What I Know

Complete the graphic organizers 1 and 2 by choosing the appropriate code inside the
box which corresponds to the correct answer.

GGU- CHYMOSIN PRODUCTION CAC- SPLICED AUG- LIGASE

UGA- INSULIN PRODUCTION CUA- DNA CCG- BT CORN
UCC- PEST RESISTANCE CCU- CELL UAC- VACCINE
CCC- RESTRICTION ENZYME AGG- GENE GUA- PROTEIN
GGA- DELAYED RIPENING CUC- HOST CELL AUA- BEAUTY
PRODUCTS

STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4

STEP 1
The targeted The targeted gene The recombinant DNA
Scientist can gene must be must then be must then be transferred
target and cut using "(3.) SPLICED
_________" to and introduced to the
identify the (6.) HOST
________
CELL and will
specific (2.) _______. DNA of
the (4.) _________
another organism CELL to
direct the (7.) _____
(1.)_______. RESTRICTION using (5.) _________.
LIGASE make the same (8.)
PROTEIN as the original
________
ENZYME organism.

Figure 1: Steps in Genetic Engineering

Medical
Industry Agriculture
Improvements
•(9.) ________________
INSULIN PRODUCTION •(11.) CHYMOSIN
_______________
PRODUCTION •(13.) _______________
PEST RESISTANCE
VACCINE
•(10.) _______________ BEAUTY PRODUCTS
•(12.) _______________ DELAYED RIPENING
•(14.) _______________
BT CORN
•(15.) _______________

Figure 2: Application of Recombinant DNA

6
 What I Have Learned

Now it’s your turn! Read and fill out the following “I have
learned oath.”

Genetic Engineering is so fun and interesting! I can now

understand how my traits were coded by my genes. These
genes contain information that is important and vital for my
well-being. I have taken note that these genes are very tiny
molecules found in my (1.) _________.

I have learned from this module that genetic engineering is the process of (2.)
______________________________. It involves 4 basic steps which are: (3.)
_________________, (4.) ___________________, (5.)_____________________, and (6.)
________________. (7.) _____________________, is the resulting DNA from the
combination of two or more DNA from different sources that resulted from genetic
modification, among its many application are (8.)______________________, (9.)
______________________ and (10.)_______________________.

Isn’t it amazing? That my body and my traits were coded by a very small molecule
inside my body! And what is more amazing is how people with great scientific skills
have developed a way on how to alter and change some of it to make it better and
beneficial for society. Science and society can be good friends. I ___________________
(write/state your name), do solemnly pledge that I will only do good and responsible
science for my society specifically in the field of recombinant DNA technology.

1.) DNA
2.) Altering the genes
3.) Target the gene
4.) Cut the gene
5.) Paste the gene to another DNA
6.) Introduce DNA to host cell
7.) Recombinant DNA
8.) Agriculture
9.) Industry
10.) Medical advancement
15
 Assessment

Let’s see how well you have enjoyed the amazing world of genetic engineering by
answering the following questions. Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. The process of altering the genes of living organisms to produce new traits
that may have application in the field of agriculture, medicine, and the
industry is called:
a. DNA recombinant technology
b. Genetics Cut
c. Genetic Engineering
d. Spliced Gene Technique

2. Scientists discovered that a specific fragment of the organisms’ DNA is

responsible in coding for its specific trait such as hair/skin/fur color. What is
this fragment called?
a. Chromosomes
b. Deoxyribonucleic acid
c. Genes
d. RNA

3. Through genetic engineering, scientists developed a new technology that

combines two different fragments of DNA from two different organisms to
create new targeted trait, what is this new technology?
a. DNA recombinant technology
b. Genetics Cut
c. Genetic Engineering
d. Spliced Gene Technique

4. What is this enzyme which is vital in the process of genetic engineering

because it splits or cuts the DNA to obtain the targeted gene?
a. Activation enzyme
b. Ligase

