© FEB 2021 | IRE Journals | Volume 4 Issue 8 | ISSN: 2456-8880
Inductance Matrix of a Transfer Field Machine (TFM)
And an Induction Machine (IM): A Comparison
M. N. ELEANYA1, K. C. OBUTE2, V. C. OGBOH3
1, 2, 3
Department of Electrical Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra state, Nigeria.
Abstract- This paper presents a comparative analysis
of a transfer field machine (TFM) and a poly-phase
induction machine (IM) with central focus on the
inductance matrix of both machines. The two
machines belong to two different classes of machine
and quite different in physical configuration. In this
analysis, the self-inductance matrix of the two
machines is derived and both shown to be
independent of the rotor angular position. However,
the mutual coupling inductance in both cases are
dependent on rotor angular position which varies
with time. For the transfer field machine, in addition
to rotor angle dependence, it also depends on the
difference between the direct- and quadrature-axes
reactances. In both machines, when state variables
namely voltage and flux linkage equations, are
transformed to arbitrary qdo reference frame, a new
set of voltage and flux linkage equations are obtained
with inductance values, no longer dependent on the
rotor angular position that varies with time; and this
of course is of great advantage in the analysis of both
machines.
Indexed Terms- Self-inductance, Mutual-
inductance, Inductance Matrix, Coupling, Angular
position, Comparative Analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
The theory of induction machine is old and well
known. An induction machine consists essentially of
two major parts, the stator and the rotor. When an a.c
voltage is impressed on the terminals of the stator
windings, a rotating magnetic field is set up. This
rotating magnetic field produces an electromotive
force (e.m.f) in the rotor by electromagnetic induction
(transformer action) which in turn, circulate current in
the rotor usually short-circuited. This current
circulating in the short-circuited rotor, produces a
rotating magnetic field which now interact with the
rotating magnetic field already established in the
IRE 1702601 ICONIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING JOURNALS
stator. This interaction produces a torque which is
responsible for the rotation of the machine.
Induction machine is also known as the asynchronous
machine which derives from the fact that the rotor
magnetic field is always lagging the stator magnetic
field. The difference is called the slip, and it is a
fundamental characteristic in the operation of an
induction machine. An induction machine when it
operates below synchronous speed, is a motor while it
is a generator when it operates above the synchronous
speed. In fact, induction machines are mostly used as
motors.
The induction motor is used in a wide variety of
applications as a means of converting electric power
to mechanical work. It is without doubt, the
workhorse of the electric power industry. Pump, steel
mill and hoist drives are but few applications of large
multiphase induction motors. On a smaller scale, the
single-phase servo motor is used extensively in
position-follow-up control systems and single – phase
induction motors are widely used in household
appliances as well as hand and bench tools [1].
The transfer-field machine (TFM) is structurally
basically a reluctance machine. It differs however
from the simple reluctance machine in two important
respects namely: -
(a) it has two sets of windings instead of one
(b) each winding has a synchronous reactance which
is independent of rotor position whereas the
winding reactance of a single reluctance machine
varies cyclically [2].
The TF machine configuration has two stator windings
in each machine element known as main and auxiliary
windings. The main windings are connected in series
while the auxiliary windings are connected in series
but transposed between the two machine sections.
There are no windings on the rotors of either of the
76
 © FEB 2021 | IRE Journals | Volume 4 Issue 8 | ISSN: 2456-8880

composite machines. This machine induces negative schematic diagram of a transfer field machine (TFM)
sequence emfs of frequency (2S – 1)𝜔𝑜 in the auxiliary is as illustrated in figure 1.0
windings which will in turn circulate a current
excluded from the supply.

The interaction of the main and auxiliary winding

magneto motive forces (mmfs), will produce an
interference wave with beat frequency, ω, which is
equal to the rotor frequency. Hence a reluctance
torque is developed in the rotor as a result of its
interaction with the interference wave and this causes
the rotor and hence the machine to rotate (turn).

