Geo 10

GRADE 10
GEOMETRY
GEOMETRY - 10
CHAPTER 1
POLYGONS
A. POLYGONS AND THEIR

PROPERTIES ............................................... 2
B. ANGLES OF A POLYGON ......................... 5
C. QUADRILATERALS ................................ 10
D. TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS ................ 13
CHAPTER 2
CIRCLES
A. CONCEPT OF CIRCLES ........................... 48

B. PROPERTIES OF CHORDS ...................... 51
C. PROPERTIES OF TANGETS ..................... 53
D. ARCS AND CENTRAL ANGLES ................ 57
E. INSCRIBED ANGLE ................................ 58
F. CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE .............. 65
G. AREA OF A CIRCLE ............................... 67
H. BASIC CONSTRUCTIONS ....................... 73
CHAPTER 1
POLYGONS
Objectives A. POLYGONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
After studying this section you will be In this section we will study geometric figures with many sides, which we call
able to: polygons.
1. Define polygons and their properties.
2. Classifiy polygons with respect to the 1. Introducing Polygons
number of sides.
3. Describe the different angles of Definition
regular polygons, and find their A polygon is a plane figure that is formed by three or more coplanar line
measures.
segments such that:
1. each side intersects exactly two line segments and the line segments
intersect only at their endpoints, and
2. no two segments with a common endpoint are collinear.
Figures that are polygons
sides
B Figures that are not polygons
A
Each line segment of a polygon is called a
interior C side. The intersection point of two line M
D exterior
angles
segments is called a vertex (plural E P C Q
E vertices). In a polygon number of sides is interior

D equal to the number of vertices. A B
vertices
A polygon separates a plane into three
sets of points: the polygon itself, the points in the interior of the polygon, and
the points in the exterior of polygon. For example, point P in the figure above
is in the interior of the ABCDE, point Q is in the exterior of the ABCDE, and
point M is on the polygon ABCDE.
2 Pre-Geometry
2. Convex and Concave Polygons
A polygon is convex if the lines containing the sides do not contain points in
the interior of the polygon.
A polygon is called concave if any of the lines containing the sides also contain
points in the interior of the polygon, as shown in the figure.
convex polygon concave polygon
Unless otherwise noted, in this chapter we will use the word polygon to mean
a convex polygon.
4.1
Which of the following polygons are convex and which a. b. c. d.
are concave?
a. b. c. d.
convex concave convex concave
3. Types of Polygon
Polygons are usually classified according to the number of sides they have. A
polygon with fifteen sides is called a 15-gon, a polygon with twenty-three
sides is called a 23-gon, and a polygon with n sides is called an n-gon. Same
polygons have special names, as shown in the table.
number of sides name number of sides name

3 triangle 9 nonagon
4 quadrilateral 10 decagon
5 pentagon 11 undecagon
6 hexagon 12 dodecagon
7 heptagon n n-gon
8 octagon
Polygons 3
4.2
Name each polygon according to the number of sides. a. This is a triangle since it has three sides
a. b. c. d. e. b. a quadrilateral (four sides)
c. a heptagon (seven sides)
d. a hexagon (six sides)
e. an undecagon (eleven sides)
4. Regular Polygons
Definition
A polygon is regular if all its sides are congruent (equilateral) and all its
interior angles are congruent (equiangular).
For example, the following polygons are regular. All their sides are the same
length and the angles have the same measure.
an equilateral triangle a square a regular hexagon
The following polygons are not regular.
equilateral but not regular equiangular but not regular equiangular but not regular
5. Diagonals of a Polygon
A B
al Definition
g on
dia A diagonal of a polygon is a line segment that joins two nonconsecutive vertices.
E C
For example, [AC], [AD], and [AE] are three
A B
diagonals of the hexagon opposite.
D We can also draw different diagonals such as
[BF], [BE], [BD], [CF], [CE] and [DF].
F C
In total, we can see that a hexagon has nine
diagonals.
Let us look at the number of diagonals for some E D
other regular polgons.
4 Pre-Geometry
A A A D A A
E F
B E
B D
B B
C B C C C D
C
a triangle has zero a square has a pentagon has a hexagon has
A triangle has no diagonal. diagonals. two diagonals. five diagonals. nine diagonals.
Why?
If we continue, we can find a formula for the number of diagonals of a polygon.
Property
n ⋅ (n – 3)
For any polygon with n sides, the number of diagonals is (n ≥ 3).
2
4.3
a. Find the number of n ⋅ (n – 3)
a. The number of diagonals of an n-sided polygon is .
diagonals of a heptagon 2
(7-gon). 7 ⋅ (7 – 3) 7 ⋅ 4
Substituting n = 7 in the formula we get = = 14.
b. Find the number of 2 2
b. By the same formula, the number of diagonals of a 9-sided polygon
diagonals of a nonagon
(9-gon). 9 ⋅ (9 – 3) 9 ⋅ 6
= = 27.
2 2
c. Find the number of diagonals
c. The number of diagonals of a 15-sided polygon is
of a 15-gon.
15 ⋅ (15 – 3) 15 ⋅ 12
= = 90.
2 2
B. ANGLES OF A POLYGON
1. Interior Angles of a Polygon
In chapter 3, we learned that the sum of the measures of the interior angles of
a triangle is 180°.
quadrilateral pentagon hexagon
Polygons 5
In each figure above the diagonals from one vertex to each of the other vertices
form triangles. In each case, the number of triangles formed two less than the
number of sides of the polygon. The sum of the measures of the interior angles
of a polygon is the sum of the measures of the angles of these triangles.
Property
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a polygon with n sides is
(n – 2) ⋅ 180°.
4.4
a. Find the sum of the a. The sum of the measures of the interior angles is (9 – 2) ⋅ 180° = 1260°.
measures of the interior
b. Using the same formula, (n – 2) ⋅ 180° = 1620°
angles of a polygon with 9
sides. 1620°
(n – 2) =
180°
b. The sum of the interior
(n – 2) = 9
angles of a polygon is 1620°.
Find the number of the n = 11.
sides of the polygon.
Property
The measure of an interior angle of a regular polygon with n sides is
(n – 2) ⋅ 180°
.
n
For example, the measure of an interior angle of a regular hexagon is
(6 – 2) ⋅ 180°
= 4 ⋅ 30° = 120°.
6
4.5
a. Find the measure of an (n – 2) ⋅ 180°
interior angle of a regular a. Substituting n = 12 in the formula , it follows that the measure
n
dodecagon (12-gon). of an interior angle is
(12 – 2) ⋅ 180 ° 10 ⋅ 180°
b. The measure of an interior =
12 12
angle of a regular polygon is
= 150°.
108°. Find the number of (n – 2) ⋅ 180 °
sides of the regular polygon. b. Using the same formula, = 108°
n
n – 2 108°
=
n 180°
n–2 3
=
n 5
n= 5
So the polygon has five sides (a pentagon).
6 Pre-Geometry
Activity 1
Draw a convex quadrilateral and extend the sides to form an exterior angle at
each vertex. Then cut out each exterior angle and join them all together, as
shown below.
What can you conclude?
2
3
2
1
4 3
1 5 4
Activity 2
The sequence of polygons shown below shows the polygon getting smaller and
smaller. It demonstrates that the sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360°.
2. Exterior Angles of a Polygon

Property
The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of any convex polygon is 360°.
4.6
Find the sum of exterior angles The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is independent of the number of
of each shape. sides.
a. trianglele So, a. 360° b. 360° c. 360°.
b. pentagon
c. 20-gon.
Property
The measure of any single exterior angle of a regular polygon with n sides is 360° .
n
Polygons 7
4.7
a. Find the measure of each
a. Substituting n = 10 in the formula 360° , we get the measure of an exterior
exterior angle in a regular 10
polygon with 10 sides. angle as 360° = 36° .
10
b. The measure of an exterior
b. Using the same formula, 360° = 24°, so n = 360 ° = 15.
angle of a regular polygon is n 24°
24°. Find the number of Therefore the polygon has fifteen sides.
sides.
1. Name each polygon according to the number of 5. Find the number of diagonals of each polygon.
sides. a. octagon b. decagon
a. b. c. d. c. 15-gon d. 21-gon
6. The ratio of the measure of an exterior angle to an

interior angle of a regular polygon is 1 . Find the
3
number of diagonals of the polygon.
2. Decide whether each polygon is convex or
7. The ratio of the sum of the measures of the interior
concave.
angles to the sum of the measures of the exterior
a. b. c. d. angles of a regular polygon is 7. Find the number of
sides of polygon.
8. Find m∠x if each polygon is regular.

e. f. g. h. a. b. c.
E D D
D
x E C 65°
F C
C F xE
x
A B
A B A B 25°
3. A polygon has fourteen diagonals. How many 9. The measure of an interior angle of a regular poly-
sides does it have? gon is 168°.
a. Find the number of sides.
b. Find the sum of the measures of its interior
4. Find the sum of the measures of the interior angles angles.
of a polygon with eighteen sides. c. Find the number of diagonals.
8 Pre-Geometry
1. Find the number of diagonals (d) and the sum of the 7. In the figure, ABCDEF... G
measures of the interior angles (n) of a convex is a regular polygon 60°
polygon with the given number of sides. and m∠CGD = 60°. C D
a. 8 b. 10 c. 20 Find the sum of the

measures of the interior E
B
angles of the polygon.
2. Find the number of sides of a convex polygon A F
which has 35 diagonals.
3. Find the number of sides of a regular polygon if 8. In the figure, ABCDEF G H
the number of diagonals is six times the number is a regular hexagon,

of sides. EFGH is a square, and
F E ?
DEK is an equilateral K
triangle.
A
4. Find the measure of the interior angle of a regular Find m∠EKH. D
polygon if the ratio of the sum of the measures of

interior angles to the sum of the measures of exterior B C
angles is 4.
9. In the figure, ABCDE is D
5. In the figure, ABCDE is a D a regular pentagon

L ?
regular pentagon with with [DK] ⊥ [EC]. E C
K
F
[AF] ⊥ [EC]. E C Find m∠ADH.
Find m∠FAC.
? A H B
A B
N
6. In the figure, ABCDE is a D 10. Find x in the figure.
3x
regular pentagon and E D
P M
DEF is an equilateral E C x 2x
? A C
triangle. Find m∠CFD.
x
F 2x B
L
A B K
Polygons 9
Objectives In this section we will study a special type of polygon called a quadrilateral.
Later, we will look at different types of quadrilateral: parallelogram, rectangle,
After studying this section you will be
able to: square, rhombus, kite, and trapezoid.
1. Define a quadrilateral and describe its
angles.
2. State the properties of a rectangle, a 1. Definition
square, a rhombus, a kite, and a
trapezoid, and use the properties to Definition
solve problems. If a polygon has four sides then it is called a quadrilateral.
3. Find the area and perimeter of a
rectangle, a square, a rhombus, a
kite, and a trapezoid.
A quadrilateral has four interior angles and the sum of these angles is 360°.
A quadrilateral has also four vertices which are named by the capital letters at
vertices.
For example, the following shapes are all quadrilaterals.
a. A b. E c. K L d. P R
F
D
B
H T S
N M
G
C
quadrilateral ABCD quadrilateral EFGH quadrilateral KLMN quadrilateral PRST
In the quadrilateral ABCD, the points A, B, C, and D are called the vertices of
D B the quadrilateral.
The line segments [AB], [BC], [CD], and [DA] are called its sides.
Angles ∠ABC, ∠BCD, ∠CDA and, ∠DAB are called its angles.
A
We write a quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C, and D as ABCD or ABCD.

D c C
In the figure [AC] and [BD] are diagonals of the quadrilateral ABCD.
d b [AB] and [CD] as well as [BC] and [AD] are pairs of opposite sides of the
quadrilateral ABCD.
A a B Angles ∠A and ∠C as well as ∠B and ∠D are pairs of opposite interior
angles of quadrilateral ABCD.
10 Pre-Geometry
4.8
Name the opposite pairs of sides, opposite angles, a. [AB] and [CD] as well as [AD] and [BC] are apposite
and diagonals in each quadrilateral. sides, ∠A and ∠C as well as ∠B and ∠D are oppo-
a. b. N c. Z
site angles, and [AC] and [BD] are the diagonals of
A the quadrilateral ABCD.
B K T b. and c. are left as exercises for you.
Y
M
C D
L X
2. Angles of a Quadrilateral
D Property
C
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Since the formula for the sum of the interior angles of a polygon is
(n – 2) ⋅ 180° and a quadrilateral has four sides, let us substitute n = 4.
A B
mÐA + mÐB + mÐC + mÐD = 360° We get (4 – 2) ⋅ 180° = 360°.
ÐD¢ C
D
ÐC¢ Property
ÐA¢ The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
A This is because the sum of exterior angles is the same for all polygons and
B
ÐB¢ equals 360°.
mÐA¢ + mÐB¢ + mÐC¢ + mÐD¢ = 360°
4.9
In the figure, D The sum of the interior angles of the quadrilateral
m∠DAB = 120°, ABCD is 360°.
80°
m∠ADC = 80°, and A m∠ABC + m∠BCD + m∠CDA + m∠DAB = 360°
120°
50° m∠ABC + 50° + 80° + 120° = 360°
m∠DCB = 50°. C
Find m∠ABC. m∠ABC + 250° = 360°

?
m∠ABC = 110°
B
Polygons 11
4.10
In the figure, The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of the
m∠D′ = 100°, quadrilateral ABCD is 360°.
D 100°
m∠C′ = 45°, and C m∠A′ + m∠B′ + m∠C′ + m∠D′ = 360°
m∠B′ = 150°. ?
45° m∠A′ + 130° + 45° + 100° = 360°
B
Find m∠A′. A 130° m∠A′ + 275° = 360°
m∠A′ = 85°
4.11
In the figure, m∠BAD + m∠A′ = 180° (supplementary angles)
E
m∠EAD = 60°, 60° D m∠BAD + 60° = 180°
A 80°
m∠ADC = 80°, and m∠BAD = 120°
m∠FCD = 105° ? 105° m∠BCD + m∠C′ = 180° (supplementary angles)
Find m∠ABC. B C F m∠BCD + 105° = 180°
m∠BCD = 75°
In the quadrilateral ABCD,
m∠ABC +∠BCD +∠CDA +∠BAD = 360°
m∠ABC + 75° + 80° + 120° = 360°
m∠ABC = 85°.
1. In the figure, m∠FDE = 60°, F E

C
m∠ECB = 85°, and 60°
D 85°
m∠CBA = 80° are given.
Find m∠DAB. x 80°
A B
2. In the figure m∠A′ = 80°, A

80°
m∠D = 70°, and
B
70° D
m∠C′ = 130° are given.
Find m∠A, m∠B, and m∠C.
C 130°
12 Pre-Geometry
A. PARALLELOGRAM
Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram We have seen that a quadrilateral is any four-sided polygon.

