Mathematics in Modern World (Midterm)
Polygon – two dimentional shape with straight
sides.
Simple Polygon – has only one boundary and
never cross over.
Complex Polygon – intersects itself.
Convex Polygon – has no angles pointing
inwards.
Concave Polygon – any internal angles greater
than 180 degrees.
Regular Polygon – all sides and angles are equal.
Irregular Polygon – all sides and angles are NOT
equal.
Interior Angles of a Polygon – angles inside the
shape.
SOLIDS
- the geometry of three-dimentional space
- 3D (width, depth, height)
Properties: Volume and surface area
Types of Solids
1. Polyhedra
2. Non-polyhedra – Solids with curve surfaces
or a mix of curved and flat surfaces. (eg.
Spheres, torus, cones, cylinders)
Polyhedron – solid made of flat surfaces; each
surface is a polygon. (eg. Platonic solids, prisms,
pyramid)
Platonic Solids – a convex polygon whose faces
are all congruent convex regular polygons.
Tetrahedron: 4 faces and vertices and 6 edges
Cube: 6 faces, 8 vertices and 12 edges
Octahedron: 8 faces, 6 vertices and 12 edges
Icosahedron: 20 faces, 12 vertices and 30 edges
Dodecagon: 12 faces, 20 vertices and 30 edges
Prism – sides are all flat
Pyramid – made by connecting base to the apex.
Non-polyhedra – Solids with curve surfaces or a
mix of curved and flat surfaces.
Sphere – a perfectly round object in a 3D space
Cylinder – 3D solid object bounded by a curved
surface and 2 parallel circles of equal size at the
ends.
Torus – formed by revolving a small circle along a
line made by another circle.
Cone – made by rotating a triangle.
Transformation – a change of size, orienttaion or
position following certain techniques in Math.
*the original shape is called OBJECT and the
shape is called IMAGE.
1. Translation – every point of an object moves a
fixed distance ad given directions
2. Rotation – an object is rotated about a given
angle.
3. Reflection – evry point of an object and its
image are of the same distance from the line of
symmetry.
4. Glide Reflection – a composition of translation
and reflection in aline parallel to the direction of
translation.
Types of Dilation (reduction and enlargement)
Dilation – a transformation of an object by
resizing to either reduce or enlarge it about a point
in a given factors.
Symmetry Types
1. Bilateral/line
2. Three fold
3. Five fold
Rosette Pattern – the collection of all symmetries
of a plane figure.

2 types of Rosette Pattern

1. Cyclic – cyclic group has rotation

symmetry only a round a center point.
2. Dihedral – dihedral group has rotation
symmetry around a center point with
reflection lines thru the center point.

Freeze Pattern – an infinite strip with a repeating

pattern or sometimes a border pattern.

Tesselation – is a pattern of shapes that covers a

plane without any gaps or overlaps.

Mindanao Designs Arts Culture

Mandaya – at Davao Oriental; living pattern (ikat);

made of abaka.

Maranao – famous in bright colours of thick cloth.

 Malong - for special occasions are made of

high quality silk or cotton.
 Yellow Malong – include on high class or
royal group

Yakan – indigenous people tribe located at Basilan

Bagobos – at Davao; usually spotted wearing caps

with diff. Designs (hankies) during celebrations;
made from abaca.