And so, a transfer-field machine is an energy converter

and like the induction machine, is asynchronous and
self-starting. The transfer – field machine is very
useful in control systems, electrical gear, low speed
drives etc. Again, its auxiliary winding terminals
which will act as the rotor conductors in normal
induction machine is available without requiring slip
rings or current collection gears. It can also be used to
supply a d.c load through rectifiers, a function which Fig1.0: Connection diagram for a transfer field
has not been performed satisfactorily by induction machine (TFM)
motors because the output waveforms of induction
motors tend to be increasingly distorted as the load III. INDUCTANCE MATRIX OF A TRANSFER
current increases. Also, it is capable of survival in a FIELD MACHINE (TFM)
harsh environment [3].
3.1 TFM Self - and Mutual – inductances
II. PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION OF A
TRANSFER FIELD MACHINE (TFM) The rotor of a TFM is of salient poles without
conductors and as a result, its mmfs are always
The transfer field machine (TFM) comprises a two- directed along the d- and q- axes. Also, the direction
stack machine in which the rotor is made up of two of the resultant mmf of the stator windings relative to
identical equal halves whose pole axes are /2 radians d- and q- axes will vary with the power factor. A
out of phase in space. They are housed in their common approach to handling the magnetic effect of
respective induction motor type stators. There are no the stators resultant mmf is to resolve it along the d -
windings in the rotor. The stator has two physically and q - axes.
isolated but magnetically coupled identical windings
known as the main and auxiliary windings. The axes Let us consider the magnetic effect of a current
of the main windings are the same in both halves of flowing in one phase and let this phase be denoted by
the machine whereas the axes of the auxiliary “a”. Hence the resolved components of the a-phase
windings are transposed in passing from one half of mmf, Fa, will produce the flux components;
the machine to the other. Both sets of winding are
distributed in the stator slots and occupy the same slots
for perfect coupling and have the same number of
d = 𝑝𝑒 𝑑 Fa sin r
poles. The two sets of winding of the transfer field
machine are essentially similar and may be connected q = 𝑝𝑒 𝑞 Fa cos r (1)
in parallel which will of course double its output. The

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−𝐿𝑜 𝜋
along the d- and q-axes respectively. Lab=Lba= − 𝐿𝑚𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝜃𝑟 − ) (6)
2 3
Again the mutual inductances Lbc and Lac can be
Where; Pe = permeance.
obtained by replacing r 𝜋
with (𝜃𝑟 + ) and (𝜃𝑟 +
3
2𝜋
3
)
The flux linkage of these resolved components with respectively.
the a-phase winding is;
 aa=𝑁𝑠 ( 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟 + 𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 ) (2) For this analysis, the upper case subscripts – A, B, C
will be associated with the parameters of the main
windings while the lower case subscripts – a,b,c will
Substituting equation (1) into equation (2), will yield;
be associated with the auxiliary windings.

 aa = Ns Fa(𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝜃𝑟 + 𝑝𝑒 𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑟 ) For a three-phase machine like the TFM, the voltage
 aa = Ns Fa{ 𝑒 2 𝑒 − 𝑒 2 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃𝑟 }
𝑝 𝑑+𝑝 𝑞 𝑝 𝑑−𝑝 𝑞
(3) equation for the main (stator) winding is;

In a similar manner, the linkage of the flux VABC = rABC i ABC + P ABC
components, d and q by the b-phase winding that
Vabc = rabciabc + Pabc (7)
2
is ahead may be written as;
3 where;
ba =NsFa{𝑝𝑒 𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑟 sin(𝜃𝑟 − 2𝜋⁄3) + P =
d
𝑝𝑒 𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜃𝑟 − 2𝜋⁄3)} dt
𝑝 𝑑+𝑝 𝑞  = flux linkage
 ba = Ns Fa{
𝑝𝑒 𝑑−𝑝𝑒 𝑞 𝜋
(rA rB rC )
𝑒 𝑒
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝜃𝑟 − ) }
4 4 3 rABC = diag
(4)
( rabc = diag (ra rb rc )
We can deduce based on the functional relationship of
 aa with the rotor angle,  r , that the self-inductance The flux linkages in stator reference frame are
of the stator a-phase winding, excluding the leakage expressed as;
inductance, has the form;  ABC   Lxx Lxy  i ABC 
Laa=Lo–Lmscos2  r   =  L L  i  (8)
(5)
 abc   yx yy   abc 