A parallelogram is a special type of quadrilateral.
A parallelogram is a type of
Definition
quadrilateral. Squares, rectangles, If opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel to each other then it is called a
and rombuses are all types of
parallelogram. parallelogram. We write ABCD to mean parallelogram ABCD.
Look at the figure. The opposite sides are D C

D C {[AB], [DC]} and {[AD], [BC]}.
4
3 The opposite sides are parallel i.e.
2 [AB] & [DC] and [AD] & [BC].
1 A B
A B Therefore, ABCD is a parallelogram.
In the parallelogram ABCD, angles A, B, C and D are interior angles. Angles
A and C as well as angles B and D are opposite angles.
The following figures are examples of parallelogram.
A D A
A D D C
B D
B C B C A B
C
The following figures are not parallelograms.
A
A D
A B
B C
B C
C D
D
1. Properties of a Parallelogram
Theorem
A diagonal of a parallelogram forms two congruent triangles.
Polygons 13
Statement Reason
1. ∠1 ≅ ∠4, ∠3 ≅ ∠2 Alternate interior angles

2. [AC] ≅ [CA] Reflexive property
3. ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA ASA postulate
Theorem
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent.
Proof
D C
Statement Reason
1. ∠A ≅ ∠B′ Corresponding angles

2. ∠B′ ≅ ∠C Alternate interior angles
A B
3. ∠A ≅ ∠C Transitive property
In the same way, show that ∠B ≅ ∠D.
D C Theorem
In a parallelogram, consecutive angles are supplementary.
Proof
Statement Reason
A B
1. m∠A = m∠B′ Corresponding angles
2. m∠B = m∠B′ = 180° Straight angles
3. m∠A + m∠B = 180° Straight angles
For example, in the parallelogram ABCD,
m∠A + m∠D = 180° m∠A + m∠B = 180°
m∠B + m∠C = 180° m∠C + m∠D = 180°.
4.12
In the figure, m∠BAD + m∠ADC = 180° (consecutive angles are
ABCD is a D C 50° + 3x – 20° = 180° supplementary)
3x 20° 3x + 30° = 180°
parallelogram and
m∠BAD = 50°, 3x = 150°
50° 2y 10°
m∠ADC = 3x – 20°, x = 50°
A B E m∠BAC = m∠CBE (corresponding angles)
m∠CBE = 2y – 10°.
50° = 2y – 10°
Find x + y.
60° = 2y
y = 30°.
So x + y = 50° + 30° = 80°
14 Pre-Geometry
Property
In a parallelogram, the opposite sides are congruent.
For example, in the parallelogram ABCD, D a C

|AB| = |DC| = a and
b b
|AD| = |BC| = b.
A a B
4.13
In the figure, D 35 C |AB| = |DC| (opposite sides are congruent)
|AB| = 5x + 10, 5x + 10 = 35
24 5x = 25
|BC| = 3y, 3y
|CD| = 35 and x = 5
|AD| = 24. A 5x+10 B |BC| = |AD| (opposite sides are congruent)
3y = 24
Find x and y.
y = 8
Property
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
For example, in the parallelogram ABCD D a C
[AC] and [BD] are diagonals. O
b
|OA| = |OC| and b
|OB| = |OD|. A B
a
Use two colored pens to draw a parallelogram in one color and its
diagonal in another. Cut along each side and along the diagonals to form four
triangles, as shown below.
By moving the triangles, we can see that the diagonals bisect each other.
Can you find any other properties of your parallelogram?
Polygons 15
4.14
The figure shows a D C |OB| = |OD| and |OC| = |OA|
parallelogram ABCD and 18 4x – 2 = 18 2x + y = 22
O 2x+y
its diagonals [AC] and 4x = 20 2 ⋅ 5 + y = 22 (since x = 5)
22
[BD]. 4x2 x = 5 10 + y = 22
Given |OA| = 22, A B y = 12
|OC| = 2x + y,
|OD| = 18 and |OB| = 4x – 2, find x and y.
D C Property
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral is
a parallelogram.
A B For example, if |AB| = |CD| and |AD| = |BC| then ABCD is a parallelogram.
D C Property
O If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.
A B
For example, if |AO| = |OC| and |DO| = |OB| in the figure, then ABCD is
a parallelogram.
D C Property
If both pairs of opposite angles of a quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
A B For example, if m∠A = m∠C and m∠B = m∠D in the figure, then ABCD is a
parallegram.
1. The figure show a parrallelogram with D C

2x
m∠DBC = 60°, m∠CDB = 2x, and
m∠BAD = 3x + 20°. 60°
3x+20°
a. Find x. A B
b. Find m∠ADB.
c. Find m∠ABD.
16 Pre-Geometry
2. Find the value of x and y, in each parallelogram.
a. D 40 C b. D 3x+25 C
3y+1 5y30
28 2y+3
A 7x2 B A 4xy+1 B
D C
3. The figure shows a parallelogram 2x+10°
ABCD with m∠CBE = 80° and
m∠ADC = 2x + 10°. Find x, 80°
m∠DAB and m∠ADC. A B E
2. Perimeter of a Parallelogram
The perimeter of a figure is the distance around it. Thus, the perimeter of a
parallelogram is the sum of lengths of its sides. This is valid for all polygons.
Definition
D a C
If ABCD is a parallelogram, the perimeter of the parallelogram is the sum of
lengths of |AB|, |BC|, |CD|, and |DA|. We write P(ABCD) to mean the
b
b perimeter of ABCD.
P(ABCD) = |AB| + |BC| + |CD| + |DA| = a + b + a + b
A a B
P(ABCD) = 2 ⋅ (a + b)
4.15
Find the perimeter of the P(ABCD) = 2 ⋅ (|AB| + |BC|)
parallelogram ABCD if = 2 ⋅ (15 + 7)
|AB| = 15 cm and = 2 ⋅ 22
|BC| = 7 cm. = 44 cm
If you cut a parallelogram out

of paper, you can cut it and D a C D a C
rearrange the pieces to form a
rectangle. The base and the b h b
b b h
h
altitude of this rectangle are
A E a B F A E a B F
congruent to the base and
altitude of your original
parallelogram.
We know how to find the area of a rectangle. What can you say about the area
of a parallelogram?
Polygons 17
D C 3. Area of a Parallelogram
The line segments [DE] and [DF] are called the altitudes of the parallelogram
h h
and the length of altitude is called the height. The height is denoted by h.
A E B
Property
The area of a parallelogram is the product of the length of a base and the
height.
D C
hb We write A(ABCD) to mean the area of ABCD. In a parallelogram ABCD, if a is
the length of one side and h is the length of the corresponding altitude, then
ha b
A(ABCD) = a ⋅ ha = b ⋅ hb
A a B
A(ABCD) = a ⋅ h
4.16
D C
The figure is a A(ABCD) = a ⋅ ha = 10 ⋅ 4 = 40 cm2
parallelogram.
4 cm b
If |AB| = 10 cm and
|DE| = 4 cm, A E B
find A(ABCD).
10 cm
4.17
The area of D C A(ABCD) = a ⋅ ha
parallelogram ABCD in 36 = a ⋅ 4
the figure is 36 cm2 and
a = 9 cm
the altitude
A E B
|DE| = 4 cm.
Find the length of base |AB|.
4.18
In the parallelogram D C A(ABCD) = 21 ⋅ 6 = 126 cm2
ABCD, |AB| = 21 cm, x cm
|BC| = |AD| = 14 cm (opposite sides)
|AD| = 14 cm, and 6 cm F
A(ABCD) = 14 ⋅ x = 126
|DE| = 6 cm.
A E B 126
Find x. x=
14
x = 9 cm
18 Pre-Geometry
4.19
The following figures are all a. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides its area into two equal parts.
parallelograms. Find the shaded A(ABCD) 48
areas if A(ABCD) = 48 cm2. Therefore, A(DBC) = = = 24 cm 2.
2 2
b. The diagonals divide the area into four equal parts.
a. D C
Therefore, A(AOD) = A(AOB) = A(BOC) = A(DOC)
A(ABCD)
=
4
A B 48
=
4
b. D C
= 12 cm2. D E C
O
c. If E is any point on [DC] then
A B
A(ABCD) = |AB| ⋅ |EH| and
| AB| ⋅|EH| 48 A B
D E C A( AEB ) = = = 24 cm 2 so,
c. 2 2
the shaded area is 24 cm2.
d. Since E and F are the midpoints of [AB] and [BC] respectively,
A B
A(ADE) = A(EDB), A(BDF) = A(FDC) and A(ADB) = A(BDC).
d. D C A( ABCD)
So = 12 cm2.
4
F
A(ABCD) 48 ⎫
e. A( ADB ) = = = 24 cm 2 ⎪
A E B 2 2
⎪
Since |AE| =|EF| =|FB| and altitude ⎪
e. D C ⎪
is common then ⎪
⎪⎪
G A(A DB ) 24 2 ⎬ So,A(EDF) + A(BDG) = 8 + 12
A(EDF ) = = = 8 cm
A E F B
3 3 ⎪ = 20 cm2
⎪
A(A BCD) 48
A(DBC) = = = 24 cm 2 ⎪
f. D F G C
2 2 ⎪
⎪
A(BDC) 24 ⎪
A(BDG) = = = 12 cm 2
2 2 ⎪⎭
A E B A(ABCD) 48 ⎫
f. A(DEC) = = = 24 cm 2 ⎪
2 2
⎪
A(DEC) 24 2 ⎪
A(FEG) = = = 8 cm ⎪
3 3 ⎪
⎬ So, A(AFB) + A(KFE) = 8 + 6
A( ABCD) 48
A( AFB ) = = = 24 cm 2 ⎪⎪ = 14 cm2
2 2
⎪
A( AFB ) 24 2 ⎪
A(KFE) = = = 6 cm
4 4 ⎭⎪
Polygons 19
4.20 C
7 a
The figure ABDC is a B A(ABCD) = a ⋅ 7 = 21 cm2
E
parallelogram with. a = 3 cm
|BC| = a cm,
D
|EC| = 7 cm, and
A(ABCD) = 21 cm2. A
Find a.
4.21
D E C
In the figure, ABCD is a The diagonal [AC] divides D E C
parallelogram, and [DC] F the parallelogram ABCD
F
and [BC] are divided into two equal parts, so
into five and three equal A(ABCD)
A B
parts respectively. A(ACD) = A B
2
If A(ABCD) = 180 cm2, then find A(AECF). 180
= = 90 cm2
2
3 3
A(ACE) = ⋅ A( ACD) = ⋅ 90 = 54 cm 2 .
5 5
In the same way,
A(ABCD) 180
A(ABC) = = = 90 cm 2
2 2
A( ABC) 90
A(ACF) = = = 30 cm 2 .
3 3
As a result, A(AECF) = A(AEC) + A(ACF)
= 54 + 30
= 84 cm2.
4.22
D E H C
The figure ABCD is a Since the least common multiple (LCM) of 5 and 6 is
parallelogram, and [AB] 30 then we can take the area of DBC as 30x or
and [DC] are divided A(ABCD) = 60x.
into five and six equal 30 x D E H C
A F G B A(EGH) = = 5x
parts respectively. 6
2
If A(EFGH) = 17 cm2, then find A(ABCD). A(FGE) = 30 x ⋅ = 12 x
5
So, A(EFGH) = 17x A F G B
17x = 17 cm2
x = 1 cm2
A(ABCD) = 60x = 60 cm2.
20 Pre-Geometry
D C 4. In the parallelogram D C
1. In the parallelogram
ABCD, a = 24 cm, hb ABCD. L
ha 3
ha = 8 cm, and F b |KB| = ⋅ |AB| and
5
hb = 32 cm. Find b. 1
A E B |CL| = ⋅ |BC|. A K B
3
a
If A(ABCD) = 150 cm2 then find A(DKL).
D F G
2. In the figure, C
ABCD is a
parallelogram.
[DC] is divided into
A E B
four equal parts,
and A(ABCD) = 120 cm2. Find A(EFG).
K P Q L
5. In the parallelogram
D E C KLMN, [KL] is divided
3. In the figure, ABCD
is a parallelogram, into six equal parts and
|AE| = 12 cm, and [NM] is divided into ten
N S R M
|EB| = 10 cm. A B equal parts.
Find the shaded area. If A(PQRS) = 23 cm2 then find A(QLMR).
B. RECTANGLE
Definition
Quadrilaterals A parallelogram with four right angles is called a rectangle.
Parallelogram
The quadrilateral ABCD in the figure is a a
D C
rectangle because
Rectangle
m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = m∠D = 90°, and
also [AB] & [DC] and |AB| = |DC|, b b
[BC] & [AD] and |BC| = |AD|.

