LAB MANUAL

Digital Design & Computer

Architecture (23EC1202)
I Year B.Tech Even Semester

(CSE, CS & IT, AI & DS, ECE, EEE & IOT)

Digital Design & Computer Architecture (23EC1202) Lab Manual 2023-24 – Even Semester

List of Experiments
Exp. No. Name of the Experiment

1. Controlling LEDs with Universal Logic Gates

2. Combinational Circuit Based Car Security System
3. Participant selection in Competitions Using Multiplexer
4. Digital Display of the Department Name using 7-segment decoder
5. Random Number Generator for Gaming Using D-Flip- flop
6. Digital Unlocking System using Shift Register
7. Design of Computational Processing System for Arithmetic and Logical Operations
8. Implementation of Information Transmission System
9. Development of Instruction Processing System from Fetching to Execution
10. Implementation of Cache Memory
11. Choice Based Control of Vending Machine
12. Implementation of 3-Stage Pipelining

Signature of Course Coordinator Head of the Department

1
Digital Design & Computer Architecture (23EC1202) Lab Manual 2023-24 – Even Semester

LAB Evaluation Components

Evaluation Max Marks Date Duration

Component

Lab Weekly 75 Throughout Even semester

Exercise the Semester

Lab In Semester 50 01.04.2024 100 Minutes

Exam

Lab End 50 07.05.2024 120 Minutes

Semester Exam

2
Lab Weekly Exercise Evaluation:
Data and
Analysis & Total Signature of
Exp. Pre-lab Connections Results Viva
Date Title of the Experiment Inference Marks the Faculty
No. (10M) (20M) (20M) (10M)
(15M) (75M) with date
Controlling LEDs with
1.
Universal Logic Gates
Combinational Circuit
2.
Based Car Security System
Participant selection in
3. Competitions Using
Multiplexer
Digital Display of the
4. Department Name using 7-
segment decoder
Random Number
5. Generator for Gaming
Using D-Flip- flop
Digital Unlocking System
6.
using Shift Register
Design of Computational
Processing System for
7.
Arithmetic and Logical
Operations
Implementation of
8. Information Transmission
System
Development of
Instruction Processing
9.
System from Fetching to
Execution
Implementation of Cache
10.
Memory
Choice Based Control of
11.
Vending Machine
Implementation of 3-Stage
12.
Pipelining
Digital Design & Computer Architecture (23EC1202) Lab Manual 2023-24 – Even Semester

EXPERIMENT – 1

Controlling LEDs with Universal Logic Gates

Aim: To control given LED sequence using NAND and NOR gates.

Apparatus:

S. No. Description of Item Quantity

1. IC 7400 03
2. IC 7402 02
3. Digital Trainer Kit 01
4. Bread Board 01

Pre-lab:

1. What are the universal gates that will be used in this experiment?

Answer: The experiment will use NAND and NOR gates as universal gates to control the LEDs.

2. Explain the concept of a universal gate.

Answer: A universal gate is a logic gate that can be used to implement any other logic gate through
appropriate connection and configuration. NAND and NOR gates are considered universal gates
because all other basic logic gates can be constructed using combinations of these gates.

3. How do NAND and NOR gates function in controlling LEDs?

Answer:

NAND Gate: Illuminates the LED only when at least one input is low, acting as a universal gate by
negating AND gate behavior.
NOR Gate: Lights up the LED when none of the inputs are high, serving as a universal gate by
negating OR gate behavior.

4
Digital Design & Computer Architecture (23EC1202) Lab Manual 2023-24 – Even Semester

4. What safety precautions should be observed when working with LEDs and logic gates?

Answer: Ensure proper voltage levels, connect components correctly, avoid short circuits, and use
appropriate resistors to limit current through the LEDs. Follow safety guidelines for handling
electronic components and equipment.

Truth Table for implementation:

A B LED1 LED2
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1

Circuit Implementation Using NAND Gate

5
Digital Design & Computer Architecture (23EC1202) Lab Manual 2023-24 – Even Semester

Circuit Implementation Using NOR Gate

Theory:
In digital electronics, logic gates are fundamental building blocks used to perform logical operations
on binary signals (0s and 1s). The experiment aims to explore the use of universal gates, specifically
NAND and NOR gates, to control Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).
NAND Gate:
The NAND gate is a universal gate, meaning it can be used to construct any other type of gate. It
produces a LOW output only when both inputs are HIGH; otherwise, the output is HIGH. In the
context of controlling LEDs, a NAND gate acts as an inverter for the AND gate. When connected to
an LED, it will illuminate only when at least one of the inputs is LOW. This behavior allows NAND
gates to mimic AND, OR, and NOT gates.
NOR Gate: Similar to NAND gates, NOR gates are universal and can emulate other gates. They
produce a HIGH output only when both inputs are LOW. In the LED control scenario, a NOR gate
acts as an inverter for the OR gate. The LED connected to a NOR gate will be lit only when none of
the inputs is HIGH. This behavior allows NOR gates to emulate AND, OR, and NOT gates.
6
Digital Design & Computer Architecture (23EC1202) Lab Manual 2023-24 – Even Semester

LED Control: LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light when a current passes through them.
They have a forward voltage drop, and it's crucial to limit the current using resistors. By connecting
LEDs to the outputs of NAND and NOR gates, we can observe how logical operations control the
illumination of the LEDs. Understanding this relationship is essential in digital circuit design and
logic implementation.

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram for NAND and NOR separately.

2. By applying the inputs, the LED outputs are observed and the operation is verified with the
help of truth table.

Precautions:
1. Connections must be tight on the bread board.

2. Identify the pins of the IC properly.

3. Take care while removing and inserting the IC on bread board.

Viva Questions and answers:

Question 1: Explain the concept of universal gates. Why are NAND and NOR gates considered
universal?

Answer: Universal gates are logic gates that can be used to construct any other type of gate. NAND
and NOR gates are considered universal because combinations of these gates can be used to
implement AND, OR, and NOT gates, making them versatile in digital circuit design.

Question 2: How does a NAND gate function as a universal gate in this experiment?

Answer: In this experiment, the NAND gate acts as a universal gate by emulating AND, OR, and
NOT gate behaviors. The LED connected to the NAND gate illuminates only when at least one input
is LOW, replicating the conditions of an AND gate, an OR gate, or the inversion (NOT) of an input.

Question 3: What is the behavior of the LED connected to a NOR gate in this experiment?

Answer: The LED connected to the NOR gate illuminates when none of the inputs is HIGH. This
behavior mimics the conditions of an AND gate, an OR gate, or the inversion (NOT) of an input,
showcasing the NOR gate's universal capabilities.

7
Digital Design & Computer Architecture (23EC1202) Lab Manual 2023-24 – Even Semester

Question 4: Why is it important to limit the current through the LEDs in the circuit?

Answer: Limiting the current through the LEDs is crucial to prevent them from being damaged due
to excessive current. Using resistors helps ensure that the LEDs operate within their specified current
ratings.

Question 5: How can the experiment results are applied in digital circuit design?

Answer: The experiment results demonstrate the practical application of universal gates in
controlling outputs based on logical conditions. This understanding is fundamental in designing
digital circuits and systems, where logical operations play a crucial role.

Result:
The experiment demonstrated the successful control of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) using NAND
and NOR gates. The LEDs illuminated based on the logical conditions imposed by these universal
gates.