments during exploration,
development and production.

#$! ./ ) "01' 2 3 * "1/+ "4 5- ! " #$! %& " '() : (* +,

:. 6
M= ,= ,8 = ! : <O & @ 635 \ 8 M * MK' ,1 @ 8@ C " ['( & ; 8 K , 'HK
=: @ =8 =Z( = . M , 6 ? @ & , B <O @ 8 ? " D [' <O & H 5 Z 0 +F %; '
'= < = O ' U B 6K MZ 2 C %; , " 8<O % 55R % ,L / B" ;& Z '> YF ?
.M - E' @ 8 6N C - "V ;
M=K'C =; " [ =-1 @ 87*=Z( '=U ! = : ['( & ( ?% L % C 6K M 'K @' (6W (1991) % O
'=U = = '= E <O < & _8 " M ,; '( (, B K L , 6 " DE & 6K ^ ' @ 86*Z( [ -1
'=bK =( &<"' " 8`;,=E B & =a1 =R 7?'=L " 7=H? % = SH8 .M 'K J C (, B K ( ?% L
(Basement lineament) = : @ =8 3? =; " (<" & K 6*Z( , ) : c2 , @ 8 Z( 6 -H @ 8,D (

1046
'= = 2 < 1 /'J 5RB %; , 6 ? : @ .*Z( % & .(1381 . ;1994 '(&' ) , , MDZ
= %; = & '; & " , D 7 – g ? Z( @ D3 h H C 6K : @ .*Z( & -; ' UB
% = & i= B 6=12 3 ^ =C & 8 Z( %; j' Z( L 6K ; W O & .M K'H 6 B < '; #'c
6=K @,=1 = =: =Z( " , /'1 (Lineament-1) V; H 3? ) 78"9: %; M H? <
" H= = =: =3? MZ 5RB %; '> " H 'U < E' 6 ; . 7 , ' '>
.M , @ T (Lineament-2)
6=K @ *( < , `;,E B *J V 8 K N'+ 3 " 6 ' # -k' ^ H @ D;'5B V; H 3?
%=; 7D= " 0 =K'C & KT= < ,= "' IE B T2 " (1 - ) 'K I3E M IE " k' # -#' ^ H ,
., ,; '( 'U Z(

[ 5 <", -(1377) ; D D ) : @ 8 Z( " % & 6 5 @" ' (% L i? a ) @ *( `;,E B M 1E :1 -

:.78 % 0 ! $9 : , 2 7;
% )< ;:% % 6 < ZS( , & ) [ / "'( @ 8, & ' H 612 3 653 < H ?
`;,=E B .,= (%= Z *:) @ = @ ' =* K , & = % SH8 " % *: % 6 @ O , & " ( ;h - ; :
<= ""6 'E ['( & , = ?% L , 'HK ?% L 7 " ^ /& ( / "'/ 6 C @ *(
'> 6 @ ? M 1E 6 6 B .(1- - )M 6 /'( 'E <O k' ^ H ,h " #' # V @ 8`;,E B
45 ",=C `;,=E B %=; ^ = .(1392 ; = ) ,= (Fault related fold) 7*Z( iDB' % L V; ? %; ,
%= p ) )'=. " (%= - 2 ) @ H O @ 8, & & < , %; , 2 B ,H+ ., ' * K 7 ",C <O o'+ " ' * K
., D (q - ;:
6=B 'K )' BF: V; 6K , 'W 6B 'K' ` /"' : 3 " 6B 'K ` /"'- 21 ; 6 # 612 3
@ H O , & " '8 ., , 6 . & @ ; " , < (h @, " 6 .: i R ';& .L " r s &
i=? 6= 6B 6 `t " ( ? B r ) 'B H+ 7 "6 @' 6*J / C & , )'. "
<,= = ; '- = O M=Z;& = V A ; @ 8 , ;O'/ s ' U B ' <" / . , , ' -; ( *? r ) C
Mohseni, 6 @' ( ' Z( u* <, 2" " <, H , ;O'/ " ' " <, Z * ^FR
.(1385 p H8) M , v < -; /"' : 0 J X? ; . (, S : " s B ,;" % H8 " (et al, 2016)

:< = > 1 8 / , .78 % ?,

6=K 6= H8 .,= = ' @ *( < , & @ &'2 2 /"': , 6 ( @ 8 3? ' U B & 8 (O vZK > H
M =N 78 =K v= <O '=U =R @ " , w Fig-A j' 6K V; H 3? ,; 2- -

1047
6=K (Fig-B) )" 3? " M w D " O 'E i? v B'B 6 6K ,; '( < ; " < Z @ H O @ 8, &
M=Z =3? T( R .M ,8 E @, B DZ @ 6;" & ' cB ; MZ- 0 J 6 MZ 62 5 %; 6 B
., D < 10 " 2 H @ .8 L Y '

.(Fig. B) " H 3? " (Fig. A)V; H 3? .@ *( < , & 2 - ; /"': :2- -

' " H " V; H 3? " N'+ T( R % SH8 " ( O) ? " ( D )< Z ( 'E)@ H O <& x 3
6=K (M= -3 - -= ) z 3? , " (Anomaly) ; _. - 6 , 'Ky M N 78 K.M , w @"
=N'+ i=? _ = 'B = 6K ; _. %; R .M , < ; H ,8 6p )'. -@ H O < K M N _8 6 5
., D ^ 1 V; H : 3? T( R 5 E M w 'E

< V; H : 3? 'U & ; _. R 'E N'+ i? .)'. -@ H O < K M N _8 6 5 :M :3- -

.M , < ; H @' 0, ( N'+ 'E i?) ; _. ' HK M N 2, .)'. -@ H O < 7 <"& M N _8 6 5 :rL.,8,

<O I=D3 " 6 = @ 6= C (PaleoHigh) H;,=E @ .;,= * -= B = =: @ =8 =3? %=; 6K 5 6 '>

(r=L-3 -= )< ,+ E 7-<"& M N ,8 ? XB E 0 M N ' _p E @ 6K ; . H8
% = SH8 " 1 H= = =: =3? 6 <"& %; DZ < ' -; 6W "' H+ 6 6 B ., 6D R
,= , = K '; =XB 6= ! 'E N'+ i? <O R DE - , H8 " M ' ; _. 0, ' HK M N
& <= ! -; /"' : @ . (9;" <, 'U ' ; @ & " V; & @ A ; - @ 8' c Z " 6 '> .M

1048
 ,= ) =W @ . ' ., 6 YF ? '> 3? @ " 0 J X? " IE B * + % L
.M= ,= (Reservoir rock type, RRK) = = 6= ( 4 @,= 6 = 6 'W 1395 -< -H8 " ; H8 i B
6 = %=; (PERM) ; " 'B " (PHIE) * B -; /"' : *J M J X? " ,8, < 1- ^", 6K 6 H8
.MZ 62 5 %; '> @, 6 %; ; ' C ' 6 % ? ': 6K M ,; '( Q R2 @,

(1395-< -H8 " p H8 & [ D E ) < 6 ( .L ; " 'B " * B (9;" % "@ T :1- ^",

M; ",=R " ^ -= ,1B 2, , ) W RMS, 2013 / )' & < ' Z( @ 8 6 ( %; I;& B
. ' K, D < *K DZ M 1N" @ ; ( ? 6K 6 5 .L 6 /'J 62 5 %; 0 R J

.,=8, < = 7-<"& -; /"' : (9;" %;' . 6K (GOOD) # ? @ 6 ( I;& B R M -4 -

6= ( s = %; & ( O ! 6 ) ' HK " '/ E' 6C "' " '/ 'c2 H 6 C " " - %;
.M V - B E @

%=; 6= 2 = " 6 5 @" ' [ 5 D .M , 6p <"& < H8 (PHIE) * B I;& B rL-4- -

(h = = * B B,=H+) != &- D= B,=H+ = <O " (_=K * B) ! O B,H+ @ 6 C " < -
'=8 @" ' 3 Z " 6 C " %; .M V; V; H 3? T( R 6 @ ;& ,C B . O &' 6K H ;
., , w - "

* B I;& B 6 5 :rL .<O @" ' V - B E @ 8 ",R " < 7 <"& (GOOD) # ? @ 6 ( I;& B 6 5 :M :4- -
.<O @" ' , V - B ",R " <"& < H8 (PHIE)

M=E K,= 6-; 3 M ' Z( DZ -; /"' : " @ A ; + @" ' V; H 3? ' U B ( ' Z(
" # =? = @ 8 6 ( I;& B M -5- - 6 H < 1 . H 6>CF )'. -@ H O < K ' O 'U <
" 'c2 H= 6= C = % = : ^ -= ,= H8 6K ,8, < )'. -@ H O < K * B I;& B rL-5- -
., , ; H _8 & E'

1049
 < K * B (9;" I;& B 6 5 :rL-< K #? @ 6 ( I;& B 6 5 :M -5- -

:@ /
*=J @ =8 =3? %; ' = , , IE " - -B @ 8 6E " C ; 0 R J @" ' @ 8 6N C 6- ; W O &
" 6 = T( '=U =8 6=N C %=; 6= , 8 ' ^ 1/ @ 8 6N C @ ? -B 0 R J %; , K XR
& =-; @" ' , ) W 612 3 ., 8, 'E ' U B MRB @ A; " @ 8, ;O'/ j' Z( , " @ ",C B < H8
=; '= cB 6=K M? = w = ,=; H =D+ @ = *( < ,= V= 8 K i " & N'+ 3 6K 653 *J @ 8 3?
-; /"' : " @ A ; 0" 0 J X? C " % SH8 M N < , ,; @ . H8
= 6=N C = -B V -B 75 , K , K B ' ; 6- ; %HN 6W %; .M KT 3? T( D3B E
@ 6= C @ ? = = + = < = V; /"' : DE & [ 5 VL K @ . (9;" Z " @ ",C B % SH8 , D
., - w

:AB $
,= = K 6= < =; : @ = *( < ,= )'. -@ H O < 7*Z( _ Z '-*H+ " @ ? *RB.1392 . [ ;
.6R J 133 *+ V -B

j =( < '=.B Y K M;';, < '; M * MK' 1:1000000 [ 5 {['( & Z c ! : 6 5 .1377 . x ; D D
.35393/A H

k'= # = =8<O @ =8 = ; '( VD= " R3 ';& @ 8 Z( ; W " M/ 8 & .1381 . Y .

.[ , M 'B , K 6 < ; : {['( &

<= =-; /"' : 0 =J X? = ' <O & " j" , L 6 -B (Flow units)< ;'@ 8,C " % 1B .1385 .) p H8
.5783- H j ( # * MK' @ *( < , )'. /@ H O

<= I = 6=12 3 .1395 . k @,+ = . s = & .x H *= . ) ) g'W/ .) } ' .~ V;'L .L .O :, .) p H8

.8772-• H j ( # * MK' (< 0 X % 1B & /) @ *( < , )'. -@ H O

Ameen, M.S.,1991. Alpine geowarping in the Zagros-Taurus range influence on hydrocarbon generation, migration and
accumulation Journal of Petroleum Geology. B. 14(4), 417-428.

Barzegar, F., 1994. Basement Fault Mapping of Zagros Folded Belt (S. W. Iran) Based on Space-Born Remotely Sensed
Data. Proceeding of The 10th Thematic Conference On Geologic Remote Sensing: Exploration, Environment and
Engineering. San Antonio, Texas, USA, 10, 455-466.
1050
Mohseni,H., Hassanvan, V., Homaie, M,.2016. Mirofacies analysis, depositional environment and diagenesis o the Asmari-
Jahrum reservoir in Gulkhari oil field, Zagros basin, SW Iran, Arabian Journal of Geosciences,. vol.9. no.2., p.1-21.

