NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
Trans by: (put your names here follow
format)
➔ ORTIZ, Carla
➔ ENCARNACION, Kyle
➔ TENAJEROS, Gilliana
➔ BARIWAN, Fareda
➔ SUZUKI, Niyna
➔ YTAC, Khasmiera Claire
➔ DAUD, Mohammad
➔ CARTAGENA, Eloise Nicole
➔ BAYNOSA, Wella May
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Prelims Topic Outline:
I. Community Health Nursing Concepts
A. Definition
1. WHO
2. ANA
3. FREEMAN
B. philosophy and principles
C. features of CHN.
II. Concept of the community
A. Types of communities
1. Geopolitical
2. Phenomenological
B. Characteristics of a healthy
community
C. Components of a community
D. Determinants of Health and
Disease
1. Characteristics of the
Population
2. Location of the community
3. Social Systems
E. Roles and activities of the
community health nurse
III. Community Diagnosis
A. Types
1. Traditional
2. Participatory Action
Research (PAR)
B. Schemes in Stating Community
Diagnosis (NANDA)
1. Shuster and Geoppinger
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2. The Omaha System
Domains and Problems of the problem
classification scheme
- environmental DOmain
- Psychosocial
- Physiologic
- Health-Related Behaviors domain
IV. Planning Community Health Interventions
A. Priority Setting
1. WHO special consideration
2. UP College of Nursing
B. Formulating Goals and Objectives
C. Deciding on Community
Interventions/Action Plan
D. Implementing Community Health
Interventions
E. Importance of Partnership and
collaboration
F. Activities involved in Collaboration
and Advocacy
G. Community Organizing and Social
Mobilization
H. Care Principles in Community
Organizing
I. Goals of Community Organizing
J. Community Organizing
Participatory Action Research
(COPAR)
1. Criteria in site selection
2. Phases of COPAR
3. Recommended activities
—--------------------------------------------
Mainstream Knowledge needed as a basis in
practice of CHN.
- Recognize family/individual need
- Knowledge and understanding of agency
- Education and counseling
- Collaborative relationships
- Knowledge Prepare herbal medicines
(indigenous and existing community
resources)
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Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
- Knowledge and understanding Policies of
CHO
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING
- Sense of unity or belonging
- Exhibit a commitment to one another
- Functions collectively
- Society’s Institutions, informal groups
and aggregates.
Notes: Community are groups of individuals
sharing common interests, characteristic values
and/or goals.
DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNITY
➔ A. Allender - “a collection of people who
interact with one another and whose
common interest or characteristics form
the basis for a sense of unity or
belonging,”
➔ B. Lundy and Janes - “a group of people
who share something in common and
interact with one another, who may
exhibit commitment with one another
and may share geographic boundaries.”
➔ C. CLark - “a group of people who share
common interests, who interact with
each other, and who function collectively
within a defined social structure to
address common concerns.”
➔ D. Shuster and Geoppinger - a
locality-based entity, composed of
systems of formal organizations
reflecting society’s institutions, informal
groups and aggregates.”
DEFINITION OF HEALTH
➔ WHO: “a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.”
➔ Murray: “a state of well-being in which
the person is able to use purposeful,
PRELIMS
adaptive responses and processes
physically, mentally, emotionally,
spiritually, and socially.”
Notes: Pender sees or views health in relevance
to an individual's behavior, competent self care
and satisfying relationships with others.
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING BY
FREEMAN AND AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION
(ANA)
- as promotion of health, prevention of
illness, care of the sick at home and
rehabilitation - Ruth B. Freeman
- “the synthesis of nursing practice and
public health practice applied to
promoting and preserving the health of
the specialty area that encompasses
subspecialties that include public health
nursing, school health nursing, and other
developing fields of practice, such as
home health, hospice care, and
independent nurse practice. - (ANA,
1980)
WHAT IS COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
I. WHO - special field of nursing that
combines skills of nursing public health.
Function as part of total public health
programs for:
- Promotion of health
- Improvement of condition
- Rehabilitation of illness and
disability
II. DR. Ruth B. Freeman: CHN is a unique
blend of nursing and public health
practice aimed at developing and
enhancing health capabilities of people.
It is involved in the entire spectrum of
health services for the community.
The philosophy of community health nursing is
based on the Worth and Dignity of MAN (DR.
MARGARET SHETLAND)
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
Notes: Demographics and Vital statistics (case
fatality, crude death rate. etc.) to include in the
family assessment to determine health needs.
PRINCIPLES OF CHN
1. Focus on the community as a unit of
care. The nurse’s responsibility is to the
community as a whole.
2. Give priority to community needs. The
community health nurse has to “marry”
skills in the nursing process with
population focused skills.
3. Work with the community as an equal
partner of the health team.
Team Approach: is most evident in
community health work, and, frequently,
the nurse serves as the liaison officer of
the health team.
Notes: the community itself is a member of the
team. Communicate to community leaders or
active members to participate in our program
and activity.
4. Emphasis is given on strategies to
promote optimal health and prevent
disease and disability. Treatment is a
necessary component of programs that
control prevalent communicable
diseases, but treatment is by itself a
measure to control the spread of the
disease to others.
Notes: focus on the primary prevention.
5. Promote a healthful physical and
psychosocial environment.
a. The health team designs
strategies to concentrate on the
environmental determinants of
health (WHO, 2011)
6. Reach out to all who may benefit from
the specific service. The community
health nurse realizes that members of
the community who need a particular
