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MULTIPLEXING
 Multiplexing is a technique of simultaneously transmitting number of signals over a single
communication channel.
 The device which combines output from various signal sources to form composite output (to
send over channel) is called as multiplexer.
 Device which performs exactly opposite task at the receiver to separate out the signals is called
as de-multiplexer.
 Multiplexing helps in considerable reduction in the cost of the communication system.
 Multiplexing describes how several users can share a medium with minimum or no
interference.
 One example, is highways with several lanes. Many users (car drivers) use the same medium
(the highways) with hopefully no interference (i.e., accidents). This is possible due to the
provision of several lanes (space division multiplexing) separating the traffic. In addition,
different cars use the same medium (i.e., the same lane) at different points in time (time
division multiplexing)

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TIME MULTIPLEXING

It is mainly used in telephonic services.

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FREQUENCY MULTIPLEXING

It is used in Radio and Television Broadcasting Stations , Cable TV etc.

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SPACE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

SDM is called a combination of FDM and TDM.
It passes messages or data-parallel with the use of specific frequency at a specific. It means a particular
channel will be used against a specific frequency band for some amount of time.
Data stream are transmitted over non-overlapping transmission channel
Base Station tracks user, when moving.
Uses spot beam antennas.
Advantages of SDM
• In SDM, the data transmission rate is high.
• It uses Time and Frequency bands at its maximum potential.
Disadvantages of SDM
• An inference may occur.
• It faces high inference losses.
• Infinitely large antenna needed
Usage
It can be achieved using Beam forming and Sectorization
• It is used in GSM (Global Service for Mobile) Technology.

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TIME AND FREQUENCY MULTIPLEXING

It is used in Radio and television broadcasting stations , Cable TV etc.

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CODE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

It is mainly used in Cell Phones (2G,3G etc). Spreading Factor=Chip Rate/Data Rate
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Multiplexing
Multiplexing combines many signals such as computer outputs, digital voice, digitized
facsimile & TV signals.

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Types of Multiplexing

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 Advantages
FDM
 Transmits multiple signal simultaneously
 Demodulation process is easy
 Synchronization between Transmitter and Receiver is not needed

 Disadvantages
 Needs large bandwidth communication channel

 Applications
 FM and AM Radio broadcasting
 Used in first generation cellular telephone
 Used in television broadcasting

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WDM
 Advantages
 Allows transmission of data in two directions simultaneously
 Long distance communication with low signal loss
 Low cost
 Greater transmission capacity
 High Security

 Applications
 SONET Network

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TDM
 Advantages
 All signals are not transmitted simultaneously.
 Each user occupies entire bandwidth for short period of time.
 It is used to multiplex analog or digital signals.

 Disadvantages
 Needs large bandwidth communication channel
than multiple input signals.

 Applications
 Suitable for digital signal multiplexing

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Synchronous TDM
 The number of time slots is equal to the number of devices (transmitters) regardless of the fact that the
device has any data to transmit or not.
 If the device (transmitter) does not have any data to send then its time slot remains empty.
 Disadvantage
 Channel capacity is not fully utilized i.e.
bandwidth goes wasted.

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Asynchronous TDM
 The number of time slots is not equal to the number of devices (transmitters) .
 The time slots are always less than the number of devices (transmitters).
 If we have X devices and Y time slots then Y should be always less than X (i.e. Y< X).
 If there is not enough data to fill all the slots in a frame then partially filled frames are transmitted .
 All the time slots in frames are completely filled.

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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Advantages Disadvantages

 Full bandwidth is utilized by a user at a  Synchronization is required

particular time
 TDM is more flexible than FDM
 In TDM problem of crosstalk is very less

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Comparison of FDM,WDM,TDM
Sr. No. FDM WDM TDM
1 Frequency Division Wavelength Division Time Division Multiplexing
Multiplexing Multiplexing
2 The communication channel is The communication channel is The communication channel is
divided by frequency divided by wavelength divided by time
3 Analog technique Analog technique Digital technique
4 Synchronization is not required Synchronization is not required Synchronization is required
5 It requires complex circuitry for It requires complex circuitry for It does not require complex
transmitter and receiver transmitter and receiver circuitry for transmitter and
receiver
6 The problem of crosstalk is The problem of crosstalk is The problem of crosstalk is not
severe severe severe
7 The channel bandwidth is The channel bandwidth is The channel bandwidth is wasted
effectively used effectively used

