FIDEI POLYTECHNIC GBOKO, BENUE STATE

DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING

LECTURE NOTE ON

CONSTRUCTION PROCUREMENT MANAGEMENT AND

PROCEDURES (QUS 410)

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) II

PREPARED BY

TERNAM LUMO JUDE

(B.TECH QUANTITY SURVEYING)
What is procurement?

Procurement is a term used to describe all activities undertaken by the client in seeking to bring
about the construction of, or refurbishment of building. It is also referred to as methods which
seek to weigh the pros and cons and the financial constraints which are likely to affect the project
so as to select effective contractual arrangement. Procurement is merging of activities undertaken
by the client to obtain a building.

When project is dreamt about by the client, he works towards actualizing it. Apart from funding
and providing land for development, the client does not have the requisite skills to actualize his
dreams, he therefore has to employ the services of those who would do it, and hence
procurement method in construction project management is a process of obtaining the design and
construction of building, commissioning and occupation. The task of designing of designing his
dream and subsequent construction are open to different methods, hence to choose the most
appropriate method for his project he need professional advice.

When a client wishes to choose any procurement method for realizing his project, his major
concerns are:

 To finish his project on time

 The cost of the project
 Performance or quality in relation to both design and construction of the building

Types of procurement methods

There are basically four main procurement methods

1. Traditional method
2. Design and build method
3. Management contracting method
4. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) method

TRADITIONAL METHOD

This method is as old as the construction industry. The major feature is that the design process is
separate from construction. It requires full documentation before the contractor can be invited to
tender. In simple form traditional method simply involves the steps-design, bid and build.
Although the traditional method procurement methods is very simple to understand by all classes
of client, the major problem is that contract periods tends to be more prolonged due to the fact
design process is separate and determines the commencement of actual construction.

Features of the Traditional System

The traditional system is characterized by the following

 Contractor is appointed by competitive tendering

 Design should be fully prepare ahead of time before tendering procedures and actual
construction can begin
 The client has control over design,. There is no design responsibility on the contract
 The duration of the project tends to be very long because of the separate sequential
process of design and construction
 The construction cost is well know ahead of time and there may be need for adjustment
as provided for in the contract
 The client appoints a professional consultant to administer the contract on his behalf and
to advice on aspect associated with design, progress and stage payment which must be
paid by the client

The structure of the traditional system is shown below

Client

Architect

Service Structural Quantity

Engineer Engineer Surveyor

Main
Contractor

Sub- Sub-
Contractor Contractor
The following are the main type of traditional contract

1. Fixed/Lump price contract

2. Measurement contract
3. Cost reimbursement contract

Fixed/lump sum contract: The contract sum is known before work commences on site and the
contractor agrees to undertake a defined amount of work for specific amount. The contract is
often base on firm Bill (s) of quantities, drawings and specification.

Measurement contract: The contract is assessed and re-measured as on previously agreed basis.
All works done by the contractor will be measured on the site and valued at the agreed rate. This
type of contact can be based on approximate Bill (s) of quantities, drawings and specification

COST REIMBURSEMENT CONTRACT

This is sometimes known as cost plus contract or prime cost. prime cost of a project is the net cost of
materials, labour, plant and other preliminary items expended on the project and in addition a fee to
contractor to cover his profit and overhead. Cost reimbursement contract could be

1. Cost plus percentage fee

2. Cost plus fixed fee
3. Cost plus fluctuation fee
4. Target cost with variable fee

Cost plus Percentage Fee

This type of contract, the net cost of material, labour, plant etc. expended on a project ascertained and
percentage added to cover the contractors profit and overhead. The percentage is agreed before the
contract is signed and may be subject to completion

Cost plus Fixed Fee

The net cost of labour, materials and plant is ascertained on completion of the project. The total is paid to
the contractor in addition to a fixed fee to cover his profit and overhead. The fee is fixed and agreed
between the parties before the contract is agreed

Cost plus Fluctuation Fee

This is an improvement on cost plus fixed fee contract, the contractor fee is increased by the agreed
sliding scale sliding scale basis should the final cost be below the estimated cost.
Target Cost with variable fee

A target estimate is agreed between parties to the contract. Should the final cost of the project be less
than the target estimate, the contractor fee will be increased by an agreed percentage of the saving. Also if
the cost exceed the target estimate, the contractors fee will be reduced by an agreed percentage of the
over-expenditure the greater the saving on the target estimate, the higher will his fee and vice versa