Where; where;
Lmd + Lmq Lmd − Lmq Lxx = self-inductance for main windings of TFM
Lo= and Lms =
2 2 Lyy = self-inductance for auxiliary windings of TFM
Lxy = Lyx = mutual inductance between main and
The self-inductances of the b- and c- phases, Lbb and auxiliary windings
Lcc, are similar to that of Laa but with r replaced by
The inductance matrices terms Lxx, Lxy, Lyx and Lyy are
(  r - ) and (  r + ) respectively.
𝜋 𝜋
3 3
obtained from inductance submatrices
L11, L12 , L21 and L22 for machine 1 and machine 2.
Similarly, it can be deduced from equation (4) that the
mutual inductance between the a-and b-phases of the Now for machine 1, the self-inductance submatrix for
stator is of the form; the main winding is;

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m / c1
L11 =

 L1s + Lo − Lm s cos 2 r − 1 Lo − Lm s cos 2 r −   − Lo − Lm s cos 2  r +  
2  3
1
 2 3

( )
  (9)
− 1 L − L cos 2  − 
 2 0 ms r( 3
) (
Lls + Lo − Lm s cos 2 (  r −  )
3
)
− Lo − Lm s cos 2 r 
1
2 
 
(
− 1 Lo − Lm s cos 2  r +  ) − Lo − Lm s cos 2 r Lls + Lo − Lm s cos 2( r +  )
1 
 2 3 2 3 

For machine 2, the Self-inductance submatrix for the

main winding is;
m/c2
L11 =

 L1s + Lo + Lms cos 2 r − 1 Lo + Lms cos 2 r −  
2  3
1
2
(
− Lo + Lms cos 2  r +  
3

)
 
( )  (10)
− 1 L + L cos 2  −   1 
 2 0 Lls + Lo + Lms cos 2  r −  − Lo + Lms cos 2 r 
ms r 3  3 2
 
 1 ( 
− 2 Lo + Lms cos 2  r + 3 ) 1
− Lo + Lms cos 2 r
2
(
Lls + Lo + Lms cos 2  r + 
3
) 


The self-inductance matrix, Lxx, for the main self-inductance submatrix, L11 of machine 2. And
winding of TF machine is obtained by adding the this addition will yield;
self-inductance submatrix, L11 of machine 1 and the

2 Lls + 2 Lo − Lo − Lo 
 
Lxx = − Lo 2 Lls + 2 Lo − Lo 
− Lo − Lo 2 Lls + 2 Lo 
(11)


Where: Lmd + Lmq
Lls = Leakage inductance of main (stator) winding Lo = (12)
2
Substituting equation (12) into equation (11), gives;

 2 L1s + Lm d + Lm q −1
2
(L
md + Lm q ) −
1
(Lm d + Lm q ) 

2
 
Lxx = − (Lm d + Lm q ) − (Lm d + Lm q ) 
1 1
2 Lls + Lm d + Lm q
 2 2  (13)
 1 
− (Lm d + Lm q ) −
1
(Lm d + Lm q ) 2 Lls + Lm d + Lm q 
 2 2 

From equation (11), it is very evident that the self- between the main and auxiliary winding, Lxy , is
inductance matrix, Lxx , of the main winding, is the obtained by adding the mutual inductance submatrix,
sum of self and mutual inductances of machine 1 and L12 for machine 1 to the mutual inductance
machine 2 respectively. The mutual inductance