1051
 )
( "#$ %"
2 1 1*

1*
!# $ %& !' ! "
!# $ %& !' ! " (%& )* + ,& 1
- !# $ %& !' ! " (%& )* + ,& 2
Vatandoust.Masoume@gmail.com*

!
. / 0 +12 '34 25' ! 0
4 )0 - 6 7% 74 8 9 : ' 5 7;</ 3 735 = / >'+
.' 4 4 9@ 6 " 6 6 AB C . C
G H + 7I G 4 J%K (' C 7%(9 ) ' 25' + D6 $ ! 0 4 0 + 1 2 '34 25'
.' 2 J N " !' -! L ' 4 ( 7%(9 / + "' ; C 4 !' – ! L +' 4 ( 4 !'
RH L 7I G ' + Q 735 = 4 7 6 " B N " !' -! L'4( 735 = 7O= 7 / P
T D/ A=O 20 '34 735 = / .' 4 9 S / :4 ( 2/ ) 4 !' ; C
AH O )/ : )6 " $ Move2D 2013 25' D6 $ -P 4 8 %(& Petrel 2013 D6 $
-P G !' P ) '4 U %4 7;</ .' PetroMode2012.2 25' D6 $ 0 +12 25' 4 !' 2/
X ' 5 .' !' U %4 74 Y C @ - % 4 C " -!'4 C ' *5 C-7 +- V +' 7 )
)0 8 9 : + 2 .) !' [ Y C @ - % 3 C " -!'4 C ' Y C @ - % 13 V ' )0
( P -D< )( 74 ] 4 1^ B 8 _4 C " -!'4 C ' ` -$\/ -D< )( 74 ] 4 1^ B 8 _4 J%K V '
.' 4 ` -$\/ -D< )( 74 /C
'() *&+ ', * &,- . % &' :# $
Abstract
2D petroleum system modeling in order to understand the petroleum generation, migration and
trapping history in the karanj, Paranj and Parsi oil fields in the Southern Dezful Embayment is the aim
of this study.
2D petroleum system modeling using the standard software (e.g Petromode) often applied in the case
of the extensional basin and it isn’t proper for the structuraly complex area such as fold and thrust
belts. Since the studied anticlines are located in the Zagros fold thrust belt, in such structurally
complex area, structural restoration, should be applied to describe the geometrical evolution of a basin.
In this study, After finalizing the interpretation in the Petrel 2013, the interpreted section has been
imported to the 2D Move 2013 software in order to the structural restoration of paleo- geometries.
Then the restored sections are imported to PetroMode2012.2 software for petroleum system modeling.
The maturity history through time shows that the Kazhdumi and Pabdeh- Gurpi source rocks started to
mature during late Cretaceous- Paleocene and 4ma respectively. Generation and expulsion of
hydrocarbons started at 13Ma within the Kazhdumi and 3Ma In the Pabdeh- Gurpi source rocks and
continues to present day.
Migration of hydrocarbons from the Kazhdumi source rocks is mainly vertically Upward and from
Pabdeh-Gurpi Source rock migration is both vertically upward (to the Asmari reservoir) and
downwards (to the Ilam-Sarvak reservoir).

Keyword: Dezful Embayment, Modeling, Petroleum System

1052
 :
(Bordenave, 2013) 7 4 - :9 4 ' + / b 'c 8 'G N " !' -! L'4(
/ 0 + )5 / / K / C . C . / 7%(9 d D4 0 - ' 45 4@ 6 " 6 6
'5 ! e 735 = ' 4 '+ K +)5 / 4 '+'5 > .'+ Q '4(
f Q 12 /Q 0 12 / .) - @ H -P A( 8 9:
Magoon and Dow, ) ) )0 A( 8 9: ' 5 +' / 6 ! 4 +'G f S C -D< f g
+ f - 34 C " -!'4 C V % +' Q 4 9@6 " 6 6 0 + 1 2 .(1994
.) S C f - 34 - 2;" <h ' -D< + f - 34 ( P ` -$\/ +P + '
)0 A( 8 9: ' 5 f U %4 7 &\H 1+ 6 ):9 0 +1 2 7I G 25'
:5 .(Hantschel and Kauerauf, 2009) ' 4 )0 ' 5 > 4 8 'B / I /
Shariatinia et ) 7 0 + 1 2 735 = 4 0 +1 2 7I G 25' - OOe / '3
(al., 2013; Abeed et al., 2012; Bashari, 2008; Rudkiewicz et al., 2007, Hal Hakimi et al., 2015
Tavakoli shirazi, 2013; Alizadeh et al., 2012; Bordenave, 2013; Bordenave and Burwood, 1990; ) N "
Bordenave and Huc, 1995; Kamali and Rezaee, 2003; Rabbani and Bagheri Tirtashi, 2010 ; Bordenave
.' ! 4 ! :4 (and Hegre, 2010
G U %4 25' ! 0 4 735 = 7O= 4 ' + ' 5 7;</ 3 735 = / %c >'+
. C . / '34 25' ! 0 4 4 ' + A( 8 9: + 2 25' 6' 7;</
.' 4 4 9@ 6 " 6 6 AB C
-&/ 0 1
+ Y<4 f U %4 6' 7;</ 4 T 74 0 + 1 2 25' ' 4 735 = /
'34 25' 74 jk !' $ (1 Q ) 735 = / ! L 4 '3 '34 / 8 _4 / i% <
8 9: + 2 3 ;(+ / I & 8 _4 )0 ' 5 U %4 7;</ 3 T 74 0 + 1 2
. 7 C 4 ' + A(
D 5 P Qc G Hindex ،Tmax ،TOC + ! Q ' C D6 $ '34 / 25' 4 +!
G - / 9) m/ 8 ( T .) 7 6 / Y/ 6 + ) <I l5 5 +' ) <I @ / `
.' @ (& 25' - / 9 7 ) 1: + C #/ / (n nP o= 7 / / nP R(& 7 / /
4 @' ' / 4 Sweeney & Burnham, 1990 and Vandenbroucke et al., 1999 @' - h5 S
4 T 74 @ C D6 $ (1 Q ) BB ! 5 A=O 20 '34 D '34 25' 4 .' 7 6 "
$ 74 T A=O ( i% < + - 7I G 7 '+ 3) 2/ - (+ /
+ 2 3 U %4 6' 7;</ 25' 4 4 QG $ ( '34 .' Move2D D6
.' ' ' C D6 $ 74 AH O 8 9 :

1053
$ : P '34 / 25' 7 / :+ L BB ! 5 Q/ 6 C 2 / (UGC) O(& + ! (+ 74 735 = 7O= 7 O .1Q
.'

456 23&')
7831&
:+ L 6' 7;</ . !' 6' 7;</ - @H 4 7I G / )2 6 7;</
p - 7 - 7I G 7 ) -P G ( 2 Q ) ! 4 1+ 74 74 h/ O 735 =
7 7%c 6 4 ) q ! 4 7I G -l *5 C r/ <4 ! / .) ! 74 / )2 6
7I G m/ - / '34 . 4 & 7e0c 7 G 4 + ) 5 6 Y 6 j * N B -' 7 24 # 5 - /] 4
8 4 s#4 4 - D(+ #5 – k - ( C " -!'4 C +' ) - Q s#4 ! 4 R (&
QhB ' .' 6 t 0 !' 6 j * C + 7 C @ H ( ( P $\/ ` +' ) R(& 1 +
'4 ! B 4 .' !' 7 : <h 8 4 + 8 4 R(& 1 m/ / 0( G j * -' 7 24
Sherkati et ) ) ! 4 - 2;" ' s#4 4 - D(+ " L[ !' [
.(al. 2005
6 $1 + - 9&
7 ) !' [ 735 = 7O= Y C @ - % 13 70 V ' U %4 7 '+ - 25' ./
)0 ' 5 [ .) !' / )0 ! C Y C @ - % 13 () !' % 0/7-0/55 74 )/ / / N 3
.(5-2@ ) ) ! 6 t 0 Y C @ - % 2 C " !'4 C ' 4

1054
.35 C!L G 6' 7;</ (2Q

. 2. !L G 6' 7;</ (3Q

1055
.12. !L G 6' 7;</ (4Q

.31. !L G 6' 7;</ (5Q

1056
 76" T BB A=O @ H +L ' '34 / @' / !' 7 '34 @' ' / T 74
)+ h '34 / @' " !'+ 6 Q 7 = (+ .(6Q ) ' X < !' 7 '34 @'
.' 4 Qc G '34 @' !' ' / 7 3B '34 / + @' 4 4 h/ O

. '34 @' ' / 4 '34 7 @' X<2 !L G 6' 7;</ (6Q

V ' !'& B / 7;</ RhH 4 7 '+ - BB A=O @ H 7h 25' Qc G ./

- # 79 90 y 'G 74 C " -!'4 C +' # 79 147 y 'G 74 2/ G
/ R (& " ' 5 7%G 74 !' s" )0 ' 5 C V ' 7 '+ - '+ / .(7 Q ) '
- @H V ' U %4 .' B )0 ' 5 7%G C " -!'4 C +' ) !' A=O + Y<4
# 79 65 'G 8 4 - / @ H .) 7 7 !' [ *5 C - /] 4 7
@H TR g f U %4 Q 7c\ 8 _4 (a-e) 7 Q .) ! 4 0/70-0/55 'G )/ / / N 3
V ' )0 X 5 !' )0 ' 5 C 74 V ' Y C @ - % 10-13 .'+ - -
C "-!'4 C +' !' / )0 ! C / C QG 74 V ' Y C @ - % 6 .) ! 6 t 0
G 7 B )0 ' 5 ! C / C QG ] (3 V ' IG @G - .' ! U %4 74 [
/ )0 %c 6 74 . - ' c _ C "– !'4 C +' .' '5 D " )0 4 ! \& 2/
] 4 1^ B 8 _4 ` -$\/ +' )(24 ] 4 1^ B 8 _4 V ' )0 8 9 : + 2 .' !'
.' 4 ` -$\/ +' )( 74 / C 1^ B ;(+ ( P ' )( 74 C " -!'4 C +'

1057
 . I G ':& Y C @ - % 60 735 = 7O= 4 '+ +12 '34 @' 4 (7 Q

References

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sedimentary sequences of the southern Mesopotamian basin, southern Iraq. Org. Geochem; 46, 113-126.
- Abeed Q, Littke R, Strozyk F, Uffmann A.K., 2013. The upper JurassiceCretaceous petroleum system of southern Iraq: a 3-
D basin modeling study. Geo Arabia; 18, 179-200.
-Alizadeh B, Khani B, Alipour M, Shayesteh M, Hosseini S.H., 2012. Thermal modeling and organic geochemical appraisal
of petroleum source rocks within the Aghajari Oilfield, SW Iran. J Geope; 2 (2), p. 1-10.
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track analysis and vitrinite reflectance data. J. Pet. Geol; 31(2): 153-165.
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Asmari and Sarvak reservoirs oil accumulations. Org. Geochem; 16, 369–387.
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foldbelt, Iran. J. Petroleum Geology; 28, 339-368.
- Bordenave M.L, Hegre J.A., 2010.Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros fold belt of Iran and contiguous
offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. In: P. Leturmy, C. Robin editors. Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of
Zagros and Makran During the Mesozoic-cenozoic, London: Geological Society; p. 291-353.
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Cretaceous coals from the Jiza-Qamar Basin as infer by kerogen pyrolysis and bulk kinetics. Fuel; 154, 24-34.

1058
- Hantschel T, and A.I Kauerauf., 2009. Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling: Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Germany,.
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Journal of Petroleum Geology; 26, p. 451- 464.
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60, p. 3–24. Memoir.
- Rabbani A.R, Bagheri Tirtashi R., 2010. Hydrocarbon source rock evaluation of the supergiant Ahwaz oilfield, SW Iran.
Aust. J. Basic & Appl. Sci; 4, 673–686.
- Rudkiewicz J, Sherkati S, Letouzey J. Evolution of maturity in northern Fars and in the Izeh zone (Iranian Zagros) and link
with hydrocarbon prospectivity. In: Lacombe, O., Roure, F.,
- Sepehr M, Cosgrove J.W., 2004. Structural framework of the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt, Iran. Mar. Pet. Geol; 21, 829–843.
- Shariatinia Z, Haghighi M, Feiznia,S, Alizai A, Levresse G., 2013. Hydrocarbon migration in the Zagros Basin, offshore
Iran, for understanding the fluid flow in the Oligocene–Miocene carbonate reservoirs, Russ Geol Geophys; 54(1):64-81.
- Sherkati S, Molinaro M, Frizon de Lamotte, D, Letouzey J., 2005. Detachment folding in the Central and Eastern Zagros
fold-belt (Iran): salt mobility, multiple detachments and late basement control. J. Struct. Geol; 27 (9), 1680-1696.
- Sweeney J, Burnham, A.K., 1990. Evaluation of a simple model of vitrinite reflectance based on chemical kinetics. AAPG
Bull; 74, 1559-1570.
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High Zagros, Iran. J. Pet. Geol; 36(4):309-334.
- Vandenbroucke M, Behar F, Rudkiewicz J.L., 1999 .Kinetic modeling of petroleum formation and cracking: implications
from the high pressure/high temperature Elgin field (UK, North Sea). Organic Geochemistry; 30, 1105–1125.