PRELIMS
service are the best likely to actively
seek for appropriate help.
Notes: health team does not wait for people to
come but instead initiates case finding and
outreach to potential patients in need.
7. Promote optimum use of resources.
Limited health resources are best used
for strategies that will produce long term
effects, taking ethical principles into
consideration.
8. Collaborate with others working in the
community. Health is a product of
multiple determinants.
a. For this reason, the nurse has to
work with a variety of sectors,
including the community itself, in
resolving issues that affect
health.
Notes: community and health efforts should be
coordinated. Prepare or Initiate a letter before
going to the community.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY
COMMUNITY
A healthy community has mechanisms that
assure all citizens a decent way of life in all
aspects. Characteristics of a healthy community
include:
➢ A shared sense of being a
community based on history and
values.
➢ A general feeling of empowerment
and control over matters that
affect the community as a whole
CHARACTERISTICS
→ Existing structures that allow subgroups
within the community to participate in decision
making in community matters.
→ The ability to cope with change, solve
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problems, and manage conflicts within the
community through acceptable means.
→ Open channel of communication and
cooperation among the members of the
community
→ Equitable and efficient use of community
resources, with the view towards sustaining
natural resources.
COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY
1. THE CORE
- represents the people that make
up the community
EIGHT SUBSYSTEMS OF THE COMMUNITY
1. HOUSING
- What type of housing facilities are
there in the community?
- Are there enough housing
facilities?
- Housing laws and regulations
2. EDUCATION
- include laws, regulations, facilities,
activities affecting education,
ratio of health educators to
learners
3. FIRE AND SAFETY
- fire protection facilities and fire
prevention activities, distribution
of these facilities.
4. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT
- political structure present in the
community, decision-making
process/pattern, leadership style
observed.
5. HEALTH
- health facilities and activities,
distribution, utilization, ratio of
providers to clientele served;
priorities in health programs
developed
6. COMMUNICATION
- systems, types of communication
existing, forms of communication,
be it formal or informal
7. ECONOMICS
- occupation, types of economic
activities, income
PRELIMS
8. RECREATION
- recreational activities/facilities;
types, consumers, appropriateness
to consumers.
Social System components that affect health
include:
- family
- economic
- educational
- communication
- political
- legal
- religious
- recreational
- health systems
ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF COMMUNITY
HEALTH NURSE
Clinician / Direct Care Provider
● Ensure that health services are provided,
not just to individuals and families but
also to groups and population
● Involves certain emphasis different from
basic nursing, i.e. - holism, health
promotion, and skills expansion,
● Expanded skills - physical care skills,
skills in observation, listening,
communication and counselling
Educator
● Health teaching is a part of good nursing
practice and one of the major functions
of a community health nurse.
● The educator role is especially useful in
promoting the public’s health for at least
two reasons.
● The educator role:
- Has the potential for finding
greater receptivity and providing
higher yield results.
- Is significant because a wider
audience can be reached.
Advocate
● The issue of client’s rights is important in
healthcare today. Every patient or client
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
has the right to receive just equal and
humane treatment.
● Community health nurse often must act
as advocate for clients pleading the
cause or acting on behalf of the client
group.
Managerial Role
● As a manager the nurse exercises
administrative direction towards the
accomplishment of specified goals
● Activities includes:
- oversee client care
- supervise ancillary staff
- do case management
- manage caseloads run clinics or
conduct community health needs
assessment projects
Case Management
● Systematic process by which the nurse:
- assesses clients’ needs
- plans for and co-ordinates
services
- monitors and evaluates progress
to ensure that clients multiple
service needs are met.
Collaborator
● work with many people including clients,
other nurses, physicians, social workers
and community leaders, therapist,
nutritionist, occupational therapists,
epidemiologists, legislators, etc. as a
member of health team.
Leader
● As a leader:
- nurse directs
- influences or persuades others to
effect change that will positively
affect people’s health
- Primary function is to effect
change; thus the community
health nurse becomes am agent
of change.
PRELIMS
GUESS WHAT?
● Community health nurses:
- engage in systematic
investigation, collection, and
analysis of data for the purpose of
solving problems and enhancing
community health practice.
- search and/or to inven=stigate
- discover
- interpret facts
Objectives:
1. Define Community Diagnosis
2. compare community organizing
participatory action research to the
traditional research approach
3. determine the three-part statement in
stating-
4. identify the criteria to decide on a
community health concern for
intervention
5. formulate goals and objectives in a given
situation
6. enumerate the importance of partnership
and collaboration
7. determine the activities involved in
collaboration and advocacy
8. define community organizing
9. given a situation, illustrate the core
principles of community organizing
10. describe each phase of community
organizing action research (COPAR)
11. determine the activities involved in each
phase of COPAR
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
- is called as community assessment or
situational analysis
- process used to determine the health
status of the community
Notes: kapag sa community, need talaga ng
health assessment for each citizen. it allows
identification of problems, and areas to be
improve. we conduct house to house survey,
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by: PRELIMS