A a B
In the rectangle ABCD, |AB| is called the
length of rectangle and |BC| is called the width of the rectangle.
A rectangle is a parallelogram. Because of this, it has all the properties of a
parallelogram. A rectangle has some other properties, too.
Polygons 21
Property
D a C
The length of the diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
O For example, in the rectangle ABCD in the figure, [AC] and [BD] are the
b b
diagonals of the rectangle and |AC| = |BD|.
A a B
Moreover, |DO| = |OB| = |AO| = |OC|, i.e., the diagonals bisect each
other.
4.23
a. In the figure, ABCD is a a. m∠ODC = m∠OCD = 30° (|OD| = |OC|, ∆DOC is isosceles)
rectangle. m∠DCO + m∠OCB = 90° (m∠DCB = 90°)
Find m∠x and m∠y. 30° + m∠x = 90°
m∠x = 60°
D C
30° m∠BOC = m∠ODC + m∠OCD (|OC| = |OB|, ∆BOC is isosceles)
x
O
y m∠y = 30° + 30°
m∠y = 60°
A B b. In the figure,
|ON| = |OL| and |OM| = |OL|.
b. In the figure KLMN is a 3m + 1 = 10 2n – 4 = 10
rectangle. 3m = 9 2n = 14
Find m, n, and |KM|. m=3 n= 7
Also, |KM| = |LN| = |ON| + |OL|
N M
30° |KM| = 10 + 10
3m 4
+1 2n = 20 cm.
10
cm
K L
1. Primeter of a Rectangle
D a C
The perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of the lengths of its sides.
If the figure, P(ABCD) = a + b + a + b.
b b
P(ABCD) = 2 ⋅ (a + b)
A a B
22 Pre-Geometry
4.24
In the rectangle ABCD, D C P(ABCD) = 2 ⋅ (a + b)
|AB| = |DC| = 8 cm and = 2 ⋅ (8 + 5)
b=5
|BC| = |AD| = 5 cm.
= 2 ⋅ 13
Find the perimeter of
A a=8 B = 26 cm
ABCD.
2. Area of a Rectangle
Property
The area of a rectangle is the product of its length and its height.
Area = length ⋅ height = l ⋅ h
D C
height: h
A(ABCD) = l ⋅ h
A length: l B
4.25
Find the area of each figure. a. A(KLMN) = l ⋅ h = 14 cm . 10 cm = 140 cm2
a. N M b. H 6 cm G b. We need to split the shape into rectangles.
2 cm
8 cm E H 6 cm G
10 cm
F A1 2 cm
8 cm E
F
10 cm
K 14 cm L A2 14 cm
B
A 7 cm
3 cm B
C 5 cm D A A3
3 cm 3 cm
C 5 cm D
A1 = 6 ⋅ 2 = 12 cm2
A2 = 14 ⋅ 7 = 98 cm2
A3 = 5 ⋅ 3 = 15 cm2
A(ABCDEFGH) = A1 + A2 + A3
= 12 + 98 + 15 = 125 cm2
Polygons 23
4.26
a. The area of a rectangle is 64 cm2 and its length is a. Area = l ⋅ h = 64 cm2 and l = 4 ⋅ h
four times its height. Find its length and height. Let us substitute 4h instead of l,
b. The dimensions of a rectangle ABCD are natural 4h2 = 64
numbers. The area of ABCD is 35 cm2. Find the h2 = 16
maximum (greatest) possible perimeter of ABCD. h = 4 cm and l = 4 ⋅ h = 4 ⋅ 4 = 16 cm.
So the length is 16 cm and the height is 4 cm.
b. A(ABCD) = l ⋅ h = 35 cm2
There are two possible cases:
If A(ABCD) = 35 ⋅ 1 = 35 cm2 then
P(ABCD) = 2 ⋅ (35 + 1) = 2 ⋅ 36 = 72 cm
If A(ABCD) = 7 ⋅ 5 = 35 cm2 then
P(ABCD) = 2 ⋅ (7 + 5) = 2 ⋅ 12 = 24 cm.
So the greatest possible perimeter is 72 cm.
4.27
Find the area of the shaded region in each rectangle. 8⋅6
a. A(AEB) = = 24 cm2
2
a. D E C
b. A(PQRS) = 10 ⋅ 5 = 50 cm2
8 cm
6 cm A(STK) = A(PQRS) – [A(SPT) + A(SRK) + A(KQT)]
A B
A(STK) = 50 – [10 + 10 +9 ] = 50 – 29
S = 21 cm2
b. R
2 cm c. A(ABCD) = 10 ⋅ 6 = 60 cm2
K 60
A(EAB) = = 30 cm2 D E C
3 cm 2
P 4 cm T 6 cm Q 2
A(EFG) = ⋅ A(EAB)
E 5
c. D C
= 12 cm2 A F G B
6 cm
A F G B
10 cm
24 Pre-Geometry
G
1. Find the area of each figure. 4. In the figure, ABCD is a
a. D C b. 2 cm 2 cm rectangle with
1 cm |DE| = |EF| = |FC|. D E F C
6 cm
m
10c 3 cm 3 cm The shaded area is
5 cm F
A 15 cm2. Find A(ABCD).
B
5 cm 2 cm
A B
5. In the figure, ABCD is a D C
2. The ratio of the length to the width of a rectangle is rectangle with

E
3 to 5. The area of the rectangle is 240 What is cm2. |AE| = |AD|.
the length and the height of the rectangle? If |AB| = 3 cm and
|BE| = 4 cm, 4 cm
find |DE|.
A 3 cm B
3. In the figure, ABCD is a D G C

rectangle with 6. In the figure, ABCD is a D E C
|DG| = |GC|, F rectangle, [AE] is
|AE| = |EB|, and angle bisector,
|BF| = |FC|. A E |DE| = |EC|, and
B
Find the ratio of shaded |AD| = 6 cm, A B
area to the area of the rectangle ABCD. Find |AE|.
C. SQUARE
Definition
A parallelogram with four right angles and four congruent sides is called a
square.
Quadrilateral a
D C
Parallelogram
For example, in the figure, ABCD is a square because
Rectangle
|AB| = |BC| = |CD| = |DA| and a a
Square m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = m∠D = 90°.
A a B
Polygons 25
Property
D a C The figure shows the properties of a square.
1. The diagonals are congruent: |AC| = |BD|.
a a 2. The diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each other:

O
[AC] ⊥ [BD] and |OA| = |OB| = |OC| = |OD|.
3. The diagonals are bisectors of the interior angles.
A a B
4. The diagonals divide the square into four congruent isosceles triangles,
i.e. ∆OAB ≅ ∆OBC ≅ ∆OCD ≅ ∆ODA.
D a C 1. Perimeter of a Square
P(ABCD) = a + a + a + a
a a
P(ABCD) = 4 ⋅ a
A a B
4.28
a. Find the perimeter of b. ABCD in the figure is a a. P(ABCD) = 4 ⋅ a = 4 ⋅ 6 = 24 cm.
the square ABCD. square with perimeter b. P(ABCD) = 4⋅a
52 cm. Find x. 4 ⋅ (2x + 1)= 52
D C D C 2x + 1= 13
2x = 12
x= 6 cm
A 6 cm B A 2x+1 B
2. Area of a Square
D C Property
The area of a square is the product of the length of the base and the height.
because these are the same, the area is the square of the base or the height.
A(ABCD) = a ⋅ a = a2
A a B
26 Pre-Geometry
4.29
a. Find the area of a square with sides length 4 cm. a. A(ABCD) = a2 = 42 = 16 cm2
b. Find the area of a square with perimeter 16 cm. b. A(ABCD) = 4 ⋅ a = 16, a = 4 cm.
c. Find the perimeter of a square with area 36 cm2. A(ABCD) = a2 = 42 = 16 cm2
c. A(ABCD) = a2 = 36 cm2, a = 6 cm.
P(ABCD) = 4a = 4 ⋅ 6 = 24 cm
4.30
In the figure, ABCD is a square. D C 1 D C
A(DEC) = ⋅ A(ABCD)
|AB| and |EC| are divided into 2
three congruent parts. G 1 G
= ⋅ 144
2
A(ABCD) = 144 cm2. F F
= 72 cm2
Find the area of the shaded part. A E B 1 A E B
A(DFG) = ⋅ A(DEC)
3
1
= ⋅ 72 = 24 cm2
3
1. The lengths of the sides of two squares are in the ratio 3 : 4. What is the
ratio of the areas of the two squares?
2. Find the perimeter of a square with area 400 cm2.
D C
3. In the figure, ABCD is a square. [AB] is divided into
four congruent parts. The area of the quadrilateral
BCDE is 50 cm2. Find A(ABCD).
A E B
D C
4. In the figure, ABCD is a square, 10 cm

|EC| = 10 cm, and
A(ABCD) = 36 cm2. Find A(BCE).
A B E
Polygons 27
D. RHOMBUS
Definition
Parallelogram A rhombus is a parallelogram that has four congruent sides.
For example, in the figure, ABCD is a rhombus because C

Rectangle Square Rhombus
its opposite sides are parallel (it is a parallelogram) and a
a
all its sides are congruent. We can see that a rhombus
satisfies all the properties of a parallelogram. D B
O
a a
Property
C The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
For example, the rhombus ABCD opposite, AC ⊥ BD.
D B
O
Property
In a rhonmus ABCD, the diagonals. [AC] and [DB] bisect each other since a
A rhombus is a parallelogram.
Therefore, in the figure, |OD| = |OB| and |OA| = |OC|.
C
a a Property
Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects two angles of the rhombus.
D B
O
a a For example, in the figure, the diagonal [AC] is the bisector of angles A and
the C, and the diagonal [DB] is the bisector of angles B and D.
A
4.31
In the figure, ABCD is a C |AB| = |BC|, so
rhombus and |BC| = 3x + 1, 3x+1 10 = 3x + 1
|AB| = 10, 3x = 9
D y B x=3
m∠A = 130°, and m∠D = y.
130° 10 Since, rhombus is parallelogram the sum of two
Find x and y. consecutive angles of rhombus is 180°.
A
m∠A + m∠D = 180°
130° + y = 180°
y = 50°
28 Pre-Geometry
4.32
R
In rhombus PQRS, m∠QSR = m∠PQS (alternate interior angles)
m∠QSR = 60°, m∠PQS = 60° and m∠PQR = 2 ⋅ 60° = 120°
60°
m∠PQS = m, and S Q m∠SPQ + m∠PQR = 180°
m
m∠RPS = n. m∠SPQ + 120° = 180°
n
Find m and n. m∠SPQ = 60°
P ∠SPQ 60°
So m∠SPR = , m∠SPR = = 30°.
2 2
1. Perimeter of a Rhombus
Property
C If the length of one side of a rhombus is a, then its perimeter is 4a.
a a C
D B
a
For example, the perimeter of the rhombus ABCD D B
a
is 28, since 4 ⋅ 7 = 28 cm.
7 cm
A
P(ABCD) = a + a + a + a = 4a A
2. Area of a Rhombus
Property
The area of a rhombus is the product of the length of any side and the length
of the corresponding altitude.
C C
The area of a rhombus is also equal to half of the product of the lengths of its
h
diagonals.
H
D B D B
h The area of the rhombus ABCD in the figure is a ⋅ h.
a
H
A A A(ABCD) = a ⋅ h
C If |AC| = f and |DB| = e then the area of the rhombus is

f f
e⋅ e⋅
f 2 + 2 = e⋅ f + e ⋅ f = e ⋅ f
e
A(ABCD) = A(DBC) + A(DBA) = .
D 2 2 4 4 2
O B
e⋅ f
A(ABCD) =
A 2
Polygons 29
4.33
Find the perimeter and area of each rhombus. a. P(ABCD) = 4a = 4 ⋅ 12 = 48 cm
a. C b. C c. C A(ABCD) = a ⋅ h = 12 ⋅ 8 = 96 cm2
8
b. Let us find |AB| = a.
H
12 2 16
D B D D a2 = ( ) +( )2
O O B O B 2 2
12
a 2 = 62 + 8 2
A A A a = 10 cm
|DB| = e = 12 cm |OC| = 4 cm
|AC| = f = 16 cm |OD| = 3 cm P(ABCD) = 4 ⋅ a = 4 ⋅ 10 = 40 cm
e ⋅ f 12 ⋅ 16
A(ABCD) = = = 96 cm2
2 2
c. |OD|2 + |OC|2 = |DC|2
32 + 42 = a2
a = 5 cm
P(ABCD) = 4 ⋅ a = 4 ⋅ 5 = 20 cm
e ⋅ f (2 ⋅ 3) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 3) 6 ⋅ 8
A(ABCD) = = = = 24 cm2
2 2 2
1. Find the perimeter and area of each rhombus. 3. In the figure, ABCD is a C
a. D C b. D 8 cm C rhombus with
If m∠DAB = 2n – 10°
4 cm 5 cm
and D 3n+20° B
A B 3 cm E A E B
m∠ADC = 3n + 20°. 2n10°
Find m∠B and m∠C.
c. D C A
|AC| = 48 cm
|BD| = 14 cm
O
A B
2. In the figure, KLMN is 4. In the figure, ABCD is a C

N
a rhombus with rhombus with
70° 3m+2
m∠KNM = 70°, |AB| = |BE| and
D
m∠LMN = x°, K x M m∠DCB = 56°. B E
|ML| = 20 cm, and 20 cm Find m∠BEC.
|MN| = 3m + 2. A
L
Find m and x.
20 Pre-Geometry
E. KITE
Definition
A quadrilateral with two pairs of congruent adjacent sides is called a kite.
C
ABCD in the figure is a kite because it is a quadrilateral
and |AB| = |AD| and |CB| = |CD|.
D B
O
Because a kite is a quadrilateral, it has all the properties
of a quadrilateral. It also has some extra properties.
Property
The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular. For example, in the kite above,
[AC] ⊥ [BD].
Property
In a kite ABCD, diagonal [AC] bisects ∠A and ∠C.
For example, in the kite above, m∠DCO = m∠BCO and m∠DAO = m∠BAO.
Property
In a kite ABCD, The diagonal [AC] bisects the diagonal [DB]. For example, in
the kite above, |OD| = |OB|.
C
a a 1. Perimeter of a Kite
D B
O Property
For the kite ABCD in the figure, let |BC| = |DC| = a and |AB| = |AD| = b.
b b
The perimeter of the kite is |AB| + |BC| + |CD| + |DA| = 2(a + b).
A
C 2. Area of a Kite
Property
D B
O The diagonals of a kite are perpendicular. Hence, the area of a kite is
| AC| ⋅ |DB |
.
2
A
In the kite ABCD in the figure, if |AC| = e and |DB| = f,
e⋅f
then A(ABCD) = .
2
Polygons 31
1. Find the area of each kite given the lengths of the 2. The perimeter of a kite ABCD is 48 cm and the
diagonals e and f. length of one side is 10 cm. Find the length of the
a. e = 6 cm b. e = 2 cm c. e = 2ñ3 cm other side.
1
f = 10 cm f = 4 cm f = ò27 cm 3. The area of a kite ABCD is 72 cm2 and one diagonal
3
is 18 cm long. Find the length of the other diagonal.
F. TRAPEZOID
1. Definition
upper Definition
D base C If a quadrilateral has only one pair of opposite parallel sides, then the
base quadrilateral is called a trapezoid.
leg angles leg
base angles The two parallel sides are called the bases of the trapezoid. The two
A B
non-parallel sides are called the legs of the trapezoid.
lower base
For example, in the figure, [AB] and [CD] are bases.
[AD] and [BC] are legs.
D C
We can draw a perpendicular line segment from any point of the upper base
to the lower base. The perpendicular line segment is called an altitude of the
h h h h h
trapezoid.
A B All the altitudes of a trapezoid are congruent.
2. Properties of a Trapezoid
Property
In a trapezoid the sum of the measures of the interior angles, at the endpoints
of any one of two nonparallel sides is 180°.
Proof:
In the trapezoid ABCD in the figure, [AB] & [CD].
E
D C Statements Reasons
1. m∠A = m∠EDC Corresponding angles

2. m∠D + m∠EDC = 180° Adjacent supplementary angles
A B 3. m∠D + m∠A = 180°

In a simillar manner we obtain
m∠B + m∠C = 180.°
32 Pre-Geometry
Property
The median of a trapezoid is parallel to its bases and its length is half of the
sum of the lengths of the two bases.
D c C
For example, in the trapezoid in the figure, points E and F are the midpoints
E F of [AD] and [BC] respectively, so [EF] is the median of ABCD.
We can write, |CF| = |FB| and |EA| = |ED|.
A a B | AB|+|CD|
a+c [AB] & [EF] & [DC] and |EF |= .
|EF| = 2
2
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. Draw [DF intersecting [AB at G. Two points determine a line.

