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(Plane and Solid Mensuration)

Hand-out No. 2

POLYGONS

Definition.  The ratio of the perimeters of similar polygons is

A polygon is a two-dimensional closed figure equal to the ratio of any corresponding sides.
bounded by straight line segments. 𝑃1 𝑥1
=
The term “polygon” is a combination of two Greek 𝑃2 𝑥2
words “poly” which means “many” and “gonia” which means
“angle”. Types of Polygons
1. Simple and Complex Polygons. A simple polygon has
Parts of a Polygon only one boundary and the sides do not cross each other,
1. Side or edge is one of the line segments that make up the otherwise it is a complex polygon.
polygon.
2. Vertex is a point where the sides meet.
3. Diagonal is a line connecting two non-adjacent vertices.
4. Interior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides
inside the polygon.
5. Exterior angle is the angle formed by two adjacent sides 2. Concave and Convex Polygons. A convex polygon has no
outside the polygon. internal angle more than 180° and if there are any
6. Apothem (of a regular polygon) is the segment connecting internal angles greater than a straight angle, then it is a
the center of a polygon and the midpoint of a side. The concave polygon.
apothem is a perpendicular bisector of the opposite side.
7. Central angle (of a regular polygon) is the angle
subtended by a side about the center.

3. Regular and Irregular Polygons. Regular polygon is one

whose sides are all equal and whose interior angles are all
congruent. Thus, a regular polygon is both equilateral and
equiangular. If, otherwise, the polygon is said to be
irregular.

Three Major Characteristics of a Polygon

1. It must be a two-dimensional figure.
2. A polygon must be a closed figure.
3. It should be bounded by three or more straight lines. Names of Polygons
Polygons are named according to their number of
sides. A polygon with n sides is called an n-gon.

N (sides) Polygon N (sides) Polygon

3 Triangle, trigon 18 octadecagon
Quadrilateral,
4 19 enneadecagon
tetragon
5 pentagon 20 icosagon
6 hexagon 30 triacontagon
Polygons are said to be similar if their corresponding
interior angles are equal and their corresponding sides are 7 heptagon 40 tetracontagon
proportional. They are of the same shape but not necessarily 8 octagon 50 pentacontagon
of the same size. Nonagon,
9 60 hexacontagon
enneagon
The following relations between two polygons are 10 decagon 70 heptacontagon
obtained using the concept of ratio and proportion: Undecagon,
11 80 octacontagon
 The ratio of any two corresponding sides of similar hendecagon
polygons are equal. 12 dodecagon 90 enneacontagon
𝑥1 𝑦1 13 tridecagon 100 hectagon
=
𝑥2 𝑦2 14 tetradecagon 1,000 chiliagon
 The ratio of the areas of similar polygons is the 15 pentadecagon 10,000 myriagon
square of the ratio of any two corresponding sides. 16 hexadecagon 106 Megagon
𝐴1 𝑥1 2 17 heptadecagon 10100 googolgon
=( )
𝐴2 𝑥2
Formulas in Polygons ASSIGNMENT NO. 2
 Perimeter. Perimeter is the length around the 1. Find the area of a regular octagon with one edge that
boundary of a closed-two-dimensional region. measures 2 units.
The perimeter 𝑃 of a regular polygon is 2. A regular polygon has 170 diagonals and 2.4 cm side
𝑃 = 𝑠𝑛 length. What is its area?
where 𝑛 is the number of sides and 𝑠 is the measure 3. If two corresponding sides of two similar polygons
of one side. are 8 and 16, find the ratio of their areas and
perimeters.
 Area. Area is the amount of material that would be 4. The areas of two similar polygons are 64 sq units and
needed to cover a surface completely. 100 sq units, respectively. If a side of the larger
𝑠 polygon is 36 units, find the corresponding side of the
𝐴 = ( ) 𝑛𝑎
2 smaller polygon.
The area A of a regular polygon with an 5. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 65.
apothem a is given by Find the perimeter of the polygon if its apothem
1 measures 8 inches.
𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎
2
𝑠2𝑛 180°
𝐴= cot ( )
4 𝑛
A regular polygon can be subdivided into
congruent isosceles triangles whose common vertex
lies at the center of the polygon. Thus, the area of a
regular polygon is equal to the product of the area of
one triangle and the number of sides of the polygon.

 Number of Diagonals in a Polygon

𝑛
𝑑 = (𝑛 − 3)
2

 Number of Triangles Formed by Diagonals drawn

through the same Vertex
𝑡 =𝑛−2

 Central Angle in a Regular Polygon

360°
𝜃𝑐 =
𝑛

 Each Interior Angle of a Regular Polygon

𝑛−2
𝜃𝐼 = ( ) 180°
𝑛

 Sum of Interior Angles

𝐼𝑆 = (𝑛 − 2)180°

EXAMPLES
1. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is
540°. Determine the following:
a. number of sides
b. number of diagonals
c. number of triangles inside the polygon
d. central angle
e. interior angle
f. perimeter of the polygon if side is 5 cm
g. area of the polygon in f
h. apothem of the polygon in f.
2. The sum of the sides of two polygons is 11 and the
sum of its diagonals is 14. Find the number of sides of
each polygon.
3. Determine the perimeter of a regular polygon whose
one side measures 7.5 cm and each central angle is
18°.