17
 c. Restriction enzyme
d. Scissor enzyme

5. Name the enzyme which is used to combine or glue two different molecules of
a fragment of the DNA.
a. Activation enzyme
b. Ligase
c. Restriction enzyme
d. Scissor enzyme
6. The process of changing or altering the genes may be summarized in four basic
steps, which among the following steps come first?
a. Isolate the DNA from the cell and identify the target part of the DNA
b. Cut the specific part of the DNA through a special enzyme
c. Combine the DNA from two different sources
d. Introduce the new formed DNA to the host cell

7. The second basic step to genetic engineering is:

a. Target specific part of the DNA and cut it into three
b. Target specific part of the DNA and let RNA translates it
c. Target the special gene of interest and dissolve in saltwater
d. Target the specific part of the DNA to be cut by a specialized enzyme

8. The third basic step in genetic engineering is the process of combining

fragments of DNA from different sources, this process may also be called:
a. Gene therapy
b. Gene combination
c. Gene recombination
d. Gene splicing

9. Once the new DNA, is formed, which is a combination of fragments of DNA

from different sources, it is already termed as:
a. Genetically modified cell
b. Organic Compound
c. Recombinant DNA
d. DNA molecule

18
10. Lastly, the new DNA produced through genetic engineering will be introduced
to a host cell to see how it will code for a new protein. What concept in biology
is highlighted in this step?
a. Law of inheritance
b. Law of conservation of energy
c. Central Atom of Molecules
d. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

11. Living cells follow a specific hierarchy of command in directing the traits of
the individual. What will happen to the new individual cell as a new
engineered DNA was introduced to it?
a. It will have a different shape to adjust to the new code.
b. It will be destroyed as a new load of information is unhealthy.
c. It will try to mimic its environment in order to survive.
d. It will function according to the new set of codes from the DNA.

12. What application of Recombinant DNA technology is used by farmers in order

to produce a better yield in crops, a better quality of crops, and easier pest
control?
a. Agriculture
b. Agri-business
c. Industry
d. Medical Advancement

13. In the field of medical advancement, one of the earliest developments in the
field recombinant DNA technology is the production of _______, which is
mainly used in the treatment of diabetes.
a. BTCorn
b. Flvr-Svr Tomato
c. Insulin
d. Glucose

19
14. What bacteria is an alternative for rennet which is used in the cheese
production industry?
a. Aspergillus oryzae
b. Bacillus thuringiensis
c. Chymosin
d. Cheese Agar

15. What mold is also known as kojic mold which is genetically improved to be
used in enhanced production of kojic acid which has many applications in
the cosmetics and beauty industry?
a. Aspergillys oryzae
b. Bacillus thuringiensis
c. Chymosin
d. Cheese mold

20
 Assessment

Let us see how well you have enjoyed traveling to the distant past of the Earth and
knowing about the history of life on Earth by answering the following questions.
Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. The name of the experiment which helped answer many questions about the
origin of life on Earth:
a. Patrick-Miller Experiment
b. Miller-Urey Experiment
c. Urey-Gagarin Experiment
d. Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species

2. Which among the following is believed to be the predecessors of life because

its existence is vital in the development of the first primitive cell?
a. Inorganic Compound
b. Organismal Biology
c. Organic Compound
d. RNA

3. In geologic time scale, what is the longest subdivision, they are namely the
Precambrian and the Paleozoic.
a. Eon
b. Era
c. Period
d. Epoch

4. What is the shortest subdivision in the geologic time scale and is marked by
differences in life forms and can vary from continent to continent?
a. Eon
b. Era
c. Period
d. Epoch

5. Name the era, which is divided into three periods, and is considered as the
age of reptiles.
a. Cambrian
b. Mesozoic
c. Paleozoic
d. Cenozoic

19
6. The period on a geologic time scale which is considered as the explosion of life:
a. Cambrian
b. Mesozoic
c. Paleozoic
d. Cenozoic

7. The current epoch upon which organisms of the earth are living.:
a. Holocene
b. Oligocene
c. Pliocene
d. Miocene

8. Which among the following best describes the Cenozoic era?

a. Age of bacterium
b. Age of invertebrates
c. Age of reptiles
d. Age of mammals

9. How will you describe the Geologic Time Scale?

a. It divides up the history of the earth based on life-forms that have existed
during specific times since the creation of the planet.
b. It sums up the history of the earth based on life-forms that have existed
during specific times since the creation of the solar system.
c. It sectioned the history of the earth based on non-living things that have
existed during specific times since the creation of the planet.
d. It divides up the history of the earth based on spheres of the Earth where
life-forms have existed during specific times since the creation of the
planet.