D C
2. ∠DFC ≅ ∠BFG Vertical angles are congruent
E F
median 3. |FC| = |FB| Definition of median
A B G 4. ∠DCF ≅ ∠FBG Alternate interior angles of parallel
lines are congruent
5. ∆DFC ≅ ∠GFB ASA
6. |DC| = |BG| Congruent triangles
7. |AB| + |BG| = |AG| Addition of line segments
8. |AB| + |DC| = |AG| Substitution
9. |DF| = |FG| Congruent triangles
10. |DE| = |AE| Definition of median

| AB|+|CD| Substitution
11. [EF] & [AB], |EF| =
2
4.34
In the figure, [EF] is the D C | AB|+|CD|
|EF |=
median of the trapezoid ABCD. 2
E F
If |AB|= 24 cm and 24 +14
=
|CD| = 14 cm, find |EF|. 2
A B
38
= = 19 cm
2
Polygons 33
4.35
In the figure, [PR] is the medi- N M
|KL |+|MN|
an of the trapezoid KLMN and |PR| = , since |KL| = 4 ⋅|MN|.
P R 2
|KL| = 4 ⋅ |MN|. 4 ⋅ |MN|+|MN|
If |PR| = 15 cm, |PR| = , since [PR] is the median.
2
K L
find |KL|. 5|MN|
15 =
2
5 ⋅ |MN| = 30 cm
|MN| = 6 cm and |KL| = 4 ⋅ |MN|,
|KL| = 4 ⋅ 6 = 24 cm.
3. Isosceles Trapezoid
D C Definition
A trapezoid with congruent legs is called an isosceles trapezoid.
In the trapezoid ABCD, |AD| = |BC|, so it is an isosceles tropezoid.
A B
D C Property
The base angles of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
For example, in the isosceles trapezoid ABCD,
m∠A = m∠B and m∠C = m∠D.
A B
4. Right Trapezoid
Definition
D c C
If a trapezoid has one right angle, then it is called a right trapezoid.
b
d ABCD is a right trapezoid because m∠A = m∠D = 90°. The length of [AD] is
equal to the length of the altitude of the trapezoid.
A a B
5. Perimeter of Trapezoid
D c C Property
The perimeter of a tropezoid is equal to the sum of the lengths of its sides. If
d b
a, b, c and d are the length of all sides of a trapezoid, then its perimeter equals
a + b + c + d.
A a B
In the trapezoid ABCD opposite, P(ABCD) = a + b + c + d .
34 Pre-Geometry
6. Area of a Trapezoid
Property
D c C
The area of a trapezoid is half of the product of the length of its altitude and
the sum of the length of its bases.
d h b
For example, in the trapezoid ABCD, if h is length of the altitude and a and c
(a + c)⋅h
A H a B are the lengths of bases, then A(ABCD) = .
2
Proof 1
A(ABCD) = A(ADG), since DFC ≅ GFB and
D C | AG| ⋅|DH|
A( ADG) =
F 2
E (a+ c) ⋅ h
=
2
A H B G (a+ c) ⋅ h
So A( ABCD) = .
2
D c C
Proof 2
A( ABCD) = A( ADB )+ A(DCB )
h a ⋅ h c ⋅ h (a + c ) ⋅ h
A( ABCD) = + =
2 2 2
A H a B
4.36
Find the perimeter of each trapezoid. a. P(ABCD) = a + b + c + d
a. D 7 C b. D 7 C c. D 7 C = 12 + 8 + 7 +9
= 36 cm
8 10 13 10
9
b. P(ABCD) = a + b + c + d
A 12 B A 20 B A 13 B = 20 + 13 + 7 + 8
= 52 cm
c. Let |AD| = |CH| = d. D 7 C
d2 + 62 = 102 10
d d
d2 = 64
d = 8 cm A 7 H 6 B
P(ABCD) = a + b + c + d
= 13 + 10 + 7 + 8
= 38 cm
Polygons 35
4.37
Find the area of each trapezoid. (a+ c) ⋅ h (10 + 6 ) ⋅ 4 16 ⋅ 4
a. A( ABCD) = = =
a. D 6 cm C H b. 2 2 2
D 8 cm C
= 32 cm2
4 cm 5 cm
3 cm
(a+ c) ⋅ h (12+ 8 ) ⋅ 3 20 ⋅ 3
b. A( ABCD) = = =
A 10 cm B A 12 cm B 2 2 2
= 30 cm2
c. D 7 cm C
c. ABCD is an isosceles trapezoid, so |AD| = |BC|
10 cm and |AE| = |FB| and, |AB| = 3 + 7 + 3 = 13 cm.
(13+ 7) ⋅ 10
So A( ABCD) = = 100 cm 2 .
A 3 cm E F B 2
D C
1. Find the perimeter and area of each trapezoid. 3. In the figure, ABCD is an
a. D 3 cm C b. isosceles trapezoid with
T Z
6 cm |BC| = 25 cm,
10 cm
2 cm 5 cm 3 cm |DC| = 14 cm and
A B
|AB| = 28 cm.
X 10 cm Y
A 11 cm B Find A(ABCD).
c. S 6 cm R
D C
10 cm 4. In the figure, ABCD is a
trapezoid with.
P T 3 cm
Q |AB| = a,
|DC| = c and
A E B
a = 5 ⋅ c,
A(DEC)
Find .
A( ABCD)
D 5 cm C
5. In the figure, ABCD is a
right trapezoid with. x
12 cm
2. The lengths of the lower base and altitude of a |AD| = 12 cm,
trapezoid are 21 cm and 12 cm respectively. The |DC| = 5 cm, and the A B
trapezoid has an area of 210 cm2. Find the length area 90 cm2.
of the upper base. Find |BC|.
36 Pre-Geometry
1. In the figure, [DG] is the A 5. In the figure, D C
angle bisector of ∠ADC, 100° D ABCD is a rectangle with
m∠BAD = 100°, B E m∠BCE = 20°, 20°
? 60°
m∠CDE = 60°, and F m∠CED = 80°,
80° 80°
G
m∠CBF = 80°. |DE| = 10 cm, and
A E B
Find m∠BGD. C
|AB| = 12 cm. Find A(ABCD).
6. In the figure, ABCD is a D F C

2. In the figure, D 10 cm C rectangle with ~
ABCD is a parallelogram. |AD| = 4 cm, 4ñ5 E
4
If |DC| = 10 cm, |AF| = 4ñ5 cm.
60° ~
m∠BAD = 60°, and A B If |DF| = |FC|, G
P(ABCD) = 32 cm, find A(ABCD). |BE| = |EC|, and A B
3 ⋅ |AG| = |AE|,
find A(AFG).
3. In the figure, D C
ABCD is a parallelogram. E square and ADE is an F
[DF] is the angle bisector equilateral triangle. E
of ∠ADC. [EF] ⊥ [AD] and A F B Find m∠EAF.
|EF| = 4 cm,
?
|AD| = 5 cm, and |FB| = 2 cm. Find A(ABCD). A B
8. In the figure, D H C
D C
4. In the figure, ABCD is a square with E
ABCD is a parallelogram. E |AF|=|BG|=|CH|=|DE|. a
O
|AE| = |ED|, F G Find m∠GOH.
G
|AG| = 4 ⋅|AF|, and A B
A(AEF) = 3 cm2. Find A(ABCD). A F B
Polygons 37
9. In the figure, D C
ABCD is a rhombus. 6 cm
|BC|=|CE|=6 cm and F
30°
[DF] ⊥ [AC]. A B E
Find A(CDF).
10. In the figure, ABCD is D

a kite with |AB| = |AD|,
|BC| = |CD|. A
F
C
|FE|=|CE|= 2ñ3 cm, 2ñ3
E
and |AD| = 4 cm.
B
Find P(ABCD).
11. In the figure, ABCD is D 6 C

an isosceles trapezoid 4
with [AB] & [CD],
|AB| = 10 cm, A 10 B
|CD| = 6 cm, and |AD| = 4 cm. Find
a. m∠ABC b. A(ABCD)

trapezoid with 16
F
[AB] & [CD].
30° 75°
|BF| = |FC|,
A E B
|AD| = 16 cm,
m∠ABC = 75°, m∠DAB = 30°, and [EF] ⊥ [BC].
If A(ABCD) = 144 cm2, find |AB|.
38 Pre-Geometry
Concepts Examples
4.1 Polygons
exterior exterior
F angle E
A polygon is a closed figure made by joining line
diagonal [EC]
interior
segments, where each line intersects exactly two A
D
interior
other lines. side |AB|
angle B vertex
D
B C
A polygon is convex if the lines containing the sides do

not contain points in the interior of the polygon. If a
polygon is not convex then it is called a concave
polygon.
convex polygon concave polygon
number number number number

of sides of sides of sides of sides
3 triangle 9 nonagon
4 quadrilateral 10 decagon
5 pentagon 11 undecagon
6 hexagon 12 dodecagon
7 heptagon n n-gon triangle square pentagon hexagon
8 octagon
A polygon is called regular if all its sides are

congruent and all its interior angles are congruent.
a regular triangle a regular hexagon
For any polygon with n sides, the number of The number of diagonals of a heptagon (7-gon) is
n ⋅ (n – 3) 7 ⋅ (7 – 3) 7 ⋅ 4
diagonals is . = = 14.
2 2 2
The sum of the measures of the interior angles of a The sum of the measure of the interior angles of a
regular polygon with n sides is (n – 2) ⋅ 180°. nonagon (9-gon) is (9 – 2) ⋅ 180 = 7 ⋅ 180° = 1260°.
The sum of measures of the exterior angles of any

The sum of the exterior angles of a heptagon is 360°.
convex polygon is 360°.
Polygons 39
Concepts Examples
The measure of an interior angle of a regular The measure of an interior angle of a regular hexagon
(n – 2) ⋅ 180 ° (6 – 2) ⋅ 180°
hexagon is . is = 120° .
n 6
The measure of any exterior angle of a regular The measure of an exterior angle of a regular
360° 360°
polygon with n sides is . decagon (10-gon) is = 36° .
n 10
4.2 Quadrilaterals
If a polygon has four sides then it is called a

quadrilateral.
quadrilaterals
D 3x + 2x + 2x + 20 + 4x + 10 = 360
The sum of measures of the interior angles of a 2x+20°
3x C 11x + 30 = 360
2x
quadrilateral is 360°. 11x = 330
4x+10°
A x = 30
B
80° 80 + 100 + x + y + x – y = 360

The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a 180 + 2x = 360
quadrilateral is 360°. x+y 100°
2x = 180
xy x= 90°
4.3 Types of Quadrilateral

D C
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel to

each other then the quadrilateral is called a [AB] & [DC] and [AD] & [BC]
parallelogram.
A B
a parallelogram
D C
Properties of a parallelogram:
O
A diagonal of a parallelogram forms two congruent
triangles.
A B
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent. ∆ABC ≅ ∆CDA
Consecutive angles are supplementary. m∠A = m∠C and m∠B = m∠D
Opposite sides are congruent. m∠A + m∠D = 180° and m∠B + m∠C = 180°
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. |AB| = |DC| and |BC| = |AD|
|OA| = |OC| and |OB| = |OD|
40 Pre-Geometry
D a C D C
The perimeter of a parallelogram is the sum of
hb
lengths of its sides. b b
ha b
The area of a parallelogram is the product of the

A a B A a B
length of the base and the length of the altitude.
P(ABCD) = 2 ⋅ (a + b) A(ABCD) = a ⋅ ha = b ⋅
A parallelogram with four right angles is called a rec- D a C

tangle. [AB] & [DC] and [AD] & [BC]
b b m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = m∠D = 90°
A rectangle has all the properties of a parallelogram
and the lengths of the diagonals of a rectangle are |AC| = |BD|
A a B
equal.
The perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of the lengths D a C
P(ABCD) = a + b + a + b
of its sides.
b b = 2(a + b)
The area of a rectangle is the product of its length a A(ABCD) = a ⋅ b
A B
and its height. a rectangle
A parallelogram with four right angles and four D C

congruent sides is called a square.
Properties of square: |AC| = |BD|
The diagonals are congruent. O [AC] ⊥ [BD]
The diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each other.
A B
The diagonals are bisector of its interior angles. a square
If the length of a side of a square is a then the perimeter

P(ABCD) = a + a + a + a
of the square is 4a. The area of a square is the
A(ABCD) = a ⋅ a = a2
product of the length of a side by itself.
C
A rhombus is a parallelogram with four congruent sides. a a
Properties of a rhombus:
D B
O |AB| = |BC| = |CD| = |DA| = a
The diagonals are perpendicular.
Each diagonal bisects two angles of the rhombus.
a a [AC] ⊥ [DB]
A
C
h
If the length of a side of a rhombus is a then the a a
e P(ABCD) = a + a + a + a = 4 ⋅ a
perimeter is 4a. f
D B A(ABCD) = a ⋅ h
O
The area of a rhombus is the half of the product of the | AC| ⋅|DB| e ⋅ f
A(ABCD) = =
lengths of its diagonals. a a 2 2
Polygons 41
C
A quadrilateral with two pairs of congruent adjacent
sides is called a kite: b b |AD| = |AB| and |DC| = |CB|
D B |OD| = |OB|
Properties of a kite: f O
m∠DAO = m∠BAO and
The diagonals are perpendicular. m∠DCO = m∠BCO
a a
The diagonal [AC] bisects ∠A and ∠C.
The diagonal [AC] bisects the diagonal [DB].
A
The perimeter of a kite ABCD is

P(ABCD) = a + a + b + b = 2(a + b)
|AB| + |BC| + |CD| + |DA|.
| AC| ⋅|BD| e ⋅ f
The area of a kite is the half of the product of the A(ABCD) = =
2 2
lengths of its diagonals.
D upper base C
If a quadrilateral has only one pair of opposite paralel leg leg [AB] & [CD]
sides, then the quadrilateral is called a trapezoid.
A lower base B
D C D c C
E F
Properties of a trapezoid:
A B A a B
The two adjacent angles of each leg of a trapezoid m∠A + m∠D = 180° | AB|+|DC| a + c
are supplementary. m∠B + m∠C = 180° |EF |= =
2 2
The length of the median is the half of the sum of the C
D C D
lengths of the two bases.
A trapezoid with congruent legs is called an isosceles
trapezoid.
A trapezoid with one right angle is called a right A B A B
trapezoid. ABCD is an isosceles ABCD is a right trapezoid:

trapezoid: |AD| = |BC| [AB] ⊥ [AD] and
m∠DAB = m∠ABC. [AD] ⊥ [DC].
D c C D c C
The perimeter of a trapezoid is the sum of lengths of
d b
its bases and legs. h
The area of a trapezoid is half of the product of the

length of its altitude and the sum of the lengths of its A a B A a B
bases. (a + c ) ⋅ h
P(ABCD) = a + b + c +d A( ABCD) =
2
42 Pre-Geometry
1. Find the number of diagonals and the sum of the 6. In the figure, ABCD is a E
measures of the interior angles of a regular parallelogram with D
x+10°
C
polygon with eight sides. m∠EDC = x + 10° and
m∠ABC = x + 50°. x+50° ?
Find m∠CBF. A B F
2. Find the measure of an exterior angle of a regular

polygon if the polygon has diagonals.
7. In the figure, ABCD is E

a parallelogram and 2 cm
F C
D
the points A, D, and E
3. In the figure, ABCDE is a D
are collinear. 4 cm
regular pentagon and
F C [EB] is the angle
[AF] is the angle bisector E
? bisector of ∠ABC. A B
of ∠A. Find m∠AFE.
If |AD| = 4 cm and
|DE| = 2 cm, find P(ABCD).
A B
4. In the figure, [AE] and D C

8. D E F G C
[BE] are angle bisectors F 95° 105° 4

5
of the angles ∠A and ∠B E
?
respectively.
A B
If m∠FDC = 95° and
B In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram with
m∠BCD = 105°, find A
m∠AEF. |AD| = 5 cm, |BG| = 4 cm, and
|DE| = |EF| = |FG| = |GC|. Find A(ABFE).
5. In the figure, D
|AD| = 5ñ3 cm, C 9. In the figure, ABCD is a D C
?
rectangle with 130°
|AB| = 8 cm, and
5ñ3 cm m∠BAC = 40°and E
|BC| = 6 cm. 6 cm
m∠CED = 130°.
Find A(ABCD).
40°
Find m∠CDE.
A 8 cm B A B
Polygons 43
10. In the figure, ABCD D E 1 cm C 15. In the figure, ABCD is a D
is a rectangle with kite with |AD| = |CD| 40° H
|CE| = 1 cm, 5 cm and |AB| = |BC|.
|AD| = 5 cm, and If m∠CBD = 20°, A ? C
|AE| = |AB|. A B
m∠ADB = 40°, and
Find A(ABCD). [AH] ⊥ [CD], 20°
find m∠BAH.
B

square.
If |AD| = 4 cm and E
4 cm
|AE| = 3 ⋅ |EC|.
Find |DE|.
A B trapezoid with ?
[AB] & [CD].