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submatrix, L12 for machine 2. These mutual

inductance submatrices are;
 L1s + Lo − Lm s cos 2 r − 1 Lo − Lm s (2 r −  ) − 1 Lo − Lm s cos(2 r +  )
 2 2 
M / C1
L12 = − 1 Lo − Lm s cos(2 r −  ) Lls + Lo − Lm s cos(2 r +  ) − 1 Lo − Lm s cos 2 r  (14)
 2 2 
− 1 L − L cos(2 +  ) − 1 Lo − Lm s cos 2 r Lls + Lo − Lm s cos(2 r −  )
 2 o ms r 2 

 L1s + Lo + Lm s cos 2 r − 1 Lo + Lm s (2 r −  ) − 1 Lo + Lm s cos(2 r +  ) 

 2 2 
M /C2
L12 = − 1 Lo + Lm s cos(2 r −  ) Lls + Lo + Lm s cos(2 r +  ) − 1 Lo + Lm s cos 2 r  (15)
 2 2 
− 1 L + L cos(2 +  ) − 1 Lo + Lm s cos 2 r Lls + Lo + Lm s cos(2 r −  ) 
 2 o ms r 2 

Therefore, the mutual inductance between the main

and auxiliary winding, Lxy, taken into account the
transposition of the auxiliary winding, is;
 − 2 Lm s cos 2 r −2 Lm s cos(2 r −  ) −2 Lm s cos(2 r +  )
Lxy = L12 + xL12
M / C1 M /C2
= − 2 L cos(2 −  ) −2 Lm s cos(2 r +  ) −2 Lm s cos 2 r 
 ms r 
− 2 Lm s cos(2 r +  ) −2 Lm s cos 2 r −2 Lm s cos(2 r −  ) 

Taking out a common factor -2𝐿𝑚𝑠 , the mutual

inductance, 𝐿𝑥𝑦 , becomes;

 cos 2 r cos(2 r −  ) cos (2 r +  )

Lxy = −2 Lm s  cos(2 r −  ) cos(2 r +  ) cos 2 r 

cos(2 r +  ) cos 2 r cos(2 r −  )

Lmd − Lmq L − L 
But Lms = Hence − 2 Lm s = − 2 m d m q  = Lm q − Lm d and
2  2 
if this is substituted into the expression for Lxy , we
have that;

 cos 2 r cos(2 r −  ) cos(2 r +  )

Lxy = Lm q − Lm d  cos(2 r −  ) cos(2 r +  ) cos 2 r 

cos(2 r +  ) cos(2 r −  )
(16)
cos 2 r

Where; α =
2𝜋
(1200 ) Lxy = Lyx . And for this reason, auxiliary winding
3
Now because the main and auxiliary windings in both parameters do not change values when they are
machine 1 and machine 2 are identical in nature, it is referred to the main winding [ 4].
clear to assume in this paper that Lxx = Lyy and

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3.2 Transforming of TFM main winding (stator) d

quantities to arbitrary qdo reference frame. (iii) P=
dt
Substituting the above expressions into equation (18)
The rotor of the TF machine is salient pole without
and solving, gives the voltage equations for the main
winding conductors and as a result, its mmfs are
winding as;
always directed along the d- and q-axes. The
consequence of this is that the qdo transformations can VQ = riQ + D + pQ
only be applied to the stator quantities. The main VD = ri D − Q + pD (20)
purpose of this transformation is to obtain constant
inductances whose values will not depend on the rotor VO = riO + pO
angular position that varies with time which is
evident from equation (16). While the voltage equations for the auxiliary windings
become;
(1) TFM Voltage equations in qdo reference frame: Vq = riq − (o − 2 )d + pq
Vd = rid + (o − 2 )q + pd .
For a three-phase machine like the TFM, the voltage
(21)
equation for the main
(stator) winding is; Vo = rio + po
V ABC = rABC i ABC + p ABC
(17)
Vabc = rabc iabc + pabc (2) TFM Flux linkage equation in qdo reference:
The flux linkage equation (equation 8) is rewritten in
dqo frame as;
where;
P = d 
 Q D O  
 K x Lxx ( K x ) −1 K x Lxy ( K y ) −1   I Q I D I O 
T

dt  = 


 q d    
o   K y L yx ( K x ) −1 K y L yy ( K y ) −1   I q I d I o 
λ = Flux linkage
(rA rB rC )
(22)
rABC = diag

rabc = diag (ra rb rc ) Where;

 
applying the Tqdo (r) to equation (17), gives;  cos cos( −  ) cos( +  )
2  (23)
K x =  sin  sin ( −  ) sin( +  ) 
V QDO = TQDO ( r )rABC TQDO ( r )I QDO +
−1
3 
1 1 1
 