collect data and interpret, making a judgment “experts of their own

coming from the community reality”
Schemes in Stating Community Diagnosis 3. The research problem 3. The community/group
(NANDA) is studied by the undertakes the
researchers who control investigation or
Shuster and Goeppinger (2004) the research process research process from
data collection to
● Three part statement
analysis. External
○ the health risk or specific researchers work
alongside with the
problem to which the community
group
is exposed
○ the specific aggregate or 4. Recommendation for
community with whom the nurse the community are 4. The community
will be working to deal with the based on the formulate
researchers’s findings recommendation and an
risk or problem
and analysis
action
○ related factors that influence plan based on research
how the community will respond outcome
to health risk or problem

TYPES OF COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS OMAHA SYSTEM

● is a research-based, comprehensive practice

Participatory Action Research (PAR)
● is an approach to research in
communities that emphasizes
> to encourage consciousness of the suffering &
develop competence for changing one’s
situation
TRADITIONAL vs PARTICIPATORY ACTION
RESEARCH
and documentation standardized taxonomy
designed to describe client care
● The Omaha System is summarized in the
Overview and includes an assessment
component (Problem Classification Scheme), a
care plan/services component (Intervention
Scheme), and an evaluation component
(Problem Rating Scale for Outcomes)
4 LEVELS

1. The first and most general level of

TRADITIONAL
1. Research for purpose
of identifying & meeting
individual needs within
existing social systems
2. Community problems
or needs are defined by
experts or the external
researchers to
community/groups
Participatory Action
Research classification is composed of 4 domains
(environmental, psychosocial,
1. Research seek social physiological, health related behaviors)
transformation 2. The second level consists of problems or
areas of concern under the four domains
3. The third level, the problem or area of
2. The research concern is classified according to two
problems are defined by sets of qualifiers (1. the area of concern
the community is categorized into health promotion,
members themselves
potential problem, or actual problem 2.
who are viewed as
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by: PRELIMS

the level of clientele individual, family, PRIORITY SETTING

community)
● this step provides the nurse and the
4. The fourth and most specific level is
health team with a logical means of
made up of clusters of signs and
establishing priority among the identified
symptoms that describe actual problems
health concerns
1. Significance of the Problem

● is based on the number of people in

the community affected by the problem
or condition
2. Community Awareness

● related to the priority that the

community gives to the health concern
3. Ability to reduce risk

● is related to the availability of

expertise among the health team and
the community itself
4. Cost of reducing risk

● the nurse has to reconsider

economic, social, and ethical requisites
and consequences of planned action
5. Ability to identify the target population

● matter of availability of data sources

such as FHSIS, census, survey reports,
and/or case finding or screening tools
6. Availability of Resources

● to intervene in the reduction of risk

entails technological, financial, and other
material resources of the community,
nurse, and the health agency