[AC] is the angle 64°
bisector of ∠BAD and A B
E
m∠ABC = 64°. Find m∠ADC.
square with |AB| = 6 cm,
|DE| = |EF|, and F
|BF| = 2 ⋅ |CF|.
Find A(AEF).
A 6 cm B
trapezoid with 2ñ3

60°
13. In the figure, ABCD is a D [AB] & [CD], E F
rhombus. [DF] is the |EF| = 5 cm,
angle bisector of ∠ADB. |DE| = 2ñ3 cm, and A B
If m∠DCE = 70°, E 70° m∠DEF = 60°. Find A(ABCD).
A C
find m∠BFD.
?
F

trapezoid with
14. In the figure, ABCD is a D C [AD] ⊥ [AB],
rhombus with [AE] ⊥ [ED], 8 cm E
4 cm
|AD| = 4 cm, and 30° |BE| = |EC|, and
m∠CAD = 30°. |AD| = 8 cm.
A B
Find A(ABCD). Find A(ABCD). A B
44 Pre-Geometry
1. How many sides does a convex polygon have if 6. In the figure, ABCD is a D C
the sum of its interior angles is 1620°? parallelogram with 70°
|AB| = |BD|, ?
A) 10 B) 11 C) 12 D) 13 D
m∠ADB = 70°, and [CD]
A B
is the angle bisector of
2. The measure of the interior angle of a regular poly- m∠C. What is m∠BDC?
gon is three times the measure of its exterior
A) 70° B) 75° C) 80° D) 85°
angle. How many diagonals does the polygor
have?
A) 9 B) 14 C) 20 D) 27
3. The length of one side of E 4 D parallelogram. 9 cm
the given regular hexagon
|AF| = 8 cm,
is 4. What is the area of the E
F C |BF| = 4 cm, and
shaded region? A 8 cm F 4 cm B
|CE| = 9 cm.
What is |EF|?
A B
A) 3 cm B) 4 cm C) 5 cm D) 6 cm
A) 16ñ3 B) 20 C) 8ñ3 D) 10
4. Find x in the figure. D

rectangle with
2x C 10 cm E
E |DE| = 10 cm F
30°
130°
and |BF| = 6 cm. 6 cm
F What is the area of A B

A x+10°
ABCD?
B
A) 120 cm2 B) 144 cm2 C) 192 cm2 D) 216 cm2
A) 50° B) 40° C) 35° D) 30°
5. In the quadrilateral D 9. In the figure, ABCD is a D C
given in the figure, 110° rectangle. [DE] is the 35°

C
|EF| = |BF|, angle bisector of the
A x angle ∠D and ?
m∠A = m∠C = 90°, and F
m∠D = 110°. Find x. m∠BCE = 35°. A E B
E
What is m∠DEC?
B
A) 140° B) 130° C) 120° D) 110° A) 60° B) 65° C) 70° D) 80°
Polygons 45
10. In the figure, ABCD is a D C 15. If the figure, ABCD is an D 6 cm C
40°
square with isosceles trapezoid with
|DE| = |CB| and |DC| = 6 cm,
E
m∠CDE = 40°. |AB| = 12 cm, and
What is m∠BAE ? ? m∠B = 60°. What is the 60°
A B area of the trapezoid? A 12 cm B
A) 40° B) 35° C) 30° D) 25°

A) 18ñ3 cm2 B) 27 cm2
11. In the figure, ABCD is a D F C
C) 27ñ3 cm2 D) 36 cm2
square. E and F are the mid-
points of the sides [AD] and H
[CD] respectively. The area of E G
the shaded region is 6 cm2.

16. In the figure, ABC is a D C
What is the length of one side right trapezoid. E is the

A B
of the square? midpoint of [AD], 18 cm
|AB| = 12 cm, E
A) 4 cm B) 5 cm C) 6 cm D) 8 cm
|BC| = 18 cm, and
12. In the figure, ABCD is a D C A(DCE) = 15 cm2.
rhombus with 30° What is the area of A 12 cm B
If m∠D = 30° and ABCD?
2ñ3
|CH| = 2ñ3.
A) 30 cm2 B) 45ñ3 cm2
What is the area of ABCD? A H B
C) 60 cm2 D) 90 cm2
A) 6ñ3 B) 24 C) 12ñ3 D) 16ñ3
13. In the figure, ABCD is a D

17. In the figure, ABCDE is a D
rhombus with area
regular pentagon and FBC is
96ñ3 cm2, E C
10 cm
an equilateral triangle. F
|DE| = 10 cm, and A C
? What is m∠x?
|BE| = 2 cm. x
E
2 cm
What is m∠CED? A B
A) 60° B) 62° C) 66° D) 72°
B
A) 30° B) 40° C) 45° D) 60°
14. In the figure, ABCD is a D 18. In the figure, ABCD is a D E C

kite with |AB| = |BC|, rectangle with
|DE| = |EF|, F |DE| = |EC|, F 10 cm 9 cm
E
m∠A = 80°, and 80° ? |BC| = 9 cm, and
A C
m∠B = 120°. |BF| = 10 cm. A x B
120°
What is m∠CEF ? Find |AB|.
B
A) 140° B) 150° C) 160° D) 170° A) 8 cm B) 10 cm C) 12 cm D) 15 cm
46 Pre-Geometry
CHAPTER 2
CIRCLES
Objectives
A. CONCEPT OF CIRCLES
After studying this section you will be 1. Basic Definitions
able to: You can see many round figures or ring shaped geometric figures around
1. Learn basic concept of circles.
you. Wheels, gears, compact disks, clocks, and wind milles, etc. All of these
2. Learn properties of chords.
tools are basic applications of circles.
3. Learn properties of tangents.
wheel compact discs gears
Definition
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are a given distance from a fixed
Note point in that plane.
The word circle is derived from the latin
The given distance is the radius. The fixed point is the center of the circle. All
word circus, which means ‘ring’ or
radii (plural of radius)of a circle are congruent. A circle is named by its center.
‘racecourse’.
The circle at the left is named circle O.
It can be denoted by O or C(O, r) which represents the circle with center O
and with radius r.
center To construct a circle, fix a nail on a paper, connect a
O string of any length to the nail, tie up the other end of
radius the string to your pencil, and keeping the string tight
circle revolve your pencil on the paper around the nail for one
complete revolution. You will get a circle.
2. Regions Separated by the Circle in the Plane

The set of points whose distances from the
center of circle is less than the radius of the P
Q
The interior region Circle circle is called the interior of the circle. interior
For example, |OR| < r, R is in the interior of O P
the circle. R
The set of points whose distances from the exterior circle
The exterior region

center is greater than the radius of the circle
is called the exterior of the circle.
48 Pre-Geometry
Note For example, |OQ| > r, the point Q is in the exterior of the circle.
The union of a circle and The set of points whose distances from the center is equal to the radius is
its interior is called a called the circle itself.
circular closed region or
a disc. For example, |OP| = r, the point P is on the circle.
5.1
Which of the points Since |OA| < r and |OB| < r, points A and B are in the
given in the figure are E interior of the circle.
B
in the interior of the Since |OC| = |OD| = r, points C and D are on the
G O
C
circle, with center O, A circle. Since |OE| > r, |OF| > r and |OG| > r, points
which are in the D E, F, and G are in the exterior of the circle.
F
exterior of the circle,
and which are on the
circle?
3. Auxiliary Elements of a Circle
B
Definition
A chord The line segment joining two different points of a circle is called chord.
C O
diameter D
By definition, in the figure [AB] and [CD] are chords.
Definition
The chord passing through the center of the circle is called diameter.
In the figure, chord [CD] passes through the center of the circle. So, [CD] is
diameter.
A diameter is twice the radius. If r is radius and d is diameter then d = 2 ⋅ r
d
and r = .
2
The longest chord of a circle is diameter.
4. The Positions of a Line and a Circle in the Same Plane

l
H A line and a circle in the same plane have three different positions with respect
to each other.
O
r If the distance from the center of the circle to the line is greater than the radius
of the circle, then the line does not intersect the circle C.
If [OH] ⊥ l and |OH| > r, then l ∩ C = ∅.
Circles 49
If the distance from the center to the line is equal to the radius, then the line
tangent point of is tangent to the circle C.
tangency
H
l If |OH| ⊥ l and |OH| = r, then l ∩ C = {H}.
O
Definition
The line intersecting a circle at exactly one point is called tangent of the
circle. The point H is the point of tangency.
If the distance from the center to the line is less than the radius, then the line
intersects the circle C at two points.
A H B If [OH] ⊥ l and |OH| < r, then l ∩ C = {A, B}.
l
O
Definition
The line intersecting a circle at two different points is called a secant of the
circle. For example, line l is a secant in the figure on the left.
5.2
Identify all radii, diameters, E
[OF], [OC], and [OB] are the radii of the circle.
chords, secants, and [FC] is diameter.
D
tangents of the circle in the O
F l l is a secant.
C
figure.
G
[EF], [ED], and [FC] are chords.
A B GH is a tangent.
H
5.3
1. Find the length of the diameter for the indicated 1
1. a. d = 2 ⋅ r ⇒ d = 2 ⋅ 3 = 7 cm
length of a radius. 2
1 b. d = 2 ⋅ (3x) = 6x cm
a. 3 cm b. 3x cm c. 2x + 5 cm d. 7x – 12 cm
2 c. d = 2 ⋅ (2x + 5) = 4x + 10 cm
2. Given the length of the diameter is 20 cm and the
radius is 2x – 4. Find the value of x. d. d = 2 ⋅ (7x – 12) = 14x – 24 cm
2. d=2⋅r
20 = 2 ⋅ (2x – 4)
2x – 4 = 10
2x = 14
x = 7 cm
50 Pre-Geometry
1. Define the terms center, radius, chord, diameter, tangent, and secant.
Show them in a figure.
2. How many parts does a circle divide the plane into?
3. Use the circle on the right.

a. Name the tangents. E
B
b. Name secants.
c. Name chords. A
O
d. Name radii.
D C
F
e. Name diameters.
4. Draw all possible corresponding positions of a circle and a line which are
in the same plane.
B. PROPERTIES OF CHORDS
Recall that ‘The line segment joining two different points of a circle is called a
chord.’ In this section we will study properties of chords.
A H B
Property
A line segment that is perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord.
O
If [OH] ⊥ [AB], then |AH| = |HB|.
5.4
A chord of 10 cm is 12 cm away from the center of a | AB|
| AH|= A 5 H B
circle. Find the length of the radius. 2 12
r
10
| A H|= = 5 cm O
2
In ∆AHO; r2 = 52 + 122
r2 = 25 + 144
r2 = 169
r = 13 cm
Circles 51
C Property
B N In the same circle or in congruent circles, two chords which are equidistant
from the center are congruent.
O D
M
A If |OM| = |ON|, then |AB| = |CD|.

The converse of this property is also true, i.e. if |AB| = |CD|,
then |OM| = |ON|.
5.5
In the figure |AB| = 8 cm, B C |CD| = 8 cm, since |CN| = 4 cm.
|CN| = 4 cm, and 4
x
N |OM| = |ON| = 3 cm, since |AB| = |CD| = 8 cm.
|OM| = 3 cm, find |OC| = x. M
3 O Let us use Pythagorean Theorem to compute the
A D length of [OC].
|OC|2 = |ON|2 + |NC|2
x2 = 32 + 42
x = 5 cm
Property
C
B In the same circle or congruent circles, if two chords are unequal in length,
F then the longer chord is nearer to the center of the circle.
E
O If |AB| < |CD|, then |OE| > |OF|. The converse of this property is also true,
A D i.e. if |OE| > |OF|, then |AB| < |CD|.
5.6
In the circle with center O, D
If |OM| < |ON|, then |CD| > |AB|.
M
|OM| < |ON| and r = 9 cm. C 5x – 2 > 3x + 2
B
If |AB| = 3x + 2 and O 2x > 4
|CD| = 5x – 2, then find N x > 2 ...(1)
possible integer values of x. A Since, the longest chord is diameter, the greatest value
of |CD| is diameter.
(d = 2r), d = 2 ⋅ 9 = 18 cm
|CD| ≤ 18
5x – 2 ≤ 18
5x ≤ 20
x ≤ 4 ...(2)
From the (1) and (2) inequalities, the possible integer
values of x are 3 and 4.
52 Pre-Geometry
D
1. In the figure, O is the center A 3. In the figure
F
of the circle. The radius of B |AP| = 12 cm,
C A
the circle is 5 cm. O |PB| = 4 cm, and 12 O
If |AB| = |CD| = 8 cm E |OP| = 11 cm, then find the
P 4
then find the value of D radius of the circle. B
C
|OE|?
2. In the figure |AB| = |CD|,