2 2 2 
TQDO ( r ) TQDO
−1
QDO . (18)
 cos sin  1
(K x ) =  cos( −  ) sin ( −  ) 1 (24)
−1
Where;
(i) cos( +  ) sin ( +  ) 1
  2   2 
 cos r cos r −  cos r + 
3 
  3  
2  2   2  
 
TQDO ( r ) =  Sin r
3
sin  r −
 3 
 sin  r +


3   cos  cos( −  ) cos( +  )
2 
1

1 1 
 Ky =  sin  sin ( −  ) sin ( +  ) 
2 2 2  3 
1 1 1
 
(19) 2 2 2 

(ii)
  (25)
 cos 1
 r Sin r
  cos  sin  1
(K )
  2  2  
= cos( −  ) 1 (26)

TQDO ( r ) = cos r − sin  r −
sin ( −  )
−1
  1 −1
  3   3   y

cos( +  ) sin ( +  )
  2   2  
cos r +  sin  r +  1 1
  3   3  

From equation (18) through equation (26);

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2 Q = (2Ll + Lmq + Lmd )I Q − (l md − Lmq )I q

 =
3 D = (2Ll + Lmq + Lmd )I D + (lmd − Lmq )I d
 = Speed of rotation of arbitrary reference frame. O = 2 LI I O
 r = Angular rotor position (.27)
T = Matrix transpose q = (2 Ll + Lmq + Lmd )I q − (lmd − Lmq )I Q
d = (2 Ll + Lmq + Lmd )I d + (lmd − Lmq )I D
Substituting equations (23 – 26) back into equation
(22), the flux linkage equations can now be expressed o = 2 Li I o
as;

In its completeness, equation (27) can be rewritten

as;

Q  2 Ll + Lmq + Lmd 0 0 − (Lmd − Lmq ) 0 0  I Q 

   
 D   0 .2 LL + Lmq + Lmd 0 0 Lmd − Lmq 0   I D 
O   0 0 2 LL 0 0 0  I O 
 =    (28)
q  − (Lmd − Lmq ) 0 0 2 LL + Lmq + Lmd 0 0  I q 
    
 d   0 Lmd − Lmq 0 0 2 LL + Lmq + Lmd 0   I d 

o   0 0 0 0 0 2 LL   I o 
2-pole, 3-phase, star-connected, symmetrical
From equations (20), (21) and (28), it is very evident induction machine is as shown in figure 2.
that transformation of the voltage and flux linkage
equations of the TFM into arbitrary qdo reference
frame, has produced another set of voltage and flux
linkage equations with inductance values, no longer
dependent on the rotor angular position which varies
with time as seen in equation (16).

IV. PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION OF AN

INDUCTION MACHINE (IM)

The induction motor comprises a stator and a rotor

mounted on bearings and separated from the stator by
air-gap. The stator consists of a magnetic core made
up of laminations carrying slot-embedded conductors
which constitute the stator windings. The rotor of
induction motor is cylindrical and carries either
conducting bars short-circuited at both ends by end
rings (squirrel cage rotor) or a polyphase winding
connected in a predetermined manner with terminals
brought out of slip rings for external connections and
short circuited. The winding arrangement of a typical

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LLs = stator leakage inductance

Lms = stator magnetizing inductance

The stator magnetizing inductance, Lms, corresponds

to LA in equation (30) through equation (32) and is
mathematically expressed as;