DESIGN AND BUILD METHOD

In this method, the contractor is responsible for undertaking the design and construction of the
work in return for a lump sum price i.e. the contractor both design and build the project.
However the client commits to the cost of construction as well as the cost of design. The design
risk is shifted to the contractor; therefore it is important that the design liability insurances be
maintained to cover that risk. Changes made by the client during design can be expensive as it
affects the whole of the design-build contract, rather than just the design team cost

To arrive at a choice of contractor, contractors are required to develop a design (from an initial
concept prepared by the consultant appointed to advise the client) to a certain level prepare a
tender figure and submit the proposal to be evaluated to client satisfaction. A team of consultant
will assess the contractors proposal, evaluate tenders which in the case is very difficult because
different contractors working with different designs.

Features of design and build method include

 Contractor is often appointed by two-stage i.e. competitive and selective

 Client can introduce changes to design at the design stage but once contract is awarded
to contractor he has no direct control over the development of the design detailed by the
contractor
 Design and construction can proceed in parallel and so project duration will be shortened
 The procurement methods makes no room for appointment of an independent contract
administrator, the client works directly with the contractor or may appoint am agent to
advice him, or act on his behalf.

MANAGEMENT PROCUREMENT METHOD

This method of procurement is based on the client appointing a consultant who will prepare
drawings and project specifications. Upon preparation of drawings and specification, a
management contractor is then selected by the process of tender and interviews. The
management contractor will not carry out construction work, but manages the project on behalf
of the client. It is a cost – reimbursable form of contract, with the management contractor being
paid a fee. All the work is undertaken by subcontractors, referred to as works contractors, in
distinct works packages, employed by the management contractor. This is to preserve the
management contractor’s independency and reinforced a consultancy relationship with the client.

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

This is similar in concept to management contracting. The sub-contractors or specialist are

contracted directly to the client and the construction manager manages the process for the client
on a simple consultancy basis. Construction management requires constant involvement of the
client, so it is really suitable for experience clients. The construction manager acts as an agent on
behalf of the employer and manages the trade contractors’ work and also the design. It is usually
advisable for the employer to select and appoint its own quantity surveyor, who will act
independently from the construction manager

PUBLIC- PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP)

The Public Private Partnership (PPP) is also known as PPP or 3P or P3 which involves two or
more numbers of public and private sectors. This is a cooperative arrangement that is held for
long – term period.

This method is collaboration between the public and private sector in other to achieve financing,
management or maintenance of a project of the provision of services. This is a government
service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of
government and one or more private sector/companies. A PPP project is not different from other
procurement forms. It is the financing of the project that differs.
What is Public Private Partnership (PPP) Construction Projects?
Construction Project developed based on a PPP on behalf of a concession agreement or on a
contract between two parties forms the PPP projects. Here, one party forms the government or
statutory entity and other one will be the private sector company. The contract is prepared for the
delivery of infrastructure service on the payment of respective charges.

The main goal of PPP construction projects is to combine and involve the capabilities from both
the private and public sectors for the mutual benefit.

Public and private sectors may cooperate in the following sectors

 Transport
 Public health
 Education
 Safety
 Waste management
 Water and energy supply

The responsibility of each of the sectors in realization of a project is as follows

The private sector

 Provide whole or part of the project financing

 Responsible for risk that are related to the construction or operation of the project
 Has long term benefits from the project
 Design the project (or part of the design)
 Manages and operates or maintain the facility
 Returns the project to the public after the completion of the contract period

The public sector

 Determines the drawing, technical, operational and financial requirements of the project
 Assesses the proposal of the private sector
 Support the construction of the project
 Monitors the project and makes sure the private sector conforms with the contract
 Proceeds with payment to the private sectors
Models of Public- Private Partnership

PPP agreement may take the following forms

Design-Build (db): The private sector designs and builds infrastructure according to public
sector performance specification for a fixed price for a fixed price, thereby transferring the risk
of cost overrun to the private sector.

Management contract: here, the private sector contract to manage a government owned project
and manages the marketing and provision of service.