1059
 ! "! *

omidyahyamimandi@gmail.com & e.asadi@khu.ac.ir ! "

:# $%
:! ; < /$ 0 1 23 45 6 7 8- 9 ) /$ $ % &- $ % & ' () * ) (+, - $
D ( <:< C $@ , < , A (< > B6 < 108 9 ) $ * ) .> (+, - ;0& %,
EF ; B) $ (& E ' G 4H I ) .> C < , EF ; E($7
; EKB) (& > C >$ L , >$ L , >$ , <, < < ; B% ; E J, 5 ) <
.> (+, - *) $ " ) ; E KB) $ ;EM , ' (+, - . ) J, N < , <
( ; EKB) ; ( T ) <& ; E S ) > , R & > $ ;E & < , O (+, - P ) $ ) Q
& ' * V ( , 0$ ( ; E> , ; B% ; EJ, 5 U E> , < S () (U ) . $ < "
.>S A ; 0U ;( ' /$ (+, - 9) * ) EF ; ED >: ( W X > T 0 &
:! < ,O > , >, < * ) :; &;E@

Sedimentological Characteristics of the Barut Formation in Centeral Alborz

Omid Yahya Meymandi, Elham Asadi Mehmandosti
Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geology Group, Kharazmi University, Tehran

In this study the Barut Formation with Precambrian –Cambrian ages in one outcrop situated in Northeast
of Tehran, near to Khosravan village in central Alborz was studied. The Barut Formation in this section
has 108 m thickness and lithologicaly consist of shale, siltstone, sandstone and interbedded of limestone
and dolomite. Thin section studies show that in the carbonate parts, this formation consist of mudstone
with evaporate casts, sromatolites mudstone, dolomicrite, dolomicrosparite and dolosparite that
stromatolites are abundant. Palynomorph studies on shale parts indicate Vendian ages for these
sediments. Furthermore SEM studies show that the illite and kaolinite clay minerals as book and rim
structures are recognizable in sandstone and silt parts. According to abundance of stromatolites,
evaporate casts, fine primary dolomites and silt size quartz, the sedimentary environment of the Barut
Formation in study area was a tidal flat environment.

:' (
*) $ .> * ) ( - ; E C %, $ % &- $ % & ' () ( ) & ; E (< $ 3$ 5
" ; E [$ U (3E . 3 ! 4Z P <T ;0& $ Y$ ) VF %, + <:
%$ B - ) & ; E(<\\ .(1389 % 5F) ; $ * ] > B\\6 , $ ' U C) 5 H () \\ $
< , EF ; E($7 ( 0$ D ( ;E , ) $ % & ' , 3<T ; * )
; EC : S U $ () >B < () (U ) . 5 $ (& > C
+ (+, - () (1382) E ) F .> Y * ) ; ) 3& :) * +, - & F b!
\ d d ) $ 3 R@ S <' * +, - P ) (;0& %, ) * ) ; E> , / Z <@ $
$ 2 3<T (& b B\\ * ) \\ E> , e <B ( f F . ( <! ' ( ' 0$ S
. ) C g 3 W < \g3 h& 0 @ $ i >X E> ,

1060
; < k N2 3 ; < & 5 $ % & ' , 3<T )* ) ; F-( ) & ; E(< +-I g IX $
< 108 > B6 ) (+, - 4-I * ) .(1 C ) > k B< ;0& %, ) U KB) 45 :!
$ ' T. (2 C ) > C < , EF ; E($7 0$ ( ; ED ( <:< ,
.(3 C ) Y$ )* ) 7 ) .> J hE ( - ) * )

; E $l 3E () (+, - 9 ) () < ;E ( I -1 C

;0& %, :! 9 ) * ) ( f < 2C

1061
 (1 k U >3 () $ ) (+, - 9) $' $7 ) $ E 3E () * ) $ 3 -3 C

') * +
bB A () mL . ( ' G 4H I 35 * ) $ Xd ; ) ( 3 m' (, I $
9 () h <' S (Red-S) 0 5 $ 0 ,F 2 X W ' G 4H I B) > , > :& &
; ) (Dunham,1962) ; ) (I%H E/EF ; n (+, - ; ) . ;0 F D (Dickson, 1965) : $
( 3 7 + < , O ); )m A () . $ Z< (Folk,1974) /, S 9 " ( ; n
M , ' ; E $Q k B< * ) ;EC ( 3 3 ) ; E (< + ; ). ) k B<
.>S $n' * d 2 $ 5 <& ; 5F k U W F + (
, -.
/0
$ S :! . $ ; <:& ! <$ D () (+, - 4-I * ) ; E ($7
)1 < 3 * ) ; EC . ) P 0 & ; T 3 (& > (+, - (I- %$ B :!
.> F U () * V J & ] $ ( ] > () E 7 $ (& ) 7;
) (4 C ) Synsphaeridium sp C :S pT " ) * ) ; 5; M ,';E( 3 )
,' L $ ) $. ) & <$ & )0 C :5 .> * ) $ >: ( $ " ) (&
2 1 T +$ /$t ' ! F S , Es2 1/ 4 ) $ ) <:B
$ % & Z $ () * ) (+, - (I- 9 0 ; :S P ) .(Yin et al., 2018) $ NF C%5
. >%:

* ) $ M , ' C :S -4 C

1062
 1 23
() (& ) ; 3 -5 64 4 ) F * V (& > $ED C <:< :!
; )( f P I /f & ) ; E <! .(e, 5 C ) E ! "<S $ > U ; )($7 *
. E <:< ; E ( 3 J N * V ] > () 4H I<
4 '
;E & * f 3 v D ! * L S 0 & u3E d ; 0U ; D ( :!
E (& <:E h I<: ! ) )/ S () 3 (& ) E C & $ S 0 &. )
E (& ) ($ (3 (3 0$ W < ( 0 & ; E( . ) F / '
.(k 5 C ) ) t CX * ) ; ED ( & C3T
5,6 4
i >X EF ; ED w& . ! ) ; <3& S E> , () >%: E/EF * ) ( ) & ; ED
$ <3 .> (<S ) $ X ; T F ( , >! >S ) (<S 5 < , ; E $F S
- X b! (& > <, < :! ! h f () $ EF ; ED (& $ :!
3 * ) <, < .(Siahi et al., 2016) 3 ) $ g3 h&; $ ( ) & ; E(< ; ) ) !
() .(x 5 C ) $ E F 0 m ;E < , E> , < ! ). ) $ (XZd v
5 C ) C :S 5 S < ;E( 3 $ ) Q . (, <, < ;E ) U E $ (& A
.> b B C) 5 $ EF ; E KB) 0 ) 0 & & ' ; E ( $ ; B% ; EJ, 5 ; (& (
7
:> $ C (+, - 9) $ ; < , v
C 8-: N , <:$ & y - ) C ) ; E ) E> , v $ :>$ , $ ) 0$ ! ; E> ,
.> ]< 16 5 ) F > , ;E ) ) CB B 5 S h& < 7 3+ <$ , .>
%$ B 0 & ; E ( ) 7 3+ $ 7 ( , ) ; E>S ) i 2 3+ H () >S ) $
.(e, 6 C ) > 3E * ) EF ; E (<
(3 hE h& < ; E ) 3 H () > , v $ :>$ L , $ ) 0$ ; E> ,
6C ) & ] 62 16 ) 0 F;E ) > C 8-: ; ) ) ; C )
.> E C) 5 E < , < e$ s ;E 7 ) ( , ; E <! > , v $ .(k
. $F U () E >$ , Y % $ EF ; " U 7 3+ >$ L ,
.> ]< < 270 62 ) F ; E ) E> , v $ :>$ L , $ ) W < ; E> ,
; ) ) > C e <B ; E C ) h& < D Z )> ; R <$ L ,
() & X $ ] (, <@ $ 2 ) k B <S ) A > , v $ . ) 8-: N v
6C ) ) 3 b B C) 5 > , v $ <, < ; 7 (, ) ; E <! C , 3E
.(x
> , v $ . C > ]< F (& > ; E ) :; ( ; < , : $ ( ; E> ,
< , v $ .( 6 C ) ) 8-: N; ) > C * Z< ;E C );E )
; FC E $ (& E % $ ; E > , ) () U ! ; :)
. k :X 0 < , 2 lX $ !F ; ( ; E> , .> (U 100 7)

1063
 $ 8 $ $ 9
;E 3 " ( <:< ; E ( 3 (& E < , O ) ) B< ; E ( 3 (+, -
> * ) (+, - ; E ( 3 ; ( T S () > $ ) <& ; E S () > , R & v E C
x7C )> $ C) 5 (+, - 4H I < :&;E( 3 > , C $ ) Q (k e, 7 C )
.(
: 2;<
0$ ( ; E> , ; B% ; EJ, 5 U E> , < pT * ) E C ; 0U ) () (U )
/$ (+, - 9) * ) EF ; ED >: ( W X > T 0 & & '* V (,
.>S A ; 0U ;( '
- '=
<:< C ,
< 108 * ) (& E 1 23 45 :! 9 ) $ Xd (+, -
(<S 5 "$ $ ( - ; ) (& > C < , EF ; E($7 D (
(& ) Synsphaeridium sp C :S pT " ) * ) ; 5; M ,';E( 3 ) .>
>$ L , >$ , A < , v ( ) & ; B) .> * ) $ >: ( $ " )
> $ <, < < 0 & & ' ; E ( ; B% ; E J, 5 ) < 3E () >$ L ,
< ,O ) (+, - P ). ); 0U g3 h& W X /$ * ) >: ( " ) (&
) <& v * ) ; F ; E KB) ;E & S ) ] 270 5 < ,
.> ; ( T
>
(;0& %, ) * ) E> , e <B v $ 3 R@ S <' * d l ! e d .1382 . E .y. ) F
.(XZd 211-187 :1 3 29 " (Y
.(XZd 586 & + * S <& * < $ ..1389. .v % 5F
Dickson, J.A.D., 1965. A modified staining technique for carbonates in thin section: nature.v.205, p. 587.
Dunham, R.J., 1962.Classification of Carbonate Racks According to Depositional Textures., v. 108, p. 121.
Folk, R.L., 1974.Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill, Austin, 159 p.
Siahi, M., Hofmann, A., Hegner, E. and Master, S., 2016. Sedimentology and facies analysis of Mesoarchaean
stromatolitic carbonate rocks of the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 278, pp.244-264.
Yin, L.M., Singh, B.P., Bhargava, O.N., Zhao, Y.L., Negi, R.S., Meng, F.W. and Sharma, C.A., 2018. Palynomorphs from
the Cambrian Series 3, Parahio valley (Spiti), Northwest Himalaya. Palaeoworld, 27(1), pp.30-41.