𝑁 𝜋𝜇𝑜 𝑟𝑙
𝐿𝑚𝑠 =.( 𝑠)2 (37)
2 𝑔

Fig.2: Two-pole, 3-phase, star-connected,
symmetrical induction machine.
V. INDUCTANCE MATRIX OF AN
INDUCTION MACHINE(IM)
Where;
Ns = stator equivalent turns
o = permeability of free space
r = stator resistance
L = stator winding length
g = length of uniform air gap

5.1 IM Self - and Mutual - inductances. Like the stator self-inductances, the stator-to-stator
The winding arrangement of a 2 – pole, 3-phase, mutual inductances are also equal. This implies that;
star-connected symmetrical induction machine is as
shown in figure (2). The stator windings are identical Lasbs=Lascs=Lbscs=-1/2Lms (38)
with equivalent turns, Ns and resistance, rs. The rotor
windings which may be wound or forged as a squirrel and this corresponds to -1/2LA in equation (33) through
cage winding can also be approximated as identical equation (35) with LB = o. consequently, equation (29)
windings with equivalent turns, Nr and resistance rr. is now rewritten as;
The air gap of an induction machine is uniform and the
stator and rotor windings may be approximated as  1 1  (39)
 L Ls + Lm s − Lm s − Lm s 
having a sinusoidally distributed windings. 
2 2

L s = − Lms 
1 1
L Ls + Lm s − Lm s
 2 2 
 
The stator inductance, Ls, is given as; − 1 Lms −
1
Lm s L Ls + Lm s 
 2 2 

In a similar manner, the rotor inductance matrix is

obtained as;

 1 1 
 LLr + Lm r −
2
Lm r −
2
Lm r 
 
Lr = − Lmr 
1 1
where; LLr + Lm r − Lm r
 2 2 
Las as = LLs + LA – LB Cos 2qr (30)  1 1 
− ms − Lm r LLr + Lm r 
Lbs bs = LLs + LA – LB Cos2. (θ_r-π/3) (31)  2 2 
Lcs cs = LLs + LA – LB Cos2. (θ_r+π/3) (32)
Las bs = -½LA – LB Cos2 (33) (40)
Las cs = -½LA – LB Cos2. (34)
Lbs cs =- ½LA – LB Cos2. (35) Whereas in stator, the rotor self-inductances are equal,
that is;
From equation (29), it is very evident that all stator Larar = Lbrbr = Lcrcr = LLr + Lmr (41)
self-inductances are equal (that is;
Lasas = Lbsbs = Lcscs with; Lasas = LLs + Lms (36) The rotor magnetizing inductance, Lmr, is given as;
𝑁 𝜋𝜇𝑜 𝑟𝑙
𝐿𝑚𝑟 = ( 𝑟 )2 (42)
2 𝑔
Where;

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The rotor-to-rotor mutual inductances are equal and Var = iarrr + Pλar
expressed as; Vbr=ibrrr+Pλbr (50)
Larbr = Larcr = Lbrcr = -1/2 Lmr (43) Vcr = icrrr + Pλcr

The mutual inductances between the stator and the In both equations, P = d/dt, the S subscripts denotes
rotor windings are obtained as follows; variables and parameters associated with the stator
(i) The mutual inductances Lasar, Lbsbr and Lcscr are circuits and the r subscripts denotes variables and
equal; and is given by the expression; parameters associated with the rotor circuits. Both r s
and rr are diagonal matrices each with equal non zero
Lasar = Lbsbr = Lcscr = Lsrcosqr (44) elements [1].
(ii) The mutual inductances Lasbr, Lbscr and Lcsar are
equal; and is given by the expression; For a magnetically linear system, the flux linkages can
Lasbr = Lbscr = Lcsar = Lsrcos ( r + 2
3
) (45)
be expressed as;