C N D
[OM] ⊥ [AB], D 4. In the figure,
B A B
[ON] ⊥ [CD], and O |AB| = 12 cm, C
|ON| = |OM| = 4 cm. M |DC| = 2 cm,
O
If |AB| = 5x + 1 and A
[OD] ⊥ [AB].
|CD| = 4x + 2, Find the radius of the circle.
then find the radius of the circle.
T H C. PROPERTIES OF TANGENTS
Recall that ‘The line lies in the plane of the circle and intersects the circle in
exactly one point is called a tangent’. In this section we will study the
properties of tangent.
H Property
l
If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius drawn
O to the point of tangency.
If l is tanget to the circle C at point H, then [OH] ⊥ l.
Property
A
If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then they
P
are congruent.
O
If [PA and [PB are tangent to the circle with center O at points A and B
B
respectively, then |PA| = |PB|.
Circles 53
A
Property
The two tangent segments from the same external point determine an angle that
P is bisected by the ray from the external point through the center of the circle.
O
If [PA and [PB are tangent to the circle then [PO is angle bisector of ∠APB.
B
That is, m∠APO = m∠BPO.
5.7
The circle with center O A |AK| = |AL|, |BK| = |BM|, and |CM| = |CL|.
is inscribed in the triangle P(∆ABC) = |AB| +|BC| +|AC|
L
ABC. = |AK| + |KB| + |BM| + |MC| + |CL| + |LA|
K
|AK| = x + 5, O = 2 ⋅|AK| + 2 ⋅|BM| + 2 ⋅|CL|
|BM| = 2x + 3, and = 2 ⋅ (x + 5) + 2 ⋅ (2x + 3) + 2 ⋅ (2x + 5)
|CL| = 2x + 5 and the B M C = 2x + 10 + 4x + 6 + 4x + 10
perimeter of triangle ABC = 10x + 26
is 46 cm. Find |MC|. P(∆ABC) = 10x + 26 = 46 ⇒ x = 2 cm.
So, |MC| = 2x + 5
|MC| = 9 cm.
D. POSITIONS OF TWO CIRCLES IN THE SAME

PLANE
Definition
The circles which have no common point are called nonintersecting circles.
d r2
r1 r2
O1 O2 O
Note O1 O2
d r1
If two or more circles
share the same center,
then they are called
concentric circles. C1ÇC2= Æ C1ÇC2= Æ C1ÇC2= Æ
r1+r2< d r1 r2> d d=0
54 Pre-Geometry
Definition
The circles which have one common point are called tangent circles.
l l
r1
r1 r2
A O2 A
O1 O1
d d O2 r2
C1ÇC2={A} and r1+r2=d C1ÇC2={A} and r1 r2=d

Externally tangent circles. Internally tangent circles.
l is the common tangent. l is the common tangent.
Definition
The circles which have two common points are called intersecting circles.
A A
r1
O1 O2 O1 H O2
r2
d
B B
C1ÇC2={A, B} and r1+r2>d [AB] is the common chord.
[O1O2] ^ [AB] and |AH| = |HB|
5.8
The circles with centers Let the radii of the circles A, B, and C be r1, r2 and r3
A, B, and C are externally C respectively.
tangent two by two. |AB| = r1 + r2 = 16
B
If |AB| = 16 cm, |BC| = r2 + r3 = 12
|BC| = 12 cm, and + |CA| = r1 + r3 = 14
A
|AC| = 14 cm, then 2 ⋅ (r1 + r2 + r3) = 42
find the radii of the r1 + r2 + r3 = 21
circles.
r1 + r2 + r3 = 21 r1 + r2 = 16 r1 + r2 + r3 = 21

r1 + 12 = 21 9 + r2 = 16 16 + r3 = 21
r1 = 9 cm r2 = 7 cm r3 = 5 cm
Circles 55
1. The lines and segments E 6. In the figure A
D C
drawn in the figure are [OA] ⊥ [BC], 2
O 4
the elements of the F C K
|AK| = 2 cm, and B
circle. Name each of G B |KC| = 4 cm, then find O
them. |OK|.
H A
2. The points in the figure A E

7. In the figure, if
F C
are in the same plane C |AC| = 6 cm and
with the circle. State the D |AB| = 3 cm, then
O
places of the points with find |OB| = r. A B O
G
respect to the circle.
B
8. In the figure, if C
3. In the following circle the D
B |BC| = 12 cm and E
radius is 15 cm, D 12
I |AD| = 8 cm, then
|CD| = 24 cm and 8
H find the radius of the
|OH| = 12 cm. O A
O B
C
circle.
a. Find |OI|.
A
b. Find |AB|.
A
9. If |AP| = 6ñ3 cm and
4. According to the following A
m∠APB = 60°, then find
circle write suitable symbol F C P
the radius of the O
instead of ‘...’. C B circle. B
O
a. If |OE| = |OF|, then
E
|AB|...|CD|
10. In the figure,
b. If |OE| > |OF|, then D r2
if |O1O2| = 3 cm and
r1
|AB|...|CD|. r1 + r2 = 11 cm, then A B
O1 O2
c. If |CD| < |AB|, then |OE|...|OF|. find r1 and r2.
C
5. In the figure, X, Y, and Z are
the points of tangency. 11. In the circle
C
N
If |AX| = 6 cm, X |AB| = 3x + 4 and A D
|CZ| = 4 cm, and |CD| = 2x + 9. O
O Z
|BY| = 2 cm, then If |OM| > |ON|, then M
find the perimeter of ∆ABC. find the smallest integer

A Y B B
value of x.
56 Pre-Geometry
Objectives A. ARCS AND CENTRAL ANGLES
Definition
able to:
1. Know arcs ad central angles. An arc of a circle consists of two points on the circle and unbroken part of the
2. Know inscribed angles. circle between these two points.
3. Use properties of mojar arc, central
angles, and insecribed angles. Arcs are denoted by ‘ ’. The arc AB shown
ï A
as AïB, and the arc ACB as AùCB.
Any two points of a circle divide the circle C minor arc
O
into two arcs. If the arcs are unequal the
smaller is the minor arc and the larger is the B
A major arc.
O
Definition
B An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle is a central angle of the
circle.
The degree measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of its cenral angle,
C
that is, mAïB = m∠AOB
A semicircle is an arc of a circle whose endpoints are the endpoints of a
A
B
diameter, that is, mAùCB = 180°.
O
The degree measure of a major arc is 360° minus the measure of the central
angle, that is, mCùAB = 360° – mCïB.
5.9
Find the measure of the central angle of the following The measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure of
circles. its central angle.
a. b. c. a. m∠AOB = mAïB = 50°
50° 120° 180°
A B b. m∠COD = mCïD = 120°
C D
c. m∠AOB = mAïB = 180°
O O A O B
Circles 57
D Property
r In the same circle or in congruent circles, if chords are congruent, then their
r O corresponding arcs and central angles are also congruent.
r
A
r C If [AB] ≅ [CD] then AïB ≅ CïD and m∠AOB ≅ m∠COD.
K Property
If a line through the center of a circle is perpendicular to a chord, it bisects the
arcs of that chord.
O
r r If [PK] ⊥ [AB], then [AH] ≅ [HB]
A H B
AïP ≅ PïB
P AïK ≅ KïB
B. INSCRIBED ANGLE
Definition
An angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides contain chords of the
circle is called an inscribed circle.
An angle ∠ABC is inscribed angle of a C

circle, if [AB] and [BC] are the chords of
the circle.
B
O
The arc AïC is the intercepted arc of
inscribed angle ∠ABC. A
Property
The measure of an inscribed angle is the half of the measure of the central
C
angle intercepting the same arc.
a
a O 2a E Let m∠BCO = a
B
b 2b
b m∠BAO = b
Since the triangles ∆BOC and ∆AOB are isosceles triangles,
A
m∠OBC = m∠OCB = a m∠COE = m∠CBO + m∠OCB = 2a
m∠OAB = m∠OBA = b m∠AOE = m∠OAB + m∠OBA = 2b
m∠ABC = m∠OBA + m∠OBC m∠AOC = m∠AOE + m∠EOC
=a+b = 2 ⋅ (a + b)
m∠AOC
So, m∠ABC = .
2
58 Pre-Geometry
Rule
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to the half the measure of its
C
intercepted arc.
B a O 2a 2a mACï
m∠ABC = .
2
A
5.10
Find the measure of x.
a. C mACï
a. m∠ABC =
2
B 50°
O x mACï
50° =
2
A
mAïC = 100°
b. x = 100°
C
mACï
B x b. m∠ABC =
2
O
120° 120°
x = 2
A
x = 60°
C
c.
m∠AOC
B x c. m∠ABC =
O 2
90°
A = 2
x = 45°
C Rule
In a circle if two inscribed angles intercept the same arc, then the angles are
congruent.
B
A
m∠ABC = m∠ADC, because they both intercept the arc AC.
Circles 59
5.11
Find the measure of x and y.
mCDï
a. m∠CAD =m∠CBD =
a. 2
A D
x 40°
x=y=
40° 2
x = y = 20°
y
C
B
b. m∠BOC mBCï
b. m∠BAC = =
2 2
O y y 50°
A x= =
x 2 2
C
x = 25° and y = 50°.
50°
B
D
c.
m∠BOC m∠BOC
x
c. m∠BAC = m∠BDC =
20° O
2 2
A
y 40°
y 20° = x=
2 2
C
B y = 40° x = 20°
N Rule
M
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
A B If mAùLB = mAùMB = mAùNB = 180°, then

O
m∠ALB = m∠AMB = m∠ANB = 90° or
L m∠L = m∠M = m∠N = 90°.
5.12
Find the measure of x. a. Since AC is the diameter, then m∠ABC = x = 90°.
a. B
A C
O
60 Pre-Geometry
b. 60°
D C mDCï y = 2 ⋅ m∠BAC mAïD + mDïC + mCïB = 180°
b. m∠DAC =
x y 2
= 2 ⋅ 20° x + 60° + 40° = 180°
20° 60°
A B = 2 = 40° x = 80°
O
= 30°
D c. Let us draw the chord [BD]. D

c.
x m∠ADB = 90° x
O m∠CAB = m∠CDB = 10° O

A B A B
m∠ADC + m∠CDB = 90°
10° 10° C
C x + 10° = 90°
x = 80°
Property
C The measure of the angle formed by a tangent and a chord is equal to the half
A of the measure of its intercepted arc.
Let us draw the diameter [AD] and the chord [BD]. C

A
B
[AC] ⊥ [AD] ... (Radius is perpendicular to the
tangent at the point of tangency.)
[AB] ⊥ [BD] ... (Definition of semicircle) O
m∠DAB + m∠BAC = 90° B
m∠DAB + m∠ADB = 90° (In triangle ∆ABD) D

m∠ADB = m∠BAC
mABï
m∠ADB = (Inscribed angle rule)
2
mABï
m∠BAC = (Inscribed angle rule)
2
Rule
If [AB] & [CD], then m∠ABC = m∠BCD (alternate interior angles).
A B
So, mAïC = mBïD.
C D
Circles 61
5.13
Find the measure of x and y. a. Let us draw the radius [OA]. [AC] ⊥ [AO]. A C
a. A C ∆AOB is isosceles triangle. x

r 30° y
x m∠OAB = 30° and
y 30°
m∠OAB + m∠BAC = 90° O r
30° B
O 30° + x = 90°
B
x = 60°
y = 2 ⋅ 60° = 120°
B
b. D
mBD ï
b. [AB] & [CD] and m∠BAD =
2
O
mBïD = 2 ⋅15° B 30°
x D
15° E = 30°
A C
mAïC + mCïD + mDïB = 180° O
[AB] ||[CD]
30° + mCïD + 30° = 180° x
15° E
mCïD = 120° A 30° C
c. E A F
x mCD ï
m∠DCE = x =
B C 2
120°
O =
2
30°
= 60°
D mACï E A F
[AD] ⊥ [BC] and [AF] ⊥ [AD].
c. m∠ADC =
2 x So, [AF] & [BC].
mAïC = 2 ⋅ 30° B C Then, m∠ABC = m∠BAE
O
= 60° So, m∠EAB = x = 30°
30°
mAC ï
m∠ABC =
2 D
60°
m∠ABC =
2
B = 30°
A a b O
mÐBAC + mÐBOC = 180° Rule

mÐBAC + mBïC = 180° The measure of an angle formed by two secants (I), a secant an a tangent (II),
a + b = 180°
or two tangents (III) drawn from a point in the exterior of a circle is equal to
the half of the difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
62 Pre-Geometry
I. II. III.
C A
C
A A
P O P P O C
O
B
D B B
mCïD mAïB mCïB mAïB mAùCB mAïB

mÐP = mÐP = mÐP =
2 2 2
mÐP + mAïB = 180°
a
Rule
B
A The measure of an angle formed by two chords that intersect in the interior of
x
a a circle is equal to half of the sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
E
y b
C
ï ï
mBC+mAD ï ï
mAB+mCD
m∠AED = m∠BEC = and m∠AEB = m∠CED =
2 2
D b
x+y a +b
α= and β =
2 2
5.14
Find the measure of x.
ï ï
mAC+mBD
a. m∠BED =
a. A
2
B
30° mAC+ï 60°
70° = (mBD ï = 2 ⋅ m ∠BAD)
E 70° 2
C x mAïC = 140° – 60° = 80°
D
mAC ï 80°
m∠ADC = = = 40°
C 2 2
b.
B 15° mCEï – mBD ï
b. m∠CAE =
A x O 100°
2
D 100° – 30°
m∠CAE = ï = 2 ⋅ m ∠BCD)
(mBD
E 2
c. 70°
Q m∠CAE = x = 2 = 35°
c. m∠QPR + mQïR = 180°
P 60° S x O T 60° + mQïR = 180°
mQïR = 120°
R mQïR + mQùTR = 360°
mQùTR = 240°
ù
mQTR 240°
m∠QùSR = x = = = 120°
2 2
Circles 63
1. In the figure, O is the A B 7. In the figure, C
center of the circle. x mBC ï D

120° C if mAïD = and 75°
If m∠AOC = 120°, then 2
find m∠ABC = x. O m∠DPC = 75° then P
find m∠BAC. x
B
A
2. In the figure, O is the C 8. If [AE is tangent to the

center of the circle. circle at the point B, D
A x C
and m∠EBC = 75°, O
If m∠BAC = 30° and 70°
O B
K then find m∠A. 75°
m∠BKC = 70°, then find 30° B
E
m∠ACO.
A C
9. In the figure, O is the center
3. If m∠CBD = 120°, C of the circle.
then find m∠AOC. If m∠AOC = m∠ABC = 3x B 3x 3x O
x then find x.
O
120°
A B A
D
B
4. If m∠BOC = 100° and C
10. In the figure,
m∠AOC = 100° and A 70° x C
m∠ACO = 20°, then 20° 100°
A O 100° m∠OAB = 70°.
find m∠ABO. O
x Find m∠OCB.
B
11. In the figure, A

5. In the figure, C
m∠APD = 30°, a B
[AB] is diameter.
x 40° m∠DKA = 60°,
If m∠OCB = 40° A 60° K 30° P
O m∠BAC = a, and
then find m∠OAC. B b
m∠DCA = b. C
D
Find a and b.
6. If m∠CDB = 10° D 12. In the figure, O is the

A
and m∠ABD = 50° C center of the circle.
10° K
then find m∠P. x P If m∠DPA = 50°, then O 50°
O D
50°
B
find m∠BCA. x
B P
A C
64 Pre-Geometry
Objectives A. CIRCUMFERENCE AND ARC LENGTH OF A
After studying this section you will be CIRCLE
able to:
1. Learn circumference and arc length of 1. Circumference of a Circle
a circle
2. Find area of circles, sectors, and
segments. Definition
The distance around a polygon is called the perimeter.
Note The distance around the circle is called the circumference.