Community Diagnosis:
Community Diagnosis - “THE PURPOSE OF
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS IS TO DEFINE EXISTING B- Steps in Implementation Phase
PROBLEMS, DETERMINE AVAILABLE RESOURCES
11-Priority setting
AND SET PRIORITIES FOR PLANNING,
IMPLEMENTING AND EVALUATING HEALTH ACTION, ● Nature of the condition/problem
BY AND FOR THE COMMUNITY” presented
Planning Community Health Intervention
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by: PRELIMS

● classified as health status, 5. the priority score of the problem is

health resources or health related calculated by adding the products
problems obtained in step 4
● Magnitude of the Problem
● severity of the problem which “How important is the significance of the
can be measured in terms of the problem to its solution.”
proportion of the population
“Can the group influence the significance of this
affected by the problem
problem”
● Modifiability of the Problem
● probability of reducing,
Intervention Scheme (Care Plan and Services)
controlling, or eradicating the
problem Four (4) intervention categories:
● Preventive Potential
● probability of controlling or ➢ teaching, guidance, and counseling
reducing the effects posed by the
➢ treatments and procedures
problem
● Social Concern ➢ case management

● perception of the population ➢ surveillance

or the community as they are
affected by the problem and their
readiness to act on the problem

CRITERION

1. from a scale of 1-10, 1 being the lowest,

the members give each criterion a weight
based on their perception of its degree
of importance in solving the problem.
“How important is the significance of the
problem to its solution.”
2. from a scale of 1-10, 1 being the lowest,
each member rates the criterion in terms
of the likelihood of the group being able
to influence or change the situation.
“Can the group influence the significance
of this problem”
3. collate the weights (from step 1) and
ratings (from step 2) made by the
members of the group
4. compute the total priority score of the
problem by multiplying collated weight
and rating of each criterion
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by: PRELIMS

4. reduce the prevalence of nutritionally at

risk pregnant women by 20%
5. reduce the prevalence of anemia among
pregnant women by 20%

Deciding on Community Interventions

● The process of developing the plan

the group takes into consideration the:

__________________________________

➢ demographic
➢ psychological
GOALS & OBJECTIVES ➢ social
➢ cultural
GOALS - broad and not constrained by time and
resources, states the ultimate desired end point ➢ economic characteristics
of all activities, directed towards solving health
of the target population on one hand and the
status problems
available health resources on the other hand
FORMULATING GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Implementing the Community Health
Problem: risk of maternal complications leading Interventions
to maternal mortality in Brgy, Talandang, Tugbok
-entails coordination of the plan with the
District
community and the other members of the
health team.
Goal: to reduce maternal mortality rate from
132/100,000 live births to 90/100,000 live
births

Objectives: At the end of the year, the

community of Barangay Talandang, Tugbok
District will:

__________________________________

1. demonstrate the ability to organize

groups to participate in the community
health process from assessment to
evaluation
2. increase the proportion of facility-based
births from 10% to 15%
3. lower the proportion of untrained HILOT
attended births from 20% to 10%
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by: PRELIMS

Core Principles in Community Organizing

1. Community Organizing is
People-centered

- with emphasis on the

development of human resources
necessitating education
2. Community Organizing is Participative

- is evident in the involvement

of many people in the community
activities
3. Community Organizing is Developmental

- should be directed towards

changing current undesirable
condition
4. Community Organizing is
Process-oriented

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING - organizers need to diligently