10. What period is known as the age of fishes?

a. Silurian
b. Devonian
c. Ordovician
d. Cretaceous

11. How will you` describe the Triassic period?

a. The golden age of dinosaurs.
b. The period when birds first appear.
c. The golden age of reptiles.
d. The golden age of dinosaurs and also the period when birds first appear.

12. How many periods are under the Cenozoic era?

a. 2 the Pleistocene and the Paleocene
b. 2 the Pleistocene and the Holocene
c. 2 the Tertiary and the Quaternary
d. 3 the Binary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

20
13. In the history of life on Earth, how will you describe the earliest life-forms that
had existed?
a. They are very adaptive and complex.
b. They require minimal metabolic processes, but they are also complex
organisms.
c. They are simple organisms that thrive with the minimal necessary to
survive.
d. They are simple organisms that later evolve to more complex organisms.

14. Which among the following are NOT an evidence that life existed in as early
as 3.5 billion years ago?
a. Microfossils found in western Australia
b. Trilobites
c. Stromatolites
d. None of the above

15. The following are the principles of used in relative dating of fossils EXCEPT:
a. Law of Superposition
b. Law of Original Horizontality
c. Law of Cross-Cutting Relationship
d. Law of Superimposition

21
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The largest division of the geologic time scale is the
A. Eon
B. Era
C. Period
D. Epoch
2. The Mesozoic Era was the Age of Reptiles while the current Cenozoic Era is the
Age of
A. Mammals
B. Birds
C. Humans
D. Technology
3. The layers in sedimentary rocks are also called
A. eras
B. epochs
C. strata
D. gaps
4. The movie “Jurassic Park” got its title from which era?
A. Paleozoic
B. Mesozoic
C. Cenozoic
D. Holozoic
5. During which era were the first land plants formed?
A. Cambrian
B. Pre-Cambrian
C. Paleozoic
D. Mesozoic
6. The era of middle life, a time of many changes on Earth
A. Paleozoic
B. Mesozoic
C. Cenozoic
D. Holozoic
7. What is the longest part of Earth’s history where trace fossils
appeared.
A. Pre-Cambrian
B. Paleozoic
C. Mesozoic
D. Cenozoic
8. The geologic time scale is subdivided into 4 groups. List them
from the largest to the smallest.
A. Eons, periods, epochs, eras
B. Eras, eons, periods, epochs
C. Epochs, periods, eras, eons
D. Eons, eras, periods, epochs

10
 9. The end of this era was believed to be caused by a comet or
asteroid colliding with Earth, causing a huge cloud of dust and
smoke to rise into the atmosphere, blocking out the sun.
A. Paleozoic
B. Holozoic
C. Mesozoic
D. Cenozoic
10. Which geologic event occurred during the Mesozoic era?
A. Pangaea formed
B. Asteroids killed the dinosaurs
C. The Rocky Mountains formed
D. The Pleistocene Ice Age began

Additional Activities (What other Enrichment activities can I engage in?)

Activity No. 12.7 Dinosaurs and Entertainment

Directions: Craft a good short story about the connections between Dinosaurs and
Entertainment. Rubric below will guide you to achieve exemplary output.

Creative Writing Short Story Rubric

Needs Improvement Fair Good Excellent
(N/A) (N/A) (N/A) (N/A)

Overall Structurally inferior. Short story is typed Short story is typed. Short story is typed using
Student did not follow but wrong font or Name, date, and class Times New Roman 12
Presentation directions as ordered. size. Name, date, and may be missing or font. Name, date, and class
15 pts
class are missing. misspelled. are present.