1064
 < - >, < -x D ( -k <:< -e, 5 C

; ( > , - >$ L , -x >$ L , -k >$ , e, * ) $ ; < , v -6 C

1065
> , R% - > C 2T > : & (& > , -x ) <& v 3 -k ; ( Tv 3 -e, 7 C

1066
 !
2 !" 1 *1 1

! " # $ -1

' & ( ) * #& ! -2

*Norouzi.sn@gmail.com

: %&

+0 " ;$ < ' 3$ : ' 9 78 6 5 0 4 $ ! 3 -! /$ ' $1 20 ! * #& + $ /0 +(. - ' +,-

-+ +$ 9 A# 1:100000 :+ , ?= >( +$ : +,- : ' 9 : 7 . 8 ' $ ' 4 +$ +. , = ' . $
($ . = / . 8 AAS H ' +$ > $ : +7 $8 ) $ ' = E FG :+ E 893 (" GIS : 7? " $ : $+ 2 :
+ F ' +,- ' 7 ! 7 ' $ . K " L M= & H ' +$ : ' 9 . 8 : 7+ , ) = 8 >< >J5 = "
126 : ' N >4 O RE7 2 P P 11 ! / +$ >2Q . 8 : ' P P 29 9 N >4 O
. 7 ! >2Q . 8 P P 74 ! / +$ $ P P

,+ ! / * +' , - .! * +' * +' : () ! '

Geochemical Evaluation of Pb and Zn Anomalies in Stream

Sediments, Kerman, Sarduiyeh Zone
Seyed Abolfazl Yaghoubi1, Saeed Norouzi1*, Mehrdad Behzadi1, Mohammad Reza Hezareh2
1-Department of Geology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University.
2-Geological Survey & Mineral Explorations of Iran (GSI)
*Norouzi.sn@gmail.com

Abstract:
The area under study is a part of Bazman-Maksan Jebal-Barez zone exploration; it is rich in Cu, Fe, Pb,
and Zn content. In this study, in order to analyze lead and zinc anomalies, an area of 1:100000 was
chosen, GIS was used to create a network of the area; 893 geochemical samples were collected from
stream sediments. AAS was used for the analysis. After fit test was run and experimental accuracy was
established, lead and zinc anomaly maps were drawn using kringing method. The analyses show that in
Sarduiyeh zone, lead concentration stands at 29 ppm, with a positive anomaly of 11 ppm, whereas zinc
concentration is 126 ppm, registering a positive anomaly of 74 ppm.

Key words: Geochemistry, Geochemistry of stream sediments, Sedimentary Geochemistry, Lead and
Zinc, Sarduiyeh

1067
 :,

- X# .> +#* ' $ :' $ & ' 7 ( = WV ) * #& ' +& > 7 ) : $ = E FG : 7T7 UP
+(. - :+ . ;Z ' ! * #& : 7 G P + =/7 T7 & ! ' T= /* Y $ :' 8 : 7' /*
X# 7' /* 2 :' 8 :7 3X" [ #A : 7+ , + " ; +& = ;Z ' :' $ + E
.

- & = : $ E"' < # ?= > +#W ' +& > 1 50 Z ' : +7 $8 = E FG H '
> $ : 7+ E +& > ' # _ * = ` $ ' -$ ) $ ' ^ = +(. - . 2 ] J ' ,$ :7
.(Fletcher 1997) #37 + W ' > a $ : 7TA$ T= * 7 1 NJ 7+7 $8

F (1995) ;Pe (1993) ' + Z d : & (1986) ! ' E7 (1985) . ? ' ":
+ E0 5 g($ : $ ' = , +#W P : ' < +# P =a $ TA$ = E f & " ' $ +$ (1998) ! ' E7
2 52 =a $ : ' < +# P ' (Zn) : ' N >4 O ! / .(11 0) +F ' NA : 7! ' (Pb)9
.(Wedepohl 1995)

+0 " $ : ' < +# P =a $ >E3< e! 0 7 ) $ ' f & " : $ : = 0 EA" (Kamber, Greig et al. 2005) K7 W
: +7 $8 ) $ ' ' : ' 9 : 7 . 8 ! ' 8 > $ +. , = h 7 . M . # ./ F & #* $8 ) $ ' +$
. 2 : ' < +# P =a $ TA$ ' 5 = /& E" $ !8 +3= , + F ' +,-

5 Taylor and Shaw et al. Condie (1993) Condie (1993) Wedepohl Gao et al.
McLennan (1986) (1995) (1998)
(1985)
67(8 9 : !
20 17 17 18 17 19
(Pb)/
> ; ; <=3
Upper Surface of Upper Upper Upper Surface of
, !0 continental Canadian continental continental continental continental
crust shield crusta before crusta after crust crust Central
restoration restoration East Chinab
.: ' < +# P =a $ >E3< : $ ,,J ] " (Pb) 9 N >4 O : $ ' 8> $ = , (1)1 0

, !0 1

, ,%2* 3 4

j , '4 = : $. $ +# ;,i/& H ' $ ' :' Q& Z +& > +#* )' 5 :' d :' $+ E + 2 Z d
- X# $ RE7 . = K " = 7:76 : ?E& $ * P"j , X# $ + Z : 7+7 $8
: 7! 3 h d Z $ 0 W = :V X : 7 " >& # & ? # " L !k GIS : 7' /*
+ 2 + $ Z d>0 nA ": ' 7 : 3 X# $! #.8 +$ m ld !

1068
905 > (< (+ F ' 1:100000 + , ) p$ # & 2500 +$ ?= / #Z 3 ^o = +$ +0 " $ .>* ' < 4
. = Z d : $+ 2 nA > $> 0 E FG + E

! , ! !- , .! ( ?

2 ld ! $ ' 2(. f(5 ; . +$ E FG + E 905 (" . >* M GPS # ?E& +$ :' $+ E ) E

: +7 $8 ) $ ' T 80 q/0 500 Z ; # E FG + E 7 . = > $ E FG + E 893 a )
100 ' , : 8+Z ' . +#* 4 ' = $ : $ ,$ = 8 : $ ' 7+ E 100 +& $
9 A# +=/M" : $ :' , ' P TA$ = ' P T 200 = " =' &' P + $ 9 A# 7+ E
. = = $ ,$

+! * +' ! , !-

! ' 7+ E : +7 $8 ) $ ' ' 0 (Zn) : ' (Pb) 9 5 >4 O ! ' 8 > $ > 0 T7 UP = '
. #* ' < / . 8 ' (AAS) E" 9r0 H ' +$

0 7 . 8 TM : $ : +3= , :' ( > a = E FG ) * #& +,- ?= ' 5 . 8 '$: $

:' N : $ 9 N : $ (1)1 0 ' &V p$ $ ' o Z T7 UP s= # ' 4 = +$ +& $ +#
. = +3= , > +F ' (Wedepohl 1995)] " +& : ' < +# P =a $ >E3< ' !8 >4 O

! * +' ! , ! - 6A

: U= > E7 1 # & = ' < ' $ ' s= # >< > X & = $ T= 8 s= # ! ' 8 > $ / . 8 6P
s= # 3X" ' > # $ $ = 7 : -W t i & nA ' 7 +$ E# ! / a = > ' ' W $
,* E#=' . : 7' J = = ' . = X# ! 3u " . # & = '4 = +$ ' 8 ;E +$ ' : # $ ><
! & P 6P . 7 ! ' (:' "+ E + E ): ;o X" l - ' < = , f " " +$ KF <
' < 1% 1 ( ]W = 7 99% 10% 1 ( ]W = 7 90% + "' 5 ' / . 8 : 7+ E >X0 +$ v $ v ,
.(Howarth and Thompson 1976, Thompson and Howarth 1976) $ 7 W 10 % Z' -W

.> +F ' K " (1); ' 5 ?= 7 : $ ! 3u " . # & = )2 J ` $

1069
 .: ' 9 5 : $ ! 3u " . # & = (1);

: +-$ ' ! " ($ + Z '

) X" f " " +$ S D :' " : 7+ E (" n 1 * = ' +& E X# (RE) 23 : -W ! / ^xd : $
' 8 (2)1 0 ' 23 : -W ! / y * +-$ ' +$ +0 " $ . 2 :' " : 7 + E ' : = , ^ EM
. 2 8/75 $ $ %95 E# z- ' 23 : -W ] # ! / .>
Element M D/S RE
Pb 54.865 1.882 9.409
Zn 216.435 1.618 8.091
Average 8.75
) X" ; . +& > : M .:' " : 7+ E +$ +0 " $ : ' 9 5 /. 8: $ +2 J 23 : -W ! / (2)1 0
T= 8 ' + E 40 (" ],* M T= 8 : $ +& > = = 5 : $ : +M # TA$ ' ! $ = , 1 0 = '
.> X# #E& = P >4 O $ : 7 + E +#* ' < ' $

%B ! * +' ! , 9 ,= !

B A

. 2 (Zn) N : $ (B) (Pb) N : $ += i = :' " T= 8 +$ >23 + . T= 8 s= # +3= , (A)' E (2);

D! ) , + ! , 0E / ! - 67(8 ! ,C

1070
H ' ?= L M= &.> +F ' = ' K " L M= & H ' +$ +(. - ' +,- ' ' &r 5 . 8 : 7+ ,
M Z = , < * = | - : $ : ' 8 $ Z = , : ' : & P v , +$ +0 " $ +& >3=' 8 :+#* P
.(Oliver and Webster 1990) 7

.L M= & H ' +$ K " +(. - ' +,- ' ' &r 5 . 8 : 7 + , ( 3) ;

F ,G H

> 0 +$ :' 8 :7 3X" : +7 $8 ) $ ' (AAS) E" 9r0 H ' +$ = E FG + E 893 (" / . 8 s= #
: $ = | +$ + F ' +,- ' : ' 9 :7 . 8 =

- P99 >4 O = #E& . ' >2Q . 8 P P 11 ! / +$ 2 P P 29 9 N >4 O •

. 2 P P 88 N = >4 O = # $ P
>4 O = #E& . 7 ! >2Q . 8 P P 74 ! / +$ 2 P P 126 : ' N >4 O •
. 2 P P 1071/5 N = >4 O = # $ P P 40/5 : '
.E 29° 25'13.60" > (< ' + , y 1E ' 9 >4 O 4 +-, = " (#3 •
. ' ' < < 57°27'18.87"

1071
57° . E 29° 5'30.09" > (< ' + , $ 0 >E3< ' : ' >4 O 4 +,- = " (#3 •
. ' ' < < 12'38.24"
K 3," `x& 9 +$ + , 7 :' 8 :7 +$ +0 " $ L M= & $ =! ' : 7+ , + +$ •
.>* )' 5 : $! 7 `x& = ` $
.> M f >J5 >< $ ) = 8 +& > = 7 :' 8 : 7H ' + +$ 7 -W '$ •

:I !E
• Condie, K.C., 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from
surface samples and shales. Chemical geology, 104(1-4), pp.1-37.
• Fletcher, W.K., 1997. Stream sediment geochemistry in today’s exploration world. In Proceedings of exploration (Vol.
97, pp. 249-260).
• Gao, S., Luo, T.C., Zhang, B.R., Zhang, H.F., Han, Y.W., Zhao, Z.D. and Hu, Y.K., 1998. Chemical composition of the
continental crust as revealed by studies in East China. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 62(11), pp.1959-1975.
• Howarth, R.J. and Thompson, M., 1976. Duplicate analysis in geochemical practice. Part II. Examination of proposed
method and examples of its use. Analyst, 101(1206), pp.699-709.
• Kamber, B.S., Greig, A. and Collerson, K.D., 2005. A new estimate for the composition of weathered young upper
continental crust from alluvial sediments, Queensland, Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(4), pp.1041-
1058.
• Oliver, M.A. and Webster, R., 1990. Kriging: a method of interpolation for geographical information
systems. International Journal of Geographical Information System, 4(3), pp.313-332.
• Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M., 1985. The continental crust: Its evolution and composition, 312.
• Thompson, M. and Howarth, R.J., 1976. Duplicate analysis in geochemical practice. Part I. Theoretical approach and
estimation of analytical reproducibility. Analyst, 101(1206), pp.690-698.
• Wedepohl, K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), pp.1217-
1232.