Lease and operate contract: a private owner contracts to lease and assume all management and
operations of a government owned facility and associated services, and may invest further in
developing the services and provide the services for a fixed term

Design-Build-Finance-Operate (DBFO): the private sector designs finance and construct a

new facility. It is then required to operate it within the 1lease period. The private partner then
transfers the new facility to the public sector at the end of the lease period.

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT): a private entity receives the license to finance, design, build
and operates a facility for a specified period, after which ownership is transferred back to the
public sector. BOT is one of the most common privatization agreements. In this agreement, the
government will hand over the constructing and operating rights to a private sector. This will be
given for a pre – determined period of time. Once the period is completed, this will be taken back
by the government. One of the flexibility available in BOT is that the private sector can
implement the planning and design as per the agreement.

Buy-Build-Operate (BBO): if there is need to revive a public asset, the government can
transfer it to the private or quasi-public entity usually under contract that the asset are to be
upgraded and operated for a specified period of time. The government sells the facility to the
private business. The private business refurbishes and operates the facility. Public control is
exercised through the contract at the time of transfer.

1
A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the lessee (user) to pay the lessor (owner) for use of an
asset. Property, buildings and vehicles are common assets that are leased. Industrial or business
equipment is also leased.
 Build-Own-Operate (BOO): in this case, the private sector finance, builds, owns and operate a
facility or service in perpetuity. The public constraint are stated in the original agreement and
through on-going regulatory obligations

Build-Own-Operate and Transfer (BOOT): As the name tells, the government will hand over
the project to the private sector entity to perform:
o To design and build the Project
o To owns and operate the Project
o Transfer to the government or partner
The operation of the project completed must be performed for the specific period of time as
stated in the agreement and must be finally transferred to the government. The transferring to the
government or the partner is based on the previously agreed price or market price.
Benefits of Private Sector Participation
Following are the benefits involved in the participation of private sectors in public projects.

1. The efficiency of the construction Project is increased by the private sector participation
2. The economic growth is stimulated
3. As a result of private participation, there is competition and innovations in the economy.
4. This construction project organization helps to fastly implement the project.
5. There is a transfer of technology, local personal training, and the national capital markets
undergo developments.
6. Existing and ignored infrastructures can be improved and expanded.
7. The Government budget and borrowing practices are relieved
8. The quality of services delivered is highly improved
9. The cost-effectiveness of the project is improved
10. The risk present on public sector projects are reduced
11. The risk factors present in a construction project is allocated in a better way between the
private and the public sector.
12. The assets are improved and operated in a better way
13. The delivery of the capital projects is made faster
14. The investments in the public infrastructure are increased tremendously
15. Budget certainty is improved highly
16. The participation of private sectors in public sector projects helps to provide a benchmark in
order to judge the performance of the public sector.
17. The participation of private sectors in public sector projects is a more commercial approach
performed on infrastructure development.
18. This helps to avoid unnecessary intervention from the political side.

Advantages of PPP

 The public sector gains the advantages the private sector offers such as: ability to design,
construct, manage and finance a project.
 Public money is better used and at difficult economic periods for a government, this
method is good
 Promote and help the innovation in the public sector with the transfer of knowledge and
technique
 Better quality infrastructure and better operation throughout the life of the project
(maintenance of the project by the private sector) is assured
 Use of private sectors in areas where there are weakness in the public sector such as lack
of expertise and qualified employee, lack of efficient and effective use of human
resources.

Disadvantages of PPP

 The use of the project by the private sectors is difficult for low income people
 In some cases, there may be in the contract clauses or provision which do not favour the
public interest but aim at increasing the profit of the private investor
 Since much of funding the project is done by the private investor, there is every tendency
to aim at reducing the cost of a project which might lead to the use of substandard
materials and work

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

A project is temporary in that it has a defined beginning and end in time, and therefore defined
scope and resources. A project is unique in that it is not a routine operation, but a specific set of
operations designed to accomplish a singular goal.

Challenges of Project Procurement in Nigeria

1. Fairly risky and unstable, unstructured environment

2. Failure to plan properly and look ahead what is in the future ( lack of strategic planning)
 3. Poor focus on quality
4. Lack of respect for time (Nigerian time)
5. Believe in the so-called Nigerian factor
6. Government inefficiency

Definition of Construction Management

Construction management is the professional consultant/manager responsible on a construction

project, for identifying all roles needed to undertake in a project, and selecting and coordinating
team, to efficiently meet the client objectives

Who is a construction manager?

