BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Electronics Engineering Department

NAME: TORRES, Godwin C. DATE: 06/27/21

YR AND SEC: BSECE-3C

MULTIPLE ACCESS CHANNELING PROTOCOLS

Introduction

As what I have discussed in the previous activity, Multiplexing is the process of sharing a

communications channel by mixing signals locally at a shared location. In Multiple Access

Channeling Protocols, these protocols allow a number of nodes or users to access a shared network

channel. In other words Multiple Access Channeling is an application of multiplexing that allows

users to communicate over a single common channel.

There are three schemes have been devised for efficient sharing of a single channel under

these conditions; they are called frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division

multiple access (TDMA), and code-division multiple access (CDMA).

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

FDMA is the most basic way of creating channels, by assigning users to nonoverlapping

frequency bands, it was used in first and 2G cellular systems. The purpose of FDMA is to divide

the frequency spectrum into slots and then isolate various users' signals by placing them in distinct

frequency slots. Each user is assigned an own frequency channel, as shown in Figure 1. Subscribers

who request service are assigned these channels on demand.

 Figure 1: Frequency Division Multiple Access

The problem is that the frequency spectrum is finite, and there are usually far more potential

communicators than available frequency slots. A mechanism for controlling the available slots

must be established in order to make optimum use of the communications channel.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Time division multiple access (TDMA) employs a time allocation approach to allow

numerous users to use a common media. TDMA’s goal is to divide time into slots and segregate

distinct users' signals by placing them in various time slots. The problem is that requests to use a

single communication channel happen at random, therefore there are times when the number of

requests for time slots exceeds the number of available slots. TDMA can operate as wideband or

narrowband. TDMA was used in 2G cellular networks to generate channels by giving users non-

overlapping time intervals. Each user in a system with N users can thus use the complete bandwidth

W, but only 1/N of the time. This means that, unlike FDMA, TDMA is unsuitable for analog

communication as from we can see from the figure below.

 Figure 2: Time Division Multiple Access

In TDMA, A user can only broadcast in buffer-and-burst mode within the time window

allotted to them. As a result, transmission for each user is non-continuous, necessitating

communication in digital form. Because the transmitter may be turned off when not in use, which

is most of the time, the non-continuous transmission results in reduced battery consumption.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a type of spread spectrum communication that is

utilized in several second-generation cellular phone systems, among other things. Signals are sent

in the same frequency band at the same time in CDMA. At the receiver, a user-specific signature

waveform, which is created from an allocated spreading code, is used to select or reject signals.

The CDMA technology is used in the IS95 cellular system. CDMA is also known as spread-

spectrum multiple access (SSMA) because the process of multiplying the signal by the code

sequence spreads the power of the transmitted signal over a greater bandwidth.
 Figure 3.1: Code Division Multiple Access Transmission

Figure 3.2: Code Division Multiple Access

The CDMA transmission principle is depicted in Figure 3,1. QAM modulation is

frequently used as the basic modulation. A higher-speed pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS), also

known as a spreading code or spreading sequence, is exclusive ORed with the data to be modulated

on each axis. After that, the signal is modulated, usually with m-ary QAM.
 When another user wishes to use the communications channel, it is assigned a code and

immediately transmits instead of being stored until a frequency slot opens which is demonstrated

on Figure 3.2.

Difference between FDMA, CDMA and TDMA

FDMA TDMA CDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Time Division Multiple Code Division Multiple

Access Access Access
sharing of bandwidth among only the sharing of time of sharing of both i.e. bandwidth
different stations satellite transponder and time among different
stations
There is no need of any There is no need of any Codeword is necessary
codeword codeword
The rate of data is low. The rate of data is medium. The rate of data is high.
It is little flexible It is moderate flexible It is highly flexible
data transfer is continuous data transfer is signal in burts data transfer is digital signal
signal
References

Academic Press Library in Mobile and Wireless Communications, 2016

Ali Grami, in Introduction to Digital Communications, 2016 (https://www.sciencedirect.com)

Vijay K. Garg, Yih-Chen Wang, in The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2005

(https://www.sciencedirect.com)
Fraidoon Mazda MPhil DFH DMS MBIM CEng FIEE, in Telecommunications Engineer's
Reference Book, 1993 (https://www.sciencedirect.com)
https://www.britannica.com/technology/telecommunication

https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/FDMA-versus-TDMA-versus-CDMA.html