1072
 ARMA
2 *1

m.yousefirad@arakut.ac.ir ، -١

javadsorby@yahoo.om "#$%& '( ! -٢

, %A - 0 + 1%2 3 %%40 5%620 7 8 9 : ; <= # %>% * ?@ 5%620 # ) * + , - . /#

.7 G! # $?+ 7%>* B * ,C D 3 - . E@ ,
, %A J.P I O : <Q I O - I 8 JK 7B 3 & L : : M# N ,+ : : H /# ,+
<= . I O XRF : B + # %>% *$%- 9 G ! 7 8 , > 18 0 # 2 *7 + R
ARMA U "> ,+ . & K + #: 5%620 ARMA # T% 0 : U ,+ *, > : # %>% *
3 /# : ; 3 %%40 %+ V%Q />C 7# ,& K B # >% '( 3 %%40 W# 0 * X% 0 +
.7 K + # %>% * ?@ 3 %%40 56N

. : , A % $%- 9 T% 0 : # %>% ?@ :

Modeling of chemical facies by ARMA time series

Mostafa Yousefirad1، Javad Sorby2
1- Department of mining engineering, Arak University of Technology, m.yousefirad@arakut.ac.ir

2- Master student of geophysic , University of Arak ,javadsorby@yahoo.com

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the chemical facies analysis and the analysis of sedimentary environment
changes trend in the desired sequence that is important for oil geology.
In order to select the proper stratigraphic section after the harvest field, and a total of 18 examples of
chemical analysis to perform using the XRF device. Then the chemical data of time series combination
method of stone or ARMA analysis and evaluation of the case. ARMA methods to describe the data and
outlines used geochemical changes and in the end, while anticipating changes and modeling the volatility,
the parametrs of the process chemical facies changes reviewed.

KEY WORDS: Chemical facies, Combination time series, Auto regressive multiple analysis, Razak.

* Y# 3 B0 ZN + : * $( # [>* ,# \ 3 %%40 ,%- 7%* [>* 6 N

: %?+ & /# %+ V%Q + *U IO # %>% 3 E @ 7@ . + * ,#] # %>%
1073
U + 7& %Q ; D $% L' .+ , ; > * U ,6>8 : . + 7B /% : ,6>! 3 - .
9 : "# 7B /% : 3 - . L * : : M# N ,+ : : .7 : * 9 *
"> 9 * ?@ M J#: 0 %T %Q 0 + %* ) 93+ @ 3 - . .7
8 + D 9 /% : + ,.+ #: 3 N`a L%P ? a ,+ VP $O _ N ,+ ,
, -. 93+ b # * V Q ,+ 0 * +, # + .(Adabi et al., 2009; Smyth et al., 2014)
c Q, d * I9 7? ,0 M 0b 52 : 5P 5>D * # & 7? ,0 1%2 @ /% : 7% C
.(Ibbeken and Schleyer, 1991; Arribas et al., 2007; Garzanti et al., 2013)

! " # $ %&
M# -> , - I 8 6% 7 - ;> e : , -. ,P.
:, ?2 6D e & JB0 e : B 3 -. L * : : M# N ,+ : : . K
,6? a T0 : + "# 1 0 : : , -. ,P. . ?* @+ 8 0 5+ K ?
: + "# 5 : /# . + 1T0 WC R% L* 3 ,+ ,P. > 9; : #]+:
# : (1390) M>* B # 1 0 ,P. `TK , 7 , f+ 6% "*9 * D
.7 , -. @ % (1396) M>* >6 1 0 # %>% '( # : ?#: , %A

%' ()

.( ARMA ) 2 /% % % @; .@ %k .@ $%- 9 A: 7 N >! T% 0 : *

V# l> ARMA(p,q) 3 l ,+ 9 6 a ,+ , ( MA) 2 /% % ( AR ) % @ VO+ ; /#
l'Y8 Tl? l?T>* @ J+ 0 : 0 * ,T0 /# 97 + + . 7 VO+ * ,T0 $ Q 5@ *
/%l+ l0 l l + m lT0 K+ + J+ 0 : 7 ARMA( 0 , 0 ) # ; V* YQ /# . B
: #9 7 + 1 ,- nTa Y# * + U /# .7 B * %%4

[A ][x ] = λ[x ] (1)

Y# # P >* H ,- *, # 5 D n ,8 : ,- | [A ] − λ[I ] |= 0 ; % 0 ,T 2 :
. 97 ,+ Y# + "# 0 Y# P * e /# + . + H
. pO * + ; a Y# # P ( X-
. #> pO L * + % K Y# * + (I
# 8 * %4 X# 0 + <= . # #dQ %%40 q D + + # 7 8 Y# * + Y# # P : B +
pO #dQ %%40 * %4 : "# * VP , & # V* * %4 0 7 ,%- * %%4 : .@ R% 0 ,
.(2 ,- )
y 1 = [a1 ]T [x ] y 1 = a11x 1 + a12 x 2 + ..... + a1 p x p (2)
: #9 7 + * %4 # + 6 % ,.+ $% 3 ,- : B +

1074
 (3)

/% i ,6% ,+ , #dQ %%40 : d- + 6 * ,B- # # 8 * %4 U Q >* Y# # P , ! 9 :

.7 ,%8 0 5+ K ,B-

*+
- I 8 JK : : + - 0 * _ : , > 18 # %>% * %+ J- . U e +
. + L* + 9 1+ Y# # P & K + 1 ; 8 nTa <= 97 +

.Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, Na2O, SiO2 * %4 ,+ m + (singular value ) Y# # P (1; 8
?@‫د‬BCD HIBJ
Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 K2O MgO Na2O SiO2
‫ه‬F@‫و‬ KLMN‫و‬
F7 2.56804 1 3.25e-05 0.00079 7.98e-05 0.000294 0.0003434 0.00182367 6.59e-05
F6 0.55995 4.58 3.91e-06 0.00727 0.00046 0.000196 0.004034 0.271255 7.611e-05
F5 0.21555 11.91 0.0008 0.302825 0.000733 0.0298274 0.155931 0.00110614 0.00061
F4 0.15952 16.09 0.0093 0.530882 0.0222 0.0651158 0.0200424 0.0140799 0.0157995
F3 0.12157 21.124 0.0040 0.0713 0.0121 0.478871 0.243523 0.575778 0.00547
F2 0.06355 40.40 4.521e-05 0.0308 0.392313 0.174993 0.108271 0.00038 0.335184
F1 0.02979 86.18 0.985 0.056 0.572 0.250701 0.467856 0.135575 0.642784

R% 0 /# d- /% : * #9 & %\ 0 720 > %? # ,+ 7T? Al2O3 R% 0 ] > ,M 9 ,+ ,8 0 +

$% 1 ; 8 . ,& H N # + ,.+ V! 78 +@ % 0 2 %k D`.
.7 @ ; ,B- , * G % % -9 %? ,+ 7%>* %+

. * P T * %4 # ,+ 7T? Al2O3 %4 % + ; + #: ,!% $% 2 ; 8

* %4 # ,+ 7T? Al2O3 %4 % + ; + #: ,!% (2 ; 8

Parameter Value Standard Error T Statistic P Value

Intercept 3.7842 3.3407 1.1327 0.25732
Beta1(CaO) -0.071119 0.050599 -1.4055 0.15986
Beta2(Fe2O3) 0.39202 0.44879 0.87351 0.38239
Beta3(K2O) 0.28533 0.51971 0.54902 0.58299
Beta4(MgO) -0.27024 0.1531 -1.7651 0.077544
Beta5(Na2O) 3.0605 1.5733 1.9453 0.051742
Beta6(SiO2) 0.13626 0.034099 3.9961 6.4401e-05
Variance 0.1124 0.074329 1.5122 0.13048

7l ,!% "# %>a 7%6+ K : * p@ "# p-value P . ?* 1T0 L* + #dQ # 8 a ,+ * %%4 /#

#dlQ %%40 ,l+ 7T? 3 B0 : T P . + # V* ,!% + K ,+ %>a + $+ p-value ,A * ,
Al2O3 lP l %+ V%lQ l+ l % %4 * , 7 : ,+ m + Value . ! *, > : 97 +
l %+ ,6l & 3 2%C 0 nTa 7 %4 %+ ?T>* * + $+ 7Tq P /# ,A * B
1075
 . + * @ %+ ?T>* P T : /%+

* %4 : "# * %%40 : ,+ Al2O3 P %+ V%Q # P (1 5M

>N 7>?K , # * %4 : "# * %%40 : ,+ 6 %4 , 7 # P pO 1 5M >

+ B 7Tq * U: > /# P& 7>?K 9 7 + 3 ,- 1; 8 %4 * U: % K: ,
+ ( %>a W. ) 1@ ; a /# > 7Tq 7>?K %4 * ( %>a W. ) : + , 8 B 1@
0 SiO2 %4 /# + .7 : 7 `N 1@ + # "# + 8 P /# 0 n%K %\ 0 /# %+
. +, + VP

Al2O3 %4 # P + U: + ; (2 5M

dl 1@ M# $ . * 7 8 # P /%+ % /# + $ K 1@ K # P +9 1@ 2 5M
.7 H - 0 # %>% * ?@ # + G! : ; %+ V%Q 72 %+

ARMA # T% 0 : ; %+ V%Q # P + 7 + *, > Al2O3 # P 3 %%40 3 5M

.7 ,' Rasidual Quantile-Quantile >

1076
 $l% ; l 2 P&> /# . ,T 2 * T # +; +7 :9 @ > /#
lA . 7l pO 7Tq 7 `N + , > * + K >N 2 "# * P , 7 *
l G! % +; * J#: 0 , 7& ,!% 0 ?* ($ K 1@) % 1@ ,+ "# $ # P /#
.7 & 72

/ . ,-

: \ l ,l l + l Al2O3 P : : # %>% * ?@ + R% 0 /# > G! , -. e +

l N ,l+ G % % -9 %? fD d G ! + ,+ ,8 0 + .7 * + + + * D fD
5l+ K Tl? 3 lT\ 7l6N ,l+ . P60 : : # %>% + * ?@ # %>% * %%4 /# > : M#
,l+ * _ X6 O G ?K /%+ ,?# P 7 8 R 5 N N ,+ R% 0 /# $( # : * 3 \ 5+ P ,8 0
. >6K * D * _ Y#

nl6 0 ( 9 $ l@ l* 3 M%6% ) * : O+ ,+ : : * %? / # : >N 7>?K

. n * 3 = 6& 0 >N G % % -9 * 3 M%6% ,#$!0 : *: ,

l* l?@ e /# + # %>% N # %%40 + ,.+ Al2O3 P 3 %%40 ,' ; ,+ ,8 0 +

,+ 7T? e /# + %T %Q e: ; G % % -9 %? 3 %%40 + 0 : : # %>%
. > G K 9 3 E@ #

1077
 0

+ :e : + ,C D @I 8 : : , >% '( 1396 *: v G 2- u e >6 -1

0286 ,2B 103 > L 7?%+ ; /% : G 6N , 6E& , # # : * _ @ /% : # 8 /%% 0
.256

/>! V# >* /%>! Q e :w / % - 0 % : # + 13390 - TN % 1388 G B #-2

. ,##

3- Adabi, M. H., Sadeghi, A., Hosseini, M., Moalemi, A., Lotfpour, A., Khatibi Mehr, M., Salehi, M. A., Zohdi, A.
and Jafarzadeh, M., 2009-Reservoir characterization and tectonic settings of Ahwaz Sandstone Member of the
Asmari Formation in the Zagros Mountain, sw of Iran.
Europian Geoscience Unioin (EGU(, 11, EGU2009-3645-3.
4- Arribas, J., Critelli, S. and Johnsson, M. J., 2007 (Eds(- Sedimentary Provenance and Petrogenesis: Perspectives
from Petrography and Geochemistry. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 420, 396 pp.
5- Garzanti, E., Vermeesch, P., Andò, S., Vezzoli, G., Valagussa, M., Allen, K., Kadi, K. A. and Al-Juboury, A. I. A.,
2013- Provenance and recycling of Arabian desert sand. Earth-Science Reviews, v. 120, p. 1–19.

6- Ibbeken, H. and Schleyer, R., 1991- Source and Sediment. Springer, Berlin, 286 pp.

7- Smyth, H. R., Morton, A., Richardson, N. and Scott, R. A., 2014- Sediment provenance studies in hydrocarbon
exploration and production: an introduction. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 386(1(, p. 1–6.