A construction manager is a consultant with professional responsibility, he contract with the

client for a purely professional managerial role and he sells his managerial expertise, therefore
construction management is the management of construction work by the contractor.

Types of construction managers

1. Construction manager is engaged under the principles of agency

2. An independent contractor, usually used by the private organization

What is project management?

Project management then, is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project
activities to meet the project requirements. The management, control, coordinate project from
inception to completion on behalf of the client.

Who is a project manager?

A project manager is a person who has the overall responsibility for the successful initiation,
planning, design, execution, monitoring, controlling and closure of a project.

Types of project management

Executive project management: the project manager is entirely in charge of day-to-day running
of the project while the client takes key decisions. The project manager controls the project and
the executive project manager is appointed by the client and have sole contract with him and all
exclusive in all matters concerning the project.
 Client

Project Manager

Quantity Surveyor Civil Engineer Mechanical Engineer Architect

Executive project management

Non- executive project management: the project manager is not the project controller; the
client keeps the key control to himself. The project manager is just project coordinators

Client

Architect

Quantity Surveyor Civil Engineer Mechanical Engineer Specialist Builder

Non- executive project management:

Differences between construction economics and management (CE& M) and Quantity

Surveying

They are a lot of similarities between courses and programs in the build environment. However
there are minor differences between them

1. The core-competence of a quantity surveyors, lies in measurement, contractual

management, costing, cost control technique/ methods, procurement
2. Construction economics and management deals with economic of construction firms,
project etc.
3. Construction management and project management are concern with management side of
the industry, firms and project.
4. Construction economics look into construction economic outlook, construction skills,
productivity, financial accounting, entrepreneurship, profit concept of firms and industry
from the economic point of view from management point of view it might be tailored
towards project management or construction management.
Project management processes fall into five groups:

1. Initiating

2. Planning

3. Executing

4. Monitoring and Controlling

5. Closing

Activities of the construction manager at the inception

1. Advise on construction feasibility

2. Advise on alternative building system
3. Advise on site condition
4. Advise on available materials and labour
5. Arrange for procurement of plant and equipment

Activities of the construction manager at the planning

The Project Planning Phase is the second phase in the project life cycle. It involves creating of a
set of plans to help guide your team through the execution and closure phases of the project.

The plans created during this phase will help you to manage time, cost, quality, change, risk and
issues. They will also help you manage staff and external suppliers, to ensure that you deliver the
project on time and within budget.

Such plans include

 Project plan
 Resource plan
 Financial plan
 Quality plan
 Risk plan
 Communication plan
 Procurement plan
 Contact the supplier

Activities of the construction manager at the construction stage

1. He supervise, coordinate, administer the project

2. He sees to quality control, safety on site
 3. He sees to progress payment
4. He sees to the issue of claims and other construction administration
5. He works with the client, the design team from beginning to the end of the project
6. He provide leadership to the construction team in all manners concern

Activities of the construction manager at the monitoring

The project manager needs to constantly monitor to ensure that the project is on the right track to
ensure resources are being used effectively and also see to ensure that project will be completed
within the time frame.

Activities at the stage include

1. Measuring of work carried out

2. Evaluate work carried out
3. Correct deviation and variation

Activities of the construction manager at the closing stage

1. Arrange a post mortem to have experience and constantly learn by inviting core team to
get feedback on what worked and what didn’t on the project so to document success and
failure for project to plan for new project
2. Paper work: a project generate lot of document and need to be sign off and approved
from stakeholders which is a legal proof that project was concluded
3. Release resources: assembled teams for the project are formerly leased for the next
project
4. Celebrate success: Team reward to acknowledge a job well done

SWOT

SWOT is an acronym of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats; it is used to evaluate

particular activities of the project in order to optimize their potential as well as to evaluate risks,
in order to determine the most appropriate way of mitigating those risks.
Typical questions for each part of the SWOT Analysis are listed below:

Strengths

 Does the company have the necessary skills in-house?

 Has a budget been assigned to the project?

 What are the business benefits of completing the project?

 Will the project require new technology or equipment?

 How experienced is the project team on similar projects?

Weakness

 Is there a reliable estimate of costs available?

 Does the company have the budget to provide contingency funding?