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Multiplexing

Advantages Applications

 Multiple signals can be sent  Communication system

simultaneously over a single
 Computer memory
communication channel
 Telephone System
 Effective use of channel bandwidth
 TV broadcasting
 Multiplexing reduces cost
 Telemetry
 Multiplexing reduces circuit complexity
 Satellites

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Spread Spectrum Techniques

 In these techniques, the spectrum of the modulated signal is spread to cover a wider range of
frequency spectrum.
 It offers features like
 Resistance to jamming
 Security in the communication
 Spread Spectrum Technique is technique whereby an already modulated signal is modulated
second time in such a way as to produce a waveform which cause minimum interference with
other signal operating in the same frequency band.
 The widest application of such techniques is its use in military Communication Systems i.e. to
 Transmit a message to intended receiver without being detected by unfriendly receiver.
 Spread Spectrum acts to reduce the effective power of interference
 Used in Satellite communication, cellular Telephony, GPS etc

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Spread Spectrum: Spreading and Despreading

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 i) Idealized narrowband signal from a sender of user data

 ii) Sender now spreads the signal i.e. narrowband signal into broadband signal.
 Energy needed to transmit the signal is same but spread over larger frequency range.
 Power level can be much lower than original narrowband signal without loosing data.
 Depending on generation and reception of spread signal, power level of user signal can even be as low as
the background noise.
 This makes it difficult to distinguish the user signal from background noise and hard to detect
 During transmission narrowband and broadband interference add to the signal in step (iii)
 The sum of interference and user signal is received
 Iv) The receiver now knows how to despread the signal, converting the spread user signal into a
narrowband signal again while spreading the narrowband interference and leaving the broadband
interference.
 v) The receiver applies a BPF to cut off frequencies left to right of narrowband signal.
 Finally the receiver can reconstruct the original data because power level of user signal is high enough i. e.
the signal is much stronger than remaining interference.

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Narrowband Interference without Spread Spectrum

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 Six different channels use FDM for multiplexing, means each channel has its own narrow frequency band
for transmission.
 Between each frequency band a guard space is needed to avoid the adjacent channel interference.
Careful frequency planning is required
 Channel quality is frequency dependent and is measure for interference at this frequency.
 Channel quality also changes over- the diagram only shows a snapshot at one moment
 Depending on receiver characteristics, channel 1,2,5 and 6 could be received while the quality of
channels 3 and 4 is too bad to reconstruct transmitted data.
 Narrowband interference destroys the transmission of channels 3 and 4.
 This illustration only represents a snapshot and the situation could be completely different at the next
moment.
 Communication may be very difficult using such narrowband signals.
 Hence spread spectrum is used with narrowband interference.

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Spread Spectrum to avoid Narrow band

Interference

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Applications of Spread Spectrum

 Military Communication- anti jamming property
 Police Radar
 Satellite Communication
 Cellular Telephony
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 For ranging - distance measurement/ delay measurement
 Telecommunication
 Personal Communication Systems (PCS)
 Multiple Access Communication

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Types of SS Techniques

 Two popular spread Spectrum Techniques are

1. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

2. Frequency Hopping

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Spreading with DSSS

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

 In these modulation scheme the data sequence and PN signal are applied to product
modulator.
 At the output of product modulator we obtain spread spectrum signal.
 This operation is called as spreading as it spreads the spectrum of original baseband
signal.
 To transmit this signal over long distance we need to perform some band-pass
modulation.
 At the receiver, after performing demodulation de-spreading is required to recover
original baseband signal

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Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Transmitter :

Receiver :

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DSSS BPSK Waveforms

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Performance Parameters of DSSS System

Processing Gain : It represents the gain achieved by processing spread spectrum over
unspread signal.

𝑃𝐺 = = = =N

Probability of Error : In DSSS BPSK system the interference may be treated as a wide band
noise signal with PSD N0

𝑁 = 𝐽𝑇

So 𝑃 = 𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑐

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Jamming Margin: The ratio of the average interference power J and the signal power PS
is called jamming margin.

𝐽 𝑃𝐺
𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑃 𝐸 ⁄𝑁

(𝐽𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛)dB=(PG)dB – 10 log [Eb/No]

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