١٠٧٨
 ! (#$ %&$ ) (

3 !" ! 2 *1

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O $E . M ! < & - 8 9$% K$L - 5 8 % > $% % = . 8 1 . $' % = ) 9"
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J$ $ P5 #$!XQ8 / ' = $% - !) 5 . 8 ?! Q" . %* .& ' 6 & L% & %80 R
# 9$% - !) 5 . ) 5 $8 & L% Z [ J$ ! B8 $% – - !) 5 6 & L% & %50 R
^ 200 & :$) ) * !% 9$% !$%& 0 G H% 1) .(1384 \ !) N$R ) . & @ B' 8 ?!
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9 & ^ G% & . 9 X' . $L4- . 8 R # " . # ) * 0 6- 9 J . ^ G%
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G H% # . " % 9$ * , 9QB= 9 ! % X' $% . 8 R . & .
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1079
 !" !$C -2 P " @ ) P2% 9$G= % !" #$%& 1 -1 P "
.
: 2 3 4+
<U 1% , * & \ L .8 Q !" ?! . 8 0 6- ) a - ) & . . 8 9$% & Q 60 G-
^ 2% I - 9$% & 9$B 5 K$L - . ) <U 1% % Q- 9 " $,- 4H= $% 0 G H% 9,a i&
.8 ) & g . " .J$%* ? (Dickson̜ 1965) B @ ) N$ $ $ / (ARS) J% = # J$ *
J$ * % .J5 % %&* \L > $% . 8 @& . ) Q 40 . ?!
. /' =

:5
$% . 8 D8* S N$Le S I % S i& . 8 9$% & !- 4 !" !$C ! .8 R
j . j,= j) Pj Q % $- . B5 ( . 8 ? ) . " N5 % 9/ ) 0 O) $) 2M 0 G H% 5
.9 " : Q 2 1.8P " !" !$C Q8 ) " !" #$%& 6 . $%

k ) . " N$B1- Q ,C ) D ) / 8 ) & % 8 ) & ZBR ) & . . 8 9$% G H% #

$% ) ) J . 8 9$% (9 $% ) ) J $( . 8 9$% . ?! . 8 ) 2M 0 G H%
. " K$L - ) 9" . 8 9$% (9 l ) ) I % 9$% (9 l
8 ) " ) B) , * & % * % Q" ) N,% P% & .& B8 " .c 9$% .8 ) &
.(Sibley and Gregg‚ 1987) 9

1080
^ G% , * 9/ ) !8 % Q D <& - P " ) & $% 14 - 4 ) J $( . 8 9$%
.9 (Mazzullo‚ 1992) S & % mHB% $[ 9/ ) (Friedman‚ 1965) #% / (Xenotopic) D$ - & 9/ )
< & - . ! B8 N$1 B% . 8 & % . P " Q$ - P " ) " & $% 62 - 14 & ) J . 8 9$%
mHB% 9/ ) (Friedman‚ 1965) #% / D$ - 9/ ) ) $4" / ) E & !8 % Q D
. !" ) % (Mazzullo‚ 1992) S & % D$ - $/
Q nT( ) !8 % !2!% . 8& % P " ) " & $% 250 - 70 & ) I % . 8 9$%
(Friedman‚ 1965) #% / D$ - o$8 9/ ) ) $4" / ) E & !8 % Q !C < & - 4=
. !" ) % (Mazzullo‚ 1992) S & % P " Q$ mHB% 9/ )
a 5# N J$!% N$B 5 & - 6 % . 8 94B CaMg (Co3)2 9$% $Q$" ^ % / ) a - )
& J! !% #8* . 8 9$% ^ `% . ) q " % 9/ J$ 5 # J! !% #8* $E . M ! # & "p'
. !" ) % Qa #
> $% ) ( J! !% #8* . 8 9$% N J$!% N J$!% N5 9$% ^ `% . )) 9$% f 9( !"
d$ . O! < & - % = . 8 1 # / ' > $% 0 G H% ) % 9 P % $B) 4H=
% = .8 1 O- B 1% ) ) E # 0 4b . ) & . " ) % p % $B) , * 9( !"
.N & % * f K$L - & . . 8 9$%

l $% . 8 g -4 P " 4H= l $% . 8 g -3 P "

.
( . r/ !!5 9 l –C 9 l $% – B 9 $% - A :3 P " 4H= > $% O-
9$% – F 4 # & . 8 9$% 6 – E 8 B " !!5 . 1H!% 9" . 8 9$% – D 8 $s
) 9/ ) ) 4 # & . 8

1081
a - . ) #$) PL L- ) 9$% . 8 ) D- –B 9$% . 8 .& . " N8 -A : > $% O-
4 # & 9$% –F 9 $% . 8 ) –E #8* 9$% –D 9$% l $% . 8 ) –C "
(i ))

Fe < & - % = . 8 1 6P " Mg < & - % = . 8 1 : 5P "

8 D$ Q N$B 5 < & - % = . 8 1 8P " J$B5 #) 5 < & - % = . 8 1 :7 P "

1082
t) H% N J$!% < & - –D C . ) #$) PL L- " " 9$% . 8 ) N J$!% < & - 2 B A :5 P "
N J$!% & 9$% ' " ,- –F E " a - 8 .& #$) PL L- ) 9$% . 8 .& )

Z$- - ) – D C . 8 % 8 9$% $" R : J/ J5 % #8* :8 5 Z$- - ) – B A :6 P "

Z$- - ) –F E 9 9$% ) P " <) - #8* /) 8 % 9$% ) : J/ #8* :8 5
. 8 % $" R : J/ #8 :8 5
. " ) % 9$% . 8 ) P " <) - 5 9$% .8 ) ;$B5 #) 5 < & - O- $ 5 :7 P "
N5 9$B 5 Z$- ) P4 P3 (. % $5 $ ) NE!% 9$% P2 P1 N$B 5 9( ! < & - Ca2 Ca1 :8 P "
#8* 9$% N J$!%

: !7 89
P`% #$ Q- ). M! o 5 $% & M R % = . 8 1 ZBR ) 5 " KL % G H% #
9$% " R $) J! !% #8* P`% S ) Q- ) . M ! 9$% . 8 ) .J5 % :L) N J$!% N$B 5
. $) s* 5 Mg O! < & - . !4% ) % = . 8 1 . % $5 $ NE!% . 8 9$% . " J5 Q % 8
B 9( ! T% 5 8 9$% N$B 5 O! < & - !G 8 % Ca ) % = . 8 1 ) 94B
N J$!% % = . 8 1 I - . ) #$) . 8 PL L- #$!XQ8 . 8 % ) P " N J$!% O! < & - % 9
. 9$Q8 . ) P " PL L- 9( !" ;$B5 #) 5 P`% . M ! < & - .9 N$B 5 % = . 8 1 & Q
. / J! !% O! . / J5 Q- 8 ) $" R $) ) P " <) - " ) & * 1% 5 . % #8* O!
. 8 % #8* 4 1-

: ;
^ Q" – & A " \ !a A " ^d & . 8 9$% Q$" sc . ?! 1392 . % R . % . ) 42% . . )
.172-159 0 26M 1 23 !" 5 !" ) d% % 5 \ [
. 26M 434 $45 $% 0 NB$- Q' % g ' ' D$ - !" !$C !" #$%& 1385 .f & :
. 26M 487 ,- 0 PL L- P% - J c v 4- - !) 5 !" ?! 1384 .u \ !) N$R
:L) J% & D$ c . 8 9$% Q$" sc . ?! 1389 .u . = . Q2% . ) 42% .. 9 t$/
.602- 591 0 26M 19 4 !" 5 !" ) d% !C A " ^ Q" w l5 .J5 %
8 B( D$ 6- . Q *- & 4," & Q R & % Jc ) 8 9$% f / ' 1388 .u. ) * . . 4
., 8 ; ( \ [ \ !a) ) @ ) . %* . 8 @ / ' 8 " 8 9 $% Q$" sc . 8 '; k )
.100-81 0 26M 1 36 25 !" \ . !$C
XRD . ?! . 8 ) 9$% . ) 4" NE ( d! O! 1392 \ G$/ . x 4 .u !B2%
1 23 !" 5 !" ) d% ( %5 \ [ \ !a & 4," & . 8 9$% . % )) XRF
.54-43 0 26M
Diskson, J. A. D., 1965, A modified staining technique for carbonates in thin section, Nature, 205, 587.
Friedman, G.M., 1965, Terminology of Crystallization textures and fabric in sedimentary rocks, Journal of Sedimentary
Geology, V. 35, 643-655.
Mazzullo,S.J., 1992, Geochemical and neomorphic alteration of dolomite; a review, Carbonates and Evaporites, 7, 1, 21-37.
Sibley, D.F., Gregg, J.M., 1987, Classification of dolomite rocks textures, Journal of Sedimentary Geology, 57, 967-975.

1083
.

Application of SEM digimaps in recognition of Dezu Dolomite

Series, East Maybod

Bizhan Yousefi Yegane1*, Seyed Mohamad Reza Emami2 , Amirnasraldin Pourtaghavi3

1& 2- Assistant Professor, Geology Dept. Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, KhoramAbad
3- Assistant Professor, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran
* Responsible Author: e mail:bizhan.yegane@gmail.com

Abstract: In this study, dolomite crystals of Dezu Series (Infra Camberian) have been studied by
lithology and SEM analytical method in Khoh-e- Sangestan section. The dolomites in view of the size and
fabric are four types: very fine, fine, medium, and course. The Digimaps of SEM show that: the
distribution of O, C, Fe and Mg elements have more performance in distinguishing dolomite crystal than
Ca (due to the Ca distribution is very uniform). The elements with low atomic number are in the central of
dolomite crystals but the elements with higher atomic number are located in the rim of the crystal. The Mg
distribution shows depleting in the center of Fe dolomite crystals. The Digimaps containing useful
information about development of porosity in dolomite crystals.

Key words: Dezu Series, Maybod, Dolomite, DigiMaps,

1084
 !"
3 !" ! 2 *1

)* $ ( ! " # $%&' -2 1
21 , - . / /01 $%&' . -3

) , 9?@ .> ; < = ") 9 :1 - 3 & . )% %1 ( %5 1 %6 #) 8 :$ %&

%8 ,%! A ) .> 2 ( C )- %5 ") 92 ) ) ( %6 # ") = "&1)
F1 , ) .> %# 92 ) 2 . %D ") @ C ) >? ") % > %1 ( E < 1)
> "F G , ( H I H% J) A ) >K@ )% L 0 ! , @ 3(
%J 0D M < . F G .> N ,O % P&( "!&J C%?F Q $ ) A): . 9' @ A )
LIS LHF C/S HS) , ( S ' (Gm, Gms, Gp, Gt, Sm, Sp, St, Sh, Sfl, Fl ,Fm, L) ! 3(
"( )% L 0 , ( D ' T%G , ) "91 U ). @ (OF GB TCS DIS CvS LCS
.> F1 VW # X8 X( Y # # 1 ) ),
'() * $ ++, () - . /' !0 +1 %2, 3 : 5, 6 5,

Z3( , F) , @ %? ( U / [ ;) \]%8 - T%G ) ^&I , " ( )% ,@L 0 :

)%Z , Z@ L 0 Z >( Z "Z) Z \Z?8 @ 3( H F) " ( ") ) # X 3@ "J % )% , @
, ;Z) , ZF) "Z , @ ( W?@ . 8 )% , "_%` \ # ! %!] $ a " ( b% @ " (
; c "8 , % d%S( ") * H 3` ") , " ( , @ L 0 , ) X 3/1 >( 6?G
Y Z# Z# , Z@ " ( ," , ) ) , @ " ( e f , )) % , " ( ,@L 0 ),
.(X(
gZ ") (Fan Delta) > " , @ - )* , @ ) , " ( , @ L 0 d%S( ") 9 :1 , @ L 0
Z Z g @ " ] , "'%?a jG @ , * # - 9 :1 T%G J ,h >2J i1
T%GZ , ( D ' K "F G &D k @ . % [ ;) \]%8 U / %1 T%G
, "/G (1g ) A ) >K@ %5 - %6 # ") 8 )% L 0 l : 1 , ) 8 0
.>

(Hjellbakk, 1997) 8 0 T%G , ) "91 -2 g A )-2 ) A )-1 @ A ) " / -1 g

A )-6 % A )-5 P&( "!&J A )-4 C%?F A )-3 Q $
.(Yousefi Yeganeh, 2012) > N A )-7 , O