Creativity & No creative language Very few creative Some creative The story is filled with
is used. It is evident terms are used. language is used. creative and descriptive
Use of Lit. that the writer did not Potentially terms Literary devices are language. The writer
Devices put forth any feelings have been used out used within context engages the reader with an
10 pts or emotions into the of context, but the but do not allow for entertaining tale of an
story. The story is not student makes a the flow of the story to event that the audience can
made personal. valiant effort to place continue on point. relate to.
them in his/her
writing.

Character The student fails to Character The student uses some The main character is
use descriptive details development needs descriptive details to thoroughly developed
Development to develop the improvement, but the develop the character. through direct and indirect
15 pts
character. reader gets a sense of The characters are characterization such as
Characters lack depth. the character and somewhat interesting speech, actions,
who she is. and have some depth. description, etc.

Plot Story development Story development Story development The story contains
does not exist and needs to be improved follows the story exposition, rising action,
Development sequence but some climax, falling action,

11
 1.Gene frequency
2.Evolution
3.Gene variation
4.Artificial selection
5.Natural selection
6.Gene flow
What I Have Learned 7.Genetic drift
8.Recombination
9.Mutation
9.Mutation
Now it’s your turn! Read and fill out the following “I have learned
oath.”

Learning about evolution and the mechanisms that cause

changes to the gene frequency of a population is a remarkable

involvement! I can now understand how life has evolved over

time. I have remembered that (1.) __________________ is the number of times a certain

gene appears in a given population and the changes that occurs in it may result to

(2.) _____________. The diversity in genes amongst individual is termed as (3.)

________________ .

I have learned from this module that there are 6 mechanisms which cause changes

to the characteristics of a population; they are (4.) ______________________________,

(5.) _________________, (6.) ___________________, (7.) _____________________, (8.)

________________, and (9.) _____________________.

Life is indeed a genius! It strives to survive and change its form to adapt to the

changes in its environment! As a result, evolution takes place when the next

generation of organisms acquired new traits from their parents, which are fit for the

requirement of the environment where they habituate. What’s more amazing is how

humans have been doing manipulative evolution of some crops and animals in the

form of selective breeding or artificial selection. With proper precaution, science is

beneficial to society. I ___________________ (write/state your name), do solemnly

pledge that I will only do good and responsible science for my society specifically in

learning about the mechanisms that brought changes to the population.

17
 Assessment

Let’s see how well you have relished unraveling the reasons or mechanisms that
caused changes to the characteristics of a population from generation to generation
by answering the following questions. Choose and encircle the letter of the best
answer.

1. Evolution is brought by the change in the gene frequency of a population over

the next generation, which among the following is considered the change in
gene frequencies because of chance processes?
a. Artificial Selection
b. Natural Selection
c. Gene Flow
d. Genetic Drift

2. The movement of genes or certain traits into or out of a population, that is

immigration or emigration, is identified as what type of mechanism causes a
change in the gene frequency of a population?
a. Gene Flow
b. Genetic Drift
c. Mutation
d. Recombination

3. Name the type of mechanisms of evolution that takes place because some
female/male species prefer to interbreed with mates that have certain or
predetermined qualities.
a. Mutation
b. Recombination
c. Non-random Mating
d. Natural Selection

4. Identify the mechanism of evolution that resulted from the deletion, insertion,
substitution, or inversion of DNA because of radiation or copying errors.
a. Artificial Selection
b. Mutation
c. Recombination
d. Genetic Drift

19
5. Nature “selects” which organisms will be successful.
a. Artificial Selection
b. Natural Selection
c. Gene Flow
d. Genetic Drift

6. What type of mechanism of evolution is this: some species exhibit intra-sexual

competition leading to the preservation of genes of those successful
organisms?
a. Recombination
b. Non-random Mating
c. Mutation
d. Genetic Drift

7. “Survival of the fittest.”

a. Gene Flow
b. Genetic Drift
c. Artificial Selection
d. Natural Selection

8. A cause of change in the gene frequency of some animals and crops because
of humans’ selective breeding or cross-pollination activities on these said
organisms:
a. Artificial Selection
b. Natural Selection
c. Recombination
d. Mutation

9. Which among the following best explain recombination as a mechanism of

evolution?
a. Recombination is a natural process which happens during meiosis, it is
the crossing over of the homologous chromosomes that resulted in gene
variation and random gene exchange.
b. Recombination is the process of combining two parts of DNA to create a
new one in the cell’s pursuit to fight off foreign bodies.
c. Recombination happens when two identical cells cross over one another
and exchange information between their nuclei.
d. Recombination resulted from the mitosis of cells to repair the damage.

