ADVERB CLAUSES

Time Reason Result Contrast (+ -)

(present /present modals)
(past / past modals)

When (1-2) = Once (1-2) Because = since =as = So =therefore=hence Although=

While = As = just as now that (1-2) (2) eventhough=though
While = as: (1-2) So that (2) (1-2)
Just as (2) Because of: due to (1-2) As a result
Whenever (1-2) =consequently (1 -2)
But = however (2)
As long as =if
As soon as : immediately (1-2)
As a result of + noun + Even if (1-2)
Before + PRESENT + WILL sentence
/MODALS
BEFORE + PAST + PAST Despite = ın spite of (1-
PERFECT 2)

After + PRESENT / WILL

/MODALS
After + PAST PERFECT + PAST
After that = then

When + present simple + will / present modal / present tenses

While = as = just as + simple past + past cont:

Once = when

1) while/when/as she was preparing for the exam, the electricity cut off.
2) She was preparing for the exam, while/when/as/ just as the electricity cut off.
3) Once / when the doctor come in, we will go. (once = after)

whenever: frequency adverb: simple present

1) Whenever she had time with him, she always felt happy.
2) Whenever she has time with him, she always feels happy.

As long as = ıf (type 0 /1)

As long as you are here, you will have to study more.

As long as you participated into the meetings, you could succeed in many conversations.

Because = since =as = now that: Because/ since =as = now that the protests are getting bigger and
bigger, the council will/is going to take a precaution immediately.
Since two years, I have been here.

Since I was born, I have been here.

Now that she is ill now, we have to be at home.

So = therefore = thus : The Ukrain community are suffering from the war, so/therefore/thus/as a
result/consequently the media is making news about Ukrain community.

Because of /due to the rain, we could not go out.

Because of /due to her being agressive, we have to go outside.

Because of / due to her agressiveness, ………

Despite / in spite of her being unhappy, we are feeling rested.

As a result of her being ill, we will go to the doctor.

The Ukrain community are suffering from the war. So/Therefore/Thus/As a result/Consequently the
media is making news about Ukrain community.

As a result/Consequently, The Ukrain community are suffering from the war. The media is making
news about Ukrain community.

The Ukrain community are suffering from the war so that The media can make news about Ukrain
community now.

Although/Eventhough/Though /but / however the goverment is making an agreement, the protests

are getting more chaotic.

The goverment is making an agreement, although/eventhough/though/but/however the protests are

getting more chaotic.

While / whereas: while/whereas İstanbul is/was a metropol city, Ankara is/was full of tall buildings.
(A-B)

As soon as the man comes inside, he will talk to the manager immediately. (soon)

After she had gone to the meeting, we had an interview with the council.

Before we had an interview with the council, she had gone to the meeting.

Present tenses Past tenses Modals (present) Modals (past)

Can = be able to Could
Present simple Past simple Could = may = might Might
Present continuous Past continuous (possibility) Had to
Present perfect Past perfect Have to Would
Present perfect cont. Past perfect cont. Has to Was /were going to
Will Didnt have to verb1
Be going to
Should
 Must
Dont have to Modals (perfect): past
Could have + verb3
Might have verb3
Would have verb3
Should have verb3
past

could have verb3: regret

(ability)
should have verb3: regret
(necessity)
would have verb3: regret
(future)
might have verb3: possibility (I
was not sure, maybe, perhaps,

Conditionals

Type 1: possibility Type 2: unreal present Type 3: unreal past (regret)

Structure: past Structure: past
Structure: present Meaning: present Meaning: past
Meaning: present
Type 2: suppose that / Type 3: regret /impossibility
Type 1: present + will / modals imagine that :
impossibility İf + past perfect + would + have
If I have time, I will call you. But I dont know for + verb3 / should have + verb3 /
now. Maybe later I can arrange a proper time. Past + would could have + verb3

İf + present simple + will /modals

Unless + present simple / will /modals İf I were you, I would I should have called you. But it
Even if + present simple / will/modals go to USA. But, I m not was an important exam and felt
As long as + present simple / will /modals you and I’m living in anxious.
As soon as + present simple / will /modals Turkey. (impossibility)
I might have called you. But I
If I were you, I could was not sure about writing
If = as long as have an interview with message. So, I checked the
Unless: if not: if you dont study = unless you him. phone in detail.
study
Even if = although = eventhough=though (1-2)

****as though = as if (2) She questioned him as

if she was his boss.

Wish