and patiently follow the
- is a process of educating and
community organizing process to
mobilizing members of the community to
achieve its goals
enable them to resolve community
5. Community Organizing is Democratic
problems
- process consists of steps or
- it is a process that allows the
activities that instill and reinforce the
majority of people to recognize
people’s self-confidence on their own
and critically analyze their
collective strengths and capabilities
difficulties and articulate their
(Manalili, 1990)
aspirations
- It entails harnessing and developing
the community’s capacities to recognize
a community problem, identify and ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
implement solutions, and monitor and
evaluate the efforts in resolving the
problem. A. Demographic Variables
- is a values-based process, tracing → A comprehensive community diagnosis should
show the size, composition, and geographical
its roots to three basic values:
distribution of the population, as indicated by
➢ HUMAN RIGHTS
the following:
➢ SOCIAL JUSTICE
1. Total population and geographical
distribution of the population, including
➢ SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
urban-rural index and population density
2. Age and sex composition
3. Selected vital indicators such as growth
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate,
and life expectancy at birth
4. Patterns of migration
5. Populations projections
6. Population groups with special needs,
indigenous people, internal refugees, and
other socially dislocated groups.
B. Socio-Economic and Cultural Variables
1. Social Indicators
a. Communication network (whether formal
or informal channels) necessary for
disseminating health information or
facilitating referral of clients to the
health care system
b. Transportation system, including road
networks, necessary for the accessibility
of health care
c. Educational level that may be indicative
of poverty and may reflect on the health
perception and health utilizations
pattern of the community.
d. Housing conditions that may suggest
health hazards (congestion and
exposure to harmful elements) and
safety hazards (fire)
2. Economic Indicators
a. Poverty level/income
b. Unemployment and underemployment
rates
c. Proportion of the total economically
active population that are salaried and
wage earners
d. Types of industry present in the
community
e. Occupation common in the community
f. Land ownership
g. Recreational facilities
3. Environmental Indicators
a. Physical/ Geographical/Topographical
characteristics of the community
- Land areas that contribute to
vector problems
- Terrain characteristics that
contribute to accidents or pose as
geohazards zones
PRELIMS
- Land usage in industry
- Climate/season
b. Water supply
- Percentage of population with
access to safe, adequate water
supply
- Source/s of water supply for
drinking and other activities
c. Water disposal
- Percentage of population reached
by the daily garbage collection
system
- Percent of population with safe
excreta disposal system
- Types of waste disposal and
garbage disposal system
d. Air, water, and land pollution
- Industries within the community
that are hazardous to health
- Air and water pollution index
4. Cultural Factors
a. Variables that may “break up” the
people into groups within the
community (ethnicity, social class,
language, religion, race, political
orientation)
b. Cultural beliefs and practices that affect
health
c. Concepts about health and illness
d. Other factors that may directly or
indirectly affect the health status of the
community
C. Health and Illness Patterns
→ If the nurse has access to recent and reliable
secondary data, then those could be used ;
otherwise, nurse will have to gather the
following:
1. Leading causes of morbidity
2. Leading causes of mortality
3. Leading causes of infant mortality
4. Leading causes of maternal mortality
5. Leading causes of hospital admission
D. Health Resources
→ Refers to manpower, institutional and
maternal resources provided not only by the
state, but also those that are contributed by
NCM 213
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the private sector and non - government
organizations.
1. Manpower resources
- Categories of health manpower
available
- Geographical distribution of health
manpower
- Manpower-population ratio
- Distribution of health manpower
according to health facilities
(hospitals, rural health units, etc.)
- Distribution of health manpower
according to type organization (
government, non- government ,
private)
- Quality of health manpower
- Existing manpower
development/policies
2. Material resources
- Health budget and expenditure
- Sources of health funding
- Categories oh health institutions
available in the community
- Hospital-bed population ratio
- Categories of health services
available.
E. Political/Leadership Patterns
→ Reflect the action potential of the state and
its people to address the health needs and
problems of the community. It mirrors the
sensitivity of the government to the people’s
struggle for a better life
1. Power structures in the community
(formal or informal) include leadership
patterns, community organizations, and
government structures, among others.
2. Attitudes of the people towards
authority
3. Conditions/events/ issues that cause
social conflict/upheavals or that lead to
social bonding or unification
4. Practices /approaches that are effective
in settling issues and concerns within
the community
PRELIMS
SOURCES OF DATA IN CONDUCTING
COMMUNITY DIAGNOSIS
1. Primary Data
- source would be the community people
through surveys, interview, focused group