1085
 .
(Architectural , ( Z ZD ' (Miall, 1996) , qZ "Z T Zp U ) ! ,@ 3( : 7 . 8)
Z $ Za (Miall, 1988) A U Z Z) Z 8 0 T%G (Jo, 2003) , 2 # T p U ) elements)
ZD Z1 \ , "&D - (g3 # ! P # g< `) e a ) L %1 8 0 T%G , ) % # , @ E ' .>
.> K T%G , "91 , ) ) ) ? [ ;) ) '\ "- ,

Z@"Z( ] >( Z Z@"Z ( rZ ") 9 :1 )% , @X 3 g &01 " ;a1 , ) , ;) T%G , ) "91 :9

Z 8 Z0 T%GZ , Z )"Z91 %Z "Z , Z@ 8 .(Godin, 1991) * ? ") \]%8 U / )%
0 jG " %? V e "F %1 L3) , @ 8 (Miall, 1985,1988,1996) $ a (Allen, 1983)
Z "J "] @ " - , )A 3 ; 8 0 jG "91 V ;- ) > 8 - F 6 1 1 , @"91 ) 8
"Z) "Z8 >Z , "Z91 - I e "J jG . ) , 1 # , "91 ) 0G % "- _ jG "91
"Z91 jGZ .>Z - I > (Coset) ^8 , @"'%?a jG $ "J jG > H % , @" C
^9Z %Z Z Z A Z) %Z&! 8 . ZFG< jG , ^ "J 15 ?8 ^&I "8 > 0G $%
e Z Z 8 ZJ jGZ Z ( Z e ZF- ) jG te f , )) % )% , 2 ? ( sG< )
g Z Zc > (Macroform) @$ - 8 C ) jG k F "8 $ 2] "91 jG .> K (Bedform), 3)
H 01 > %( ) $% "91 jG ") >93 , ?8 u ?8 vK` p ( ") % H 0 . %D ") @
* &ZD Z r ) V - ] jG "8 1 %D > X2 * >( r C ) >? ")
>Z (Allen, 1983) $% "J jG e F "8 Xa # "91 jG . ) $ C , >< * l : 1 " 8
e%Zp Z 100 ). < & , @"< ,;1 %8 , @g # jG , > F/ @g c
@ ) > @e 8 @ 8 0 jG X "91 jG .> ) gD `
Xa # $ 2] "91 jG , . X@ %& 8 \ ) ") ` 100 ) * A 3 $ 1 > M9G
.(2 g ) % C ) >? ") % ; %1 X
? < J >2J 8 0 T%G ! 3( b% " (Jones et al., 2001) ?@ ; %J
M9p . % a , ( D ' - F >( ") T%G , ) "91 . wx , F) " ( D ' >(
3@ {%) X@ ") c ) 3 c "8 % zOp @" ] , "'%?a ") S ' @ y F1
%9 - T%G "G ") )% , @ ` "8 @" ] @ ") @" ] ,"'%?a %c .(Jo, 2003)
, "'%?a V # .(Mckee & Weir. 1985) % "K % \ K1 2 1 i1 , q H%
?@ > ( d ( , @ * - , "'%?a d ( , * - (H % , )" ] te f , )) X@ c , @" ]
< X@ , 9 J , F) " , ( D ' .> @ * - i1 ! @" ] ,%! . i1
.(3 g ) 8 >8 % 0 - T%G L %1 "8 (Element Group), S ' \ g 1 1
- %1 , < X@ , V ] ,%! 3@ , S ' , < X@ , gD ` (Sand Body) , " , @ %1
Heller & tBridge & Leeder. 1979 tAllen, 1983) 8 > C "_%` # ! %!] ") , " , @
. (Paola, 1996
\ , 2* \ @ ) O' > C , 3) e ") {%) @ g \ ") , ( D ' \ @
,@ )ef , ). % , ( S ' @ 3( ) , "G) "8 , %p ") 3@ 3( ]
g 1 & , @ 3( ) e 8 u ( ; " . )% g 1 ! , @ 3( )
.(Miall, 1985)

1086
U / [ ;) , @ " ] ,%! , 9 ) , ( D ' -4 g Jo, ), " ( , @ " ] , F) " ( %2K H%] ]-3 g
.(Jo, 2003 1 i1 )) )% ,@ 3( (2003
.
,@ 3( U / [ ;) , @ " ] ,%! U ), ( D ', q " , ) (Jo, 2003) , 2 # T p
.(4g ) - F (HS, LCS, DIS, LIS, CvS, LHF, TCS, C/S) , @ " )%

X 1 , %?' % . %D ") , A ) >K@ 8 ! y > :_ "F G

H % , ) "/9p ) %&! 8 (Gms) " , %1 , %&! 8 g %&! 8 ! , @ 3( .(5 g )>
! " ! , @ 3( (Gm) , %1 , %&! 8 (Gp) jG3 H % , ) "/9p ) %&! 8 (Gt) '
jG3 H % , ) "/9p ) = " (St) ' H % , ) "/9p ) = " (Sm) , %1 = " g
, @ 3( (Sh) /- , ) " C ) = " (Sfl) O- , ) " C ) = " (Sm) , %1 = " (Sp)
.> (L) "1 ) 8 3( (Fl) " C (Fm), %1 = 3& g Fm, Fl; "

"F G % A ) >K@ 8 ! ,@ 3( % –5g

1087
 l: , F) " , ( D ' $ a T%G , ) "91 ! 3& ! " %&! 8 , @ 3( , )
U / [ ;) \]%8 , @ "( ] , ( D ' ; 6 1 1 , @ "91 ") "J%1 ) .(6-9 , @ g )>
.> F1 VW # X8 X( Y # # 1 ) )" ( )% L 0

7g 6g

9g 8g

1088
e F- ) jG -E . 2] " "91 T%G -. D" \ "91 T%G - C \ "91 T%G – B . \ "91 T%G - A 6 g
V P # "91 jG -F . %( ") " , "91 "8 (RS)

H 0 , @ " ] "'%?a – B . ) A ) (LCS) [ ;) jG3 H % , @ " ] "'%?a - A , F) " , ( D ' -7g

., ( e ? ") ) A ) (DIS) P8 J> # >? ") "8 @ " ] "'%?a - C . P&( "!&J A ) (CvS)
u ( ; " . } , "'%?a -E .e ? ") P&( "!&J A ) (TCS) g ' H % , ) " ] ") @ "'%?a -D
") % A ) (LIS) " 9 X@ ") 9 J . %D ") "8 @ " ] "'%?a -F .e ? ") Q $ A ) (OF)e 8
., ( e?

") "8 @ " ] "'%?a – B . C%?F A ) (LCS) [ ;) jG3 H % , @ " ] "'%?a - A , F) " , ( D ' - 8 g
P8 J> # >? ") "8 @ " ] "'%?a - C . P&( "!&J A ) (DIS) P8 J> # >?
-E e ? ") Q $ A ) (TCS) g ' H % , ) " ] ") @ "'%?a -D ., ( e ? ") ) A ) (DIS)
" 9 X@ ") 9 J . %D ") "8 @ " ] "'%?a -F .e ? ") ) A ) (OF)e 8 u ( ; " . } , "'%?a
e ? ") % A ) (LIS)

C .e ? ") ) A ) (GB) ) – B .e ? ") ) A ) (GB) ) - A , F) " , ( D ' -9 g

(PB) e ? ") P&( "!&J A ) (C/S) ! " %&! 8 , "< s?a1 – D .e ? ") ) A ) (GB) )-
") % A ) (SB) , " ) (GB) ) -F ~ .e ? ") C%?F A ) (GB) ) -E .> ) > %# . )%
.e ?

= >& = " %&! 8 9 :1 , @ = "8 %5 1 %6 # ") 8 : !: ;/

(Gm, Gms, Gp, Gt, Sm, Sp, St, Sh, Slp, Sfl, Fl, Fm, L) ! , 3(
"( ; #, ) >
.>
jG ) 8 0 jG " %? V (GB, HS, C/S, LHF, LIS, LCS, CvS, DIS, TCS, OF) , ( S '
, @ 3( ") "J%1 ) . l: 1 8 , " ] , @%! )% , @ ? ( (V 1 \ , "91
F1 VW # X8 X( Y # # 1 ) )" ( )% L 0 8 0 T%G , ( D ' !
.>

< +
Allen, J. R. L., 1983, Studies in fluviatile sedimentation: bars, bar complexes and sandstone sheets (low- sinuosity
braided streams) in the Brownstones (L. Devonian), welsh Borders. Sedimentary Geology, 33, 237-293.
Bridge, J. S. and Leader, M. R., 1979, A simulation model of alluvial stratigraphy. Sedimentology, 23, 617-644.
Godin, P. D., 1991, Fining- upward cycles in the sandy braided- river deposits of the Westwater Canyon Member
(Upper Jurassic), Morrison Formation, New Mexico. Sedimentology Geology,70,61-82.
Heller, P. L. and Paolo, C., 1996, Downstream changes in alluvial architecture: an exploration of controls on
channel- stacking patterns. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 66, 297-306.
Hjellbakk, A., 1997, Facies and fluvial architecture of a high- energy braided river: the Upper Proterozoic Seglodden
Member, Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway. Sedimentary Geology, 114, 131-161.
Jo, H. R. and Chough, S. K., 200٣, Architectural analysis of fluvial sequences in the northwestern part of Kyongsang
Basin (Early Cretaceous), SE Korea. Sedimentary Geology, 1449 307-334.
1089
Jones, S. J., Frostick, L. E. and Astin, T. R., 2001, Braided stream and flood plain architecture: the Rio Vero
Formation, Spanish Pyrenees, Sedimentary Geology, 139, 229-260.
Mckee, E. D. and Weir, G. W., 1985, Terminology for stratification and cross-stratification in sedimentary rocks.
The Geological Society of America Bulletin, 64, 381-391.
Miall, A. D., 1985, Architectural- element analysis: a new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits. Earth
Science Reviews 22,
261-308.
Miall, A. D., 1988, Architectural elements and bounding surfaces in fluvial deposits: anatomy of the Kayenta
Formation (Lower Jurassic), southwest Colorado. Sedimentary Geology, 55, 233-262.
Miall, A. D., 1996. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits: Sedimentary Facies, Basin Analysis and Petroleum Geology,
Springer- Verlag, Berlin, New York, 582 P.
Yousefi Yeganeh , B., Feiznia, S., Van Loon, A.J.(Tom), 2012. Sedimentary environment and palaeogeography of
the? Palaeocene – Middle Eocene Kashkan Formation, Zagros fold – thrust belt, SW Iran, Geologos, 18, 1, 13
- 36.

The role of bounding surfaces and architectural elements in

recognition of sedimentary environment of Kashkan Formation

Bizhan Yousefi Yegane1*, Seyed Mohamad Reza Emami2, Amirnasraldin Pourtaghavi3

1& 2- Assistant Professor, Geology Dept. Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, KhoramAbad
3- Assistant Professor, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, Tehran
* Responsible Author: e mail:bizhan.yegane@gmail.com

Abstract: The Kashkan Formation (Palaeocene to Middle Eocene) is a succession of red colored
siliciclastics. It overlies and underlies, with sharp contacts, the Palaeocene Talezang Formation the
Middle-upper Eocene Shahbazan Formation, respectively. In the type locality of kuh-e Amiran (the
Amiran anticline) comprise a coarsening-upward succession that sharply overlies the Talehzang
formation. To determine lithofacies and sedimentary environment of the Kashkan Formation seven
measured sections in the study area Lorestan Province of southwest Iran, the Darabi, Domsorkh,
Mamoolan, Golgekhalag, Malavi, Moorani and Sepiddasht sections have been studied.

Detailed field studies revealed the presence of twelve litofacies including Gm, Gms, Gp, Gt, Sm, Sp, St,
Sh, Sfl, Fl, Fm and L, and ten architectural elements comprising HS, C/S, LHF, LIS, LCS, CvS, DIS,
TCS, GB and OF. Based on architectural elements and bounding surfaces sedimentary environment of the
Kashkan Formation is a braided river to low sinuosity meandering river.