10. How will you differentiate artificial selection from natural selection?
a. Artificial selection happens when nature dictates the fittest organisms to
survive and continue their generation, while natural selection is a
laboratory type of selectively choosing the best DNA copy from cells.
b. Artificial selection happens in laboratories while natural selection happens
in nature.
c. Artificial selection is manipulated by humans and natural selection is
dictated by the environment of the organisms.

20
 d. B and C
11. What type of mutation can cause evolution or change in the gene frequency
of organisms from one generation to another?
a. Germ-line mutation
b. Individual Radiated Mutation (IRM)
c. Ionized mutation
d. Somatic mutation

12. This effect happens after a genetic drift when a huge percentage of population
or organisms are wiped off or were unable to reproduce because of
catastrophic events, resulting in change to the gene frequency of the affected
population:
a. Founder Effect
b. Healer Effect
c. Bottleneck Effect
d. Extinction Effect

13. Among the mechanisms of evolution, which is caused by the deliberate action
and activity of man?
a. Artificial Selection
b. Natural Selection
c. Gene Flow
d. Genetic Drift

14. How will you explain the mechanisms of evolution?

a. These are the processes that cause gene frequencies of the population to
change from one generation to another.
b. Some of the mechanisms of evolution are gene flow, genetic drift, and
recombination.
c. Mechanisms of evolution are caused by nature, but sometimes it may also
be caused by accidents or chance processes.
d. All of the above

15. The following are the mechanisms of evolution that may be caused by an
accident or unforeseen events EXCEPT:
a. Genetic Drift
b. Natural Selection
c. Mutation
d. Artificial Selection

21
 Assessment

Let’s see how well you have appreciated our lesson about the evidences of evolution
by answering the following questions. Choose and encircle the letter of the best
answer.

1. DNA of the life-forms on Earth are almost universal and seem to be templated
from one original source, this line of inferring can be based from what evidence
of evolution?
a. Fossil record
b. Comparative Anatomy
c. Molecular Biology
d. Embryology
2. Exactly different organisms such fish and humans may have resemblances
during the early stage of their development and will lose some key likenesses
as they grow in later stage of development, which among the following is the
line of evidence and field of study that underlie the said concept for evolution?
a. Fossil record
b. Comparative Anatomy
c. Molecular Biology
d. Embryology
3. Preserved bodies of cave dwelling man from cold and icy places suggested that
humans look different in the past, what evidence of evolution is used?
a. Fossil record
b. Comparative Anatomy
c. Molecular Biology
d. Embryology
4. Identify what evidence of evolution is used: vertebrate animals such as
humans, chickens and fish have gill slits and tails during their embryonic
stage.
a. Fossil record
b. Comparative Anatomy
c. Molecular Biology
d. Embryology
5. Boa constrictors, a kind of snake has a remnant of what appears to be
rudimentary hindlegs, what type of body structure are these?
a. Analogous structures
b. Homologous structures
c. Embryonic structures
d. Vestigial structure
Explain your answer in two to three good sentences.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Activity No. I4.5 Have Learned Oath