discussion, observations, and through
the actual minutes of the community
meetings
2. Secondary Data
- sources would be organizational records
of the program, health center records,
and other public records
STEPS in conducting a COMMUNITY
DIAGNOSIS
A. PLANNING
1. Determine the objectives
- the nurse decides on the depth and
scope of the data to be gathered,
regardless of the type of community
diagnosis to be conducted.
- The nurse must determine the occurrence
and distribution of selected
environmental, socio-economic, and
behavioral conditions important to
disease prevention and wellness
promotion.
2. Define the study population
- nurse identifies the population group,
based on the objectives of the study;
- The study population may be the entire
community population or be focused on
a population group, such as women in
the reproductive age group or the
infants.
3. Prepare the community
- courtesy call for the meetings are a
must to enable the nurse to formulate
the community diagnosis objectives
NCM 213
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with the key leaders of the community;
- The following initial data are gathered
through the key leaders: (SPOTMAP of
the entire community , INITIAL
SECONDARY DATA e.g total number of
households per area, total population
etc.
4. Choose the methodology and instrument
of community diagnosis
- primary data may be gathered through
surveys, interviews, community
meetings, and observations, while
secondary data may be gathered
through the review of program and
public records
5. Setting the targets
- involves constructing a time table of
activities, taking into consideration the
sample size and the number of
personnel that will work.
Three Levels of Data Gathering
a. Community People
- household heads, traditional and non-
traditional leaders;
- 30% of the total population of
households for the survey sample
spread out proportionally would be the
ideal;
- representation increases or decreases
proportionally depending on the size of
the area, ideally 10% of traditional
leaders( while a corresponding number
of non- traditional leaders will also be
obtained.
b. Community health workers
- ideally 20% of all enlisted CHWs as of
the previous year
Instruments may be the following:
a. Survey questionnaire
b. Observation checklist
c. Interview guide (CHW, leaders, program
staff)
PRELIMS
A. IMPLEMENTATION
1. Actual data gathering
- The nurse supervises the data collectors
by checking the filled out instruments for
completeness, accuracy, and reliability of
the information collected.
- Data gathered should cover the following:
a. Community dimensions secondarily
related to health ( demographic data,
economic characteristics, social
indicators, political characteristics,
cultural characteristics, environmental
indicators)
b. Community dimensions directly related
to health
i. General Health Indicators- birth,
death, morbidity, mortality
ii. Maternal and child health care –
family planning, midwifery
services, child care
iii. Immunization status of children
iv. Food and Nutrition – daily food
budget, daily food intake,
knowledge of basic food groups.
v. Illness and Injury – type of
sickness, medical personnel
attending to the sick, where the
sick go for consultation and
treatment, types and sources of
medicines, dental care, mental
health, accidents, causes of
death.
vi. Water and Environment- water
supply and storage, food
storage, sanitation ( excreta,
garbage, waste, water disposal,
pets and vermin control.
vii. Endemic diseases
viii. Essential Drugs
ix. Health Education
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
x. Health Resources- health
manpower, health center and
health services.
2. Collation /Organization of Data
- there are two types of data that may be
generated
a. NUMERICAL Data- data that can be
counted
b. DESCRIPTIVE data- description of the
observable characteristics of different
factors
- Before collation is done, the
accomplished questionnaires are edited.
EDITING means going through the
questionnaire to ensure that all the
questions have been properly entered.
○ NR – No response
○ NA – Not applicable
- To facilitate data collection the nurse
must develop categories for the
classification of the responses, making
sure that the categories are MUTUALLY
EXCLUSIVE and EXHAUSTIVE
○ MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE choices do not
overlap
○ EXHAUSTIVE CATEGORIES anticipate
all possible answers that a
respondent may give.
○ FOR FIXED-RESPONSE QUESTIONS
choices must be provided to serve as
categories for the respondent’s
answers
○ OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS do not
provide choices or categories and
the answers may be given freely by
the respondent
3. Presentation/Organization of Data
- data collected may be presented as
Statistical tables/Graphs/ Descriptive
PRELIMS
data (e.g Geographic data, history of a
village , health beliefs)
4. Analysis of Data
- aims to establish trends and patterns in
terms of health needs and problems of
the community
- It allows comparison of obtained data
with standard values.
CRITICAL STEPS IN BUILDING PEOPLE’S
ORGANIZATION
1. Integration
➔ a CO becoming one with the people in
order to:
- immense himself in the poor
community
- understand deeply the culture,
economy, leaders, history,
rhythms, and lifestyle in the
community
- identify needs
➢ this involves looking
around, observing in the
clinic, schools and
community to identify
people
- Methods:
a. Participation in direct
production activities of the
people
b. Conduct house to house
visits
c. Participation in activities
like birthdays, fiestas,
