Lesson 01

Practical
Research 1
PREPARED BY MS SHIELA
Welcome
Students!
Opening
Prayer
MODULE 4

METHODOLOGY
 Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
A. Choose a relevant qualitative research design
B. Describe a sample and know the process of sampling,
C. Plan on how to collect data,
D. Apply the steps in writing a research methodology,
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY It refers to the systematic
and organized set of
principles, processes, and
rules that guide the
researcher in designing and
conducting a study.
 LESSON 1

WRITING
METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. RESEARCH METHOD
2. RESEARCH DESIGN
3. RESPONDENTS OR PARTICIPANTS OF THE
STUDY
4. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
6. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
 1.RESEARCH METHOD

THREE RESEARCH METHOD

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
3. MIXED-METHOD RESEARCH - combines
both quantitative and qualitative approaches
in a single study.
 1.RESEARCH METHOD

Introduce the research

methodology
Give the conceptual definition
Give the rationale why did you
choose the method
 EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH METHOD
RESEARCH METHOD
The research methodology used in this study is
Qualitative Research. It uses experiential data, and
serves to understand deeper concepts through human
experiences and interpret them subjectively. This method
is applied in this study to better understand the students’
personal experiences with strand stereotyping, and how
it can possibly influence their choice of strand.
 2.RESEARCH DESIGN
Definition:
It refers to a scheme or plan of action for
meeting the objectives.

A structured plan or blueprint that outlines

the entire process of conducting a research
study.
 2.RESEARCH DESIGN
Kinds of Qualitative Research
1. Narrative 6. Case Study
2. Biography 7.Content Discourse
3. Phenomenology Analysis
4. Ethnography 8. Historical Analysis
5. Grounded 9. Action Plan
Theory
 2.RESEARCH DESIGN
Introduce the research design
(the design should be congruent with the
research method)
Give the conceptual definition
Give the rationale why you choose the design
(discuss the appropriatness and how this can help
in your study)
 EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN
This research makes use of Case study to determine the
Influence of Strand Stereotyping on the Choice of Academic
Track of Upcoming Senior High School Students in Our Lady
of the Holy Rosary School. A case study is a thorough
examination of a particular subject, such as an individual,
group, location, occurrence, or organization. It focuses more
on the complexity, dynamics, and circumstances of a single
case. The researchers chose this research design so they
 EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH DESIGN
In addition, the Grade 10 students are connected to our
research topic. The research is mainly focused on the
upcoming Senior High School students. Thus, the researchers
chose Grade 10 students as the respondents. Moreover, the
Grade 10 students are the ones who experience the strand
stereotyping in the academic track. The researchers will
interview them to see how they view each other 's and ask
about their opinion about the discrimination on the certain
strand.
 3. RESPONDENTS OR PARTICIPANTS OF
THE STUDY
Present the respondents of the study
How did you choose the respondents
(present the criteria used)
Present the profile of the respondents
(always observe proper ethical standards in
presenting identity of participants or
respondents)
 EXAMPLE OF RESPONDENTS OR
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
RESPONDENTS
The researchers chose Grade 10 students as the
researchers respondents for the research since they are
the ones who will be experiencing the next batch of
Senior High School students. Researchers would like to
interview them to know if they have knowledge about
the strand they would like to take, and the discrimination
that has been happening in the academic track
 EXAMPLE OF RESPONDENTS OR
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
In addition, the Grade 10 students are connected to our
research topic. The research is mainly focused on the
upcoming Senior High School students. Thus, the
researchers chose Grade 10 students as the respondents.
Moreover, the Grade 10 students are the ones who
experience the strand stereotyping in the academic track.
The researchers will interview them to see how they
view each other 's and ask about their opinion about the
discrimination on the certain strand.
 4. SAMPLING
POPULATION
- is the entire group that you want to draw
conclusions about.
Sample
- is the specific group that you will collect data
from. (Remember taht the size of the sample is
always less than the total size of population.)
4. SAMPLING

