Mathematics As A

Tool
1 Geometric Designs
How has geometry influenced the way we live?
Recognizing
and analyzing
geometric
shapes
Polygons
are two-dimensional shapes with
straight sides.
Simple or complex
Simple polygon Complex polygon
has only one boundary and Intersects itself.
never crosses over itself.
Concave or convex
Convex polygon Concave polygon
has no angles pointing has at least one internal angle
inward. greater than 180°.
Regular or irregular
Regular polygon Irregular polygon
has all its angles equal and all if it is not a regular polygon.
its sides equal.
Interior angles of
a polygon
are the angles inside the shape. In general, for a polygon
with n sides, the sum of the internal angles is equal to
180° 𝑛 − 2

and if the polygon is regular, the measurement of each

angle is equal to
180° 𝑛 − 2
𝑛

The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360°.

Solids
is the geometry of a three-
dimensional space, the kind of
space we live in.
Properties: volume and surface
area.
 Platonic solid
is a convex polyhedron whose
faces are all congruent

Main types of convex regular polygons..

solids
Polyhedra Non-polyhedra
are solids made of flat are solids with curved
surfaces and each surface is surfaces, or a mix of curved
a polygon. and flat surfaces.
Euler’s Formula
deals with polyhedral that do not have any hole and do
not intersect itself. It states,

𝐹 + 𝑉 − 𝐸 = 2,

where F is for the number of faces,

V is for the number of vertices or corners,
E is for the number of edges.
Prism
is a polyhedron whose sides are all
flat. It has the same cross section
all along its length, and its shape is
a polygon.
A prism is classified as a regular prism if the
cross section of each is a regular polygon.
Geometric
Transformation
is a change of its size, orientation,
or position following certain
techniques in mathematics.
Patterns
and
diagrams
Symmetry
is when two or more parts are
identical after a flip, slide or turn.
Reflection symmetry
If a figure can be reflected over a line in such a way that
the resulting image coincides with the original.
Also called “bilateral symmetry”.
The reflection line is called the “line of symmetry”.
Rotational symmetry
If a figure can be rotated about a point in such a way that
its rotated image coincides with the original figure.
The “order of rotation” describes the number of rotations
before it returns to its original position.
Rosette Pattern
Cyclic symmetry group Dihedral symmetry group
has rotation symmetry only has rotation symmetry around
around a center point. a center point with reflection
lines through the center point.
Frieze Pattern
is an infinite strip with a repeating pattern. It is
sometimes called the “border pattern” or the “infinite
strip pattern”.
Tessellation
is defined as a pattern of shapes that covers a plane
without any gaps or overlaps.
Assign.:
Bring your workbooks
tomorrow.