wakes, etc.
- Conversing with people where
they usually gather
- Helping out in household chores
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
2. Social Investigation
➔ a systematic process of collecting,
collating, analyzing data to draw a clear
picture of the community
➔ also known as the COMMUNITY STUDY
Pointers for the conduct of social investigation
➢ Use of survey questionnaire is
discouraged
➢ Community leaders can be trained to
initially assist the community organizer
(CO) in doing social investigation
➢ Data can be more effectively and
efficiently collected through informal
methods
➢ Secondary data should be thoroughly
examined because much of the
information might be already be available
➢ Social investigation is facilitated if the
CO is properly integrated and has
acquired the trust of the people
➢ Confirmation and validation of community
data should be done regularly
3. Tentative Program Planning
➔ community organizer choose one issue to
work on in order to begin organizing the
people
4. Groundwork
➔ going around and motivating people on a
one on one basis to do something on the
issue that has been chosen
5. The meeting
➔ people collectively ratifying what they
have already decided individually
➔ gives people the collective power and
confidence
PRELIMS
6. Role play
➔ means to act out the meeting that will
take place between the leaders of the
people and the government
representative
7. Mobilization or Action
➔ actual experience of the people in
confronting the powerful and the actual
exercise of people power
8. Evaluation
➔ the people reviewing the step 1 - 7 so as
to determine whether they were
successful or not in their objectives
9. Reflection
➔ dealing with deeper, on-going concerns
to look at the positive values CO is
trying to build in the org
➔ gives the people time to reflect on the
stark reality of life compared to the ideal
10. Organization
➔ final organizational structure is set up
with selected officers and supporting
members
Note: the above steps in building people’s
organizations are done in any/all of the phases
in COPAR
PRINCIPLES AND ACTIVITIES OF
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
Community Organizing Participatory
Action Research (COPAR)
➢ A social development approach that aims
to transform the apathetic,
individualistic, and voiceless poor into
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
dynamic, participatory and politically
responsive community
➢ A collective, participatory, liberative,
PRINCIPLES OF COPAR
sustained and systematic process of
building people’s organization by
mobilizing and enhancing the capabilities
and the resources of the people for the
resolution of their issues and concerns
towards effecting change in their
existing oppressive and exploitative
conditions (1994 National Rural CO
Conference)
➢ A process by which a community
PROCESSED/METHODS USED
identifies its needs and objectives,
develops confidence to take action in
respect to them and in doing so, extends
and develops cooperative and
collaborative attitudes and practices in
the community (Ross 1967)
➢ A continuous and sustained process of
educating the people to understand and
develop their critical awareness of their
existing conditions, working with people
collectively and efficiently on their
immediate and long term problems, and
mobilizing the people to develop their
capability and readiness to respond and
take action on their immediate needs
towards solving their long-term problems
(CO: A Manual of Experience; PCPD)
IMPORTANCE OF COPAR
● COPAR is an important tool for
community development and
people empowerment as this
helps the community workers to
generate community participation
in development activities
● COPAR prepares people/clients to
eventually take over the
management of a development
program(s) in the future.
● COPAR maximizes community
participation and involvement.
PRELIMS
community resources are
mobilized for community services
1. People, especially the most oppressed,
exploited and deprived sectors are open
to change, have the capacity to change,
and are able to bring about change
2. COPAR should be based on interests of
the poorest sectors of society
3. COPAR should lead to a self-reliant
community and society
1. A PROGRESSIVE CYCLE OF
ACTION-REFLECTION- ACTION which
begins with small, local and concrete
issues identified by the people and the
evaluation and reflection of and on the
action taken by them
2. CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING through
experiential learning is central in the
COPAR because it places emphasis on
learning that emerges from concrete
action and which enriches succeeding
action.
3. COPAR is PARTICIPATORY & MASS-BASED
because it is primarily directed towards
and biased in favor of the poor, the
powerless and the oppressed.
4. COPAR is GROUP-CENTERED & NOT
LEADER-ORIENTED. leaders are identified,
emerge and are tested through action
rather than appointed and selected by
some external force of entity
PHASES OF COPAR
1. Pre-entry Phase
➢ The initial phase of the organizing
process where the community/organizer
looks for communities to serve/help
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
➢ It is the simplest phase in the
community organizing process in terms of
expected outputs, activities and
strategies
➢ Most complex phase in terms of actual
outputs, activities and strategies and
time spent for it
❖ Recommended Activities:
● Statement of objectives, realization of
CIP
● Laying out the site criteria
● Site selection
● Develop survey tools
● Meeting and courtesy call to the local
government unit of the selected site