All students in
OLHRS

Grade 11
students
 4. SAMPLING
SAMPLING
- the process of selecting sample

Sampling is done because you usually cannot

gather data from the entire populations, the data
may be needed urgently, and including everyone in
the population may take too long.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Purposive Sampling:
Definition: Purposefully selecting participants based
on specific criteria relevant to the research question
or objectives.
Example: If the research aims to understand the
experiences of individuals diagnosed with a rare
medical condition, the researcher might purposefully
select participants with that diagnosis.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Snowball Sampling:
Definition: Recruiting participants through referrals
from existing participants. The sample "snowballs" as
participants suggest others who may have relevant
experiences.
Example: If studying the challenges faced by
entrepreneurs in a particular industry, the researcher
might start with one entrepreneur and ask for
recommendations for additional participants.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Opportunistic Sampling:
Definition: Opportunistic sampling refers to the selection of
participants who are readily available at the time and place of
the study, often by taking advantage of a unique opportunity.
Intent: The primary focus is on seizing a specific moment or
situation to gather data from individuals who happen to be
present.
Example: A researcher studying smartphone usage patterns
who approaches people in a park because they are available at
that specific time and place.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
Convenience Sampling:
Definition: Convenience sampling involves selecting participants
based on their easy accessibility or convenience to the
researcher, without a specific emphasis on a unique opportunity.
Intent: The emphasis is on the ease of access and practicality of
selecting participants based on availability.
Example: A researcher distributing an online survey to a group of
individuals who are easily reachable, such as friends, family, or
colleagues, without considering a specific unique opportunity.
 4. SAMPLING
Present the sampling method used.
Give the conceptual definition of the sampling
method/techniques
Present te rationale in choosing this sampling
method
Discuss the procedure in implementing the
sampling method (make sure that you observed
the proper sequence and organization.)
 5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Present the instrument/s used
Give the conceptual definition
Present the rationale or appropriatness of
the instrument
Discuss the creation and validation of the
instrument
 5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
PRIMARY DATA
first-hand information based on actual experiences or
observations. This kind of data is more reliable to use because it
is gathered by the actual researchers. Say you want to ask
people in the community if they agree to a certain law that is
being implemented by the local government. Their answers can
be considered as primary data.
Examples of primary data includes: data taken personally through
interview, personally observing people to get visual data.
 5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
SECONDARY DATA
are data that are gathered from secondary sources, meaning
it is not you that have obtained the information but rather, it
comes from previous research, audio recordings or books. One
advantage of secondary data is that it is readily available to
use, comparing it to primary data where you have to gather the
information yourself.
Examples of secondary data includes: information from your
barangay census on the number of population in the area
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

These are the tools that you need to use

so that you can gather your primary
data when you conduct your research.
You can even choose one or more
instruments to use.
 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS
1. INTERVIEW
In qualitative research, doing interviews is the most
common type of instrument that is being used.
Interviews are done by having a set of questions to
your respondents and letting them answer as
truthfully as possible. There are mainly three types of
interview:
 3 TYPES OF INTERVIEW

Structured Interview- this type of interview has a set

of predetermined questions that are ready to use. If
you are using a structured interview as your
instrument to gather data, take note that you should
not ask beyond what is written in your interview
questions.
 3 TYPES OF INTERVIEW

Unstructured Interview- this type of interview is the

opposite of structured interview. You are not
required to make a set of pre-made questions, but
rather make an OUTLINE or what kind of questions
you want to ask your respondents.
 3 TYPES OF INTERVIEW

