BIOCHEMISTRY
REVIEWER
Experiment 1
Efflorescence and Deliquescence
Results:
 Sodium decahydrate did not change,
indicating it did not undergo
efflorescence and it retained its water
molecules.
 Anhydrous calcium chloride dissolved
by absorbing moisture from the air,
demonstrating deliquescence.
Uses of Water
Results:
 (1) there was no reaction between 0.5
grams of lead (ii) nitrate and
potassium chromate when mixed
together
 there was a reaction when 5ml of
water was added to the lead (ii) nitrate
and potassium chromate mixture.
When it was set aside, the mixture
separated the liquid and solid sand-
like components
 the role of the water is to facilitate the
dissolution of one of the chemicals,
thus enabling the separation of its
components from the solid
 (2) the tube with 1ml of concentrated
nitric acid, turned blue and dissolved
the copper turning
 the second test tube with 2ml of water,
5 drops of nitic acid, and a copper
turning, had no reaction
 the role of the water is to act as a
medium for the chemical reactions to
occur
Detection of Water in a Hydrate
Results:
 from its original color (blue) of copper
(ii) sulfate, it changed into a lighter
blue after it was heated for 15 minutes
 5 drops of water was added and it
changed the color into a darker shade
of blue
Surface Tension
Results:
 some of the flour stay put on the
surface if the water after it was
sprinkled on the surface (of the water)
 when a drop of liquid detergent was
added, it moved away from where the
detergent was dropped, breaking the
flour surface
Diffusion
Results:
 the ink did not mix since it takes time
for it to combine in a surface water
 yet, after stirring, the ink totally mixed
into the surface water
Hydrolysis
Results:
 a beaker with 25ml of water and 5ml
of ferric chloride solution showed no
chemical reaction but a subtle change
in boiling vigor.

Experiment 2
Diffusion
Results:
 there were two beakers, one beaker
with 100ml of water and 2 to 3
crystals of potassium permanganate
was boiled to make it warm; the other
beaker was left unbothered.
 the potassium permanganate diffused
faster in warm water compared to
plain water
Osmosis
Results:
 the initial 10 minutes of the
measurements, the sugar solution
maintained a constant level at 3cm.
After 20 minutes, the height increased
by 0.3 cm resulting in a measurement
of 3.3cm. After the next 10 minutes,
the height increased by 0.5 resulting in
a measurement of 3.5cm.
 in conclusion, the movement of sugar
solution inside the thistle tube from a
region of lower concentration to
higher concentration.
Dialysis
Results:
 the test tube with 1ml of Fehling’s A
and B was heated for a minute then
added 1ml of dialysate into the test
tube and heated it up again for a
minute
 it revealed a negative result for test for
sugar because there were no changes
with regards to its color (blue)
 on the other hand, another test tube
with 1ml of dialysate and 1 ml of 25%
of trichloroacetic solution
 it reveal a negative result (offered
white color that indicated that there
was a presence of proteins in the
solution)
Surface Tension
Results:
 (water + chloroform) the chloroform
sank to the bottom when it was
immediately added in the test tube
with water
 there were no bubbles and the two
substances simply separated and
remained separated from each other
until the end of time
 (water + chloroform + detergent
solution) the test tube with water,
chloroform, and detergent solution,
was mixed and it made two layers
having the detergent mixed with both
the water and chloroform but the
components of the detergent and the
chloroform are now white (mixed on
the bottom) and the water and
detergent are now translucent yellow
(mixed on top).
 After 10 minutes, the test tube turned
the water and detergent into an opaque
yellow and there was a visible line
separating yellow part substance (after
39 minutes). However, the first two
layers remained opaque yellow and
the third layer remained milky white
 (bile solution and sulfur powder)the
bile solution had a brown color but
when the sulfur powder was added, it
turned into yellowish brown
 some of the sulfur powder dissolved
and some of them remained sinked in
the bottom
 (water and sulfur powder) when the
sulfur powder was added, it remained
on top of the surface until the end of
the experiment
Experiment 3
Test for reducing and non-reducing sugar
Results:
Barfoed’s Test
Results:  starch solution ( )
 positive (yellow to green solution with
brick red precipitate)
 sucrose is non-reducing sugar
(negative) (disaccharides)
 fructose is reducing sugar (positive)
(monosaccharides)
 lactose (negative) (disaccharides) Seliwanoff’s Test
 starch (negative) (polysaccharides)
Results:

Benedict’s Test
Results:

 positive (brick red precipitate)

 glucose is reducing sugar (positive)
 sucrose is non-reducing sugar
(negative)
 fructose is reducing sugar (positive)
 lactose is reducing sugar (positive)
 starch solution is non-reducing sugar
(negative) Iodine Test

Molisch’s Test Results:

Results:  positive (deep blue color)

 glucose (negative)
 sucrose (negative)
 fructose (negative)
 lactose (negative)
 starch solution (positive)
Hydrolysis of Carbohydrates
Results:

Phloroglucinol-HCl (Tollen’s Test)

Results:

 positive (silver mirror or black

precipitate)
 glucose (positive)
 sucrose ( )
 fructose ( )
 lactose ( )