Key woeds: Kashkan Formation, Architectural elements, bounding surfaces, River environment

1090
 ! " #$

3 2 *1

&' % # $ # $ " ! –1
&' % # $ # $ " ! , " ! + )! % '* –2
#/ #/ " -3

= &= , =6 < ; , 6 5 ;7 ! 9/7 : !& 8$ - 2 ! 7 ) !& # , 6 5 23 4 !0$ 1 : ! "#

(Agrichina or Farming) == )B (Grazing) # == + == 3 5==@ A == !==0$ 1 , ==6 5 ==23 ==4 . == 3 ==> == &
# 8$ 3 3 3 3 J 3 I GH E$ F 6 5 23 4 . & , ! CD7 9% 6 "6 (Trapping)
= *=L& M =0 J= 3 = # =& K =& *=L& M =0 N J= 3 . = >J # 8$
. & # # & G *L& !& O & G+ J 3
1 0" / . -) , + * ) !( :'! %& $ %&
& P) # $ !) Q 5 7 !7 & ) - 2 ,6! G 8$ - 2 ! 7 ) !& # : )!2)
(# = J => 7) # ) , "$ U & . 9 &# , %&I H R , % +-
V= ! W , 6 2% " ) #' W !& X 9 , 6 2% .(James & Wynd, 1965) Q 30
.(Alavi, 2004) =6 = # = Q LY *6 ) W # 5 $ !& , % & I H QP !& . 26 5
N =^ º47 55' ۵" = 3 DH Q= 0> =& #K P0 U & 6 2% 4 3 0 : !& , 6 5 23 4 *6 Z
. & $ P _ ٣٣' 2" º30 >

= , & ! P R `P) U !& : , 6 U & Q LY , 5 ;@ a 0$ 1 : 3 4) 56/

X=$ 3 U , ' =2 , =6 =2% , C" , & . & 6 5 23 4 , & b 2c7 " , 6 2%
.Q d (Dunham, 1962) G U !7 & ) , 6 2% , & (Folk, 1980)

# =2) X= e d 3# 2 X e d 3 # 2) 5 !7 & ) , 6 2% *6 Z :7-

= Z & , # =2 -# =2) # = 97 =) = e) & # e) & # 97 ) e) &
a =+) " = != = " ) , 6 2% 5 f L7 , 6 2% . & 97 ) , 6 ! , A # K
= = != + # = .Q= (V 2 5 ) 9 ! , 6 2% (g , X $ Q $ Q 2 ) Q ' Q $ Q '
. 15 #K P0 U &
# = H =& Q$K !) 6 # & N , ! "/ , 6 A W , !c1 h i% !& , ' , 6 2%
# = + = 3 5=@ A !=0$ 1 = U =& # = = , 6 5 23 4 . ) ,G &j L & 7,6
5 = =6 5 =23 4 & , ! CD7 9% 6 "6 (Trapping) (Agrichina or Farming) )B (Grazing)
:(4 3 2 , 6 5 ) 26 , 6 # 2) 7
Desmograpton ichthyform, Ophiomorpha isp., Palaeophycus isp., Planolites isp., Paleodictyon isp., Scolicia strozzi,
Thalassinoides isp., Helminthoida isp., Helminthopsis isp., Zoophycos isp., Chondrites isp., Desmograpton isp.,
Cosmorhaphe sinuosa.

1091
 #K P0 U & # ! +# –15

A- Desmograpton ichthyform, B &C- Ophiomorpha isp., D- Palaeophycus isp., - ( 2 5

E& F Paleodictyon isp.,

1092
A Cosmorhaphe sinuosa isp., B& C Helminthoida isp., D & E Thalassinoides isp., F Chondrites isp., -3 5

A Planolites isp., B Zoophycos isp., C Helminthoida isp., D Scolicea strozzi isp., -4

1093
 6 2% 4 (Frey & Goldring, 1992) ) b 2c7 (ichnofacies) 2% 4 , 07 E$ > # 7 6 5 23 4
3 3J 3 I :5 2% GH U& # 26 @ % & , 6 2% "
J 3 I . Ophiomorpha annulata, Thalassinoides isp. Nereites isp., Zoophycos isp., 5
Ophiomorpha anuulata, Thalassinoides isp., Paleodictyon isp., 5 # 8$ - 3 3
Desmograpton ichtyforme, Chondrites isp., Zoophycos isp.,
Ophiomorpha isp., Paleodictyon isp., Chondrites isp., Zoophycos 5 # 8$ J 3 I
.Q Palaeophycs isp, isp., Desmograpton ichtyforme,
, 6 *L& # 8$ 3 3 J 3 I # # & K & , 6 *L& 3 3 J 3 I
. G , 6 *L& J # 8$ J 3 I

=@ , 6 5 23 4 > !7 & ) , ' 2 0 @ ,! P # ,6 2% :' : 9 8

Ichnospecies Desmograpton ichthyform isp.,Ichnospecies Ophiomorpha isp., : === 7 f #'
Ichnospecies Palaeophycus isp., Ichnospecies Planolites isp., Ichnospecies Paleodictyon isp.,
Ichnospecies Scolicia strozzi isp., Ichnospecies Thalassinoides isp., Ichnospecies
Helminthoida/Helminthopsis isp., Ichnospecies Zoophycos isp., Ichnospecies Chondrites isp.,
Ichnospecies Desmograpton isp., Ichnospecies Cosmorhaphe sinuosa.

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1- Alavi, M., 2004, Regional Stratigraphy of the Zagros fold thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American
Journal of Science, 304, 1-20.
2- Dunhum, R.J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture: in Ham, W.E., classification of
carbonates rocks –A Symposium; AAPG,1, 108-121.
3- Folk, R., 1980, petrology of sedimentary rocks, Hemphill, Austin, Texas, 159.
4- Frey, R.W., Goldring, R., 1992. Marine event beds and recolonization surface as revealed by trace fossil analysis:
Geological Magazine 129, 325-335
5- James, G.A., Wynd, J.G. 1965. Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian Oil Consortium Agreement Area: AAPG Bulletin,
40, 218-224.

1094
Trace fossils and environmental interpretation of Amiran Formation
in the Mamoolan section, Zagros Mountains

Bizhan Yousefi Yegane1*,Fatemeh Sheikhi2, Nasrolah Abbassi3

1- Assistant Professor, Geology Dept. Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, KhoramAbad
2- Graduate student in Stratigraphy and Paleontology, Geology Dept., Lorestan University, KhoramAbad
3- Associate Professor, Geology Dept., faculty of Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan

Abstract:
In this study the trace fossils of the Amiran Formation (late Cretacous, Paleocene) have studied for
analysis of sedimentary environments. The trace fossils of the formation are in following types: Grazing,
Agrichina or Farming, Trapping, shelter, crapping and feeding. These Trace fossils are placed as four sub
ichnofacies such as: Ophiomorpha subichnifacies, Ophiomorpha Paleodictyon subichnifacies,
Paleodicton subichnifacies, and Nerites subichnifacies. Ophiomorpha subichnifacies is related to upper
section of the submarine fan. Ophiomorpha Paleodictyon subichnifacies, Paleodicton subichnifacies
Ophiomorpha Paleodictyon subichnifacies, Paleodicton subichnifacies are related to middle section of the
submarine fan and Nerites subichnifacies is related to final section of the submarine fan.
Keywords: Amiran Formation, Trace Fossils, Sedimentary Environment, Ichnofacies

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References:
0 12 ) ./- *+, ( ) (& $% ) !" . 1388 . .
. 6625 5 +3
Goldberg, K. and Humayun, M. (2010). The Applicability of the Chemical Index of Alteration as a Paleoclimatic
Indicator: An Example from the Permian of the Parana Basin, Brazil. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 293, 175-183.
Nesbitt, H.W. and Young, G.M. (1982). Early Proterozoic Climates and Plate Motions Inferred from Major
Element Chemistry of Lutites. Nature, 299, 715-717.

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Tectonic control on the sequence stratigraphy of Maastrichtian

pro-foreland basin deposits in west of Fars area, Zagros fold-
thrust belt
Abbasi Rakhshandeh1, Piryaei Alireza2, Ghorbani Mansour1, Mobbasheri Ali2
1: Geology department, Faculty of Science, Hormozgan University, Bandar Abbas, Iran
2: National Iranian Oil Company, Exploration Directorate, Tehran, Iran
The Maastrichtian time coincides with the formation of the pro-foreland basin on the northeast margin on the Arabian plate,
which has led to the creation of depocenters in Fars area, Zagros basin. These depocenters were limited to the area that
located between Kazerun fault in the west, Sabz-Poushan fault in the southwest, Mengharak fault in the south, high Zagros
fault in the north, and Nezam-Abad fault in the east. The northern part of the basin (enclosed between the Nezam-Abad and
Kazerun faults) more activated and has been more subsidence, because of movement of the Arabian plate toward Iranian
plate, which was forming a foreland basin and loading its sediments. In addition, the movement of these faults has caused the
Hormuz salt series to be excluded in the form of domes and salt diapirs in this area. The movement of these diapirs in this
foreland basin has affected the formation and thickness of sediments. In this research, based on the data of 4 surface sections
and 13 wells in the form of 1 parallel transects and 1 transect perpendicular to the Zagros trend, tectonic-sedimentary events
in the western of Fars area were studied and the facies migration in a spatial - temporal framework has been determined.
Study of Maastrichtian sequence in the west of Fars area that including Gurpi, Amiran, Tarbur and Sachun formations, has
led to the identification of 15 carbonate microfacies and 4 terrigenous facies. Based on charactristics such as rapid conversion
of facies from basin to evaporite environments in relatively short distance and presence of rudist reefs with lens geometry on
the platform margin the sedimentary environment of Maastrichtian sequence was open shelf. Facies analysis and gamma and
sonic logs have led to identified 7 forth-order sequences were deposited in a foreland basin. The hydrocarbon inclusions with
yellow fluorescence can be observed in coarse calcite filling fractures in Amiran formation which shows that they are
secondary, and hydrocarbon migration predates the precipitation of fracture filling cements. XRD studies have shown clay
minerals, including chlorite, smectite and ilite in samples that are confirmed by SEM photos.
Key words: Maastichtian, Pro-foreland, Fars area, Zagros fold-thrust belt, Tarbur Formation, Amiran Formation,
Fluid inclusion.

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Beavington-Penneya,S.J.,and Racey,A. (2004). Ecology of extant nummulitids and other larger benthic foraminifera:
applications in palaeoenvironmental analysis Earth-Science Reviews ,v.67 , p. 219–265.
Cozovic, V., Drobne, K., Moro, A. (2004). Paleoenvironmental model forEocene foraminiferal limestones of the Adriatic
carbonate platform(Istrian Peninsula). Facies, v. 50, p. 61–75.
Flügel, E. (2010). Microfacies Analysis of Limestone: Analysis, Interpretation and Application Springer Verlag, Berlin,
984p.
Hottinger, L. (2006). The “face” of benthic foraminifera. Boll Soc Paleontol Ital., v.45, p.75–89.
Hallok, P., Sheps., K., Chaproniere . G., Howell, M. (2006): Larger benthic foraminifers of the Marion Plateau,
northeastern Australia (OPD Leg 194), Comparison of faunas form Bryozoan (sites 1193 and 1194) dominated carbonate
platform, Procceedings of the ocean drilling program, Scientific Result, v.194, p.1-38.
James, G.A. and Wynd, J. G. (1965). Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian Oil Consortium Agreement Area, AAPG
bulletin, v. 49, pp. 2182-2245.

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Dolati, A., 2010. Stratigraphy, structural geology and low- temperature thermochronology across the Makran accretionary
wedge in Iran. Ph.D. thesis. Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich (Unpublished).

Hadavi, F., 1992. Calcareous nannofossils from marly deposits of the Negur area: Iranian coastal Makran, Geosciences 3,
70- 79. [In Persian with English summary]

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Key, M., Hyzny, M., Khosravi, E., Hudackova, N., Robin, N., and Mirzaie Ataabadi M., 2017. Bryozoan epibiosis on fossil
crabs: a rare occurrence from the Miocene of Iran, Palaios, DOI: 10.2110/palo.2017.040 .

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