Pi (π) is Greek letter. It is the first letter of If you measure the circumference and diameter of a circle and divide the
Greek alphabet word that means ‘measure circumference by the diameter, you always get the same constant. This
around.’ constant is nearly 3.14, and denoted by π.
Rule
d For all circles, the ratio of circumference to the diameter is the same number.
r r
C
If the circumference of a circle with a diameter d is C, then = π or C = π ⋅ d or
d
C
C = 2πr
1. Find 5 different circular objects. Measure their circumference (C), and

diameter (d), and built a table of values.
C
2. For each circular object compute the ratio . Average the ratios.
d
3. How do the number π and the formula C = π ⋅ d relate to this activity?
5.15
a. Find the diameter of the circle whose circumference a. Let the diameter of the circle be d, then the
is 24π. circumference of the circle is C = π ⋅ d.
b. Find the circumference of the circle whose radius is 24π = π ⋅ d
5 cm. d = 24 cm
b. C = 2π ⋅ 5 = 2π ⋅ 5 = 10π cm
c. Find the circumference of the circle whose diameter
c. C = 2π ⋅ r = 2r ⋅ π = d ⋅ π = 9π cm
is 9 cm.
Circles 65
2. Arc Length of a Circle
Recall that an arc is ‘a part of a circle’. The measure of an arc is equal to the
measure of the central angle.
Rule
A
In a circle, the ratio of the length of a given arc AïB to a circumference is equal
to the ratio of the measure of the arc to 360°.
O a
ï
Arc length of AB ï
mAB Arc length of ABï α
r = , then = . So,
Circumference of the circle 360 ° 2 π ⋅r 360 °
B
α
Arc length of AïB = 2π ⋅ r ⋅
360°
In the obove formula the measure of an arc is given in degree. The length of
an arc is given in linear unit such as centimeters.
5.16
Find the length of each arc. a. The length of a b. The length of a
C
semicircle is half 90° arc is one-fourth of
a. b.
of the circumference. the circumference.
Arc length of AïB Arc length of CïD
6 cm α α
A B D = 2πr ⋅ = 2πr ⋅
O O 10 cm 360° 360°
180° 90°
= 2π ⋅ 6 ⋅ = 2π ⋅ 10 ⋅
360° 360°
c. d. 210° 1 1
= 2π ⋅ 6 ⋅ = 2π ⋅ 10 ⋅
T 2 4
G 18 cm = 6π cm = 5π cm
O
12 cm O
60° c. Arc length of EïF d. Arc length of GùTH
E
F α α
H = 2πr ⋅ = 2πr ⋅
360° 360°
60° 210°
= 2π ⋅ 12 ⋅ = 2π ⋅ 18 ⋅
360° 360°
1 21
= 2π ⋅ 12 ⋅ = 2π ⋅ 18 ⋅
6 36
= 4π cm = 21π cm
66 Pre-Geometry
1. Find the circumference of the circle whose radius is;
a. 3 cm b. 5 cm c. 7 cm d. 10 cm
2. Find the radius of the circle having a circumference of,
a. 12π cm b. 24π cm c. 36π cm d. π cm
3. Find the arc length of each circle.

a. b. c. E d. G
C
F 9 cm
8 cm 60°
O 200°
3 cm O O
120° O K
5 cm L
A B
D H
B. AREA OF A CIRCLE, SECTOR, AND SEGMENT

1. Area of a Circle
r Definition
A
O
The area of a circle is π times the square of the radius.
A = π ⋅ r2
Let us divide a circle into 16 equal part, and rearrange as follows:
r r
O
C = pr
2
As the number of equal parts increases, the area of the parallelogram

becomes closer approximations of the area of circle.
C 2πr
The area of parallelogram is A = r ⋅ = r ⋅ = πr2 .
2 2
So, the area of the circle with radius r is A = π r2.
A = π ⋅ r2
Circles 67
5.17
a. Find the area of the circle a. Let the area of the b. Let the radius of the c. The formula of the
with radius r = 6 cm. circle be A, then circle be r, then circumference of a
b. Find the radius of the circle A = π ⋅ r2 A = π ⋅ r2 circle is C = 2π ⋅ r
whose area is 16π cm2. A = π ⋅ 62 16π = πr2, 10π = 2π ⋅ r
A = 36π cm2. r2 = 16 r = 5 cm
c. Find the area of the circle
r = 4 cm. So, the area of the
whose circumference is
circle is
10π cm.
A = π ⋅ r2
= π ⋅ 52
= 25π cm2.
2. Area of an Annulus
Definition
An annulus is a region bounded by two concentric circles.
R The area of an annulus can be found as follows.

O
r
Area of big circle Area of small circle = Area of Annulus
R
R r r
O O = O
AAnnulus = πR2 – πr2

= π(R2 – r2)
5.18
Find the area of the annulus The radius of big circle is R = 5 cm
bounded by concentric circles The radius of small circle is r = 3 cm
with radii 5 cm and 3 cm long.
A = π ⋅ R2 – π ⋅ r2
A = π ⋅ (R2 – r2)
A = π ⋅ (52 – 32)
3 cm
5 cm O
A = π ⋅ (25 – 9)
A = 16π cm2
68 Pre-Geometry
3. Area of a Sector
Definition
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by two radii of the circle and their
intercepted arc.
A If the degree measure of arc AB is mAïB = a then;
r a
a
the area of sector AOB = ⋅ π ⋅ r2 .
O 360°
B
Rule
The area of a sector of a circle is one - half the product of the length of the arc
and the length of its radius.
a
ï
| AB|= ⋅ 2 ⋅ π ⋅r
360°
A
ï
| AB| a
= ⋅ π⋅r
r 2 360°
a l
O ï ⋅r
| AB| a
= ⋅ π ⋅ r2 ï
( | AB|= l)
B 2 360°
ï ⋅r
| AB| l ⋅r
A= or A=
2 2
5.19
Find the area of the following sectors. a. r = 5 cm and a = 72°.
a 72°
a. b. P c. A(Sector AOB ) = ⋅ π ⋅ r2 = ⋅ π ⋅ 52
A B 360° 360°
5 cm 8 cm 6p 1
= ⋅ π ⋅ 25 = 5 π cm2
72° 15° 5
O A C
O 6 cm O
b. r = 8 cm and l = 6π cm.
B S l ⋅r 6π ⋅ 8
A(Sector POS ) = = = 24 π cm 2
2 2
c. m∠BOC = 2 ⋅ m∠BAC, then

m∠BOC = 30° and r = 6 cm
m∠BOC 30°
A(Sector BOC) = ⋅ π ⋅r2 = ⋅ π ⋅62
360° 360°
1
= ⋅ π ⋅ 36 = 3π cm2
12
Circles 69
4. Area of a Segment
Definition
A segment of a circle is a region bounded by a chord and its intercepted arc.
A a°
A a° A a° Area of Area of
b A Area of segment = –
h b sector triangle
B h =
O r A = (sector AOB) – A(∆AOB)
O B O B B
a b⋅h
A= ⋅ π ⋅ r2 –
360° 2
5.20
Find the area of the following a. Since m∠AOB = 90°.
segments. 90° 1
A(Sector AOB ) = π ⋅ r 2 = π ⋅ 36 = 9 π cm 2
360° 4
a. A
r2 36
A( ∆AOB) = = = 18 cm 2
2 2
O A(Segment) = 9π – 18 cm2.
6
cm
b. |OH| = 6 cm and A
B
A |AB| = 12ñ3 cm.
6 H
b. 120° 60° 6ñ3
120° A(Sector AOB) = π ⋅ 122 O 30°
360° 12
O B
1
= π ⋅ 144
12
3
cm
B = 48π cm2.
C | AB|⋅|OH| 12 3 ⋅ 6
c. A(∆AOB) = = = 36 3 cm2
2 2
45°
B
A(Segment) = 48π – 36ñ3 cm2.
A
12 cm
2
c. A(Sector AOC) = π ⋅ r C
4
π ⋅ 36 6
=
4 45°
B
A
= 9π cm2. 6 O 6
6 ⋅ 6 36
A(∆AOC) = = = 18 cm2
2 2
A(Segment) = 9π – 18 cm2.
70 Pre-Geometry
1. Find the area of the each circle having radius of
a. 3 cm b. 5 cm c. 12 cm d. 16 cm
2. Find the area of the each circle having a circumference of

a. 4π cm b. 12π cm c. 20π cm d. π cm
3. Find the circumference of a circle having an area of 36π cm2.
4. The ratio of radii of two circles is 5 : 3. What is the ratio of their areas.
5. Find the shaded area. The radius of each circle is r.

(If two circles are shown, then r is the radius of the smaller and R is the
radius of the larger circle.)
A A
a. b. c. A d.
60° 120° O
O O O
B
B A B
B
r = 5 cm r = 8 cm r = 12 cm r = 5 cm
|AB| = 5ñ2 cm
e. f. g. h.
A
r r r 120°
O O
A P O Q B O B
R = 10 cm r = 5 cm If the shaded area If R = 10 cm and

r = 8 cm is 32p cm2 and r = 7 cm then
R = 9 cm then find r. find the shaded area.
1. In the figure 2. If m∠AOB = 45° and A
m∠AOB = 30° and A r = 10 cm, then find r

r 45°
r = 6 cm. 30° the shaded area. B
B O r = 10
O
Find the shaded area.
Circles 71
3. If m∠AOB = 120°, X 8. ABCD is a rectangle.
A D C
r = 6 cm then find A and B are the
the length of arc AùXB. 120°
B
centers of the circles.
O 6 cm If |AD| = 6 cm then
find the area of the
A E B
shaded region.
9. A, B, and C are the

4. B is the center of the D C centers of the A B
circle and ABCD is a congruent circles.
square. If |AD| = 5 cm If the sum of the
then find the area of the circumferences of the C
shaded region. circles is 24π cm then

find the area of the shaded region.
A B
10.
5. O is the center of the circle. B C D

If m∠AOB = m∠COD = m∠EOF = 20° and A P K
r = 6 cm then find the E 20°
sum of the areas of the F D
O
shaded regions. C If B, C, P, and K are centers of the circles and
20°
20° |AB| = |BC| = |CD| = 4 cm
then find the area of shaded region.
A B
11. ABCD is a square. D C

6. O is the center of the C If the perimeter of the
circle. If |OB| = 5 cm, square is 64 cm, then
D
m∠DOB = 60°, and find the area of
|BA| = 3 cm then find shaded region.
the area of shaded 60°
region. O B A
A B
12. B and D are the D F C

centers of the circles.
7. If m∠BAC = 30° and If ABCD is a square P
E
the radius of the C and the shaded area
A
circle is 6 cm, then find 30° is 16π cm2, then find
the area of the shaded |DE|.
region. B A B
72 Pre-Geometry
Objectives In this section we will construct geometric figures using only two instruments,
a straightedge and a compass.
able to:
1. Construct a circle.
straigtedge
2. Construct congruent segments.
A straightedge is used to construct a line,
3. Construct perpendicular lines and
parallel lines. ray, or segment when two points are given.
4. Construct angles and angle bisector. A compass is used to construct an arc or
compass
a circle.
pencil
compass point
point
r
Given a point O and a length r, we can use a compass to draw the circle or
O
arcs of the circle.
Construction 1
Constructing a segment congruent to a given segment.
A B
Given: [AB]
Construct: [CD] such that [CD] ≅ [AB].
C A B C D
Use a straightedge to draw Set your compass Using C as center,
a line. for radius AB. draw an arc intersecting line.
Mark a point C on the line. Label the point of
intersection D.
Result: [CD] ≅ [AB]
Circles 73
Construction 2
Constructing the midpoint of a given segment.
Given: [AB]
A B
Construct: M such that such that [AM] ≅ [MB].
X X
A B A B A M B
Y Y
Using any radius greater Label the points of Draw [XY].

than 1 |AB|, draw two intersections of Mark and name
2
arcs with centers A and B. arcs X and Y. its intersection point M.
Result: M is the midpoint of [AB].
Construction 3
Constructing the perpendicular to a given line at a given point on the line.
Given: Point M on the line l. l

M
Construct: [MN] ⊥ l
N N
l l l
A M B A M B A M B
Using M as center and With centers A and B Draw [MN]

with any radius, draw arcs and a radius greater
intersecting l at A and B. than |MA|, draw the arcs
intersecting at point N.
Result: [MN] ⊥ l
74 Pre-Geometry
Construction 4
Constructing the perpendicular to a given line from a point outside the given line.
Given: Line l and point N outside of the line. N
Construct: [MN] ⊥ l l
N N N
l l l
A B A B A B
M M
Using N as center Using A and B as centers and
draw an arc that intersects the same radius draw arcs Draw [MN]
l at points A and B. that intersect at a point M.
Result: [MN] ⊥ l
Construction 5
Constructing an angle congruent to a given angle.
Given: ∠A C
Construct: ∠A′ such that ∠A′ ≅ ∠A. A B
C C
A B A B
C¢ C¢
A¢ B¢ A¢ B¢ A¢ B¢
Using straightedge draw a ray. Using [BC] as Draw [A¢C¢

Name its initial point as A¢. radius and with
Using a compass at center A, center at B¢,
draw any BïC. With the same draw an arc intersecting the arc
radius draw an arc intersecting at C¢.
ray at point B¢.
Result: [A′ B′
Circles 75
Construction 6
Constructing a parallel line to the given line through a given point out side of
the line.
Given: Line l with point N outside of the line l. N
Construct: The line through N parallel to l.

k
N t
N Q
l l
M M P
Draw the line k intersecting At N, construct ÐRNQ

line l at point M, corresponding and congruent
passing through point N. to ÐNMP.
Result: l // t
Construction 7
Constructing angle bisector of a given angle.
C
Given: ∠CAB
A B
Construct: The bisector of ∠CAB.
C C
C D D
A B A B A B
With A as center, draw With B and C as center and a Draw [AD

an arc BïC. suitable radius, draw arcs
intersecting at D.
Result: [AD bisects ∠A.