Directions: Now it’s your turn! Read and fill out the following “I have learned oath.”
Learning about the patterns of descent with modification and
the development of evolutionary thoughts is such a wonderful
journey! I can now understand how the idea of evolution has
developed. I have recalled that patterns of descent are
described as how new or (1.) __________________ is formed as a
result of modified traits from (2.) _____________ which all have
descended from one (3.) ________________.
I have learned from this module that there are people who
helped shape our understanding of the concept of evolution; a few of these people
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
are (4.) ______________________________, who have theorized on the Principle of (5.)
Use Charles Darwin
_________________ and disuse; the second person is (6.) ___________________, an
English
Naturalist who boarded the HMS Beagle for 5 years to survey the coast of South
Galapagos
America and in the islands of (7.) _____________________, he has also written the book
On the Origin of Species
(8.) ________________, last person in the list is (9.)Alfred Russel Wallace who have
_____________________
traveled the Malay Archipelago and have studied different types of (10.)
animal and plant.
______________.
There is indeed a lot to discover about the evolution of life! As life strives to survive and
change its form to adapt to the challenges brought by its environment! As a result,
new species descended from a common ancestor as evident in the patterns of
descent seen in different species of birds, butterflies, and many more organisms.
What’s more amazing is how certain humans dedicated a large part of their lives to
investigating and studying the evolution of life. With prudence and science, people
can learn greatly from their environment. I ___________________ (write/state your
name), do solemnly pledge that I will only do good and responsible science for my
society specifically in learning about evolution and my descent from a common
ancestor.

What I can do

10
 Activity No. 13. 6 My ViewPoint

Directions: As you have learned how patterns of

descent with modification showed that one species
evolved from a common ancestor and from an
earlier species through continuous alteration of traits
to suit their need for survival; it is now a big question of
how humans will change in the future.
1. What kind of new human species will there be?
__________________________________
2. Given the conditions that we are living in
nowadays, there are theories that humans will end up
incorporating their traits with technology.
___________________
3. In your point of view as a senior high school STEM
student, what will be the future human species?

_______________________________________________________________

4. Support your claim with patterns or similarities with the modern-day human
species.

Assessment What I can do?

Activity No. 14.7 I can do it!

Let’s see how well you have learned from about the patterns of descent with
modification and the development of evolutionary thoughts by answering the
following questions.

Directions: Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. The following are the evolutionary reasons given by Wallace EXCEPT:
A. Struggle for Existence
B. Natural Selection
C. More offspring were born than can survive
D. Artificial Selection
2. Show how the patterns of descent with modification be described in terms of a
flow chart.
A. New Species → Old Species
B. Old Species → Common Ancestor
C. Common Ancestor → Old Species → New Species
D. Common Ancestor → New Species → Old Species
3. Patterns of descent with modification showed that all organisms came from a
single ancestor which through the passing of time and after different variations
have birthed to a new species that will also tend to bring new divergent species.
A. True
B. False
C. Half true, half false

11
 D. The statement is invalid
4. Patterns of descent with modification happens mainly because of this
mechanism of evolution:
A. Mutation
B. Recombination
C. Non-random Mating
D. Natural Selection
5. He is the first person to significantly discovered how one new species can be a
result of modification from a single original species.
A. Charles Darwin
B. Alfred Russel Wallace
C. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
D. All of the above
6. He reasoned how species may change through continuous use and disuse of its
trait or organs.
A. Charles Darwin
B. Alfred Russel Wallace
C. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
D. Charles Baron
7. One of his main studied specimens are the birdwing butterflies which helped
him to also theorized on the divergence of species from a single original species, he
reasoned that struggle for existence of the organisms lead to such process.
A. Charles Darwin
B. Alfred Russel Wallace
C. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
D. Charles Brown
8. His work prompt Darwin to also publish and communicate Darwin’s theory on
the speciation of organisms on Earth.
A. Charles Darwin
B. Alfred Russel Wallace
C. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
D. Charles Dassel
9. What book did Charles Darwin wrote and made him as the father of evolution?
A. On the Speciation of Organism
B. On the Origin of Species
C. The Descent of Man
D. Patterns of Descent
10. What Principle did Lamarck theorized to be the reason why giraffes developed
longer necks?
A. Principle of use and habits
B. Habitual use of organs
C. Principle of use and disuse
D. All of the above
11. What group of species of birds did help Darwin to formulate his idea on how
species originate?
A. Founders
B. Healers
C. Finchers
D. Finches
12. What is the name of the ship where Darwin embarked to survey the coast of
south America?
A. Galapagos Islands
B. HMS Beagles
C. HMS Islands