(iii) The mutual inductances Lascr Lbsar and Lcsbr abc   Labc Labc  isabc 
 abc  =  zbc
s ss sr
are equal; and is given by the expression;   abc  wb.turn. (51)
Lascr=Lbsar=Lcsbr=Lsrcos ( r − 2
3
) (46)
r   Lrs rr 
Labc  ir 

For an idealized inductance machine, six first order

Equation (44) through equation (46), gives one differential equations are used to describe the
expression for the mutual inductance between the machine, one differential equation for each machine
stator and the rotor windings of an induction machine winding. The stator-to-rotor coupling terms are
expressed as; functions of rotor position and hence when the rotor
rotates, the coupling terms vary with time [5].
  2   2  (47)
 cos r cos r +  cos r − 
3 
  3  
  2   2 
In the analysis of IM, it is also desirable to transform
Lsr = Lsr  cos r −  cos r cos r + 
  3   3  the abc variables with the symmetrical rotor windings
  2   2  
cos r +  cos r −  cos r  to the arbitrary qdo reference frame [1].
  3   3  

The Lsr on the right-hand side of equation (47) And the transformation equation from the abc
represents the amplitude of the mutual inductances quantities to the qdo reference frame is given by;
between the stator and rotor windings and is given by  fq   fa 
the expression;  
 
 
 f d  = Tqdo ( )  f b  (52)
 fo   f c 
𝑁
𝐿𝑠𝑟 = ( 𝑠) (
2
𝑁𝑟 𝜋𝜇𝑜 𝑟𝑙
2
)
𝑔
(48)  

5.2 Transformation of IM state variables to arbitrary Where the variable, f, can be the phase voltages,
qdo reference frame. currents or flux linkages of the machine.
  2   2 
cos cos − 3  cos + 3 
The voltage equations in machine variables for the     
(53)
2  2  2  
stator and the rotor of a star – connected symmetrical Tqdo ( )= sin  sin  −  sin  +  
 
IM shown in figure 2 are expressed as follows; 3   3   3 
 1 1 1 
Vas = iasrs +Pλas  2 
Vbs=ibsrs+Pλbs (49)  2 2 
Vcs =icsrs + Pλcs
and inverse of equation (53) is;
Rotor voltage equations:

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  From equation (51), the stator and rotor flux linkages

cos sin  1 are given as;
 
  2  2  (54) abc = Labc abc
ss is + Labc abc
sr ir
(59)
T qdo
−1
= sin  −

 sin  −

 1
s

abc = Labc abc

+ Labc abc
  3    rs is rr ir
3 (60)
 r
  2   2  
cos +  sin  +  1
  3   3   The stator flux linkages in arbitrary qdo reference
form are obtained by applying Tqdo ( ) to equation
5.3 IM Voltage equations in qdo reference frame (59) to give;
qdo
s = Tqdo ( )Labc abc
ss is sr ir 
+ Labc abc

From equation (49), the stator winding abc voltage

equations can be expressed as; = Tqdo ( )Labc
ss Tqdo ( )is
−1 qdo
+ Tqdo ( )Labc
sr Tqdo ( )ir
−1 qdo

Vsabc = rsabcisabc + Pabc

s
(55) (61)

where; P = d Equation (61) simplifies to;

dt

Applying the transformation, Tqdo ( ) , to equation   qs  
 3
 Lls + 2 Lss 0 0


 iqs  
3
 2 Lsr 0 0

 iqr 
    i  + 0  
0  idr 
3 3
(55), yields;  ds  =  0 Lis + Lss 0
2   ds   2
Lsr

os    ios  0 i 
Vsqdo = Tqdo ( )rsabc Tqdo ( ) isqdo + Tqdo ( )PTqdo ( ) qdo
s 
  0  or 
−1 −1
(56)  0 0 Lls   0
   
(62)
Equation (56) can be simplified to;
o 1 0 In asimilar manner, if the transformation,
qdo qdo qdo qdo 
Vs = rs is + Ps +  − 1 0 0 qdo Tqdo ( −  r ) is applied to equation (60), the rotor
s

0 0 0 qdo flux linkage becomes;