● Courtesy call to the barangay level
● Meeting with the “will be” foster parents
of the health care students
● Setting the target date of immersion,
Exposure and Departure
❖ Criteria for Site Selection
● The area must be Economical
● Must have a relative Concentration of
poor families
● Must have a population of Ten thousand
and above
● As much as possible no Hospital but with
RHU and BHS
● Accessibility of transportation must be
considered
● No strong resistance from the community
● Peace and order problem must be
considered
● Rural community will be a top priority
● Preferably with adjacent barangays
2. Entry Phase
➢ Immersion phase
➢ This phase signals the actual entry of
the CO/Community Worker into the
community
➢ Social preparation phase
PRELIMS
➔ Integration with the community
➔ Sensitization of the people on critical
events in their life
➔ Motivating them to share their dreams
and ideas on how to manage their
concerns
➔ Mobilizing them to take collective action
➢ Most Crucial phase since project site
varies from each other, no single
strategy is best employed
➢ Its success depends on how much the
project implementers have integrated
with the community people, their
understanding of the place & events and
their willingness & readiness to commit
oneself towards the program
❖ Recommended Activities:
● Inform/Update local government
leader/barangay officials of the selected
site
● Meeting with foster parents
● Appreciating the environment
● Meeting with community officials and
residents
● General assembly
● Preparation of the survey forms
● Actual survey
● Analysis data
● Core group formation
● Self-awareness and leadership
training/Action planning
3. Organization-building phase
➢ The formation of more formal structures
& the inclusion of more formal
procedures of planning, implementing,
and evaluating community-wide
activities
➢ Phase where the organized leaders or
groups are being given trainings
(formal/informal) to develop their ASK in
managing their own concerns/programs
➢ Recommended Activities:
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by:
● Meeting with officials
● Identifying problems
● Spreading awareness and soliciting
solution or suggestions
● Analysis of the presented solution
● Planning of the activities
● Organizing the people to build their own
organization (election of officers)
● Registration of the organization (Legality
purpose)
● Link with LGU’s or NGO’s for finances &
technical assistance
● Evaluation
4. Sustenance & Strengthening Phase
➢ Community organization has already
been established
➢ Different committees that was created in
the previous phase are already expected
to be functioning by way of planning,
implementing & evaluating their own
programs, with the guidance from the
community health org.
➢ Project implementers prepare the CY for
their eventual PHASE OUT
❖ Recommended Activities:
● Meeting with the organizational
leaders
● Evaluation of the programs
● Re-implementation of the
programs
● Education and training
● Networking and linking
● Conducting mobilization on health
and development concerns
● Implementation of livelihood
projects
● Developing secondary leaders
5. Phase Out
➢ The phase when the health care workers
leave the community to be independent
➢ This phase should be stated during the
entry phase to prepare the people
PRELIMS
➢ The organizations built should be ready
to sustain the test of the community
itself because the real evaluation will be
done by the residents of the community
❖ Recommended Activities:
● Leaving the immersion site
● Documentation
TEN STEPS IN BUILDING PEOPLE’S
ORGANIZATIONS
1. Integration - a Community Organizer
(CO) being one with the community in
order to: (a) immerse himself in the poor
community and (b) understand deeply
the culture, economy, leaders, history,
rhythms and lifestyles of the community.
2. Social Investigation (SI) - the process of
systematically looking for issues around
which to organize the people. There are
three ways to conduct the SI, namely:
study the documents/reports that talk of
the people's problems; learn from the
people themselves; and study the
problem as it is affected by the power
structure within the community.
3. Tentative Program - CO chooses one
issue to work on in order to begin
organizing the people.
4. Groundwork - involves going around and
motivating the people on a one-to-one
basis to do something on the issue that
has been chosen. Sometimes called
"agitation" or "animation", to motivate
people to carry out possible actions to
solve the problems identified.
5. Meeting - people collectively ratifying
what they have already decided
individually. The meeting gives people
collective power and confidence.
Problems are issues are discussed.
6. Role playing - acting out the meeting
that will take place between leaders of
the people and the government
representatives. It is a way of training
NCM 213
Concept Prof.: L. Sucuano, RN Trans by: PRELIMS

people to anticipate what will happen

and prepare themselves for such
eventualities.
7. Mobilization and action - actual
experience of the people in confronting
the powerful and the actual exercise of
people's power.
8. Evaluation - the people evaluating and
reviewing steps 1 to 7 have to determine
whether they were successful r not in
their objectives.
9. Reflection - dealing with deeper,
on-going concerns to look at the
positive values the CO is trying to build
in the organization.
10. Organization - the people's organization
is the result of many successive and
similar actions of the people. A final
organizational structure is set up with
elected officers and supporting members.