Lab Report 2

Faraday’s law
Applied Physics

Submitted By:
1. Ahmad Shahroz Qadri (407376)
2. Muhammad Nabeel (413522)
3. Navaal Iqbal (409977)
4. Sara Adnan (411228)
5. Muhammad Ahmad Raza (419500)
6. Muhammad Affan Amir (405260)

Submitted To:
Ms. Muqaddas
 ABSTRACT:
In this lab report we performed an experiment to calculate the induced EMF in
coil. We performed it multiple times to reduce the chance of error as much as
possible. We used data studio software to measure the magnetic field and the
experimental value of emf. The mean value of magnetic field was calculated
which was used to find percentage error.

THEORY:
When flux linking with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the coil. Faraday’s Law can be used
to explain the factors on which the induced emf depends.

FARADAY’S Laws: It states that the :

1. Emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux ∆Φ in time ∆t.
2. Emf is directly proportional to the number of turns of coil.

By faraday’s law

ε = -N∆Φ/∆t
The negative sign shows that induced emf opposes the change in flux that created it
. The negative sign represents Lenz’s law

LENZ’S LAW:
Lenz’s law is a convenient method for determining the direction of induced emf. It
states that:

The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which
opposes the change in magnetic flux that created it.

Lenz’s law is actually a consequence of the law of conservation of energy. If the

direction of the magnetic field that forms the current is in the same direction as that
of the induced current, the two fields would get added up and generate a current
with twice the magnitude which is in violation with Lenz’s law.
CALCULATION OF AREA OF COIL:
For theoretically calculating emf we needed the area of coil. We found the value of
inner and outer area of coil by using the given values of inner and outer diameter.
Then we calculated the area of coil by the formula

Area coil= (Area inner + Area outer ) /2

CALCULATION OF ERROR:
Error determines the amount of inaccuracy in the results. We calculated the error in
our experimental value of emf by the following formula:
|𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
% Error : × 100%
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

PROCEDURE:

• First of all Take coil wand and place it between magnets in such a
way that ,it can freely move between the magnet pole plates and
also ensure minimum area between the magnets.
• We then take a magnetic field sensor and place it between the
poles of magnet to measure the magnetic field Strength. It should
be noted that the gap between the magnet is pre set by the
alignment of coil through it before measuring the magnetic field.
• For measuring the Voltage need The software named “Data-
Studio”. We first open the application and then we Swing the
coil through the magnetic field and click on the start button
simultaneously at once and then we may click stop button after a
single positive and negative peek is noted.
• A graph is then shown in the software plotted between induced
emf along y-axis and time along x-axis.
• The magnifying tool present in the selection tab is then selected
and the graph is zoomed so that its end points Clear.
• The average voltage is found by selecting the whole peak and
then a value will appear at the upper right corner telling the mean
value
• Drag the cursor at the starting point of the graph and note T1
value and then select the area complete from T1 to T2 and value
of change of time will appear.
• The value of T2 can be found by decreasing the previously
selected area till the point where first peak is ending and there we
will get the value of T2.
• The above task will be performed by each group member and as
get better results.
• We can then compare the calculated voltage with theoretical
voltage to determine the error in the experiment.

APPARATUS:

• Stand
• Induction wand
• Magnetic field sensor
• Data studio software
• Rotatory motion sensor
 Data Analysis and Tables:

B(Magnetic T1(s) T2(s) ΔT(s) Experimental Theoretical Percentage

Flux density) value of Emf value of Error
Weber.m-2
(V) Emf(V)
1: 3.91*10-2 0.53 0.597 0.066 0.0578 0.061 5.2%

2: 3.78*10-2 0.3165 0.4025 0.086 0.046 0.045 2.2%

3: 3.90*10-2 0.178 0.262 0.0847 0.05 0.477 4.6%

4: 401*10-2 0.1255 0.1925 0.067 0.064 0.062 3.05%

5: 4.01*10-2 0.1480 0.2080 0.0605 0.0660 0.0687 3%

Mean Magnetic Field = 378*10−4 T

Area Calculation:

Internal Diameter = D1= 1.9cm

Internal Radius = R1 = 0.95cm

External Diameter = D2= 3.1cm

External Radius = R2 = 1.55cm

Internal Area = Ain = 𝜋 𝑅12 = 2.835𝑐𝑚2 = 0.00028𝑚2

External Area = Aout = 𝜋 𝑅22 = 7.548𝑐𝑚2 = 0.0007548𝑚2

Area = A = 0.000519𝑚2
 Experimental Values:

Magnetic Field = B = 378*𝟏𝟎−𝟒 T

Start Time = T1 = 0.3165s

End Time = T2 = 0.4025s

Time Period = 𝛥T = 0.086s

Calculation of EMF:

200×391.4×10−4 ×0.000519
Theoretical value of E.M.F = = 0.046V
0.086

Experimental value of E.M.F = 0.045V

Percentage error:

|𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|

Percentage Error = 𝛿 = × 100%
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

|0.046−0.045|
= × 100% = 2.2%
0.045
 Results/Conclusion:
In this experiment the mean value of magnetic field density B for one of our
readings was 378×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 T. We used the data studio software and calculated
time 𝑡1 0.3165s and 𝑡2 was found to be 0.4025s. Their difference delta t
was found to be 0.086s. The experimental value of induced emf observed
from the software was 0.046 volts. By using formula, we calculated the
theoretical value of emf and it was 0.045. In this way the percentage error
was only 2.2%. We took the measurements five times and made a table for
the calculations.

Discussion/Comments:
Our measured value is quite accurate with a minimum error, but the
uncertainty in our measured value was because of three types of error:
a) Systematic error:
• Error in the instruments
• Error in the software
b) Random error:
• Inexperienced students
c) Environmental error:
• Air resistance
• Wind or temperature