= Tqdo ( −  r )Labc
rs Tqdo ( −  r ) is + Tqdo ( −  r )Labc
rr Tqdo ( −  r ) ir
−1 qdo −1 qdo
qdo
(57) r

where; (63)

1 0 0
d Equation (63) simplifies to;
= rs 0 0; P = ;  =
qdo d
r 1 3   3 
 Llr + 2 Lrr
s
dt dt  Lsr 0 0 0 0 
0 0 1   qr   2
  
 iqs  
 
 iqr 
 
0 ids  +  0 0  idr 
3 3
 dr  = 0 2
Lsr
 
Llr + Lrr
2 
or   i  i 
 
0 0 0  os   0 0 Llr   or 
In a similar manner, the rotor quantities must be
   
transformed into the same qdo frame. Now the
(64)
transformation angle for the rotor phase quantities is
( − r ) . And so when the transformation, Merging equations (62) and (64), gives the stator and
Tqdo ( −  r ) , is applied to the rotor voltage equation rotor flux linkage equations in qdo reference frame as
in the same manner as the stator, we have; depicted in equation (65).
0 1 0
Vr = rr ir + Pr + ( − r )− 1
qdo qdo qdo qdo  1 0 qdo
r

0 0 0
(58)

5.4 IM Flux linkage equation in arbitrary qdo

reference frame

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qs   Lls + Lm 0 0 Lm 0 0  iqs  REFERENCES

    

 ds   0 Lis + Lm 0 0 Lm 0  ids 
os   0 0 Lis 0 0 0  ios  [1] Paul C. Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk and Scott D.
 1 =  1 

 qr   L m 0 0 L + Lm 0
1
lr 0  iqr  Sudhof; Analysis of electric machinery IEEE
 1    1  Press, New York 1995.

 dr   0 Lm 0 0 L1lr + Lm 0  idr 
1   0 L1lr  ior
1  [2] L. A. Agu; output enhancement in the transfer-
 or   0 0 0 0 
field machine using rotor circuit induced
(65)
currents, Nigerian Journal of Technology
(NIJOTECH) Vol. 8 No.1 September 1984
In equation (65), the primed quantities are rotor values
referred to the stator side and are related thus; [3] Linus U. Anih and Emeka S. Obe; performance
analysis of a composite dual winding reluctance
Ns N
1qr = qr ; 1dr = s dr (66) machine, Energy Conversion and Management,
Nr Nr September 2009
Nr Nr [4] L.U. Anih, E.S. Obe and M.N. Eleanya; Steady
1
iqr = iqr ; 1
idr = idr state performance of Induction and Transfer
Ns Ns (67) Field Motors – A Comparison; Nigerian
Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), Vol 34 No
Also, from equation (65), Lm is the magnetizing 2, April 2015
inductance on the stator side and has the expression; [5] Chee – mun Ong; Dynamic Simulation of
3 3 Nr 3 Ns Electric Machinery using Matlab/simulink
Lm = Lss = Lsr = Lrr (68) Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey 1997
2 2 Ns 2 Nr

CONCLUSION

From the comparative analysis carried out, it is very

evident that the self-inductance matrix of the two
machines, are completely independent of rotor angular
position. For the TFM, this is seen in equation (13)
while for the IM, it is seen in equations (39) and (40).
However, the mutual coupling inductance in both
cases, are dependent on rotor angular position. For the
TFM in addition to rotor angle dependence, it also
depends on the difference between the direct - and
quadrature - axes reactances. This is as depicted in
equation (16) for the TFM and for the IM, in equation
(47). The comparative analysis also showed that when
state variables namely voltage and flux linkage
equations in both machines are transformed to
arbitrary qdo reference frame, new set of voltage and
flux linkage equations are obtained and whose
inductance values no longer depended on the rotor
angular position that varies with time; and this of
course is a very big advantage in the analysis of both
machines. This is as shown in equations (20), (21) and
(28) for the TFM while for the IM, it is as shown in
equations (57), (58) and (65).

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