 What are the drawbacks of the project?

 Will parts of the project need to be outsourced?

 Is the proposed schedule realistic?

Opportunities

 Can a local project be leveraged nationally or internationally?

 Do the competitors have any weaknesses?

 What are the latest industry trends?

 Are there any new, or imminent, technology developments?

Threats

 Is there well-established competition already in the marketplace?

 Are experienced staffs difficult to replace?

 Has new technology been fully tested?

 Could national or global economic conditions affect the project?

The list of questions to use in a SWOT analysis could, obviously, be much longer than the basic
questions listed above, but using these in your own particular project will provide a good starting
point. Performing a thorough SWOT analysis at the beginning, or any stage, of a project will
provide you with detailed information to help you in the planning and decision-making processes
of a project.

STRENGTH OPPORTUNITIES
- Availability of materials/ reliable Opportunities are those chances that are stored up
suppliers for future which can be used to measure the
- Availability of funds (mobilization) project advantages
- Reliable/ experience personal - possibility of more project from
(the strength must be enhanced) same client
- scarcity of the project
- uniqueness of the project on the
area
(Take advantages of opportunities)
WEAKNESS THREATS
Set of problems facing the organization; weakness Threats are usually out of control of the project
are manger but influence/control the success or
- Unreliable nominated sub- failure of the project.
contractor/supplier Factors include:-
- Inexperience managers - Inflation
(Weakness should be eliminated) - Variation
- To many competitors
- Scarcity of materials
(Find ways of dealing with the threats)

Project management knowledge draws on nine areas Integration

1. Project integration management

2. Project scope management
3. Time management
4. Cost management
 5. Quality management
6. Human resources
7. Communication management
8. Risk management
9. Procurement management

Project integration management

This is a way of making various processes work together. Meaning, it takes the numerous
processes that are being used in a project and makes sure that they're coordinated. Project
complications also occur when working on a larger project with many moving parts that must
eventually align. Without proper alignment of these parts, the project can slow down, become
less productive and possibly grind to a halt. To create harmony between the various departments
and parts of a project, project integration management is implemented

Project Scope Management

This refers to the set of processes that ensure a project’s scope is accurately defined and mapped.
Scope Management techniques enable project managers and supervisors to allocate just the right
amount of work necessary to successfully complete a project concerned primarily with
controlling what is and what is not part of the project’s scope. For a project manager, scope
knowledge area is very important

Time management

This is the process of planning and controlling how much time to spend on specific activities.
Good time management enables an individual to complete more in a shorter period of time,
lowers stress, and leads to career success. Time is money and very crucial to project completion

Quality management

Quality management is the act of overseeing all activities and tasks needed to maintain a desired
level of excellence. This includes the determination of a quality policy, creating and
implementing quality planning and assurance, and quality control and quality improvement.
Human resources

Human resources is used to describe both the people who work for a company or organization
and the department responsible for managing resources related to employee such as Man,
material, money and machinery This involves all process used to develop, manage and to put
together the design team.

Communication management

Communications management is the key to project control; the essential element of project
management. Without the benefit of a good communications management system, the processes
involved in the development of a project from conception to completion can be seriously
constrained.

Communications management provides the vital project integrity required to provide an

information lifeline among all members of the project team. This data must flow downward,
upward and laterally within the organization.

Excellent communication is a critical component of project success. In fact, according to the

Project Management Institute (PMI), most project failures are due to communication issues.
Project communication management ensures that does not happen. It consists of three processes
that help make sure the right messages are sent, received, and understood by the right people.

Risk management

Project risk management is the process of identifying, analyzing and then responding to any risk
that arises over the life cycle of a project to help the project remain on track and meet its
goal. Risk management isn’t reactive only; it should be part of the planning process to figure out
risk that might happen in the project and how to control that risk if it in fact occurs.

Project risk management is a process to identify, analyze, and minimize potential problems that
could negatively affect the progress of a project. The main objective of risk management in
project management is to take care of anything that might deflect the project from reaching its
ultimate goal. If project risks aren’t identified, avoided or rectified, your project may end up over
budget, delayed, or even brought to a complete standstill.
Procurement management

Procurement management is one such form of management, where goods and services used to
complete the project are acquired from a different organization or firm.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Human resource management (HRM or HR) is the strategic approach to the

effective management of people in an organization so that they help the business to gain a
competitive advantage.