12
 D. Tortoise Islands
13. Which among the following best describes Charles Darwin?
A. He is hesitant to be the first person to tell a new discovery as he is afraid
to be the only person to go against the established facts on his days.
B. He is brave enough to conquer the difficulties of having to embark on an
eight-hour journey to the west Indian ocean to study the different types of
whale.
C. He is not afraid to share credit on his theory because for him, life is a
continuous journey to the unknown.
D. He did not hesitate to publish his works because he is backed up by his
friends.
14. How will you compare the journey of Darwin and Wallace in discovering how
species originated and evolved?
A. Both have gone on a long journey to collect different samples or plants
and animals’ species that lead to their discovery.
B. Both have arrived at the same conclusion that new species originated
from previous common ancestor.
C. One did not look closely to the proofs that a single common ancestor is
the origin of all species on Earth.
D. B and C
15. Explain how patterns of descent with modification from common ancestors
produce the organismal diversity of the present.
A. Old organisms habitually use their organs and traits until it became
dominant to suit their needs.
B. Old species with favorable traits suited in their environment will pass on
the said trait to their offspring, this process will continue until such time
that an organism with specialized trait arrived, giving way to a new different
species.
C. Disuse of some part of the genes of an organism lead to mutation which
in turn will be passed on to its offspring.
D. All of the above

Additional Activities (What other Enrichment activities can I engage in?)

Activity No. 14.8

Directions: Below are photos of birds with a different type of beaks, match each bird
with the food that it commonly eats, wriite the letter of your answer.

13
6. These body structures indicate that organisms descended from a close
common ancestor.
a. Analogous structures
b. Homologous structures
c. Embryonic structures
d. Vestigial structures
7. Fox and polar bears which are distant relatives both developed white colored
fur to adapt to the snowy environment where they habituate. These body
structures are identified as:
a. Analogous structures
b. Homologous structures
c. Embryonic structures
d. Vestigial structures
8. This is the study of body structures of organisms to compare and infer
evolutionary links.
a. Fossil record
b. Comparative Anatomy
c. Embryology
d. Biogeography
9. Which among the following best explain the fossil records as an evidence of
evolution?
a. Recorded events from the past indicates that the Earth was once filled with
water.
b. Fossils suggest that the Earth is not the same as it is today, for instance
there were once a huge massive interconnected land termed as Pangaea.
c. Fossils recorded the history of life on Earth and indicates that ancient life
forms were different from modern day species.
d. Recorded activities of animals from prehistoric times suggest that people
came from monkeys.
10. How will you differentiate analogous structures from homologous structures
as evidence of evolution?
a. Analogous structures indicate common ancestry while homologous
structures suggest evolution because of same environmental factors.
b. Analogous structures are structures which indicates that organisms might
developed structures with same function as needs arise while homologous
structures showed pattern of common descent from different body
structures of closely related specie.
c. Both analogous and homologous structures are body structures used by
researchers to study the evolutionary development of organisms while
vestigial organisms showed different result.
d. B and C
11. What evidence of evolution is portrayed by the unique species on islands
which are usually isolated from another mainland?
a. Fossil record
b. Comparative Anatomy
c. Embryology
d. Biogeography
12. Mapping of DNA allows scientist to compare the genes of organisms from the
past and organisms present today, the evidence of evolution used is:
a. Fossil record
b. Molecular Biology
c. Analogous structures
d. Comparative Anatomy
13. Using the evidences of evolution, researchers have developed this diagram to
represent the evolutionary relationship between the organisms living on
Earth, what is this diagram?
a. Phyke tree
b. Phylogenetic Tree
c. Phylogeny
d. Cladistics
14. How will you use biogeography as an evidence to infer evolutionary
relationship?
a. Organisms living closer at each other and sharing the same niche are also
closely related to each other.
b. The unique characteristics of the organisms living on a secluded area is
indicative of their ancestry and speciation.
c. Biogeography revealed that organisms with similar developmental pattern
even if found at different places might once live together before they were
separated due to natural events or forces.
d. All of the above
15. The following are the pieces of evidence of evolution that may be used to infer
the evolutionary relationship between organisms EXCEPT:
a. Comparative Anatomy
b. Fossil record
c. Molecular Bonds
d. Embryology
 Assessment