Semi-structured Interview- this type of

interview is a mix of structured and
unstructured interview. It may be one
of the most common types of
interviews.
INTERVIEW
 2. Observations
Another data gathering instrument that is being
used most in ethnography is observations. This
happens when a researcher observes and takes
notes of the behavior of people that they want to
be a part of their research. There are three types
of observations:
 3 TYPES OF OBSERVATION
Naturalistic Observation- this happens when a
researcher observes the behavior of a group of
people in their natural setting.
For example, you want to observe the behavior of
students inside a classroom without putting any
external disturbances on them then you are using
naturalistic observation.
 2. Observations
Participative Observation- this observation happens
when a researcher takes part on the activities of the
group of people that they are observing.
Say for example you want to study the daily routine of a
Lumad community. To have a better understanding of
what their everyday activities are, you as a researcher
decided to join a community so that you can immerse
yourself in their daily life. This is utilizing participative
observation.
 2. Observations

Non-naturalistic Observation- this type of

observation happens when you take your
respondents out of their natural environment and
put them in an environment of your choice. You
observe how people behave when they are not in
their usual settings.
2. Observations
 3. Questionnaires

Questionnaires are also one of the most common

types of instruments that is being used by
qualitative researchers. This is somewhat similar to
interviews based on the format of questions that is
being used. There are three types of
questionnaires:
 Closed-ended questionnaires
Closed-ended questionnaires-
this type of questionnaire is similar to a structured
interview. This is mostly used when you want to
conduct surveys on your respondents. This is mostly
for statistical purposes and the questions are already
prepared for your respondents to answer. These types
of questionnaires usually have boxes for the
respondents to put a check mark.
 Open-ended questionnaires

Open-ended questionnaires
- unlike close-ended questionnaires, this
type of questionnaire leaves a blank space
for the respondents to give their point of
view about a specific question.
 Open-ended questionnaires
Combination of both
-this type of questionnaire combines both
the close-ended and open-ended
questionnaires. For example, you may want
to ask a yes or no question to your
respondents and also want them to explain
why they have answered yes or no.
 4. Focus Group Discussion
This type of data gathering instrument focuses on groups of
people being interviewed at the same time. This relies on the
respondents to give a discussion amongst themselves on the
questions that you, the researcher, give. You will serve as the
moderator or facilitator. Put three or more people around a
table and give them guide questions for them to discuss
among themselves. Your role as the researcher and facilitator
is to take note of their discussions.
 5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Present the instrument/s used
Give the conceptual definition
Present the rationale or appropriatness of
the instrument
Discuss the creation and validation of the
instrument
 EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers decided to use Semi-Structured Interview as
their instrument to collect data. For the readers, Semi-Structured
Interview is a type of Interview that is a combination of
Structured and Unstructured Interview. In this type of interview
the researchers have to prepare a set of questions; however, the
researchers are also free to ask follow-up questions to the
respondents if the researchers want to clarify something or to
seek more information that is not yet given by the respondents
 EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The reason why the researchers decided to use this type of
Interview is because the researchers saw this as a more
convenient way to collect data, as the researcher’s goal is to get
the experience of the respondents, more options and opinions
can be expressed by respondents in Semi-Structured Interview.
Not only that, but the researchers will also benefit in this type of
instrument as the researchers get their desired information.
Using more general questions at the beginning and more specific
questions.
 6. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Narratively discuss and
present the sequence of steps
that you did in order to gather
data. (from distribution to
collection)
 EXAMPLE DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The researchers submitted a letter of approval to the office of the
principal for the study that was conducted at Our Lady of the Holy Rosary
School. After receiving approval to go forward with the study, the
researchers explained the title and purpose of the study to the selected
respondents before proceeding with the interview. The researchers' goal
was to determine the influence of strand stereotyping on the choice of the
academic track of upcoming senior high school students. After the
respondents participated in the interview, the researchers collected and
interpreted all the data. The personal information of the chosen
respondents are kept anonymous.
 WRITING THE METHODOLOGY FOR
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. RESEARCH METHOD
2. RESEARCH DESIGN
3. RESPONDENTS OR PARTICIPANTS OF THE
STUDY
4. SAMPLING PROCEDURE
5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
6. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
 PREPARE FOR SA. NO 1
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
THANK YOU!