76 Pre-Geometry
5.21
a. Construct a segment that is a.
about 4 cm and copy it.
b. Construct an obtuse angle
and bisect it.
c. Construct a line which is l l
A B A¢ A¢ B¢
parallel to [AB].
Use straightedge to Draw line l, Set the compass point at A′
A B draw [AB]. Choose any point an and draw an arc intersecting l.
Set the compass on the line l and label it A′. Label the point of intersection
points A and B. Move the compass by as B′.
keeping the same opening.
d. Construct an isosceles
triangle.
b.
e. Construct an equilateral D
triangle.
A A
B C B C
Use B as the center, draw an arc AïC. Label the point where the two arcs
intersect as D. Draw [BD.
Next, draw two arcs, one with center A and
[BD is the angle bisector of ∠ABC.
the other with center C.
c. Look at the construction 6.
d.
C C
l l
A B A B
1 Draw ABC triangle where
Using any radius greater than | AB|, draw two
2 |AC| = |BC|.
arcs with center A and B. Ýntersection point is C.
e. C
l l
A B A B
Use straightedge to draw [AB]. Next, open Label the intersecting point as C.
your compass as [AB] and draw two arcs Draw [AC] and [BC]. ∆ABC is an
one with center A and the other with center B. equilateral triangle.
Circles 77
1. By construction draw a 30° angle.
2. Construct a right triangle with legs congruent to A B

[AB] and [CD]
C D
3. Construct a right triangle whose legs have length in the ratio 2 to 1.
4. Construct a segment and divide it in to 4 equal parts.
Concepts Examples
5.1 Circles
center
The circle with centre O and
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are a
with radius r. O
given distance from a fixed point in that plane.
radius
circle
B
The line segment joining two different points of a D
In the figure, [AB] is a chord and
circle is called a chord. chard r
[CD] is a diameter.
The chord passing through the center of the circle is A
O
d=2⋅r diameter
called the diameter.
C
A line and a circle can be in three position in the tangent point of tangency
A
same plane. A secant
1. The line does not cut the circle. d d A
2. The line cuts the circle at one point. d

O O O
This line is called tangent. r r r
3. The line cuts the circle at two distinct points.

d>r d=r d<r
This line is called a secant.
78 Pre-Geometry
Concepts Examples
C C
Properties of chords. H
A
A B
A
1. A line segment that is perpendicular to a chord F
E F
bisects the chord. O O E O
D
2. Two chords which are equidistance from the B D
B
center are congruent.
If [OH] ⊥ [AB] If |OE| = |OF| If |CD| > |AB|
3. If two chords are unequal in length, then the then then then
larger chord is nearer to the center. |AH| = |HB| |AB| = |CD| |OF| < |OE|
Properties of tangents.
H l C
1. A tangent is perpendicular to the radius drawn to
r
the point of tangency.
O B
O
2. If two segments from the same exterior point are
tangent to a circle, then they are congruent.
A
3. If two segments from the same exterior point are
tangent to a circle, then the angle bisector of [OH] ⊥ l |AB| = |BC| and [BO is
segments is passing through the center. angle bisector of ∠ABC.
5.2 Arcs and Angles of the Circles

An arc is unbroken part of the circle between two A A
A
points of the circle.
O B O
An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle is O
called a central angle. B B C

An angle whose vertex is at a circle and whose sides AïB is an arc. ∠AOB is ∠ABC is
contain chords of the circle is called an inscribed central angle inscribed angle
angle. m∠AOB = mAïB
C A B
P A
The measure of an angle formed by two secants, a A
C
P P
secant and a tangent, or two tangents drawn from a B C
point in the exterior of a circle is equal to half the D
B
difference of the measures of the intercepted arcs.
ï – mAB
mCD ï ï – mAC
mBC ï ù
mACB – mAB ï
m∠P = m∠P = m∠P =
2 2 2
ï = 180 °
m∠P+mAB
Circles 79
Concepts Examples
5.3 Circumference and Area of a Circle
The distance around the circle is called the If the circumference of a circle is
circumference. C and its diameter is d then d
For all circles, the ratio of circumference to the C
= π or C = d ⋅ π r r
diameter is the same number. d
This constant is called π ≅ 3,14. C = 2⋅π⋅r
A
ï
Arc length of AB ï
mAB
In a circle, the ratio of the length of a given arc to a =
Circumference of the circle 360°
circumference is equal to the ratio of the measure of a a
ï
Arc length of AB α
O
the arc to 360°. =
2⋅π⋅r 360°
B
The area of a circle is π times the square of the

A
radius. A = π ⋅ r2 A
r
The area of a sector of a circle is r
r a h
α O O O b
A= ⋅ π ⋅ r2 r r
360° B
B
The area of a segment of a circle is
α b⋅h
α b ⋅h A = π ⋅ r2 A= ⋅ π ⋅ r 2 A = α ⋅π⋅r2 –
A= ⋅ π ⋅ r2 – 360° 360° 2
360° 2
5.4 Basic Constructions
In construction, we can use only two instruments;

straightedge and compass.
A straightedge is used to construct a line, ray, or
straigtedge
segment when two points are given.
r
A compass is used to construct an arc or a circle. O
pencil
compass point
point
80 Pre-Geometry
1. If A(∆AOB) = 48 cm2, C
7. In the figure, if D
A B
|OC| = 8 cm, and 8 cm m∠BCD = 130° and C 130°
r
[OC] ⊥ [AB], m∠OAC = 40°,
O
then find the length of then find m∠CBO. O
radius. 40° x
2. If |AB| = |CD| = 8 cm A B
A 8 cm B
and
r
8. If m∠OAB = 45° and B
|OH| = 3 cm A
O m∠OCB = 60°, then 45°
then find the radius of x
find m∠AOC. 60°
the circle. C H D O
C
3. In the figure, if C
E
|CE| = 3x – 2, D
9. If m∠AOC = 160° and A
|FB| = x + 4, and O m∠ABC = x
|OE| = |OF|, then find x. O
A 160°
then find x. F x
B
B
4. If m∠AOB = 60° and A

B
C
|AB| = 5 cm, then 10. In the figure, if D
C C
r
find the radius of the m∠OAD = 40° and
x
circle. O m∠BOC = 50°, 40° 50°
A B
then find m∠COD. O
5. In the figure,
C 11. In the figure, B
|AB| = 9 cm, C
B is the point of x
|BC| = 8 cm,
tangency and
|CA| = 5 cm, 30°
A B m∠OAB = 30° O A
then find the radius of
then find x.
the smallest circle.
6. If O is the center of the 12. A and C are the points

B A C
circle, 50°
of tangency.
D
m∠OAB = 50°, and O x If m∠ABC = 60° and A
70°
m∠BCO = 35°, then m∠BCD = 70°, then x
35° 60°
find m∠AOC. find m∠BAE.
E
C B
Circles 81
13. In the figure, D 19. In the figure, A
m∠BAD = 60° and C |OB| = r = 4 cm.

x
|AD| = |DC|, then find 60° Find the shaded area.
A B
m∠BCD. O
B O C
14. In the figure, E
m∠AOE = 60° and D

|OA| = |DC|, 60° x 20. In the figure, A
A
then find O B C
|AB| = 8 and
6c
m∠ACE. |AC| = 6 cm m
8c
m
B C
Find the area of the O
15. In the figure, shaded region.

m∠BAD = 30°, then
O
find m∠ACD. A
30°
B
x
C
D
21. Find the area of the shaded region, if the length of
16. If the figure, E the side of the square is 10 cm.
m∠BAC = 20° and a. D C b. D C
F 30°
m∠DFE = 30°, then D
find m∠COD. O x
20°
A C
B
A B A B
17. In the figure, O is the E
D c. d.
D C D C
center of the circle. F
40° 30° C
|OA| = 6 cm,
O
m∠AOB = 50°,
50°
m∠COD = 30°,
and m∠EOF = 40° then A B
A B A B
find the sum of the areas of the shaded regions.
e. D C f. D C
18. If the radius is 6 cm and X
the length of arc AùXB is A B

4π cm then find the area r=
6c
m
of the shaded region. O
A B A B
82 Pre-Geometry
1. In the figure, l 6. In the figure, l
A C
|OA| = 4 cm, the line l is tangent to the
C x
|OC| = 7 cm. circle at the point C.
B
what is |BC|? O Find x if B 5 A 5 O
|OA| = |AB| = 5 cm.
A) 2 cm B) 3 cm C) 4 cm D) 5 cm A) 4 cm B) 5 cm C) 5ñ3 cm D) 6 cm
2. Find |AB| if D 7. In the figure, C

|CH| = 4 cm. H O is the center of the
O C circle. Find x. 98°
A O
A x
G B
B
A) 8 cm B) 7 cm C) 6 cm D) 5 cm A) 49° B) 50° C) 51° D) 52°
3. In the figure, the radius A
8. In the figure,
of the circle is 10 cm. D
H m∠ABD = 60° and A
Find |AB| if O
m∠CED = 80°, 80° x
|OH| = 6 cm. O
B find x. 60° E
C
B
A) 8 cm B) 12 cm C) 16 cm D) 20 cm
A) 10° B) 20° C) 25° D) 40°
4. In the figure, A
C 1 9. In the figure, B
|OC| = 3ñ2 cm,
3ñ2 m∠BDC = 70° and O
|AC| = 1 cm, and O
7 C
is the center of the circle.
|BC| = 7 cm O A
Find m∠ACB.
What is the length B 70°
of the radius? D
A) 20° B) 25° C) 30° D) 40°
A) 3 cm B) 3ñ3 cm C) 4ñ2 cm D) 5 cm
5. In the figure, D 10. In the figure, the line l is l
|OK| = |OH| = 5 cm K tangent to the circle at A

|AB| = 2a + 2, and the point A and O is the 80° D
O C B
|CD| = a + 13. center of the circle. O
A
What is the length of the H Find m∠CAD if
B
radius? |AB| = |AC|. C
A) 13 cm B) 12 cm C) 11 cm D) 10 cm A) 65° B) 55° C) 50° D) 45°
Circles 83
11. In the figure, E 16. In the circle A
A
[PE and [PD are m∠ABC = 35°,
tangent to the circle m∠ACB = 55°, and 35° 55°
P B C
at the points A and 50° x C |BC| = 4 cm. 4 cm
O
B, respectively. How many cm2 is
Find x if B
the area of the circle?
m∠APB = 50°. D
A) 2π B) 3π C) 4π D) 8π
A) 60° B) 65° C) 70° D) 75°
17. The point O is the center A
of the given circle.
12. In the figure, B
A Find the length of the 3 cm
m∠APC = 35° and O B
arc AïB if the radius is 3 60°
mBïD = 100°. P 35° O
x cm and m∠ACB = 60°. C
Find x. C
D
3π 5π
A) 15° B) 20° C) 30° D) 40° A) π cm B) cm C) 2π cm D) cm
2 2
13. In the figure, O is A 18. In the figure, D H C
the center of the ABCD is a square with

x B one side 6 cm.
circle. Find x E
E
O
G
if m∠DCE = 30° and O
Find the shaded area.
mAïB = 80°. 30° A F B
C
D 9π
A) 9 – 2π cm2 B) 16 – cm2
4
A) 65° B) 70° C) 75° D) 80°
C) 36 – 9π cm2 D) 49 – 12π cm2
14. In the figure, O is the A 19. In the figure, O is the C
center of the circle. What 2ñ3 center of the circle with

2 radius 6 cm.
is the perimeter of the A
6
B C O
circle if |AB|= 2 cm and O Find the shaded area if
75°
|AC| = 2ñ3 cm? m∠ABC = 75°.
B
A) 6π cm2 B) 9π cm2 C) 12π cm2 D) 15π cm2

A) 3π cm B) 4π cm C) 6π cm D) 8π cm
20. ABCD is a square. D 6 F C
15. In the figure, O is the Find the shaded area if

center of the circle. If the |BE| = 4 cm and 6 G
O
perimeter of the circle is |DF| = 6 cm. 4
3 H
10π cm and A (B and D are centers of
A E 4 B
|OH| = 3 cm, find |AB|. H the circles.)
B
A) 40 – 10π cm2 B) 50 – 13π cm2
A) 5 cm B) 6 cm C) 7 cm D) 8 cm C) 36 – 12π cm2 D) 64 – 20π cm2
84 Pre-Geometry

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GRADE 10

A. POLYGONS AND THEIR

A. CONCEPT OF CIRCLES ........................... 48

Figures that are polygons

B Figures that are not polygons

E vertices). In a polygon number of sides is interior

convex polygon concave polygon

convex concave convex concave

number of sides name number of sides name

an equilateral triangle a square a regular hexagon

The following polygons are not regular.

quadrilateral pentagon hexagon

2. Exterior Angles of a Polygon

6. The ratio of the measure of an exterior angle to an

8. Find m∠x if each polygon is regular.

a. 8 b. 10 c. 20 Find the sum of the

which has 35 diagonals.

3. Find the number of sides of a regular polygon if 8. In the figure, ABCDEF G H

the number of diagonals is six times the number is a regular hexagon,

polygon if the ratio of the sum of the measures of

9. In the figure, ABCDE is D

5. In the figure, ABCDE is a D a regular pentagon

We write a quadrilateral with vertices A, B, C, and D as ABCD or ABCD.

mÐA¢ + mÐB¢ + mÐC¢ + mÐD¢ = 360°

Find m∠ABC. m∠ABC + 250° = 360°

1. In the figure, m∠FDE = 60°, F E

2. In the figure m∠A′ = 80°, A

Parallelogram We have seen that a quadrilateral is any four-sided polygon.

Look at the figure. The opposite sides are D C

The following figures are examples of parallelogram.

The following figures are not parallelograms.

1. ∠1 ≅ ∠4, ∠3 ≅ ∠2 Alternate interior angles

1. ∠A ≅ ∠B′ Corresponding angles

For example, in the parallelogram ABCD, D a C

1. The figure show a parrallelogram with D C

If you cut a parallelogram out

[BC] & [AD] and |BC| = |AD|.

5. In the figure, ABCD is a D C

2. The ratio of the length to the width of a rectangle is rectangle with

3. In the figure, ABCD is a D G C

area to the area of the rectangle ABCD. Find |AE|.

Square m∠A = m∠B = m∠C = m∠D = 90°.

a a 2. The diagonals are perpendicular and bisect each other:

2. Find the perimeter of a square with area 400 cm2.

4. In the figure, ABCD is a square, 10 cm

For example, in the figure, ABCD is a rhombus because C

C If |AC| = f and |DB| = e then the area of the rhombus is

2. In the figure, KLMN is 4. In the figure, ABCD is a C

A B All the altitudes of a trapezoid are congruent.

1. m∠A = m∠EDC Corresponding angles

A B 3. m∠D + m∠A = 180°

1. Draw [DF intersecting [AB at G. Two points determine a line.

5. ∆DFC ≅ ∠GFB ASA

6. |DC| = |BG| Congruent triangles

7. |AB| + |BG| = |AG| Addition of line segments

8. |AB| + |DC| = |AG| Substitution

9. |DF| = |FG| Congruent triangles

10. |DE| = |AE| Definition of median

6. In the figure, ABCD is a D F C

10. In the figure, ABCD is D

11. In the figure, ABCD is D 6 C

12. In the figure, ABCD is a D C

A polygon is convex if the lines containing the sides do

C1ÇC2={A} and r1+r2=d C1ÇC2={A} and r1 r2=d

mCïD mAïB mCïB mAïB mAùCB mAïB