Let’s checked how well you have learned from our exploration about systematics by
answering the following questions. Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What subdivision of systematics employ techniques and methods to determine

phylogeny?
a. Cladistics
b. Phenetics
c. Phylogenetics
d. Taxonomy
2. Systematics aim to put organisms into a classification that represent their
evolutionary relationship, which method is preferred by systematists to
represent the said classification?
a. Cladistics
b. Phenetics
c. Phylogenetics
d. Taxonomy
3. What evidence/s can be used to identify the difference of one taxon from other
taxa to be appropriately classified in accordance to their phylogeny?
a. Morphological Comparison
b. DNA Sequence Analyses
c. Protein Sequence Analyses
d. All of the above
4. Which part of a cladogram represent a hypothetical younger common ancestor
before branching or new speciation occur?
a. Root
b. Nodes
c. Branches
d. Outgroup
5. A rooted cladogram represents a common ancestor with all of its descendants,
which of the following is needed to serve as a reference group to identify the
common ancestor before branching for the set of organisms occur?
a. Root
b. Nodes
c. Branches
d. Outgroup
6. Who is the father of Taxonomy?
a. Charles Darwin
b. Carl Linnaeus
c. Carl Sagan
d. Russel Wallace
7. In taxonomy, there is a hierarchy of grouping organisms, which among the
following is the greatest and most general classification of organisms?
a. Domain
b. Kingdom
c. Family
d. Species
8. Which among the following is an examples of class classification under
taxonomy?
a. Eukarya
b. Animalia
c. Mammalia
d. Carnivora
9. The following are the domains of life-forms on Earth EXCEPT:
a. Eubacteria
b. Eukarya
c. Bacteria
d. Archaea
10. How are prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) different from eukaryotes
(eukarya)?
a. Cell walls of eukaryotes have peptidoglycan
b. Eukaryotes developed more complex cell structures including a nucleus
c. Prokaryotes have evolved into protists and fungi too
d. Prokaryotes are simple organism without a double stranded DNA
11. Explain how the structural and developmental structures of organisms may
be used to determine the evolutionary relationship between organisms?
a. Body structures often reflect same descent if scrutinized and made sure
that homology is present.
b. Body structures always represent relativeness of organisms which show
how they came from a common ancestor with same structures.
c. Developmental structures of organisms showed how organisms evolve and
adapt with their environment and biogeographical profile.
d. Vestigial structures of organisms indicate that organisms don’t change in
time.
12. In a cladogram, how will you deduce DNA sequence relations between
organisms?
a. Organism which are closer to roots contain multiple mutated genes as an
evidence of changes through time.
b. Organisms near the nodes of a cladogram will be daughter taxa that have
completely different DNA sequences from each other.
c. Organisms found closer to each other will have more similar DNA
sequences and were considered more closely related to each other.
d. Cladograms cannot be used to determine DNA structures of organisms.
13. How will describe the tree of life?
a. Tree of life is a comprehensive representation of the groups or classification
of organisms based on their evolutionary descent and time of appearance.
b. Tree of life represents the historical data bank of all the dinosaurs that
roamed the planet.
 c. Tree of life is like the cycle of life which metaphorically represent how living
organisms will be born and resurrected in another form.
d. The tree of life is a scientific endeavor which is put forth by all the experts
in the field in order to create a representation and pictorial diagram of all
the species on Earth.
14. How will you differentiate phenetics from cladistics?
a. Phenetics uses similarities to cluster group of organisms together while
cladistics uses differences to cluster different species apart.
b. Phenetics uses physical attributes and similar structures of organisms for
classification while cladistics uses shared derived characteristics which
not only represent similarities but also phylogeny.
c. Both phenetics and cladistics were preferred by systematists.
d. B and C
15. Enumerate the hierarchal taxonomic classification of life on Earth in correct
order.
a. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
b. Kingdom, Domain, Class, Order, Family, Phylum, Genus, Species
c. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus Species
d. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species