Every organization has its human resources, which should be managed effectively, because the
success of the organization in the competitive environment is only due to the human resource
factors, as all the other resources like financial, technological etc are common to almost every
organization. The HR department plays central role in managing the employees of the
organization. For this purpose, it performs certain functions of the Human Resource
Management,

Functions of Human Resource Management

 Staffing training and development

 Human Resource Development
 Compensation & Benefits:
 Safety & Health
 Employee & Labor Relations
 Human Resource Research

STAFFING

The organization can become effective when it possess the qualified persons, who are designated
for specific position along with the proper place & timing. This would make an organization to
achieve its organizational objectives. Organization gets such qualified employees on time when
its HR department performs effective staffing function. Following are the important activities of
the staffing function of HR department.

 Job Analysis
  Human Resource Planning (HRP)
 Recruitment
 Selection

Job Analysis: In job analysis, systematic effort is made to ascertain the knowledge, skills &
duties necessary to perform certain jobs in the organization.

Human Resource Planning (HRP): Human Resource Planning is the systematic activity of
staffing function of HR department, in which the requirements of human resource are reviewed
in order to confirm that the required number of workers with the require skills & knowledge are
made available when they are demanded.

Recruitment: Recruitment is the systematic process of attracting & encouraging relatively large
number of applicants to apply for the required jobs of the organization.

Selection: Selection is the final systematic process through which the organization identifies the
best persons from a pool of applicants for the job that can effectively fulfill the required criteria
of performing the desired duties in the organization.

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Functions of human resource management include another important role of the Hr department
in which the training & development of the employees is conducted along with the career
planning. For this purpose, certain activities including performance appraisals are performed that
identifies the needs for training & development of the specified employees. The training is
designed & given to provide the employees with the required skills & knowledge for their
current positions of the jobs. While development is much broader than training in which the
future aspect of employees are covered by providing them sufficient & knowledge to perform
more complex duties of future jobs.

The individual as well as the teams of employees can benefit from the human resource
development which ultimately benefits the organization by improving its entire performance.
The human resource development is not an optional activity but rather it the necessity of the
employees as well as organization to cover the changing skills, jobs & technology of the world.
Career planning is much more advance activity in which the employee determine his career goals
& then he try to point out the proper means to accomplish those goals. Organizations also use
career development in which properly qualified & experienced people are made available to the
organization when needed. The performance appraisals are prepared to check the performance
level of the employees by analyzing the performed tasked.

COMPENSATION & BENEFITS

The HR department has also responsibility to perform the function of compensation & employee
benefits. The compensation is defined as all the rewards that are obtained by the employee as a
result of his employment. These rewards may take any of the following forms.

 Pay: The money received by an employee for performing his job.

 Benefits: Benefits are those extra financial rewards that are received other than pay.
Benefits include sick leaves, paid leaves, holiday& medical insurance.

 Non-financial Rewards: There are also some non financial rewards that are availed by
the employees & which are non-monetary in nature like pleasant working environment &
delightedness of work performed etc.

SAFETY & HEALTH

Safety & health is included in the functions of human resource management performed by the
HR department of the organization. In this function the safety of the employees form serious
accidents in working environment is ensured. Health is little different from safety in such a way
that it is related to the normal physical & mental well-being of employees that make them free
from the illness. The safety & health issue of the employees is very crucial for the HR
department because employees are asset of the organization & their good health in a safe
working environment ensures the increased productivity & effectiveness of the organization in
the long run.

EMPLOYEES & LABOR RELATIONS

The unionism of the employees is becoming popular for many years & now it becomes
compulsory by law for the organizations to declare a union of its employees & bargain with the
union on certain matters. If the employees of the organization wants to join the union, then the
organization do not put pressure on them for prevention. Although unionism is an earlier concept
which is also working in the private industry but still many organizations try to keep a union free
environment because unions can become harmful for the organizations if they are not properly
handled.

HUMAN RESOURCE RESEARCH

The human resource research is not nominated as a function of the human resource management,
but still it is considered to be the one of the functions of HRM because it does not require cost
for separate laboratory & provide effective solutions for many issues of the HR department.
Procurement is the act of obtaining or buying goods and services. The process includes
preparation and processing of a demand as well as the end receipt and approval of payment. It
often involves