Pre-Cal

UNIT CIRCLE

CONVERTING RADIANS TO DEGREE

STEP 1: Know that π radians is equal to 180 degrees. Before you begin the conversion
process, you have to know that π radians = 180°, which is equivalent to going halfway around a
circle. This is important because you'll be using 180/π as a conversion metric. This is because 1
radians is equal to 180/π degrees.

STEP 2: Multiply the radians by 180/π to convert to degrees. It's that simple. Let's say you're
working with π/12 radians. Then, you've got to multiply it by 180/π and simplify when
necessary.
EXAMPLES:

CONVERTING DEGREE TO RADIAN

Degrees × (π/180) = Radians

Radians × (180/π) = Degrees

360 Degrees = 2π Radians

180 Degrees = π Radians

The value of 180° is equal to π radians. To convert any given angle from the measure of degrees
to radians, the value has to be multiplied by π/180.

Step 1: Write the numerical value of the measure of an angle given in degrees

Step 2: Now, multiply the numeral value written in step 1 by π/180

Step 3: Simplify the expression by cancelling the common factors of the numerical

Step 4: The result obtained after the simplification will be the angle measure in radians

REFERENCE ANGLE

Quadrant 1= Quadrant 1
Quadrant 2= 180 - Quadrant 2
Quadrant 3= Quadrant 3 - 180
Quadrant 4= 360 - Quadrant 4
COTERMINAL ANGLES AND TERMINAL ANGLES
Positive Angles: Positive angles are angles such that their initial side is the positive x-axis and
their “terminal” side is determined by turning in a counterclockwise direction.

Negative Angles: Negative angles are angles such that their initial side is the positive x-axis and
their “terminal” side is determined by turning in a clockwise direction.

Coterminal angles are angles in standard position (angles with the initial side on the positive)

EXAMPLE
ARC LENGTH AND AREA OF A SECTOR

ARITHMETIC & GEOMETRIC ( SEQUENCE AND SERIES)

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES (kayo na bahala umintindi)

GRAPHS
GEN BIO

ATP TO ADP CYCLE

- Adenosine Triphosphate - the compound used by living things to get cellular work done.
Cellular work means
1. Cell movement
2. Protein synthesis
3. Active transport

STRUCTURE of ATP

-HYDROLYSIS is a process by which water is added to ATP to break off a phosphate group

-The enzyme ATpase is needed for the hydrolysis to process.

-ATP are re-made by DEHYDRATION (To build by removing water.)

-The enzyme ATP synthase is needed for the dehydration to process.

Autotrophs - can make their own food (PHOTOSYNTHETIC)
- Plants
- Bacteria
- fungi
Heterotrophs- Cannot make their own food. They get their energy by the foods they eat.

PIGMENTS

- Chlorophyll is the main pigment that absorbs red & blue light whereas accessory
pigments broaden the absorption spectra by absorbing other colours of light.

GREEN- chlorophyll
BLUE- flavonoids
YELLOW- carotenoids/ Xanthophyll
RED- Ballantine

- Chromatography is a method for separating the Pigments by their SOLUBILITY

- The pigments are extracted from the plant and separated on chromatography paper.
- The more soluble the pigment, the further it will travel up the paper.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2 stages:

1.Light Dependent Stage/ Photolysis

Making H & ATP for stage 2
Takes place in the granum of the chloroplast
2. Carbon Fixation/Calvin Cycle
Temperature dependent stage (requires enzymes)
Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast

FERMENTATION:is a process of central metabolism in which an organism converts a

carbohydrate, such as starch or sugar, into an alcohol or an acid.

- The main purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ by oxidizing NADH. The

NAD+ regenerated from fermentation will go back into glycolysis so that this pathway
can continue. If the supply of NAD+ stops within the cell, then glycolysis will also stop
effectively stopping ATP production.
CALVIN CYCLE

Requires

-ATP (from photolysis)

-NADPH2 (from photolysis)
-CO2 (diffusion into stoma from air

Produces: Glucose, ADP & Pi

RuBisCo: Enzyme responsible for CO2 combining with RuBP

Stages of Calvin Cycle

1. The enzyme RuBisCO fixes CO2 by attaching it to RuBP to form 2 molecules of

3-phosphoglycerate

2. 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP and combines with hydrogen from

NADPH to form G3P

The G3P formed from this reaction has 2 fates:

a. G3P used for synthesis of glucose

b. G3P used to regenerate RuBP
ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Anaerobic Aerobic

Reactants Glucose Glucose and oxygen

Energy yields 2 ATP 36-38 ATP

Products Animal: lactic acid Carbon dioxide and water

Yeast: ethanol and carbon
dioxide

Location Cytoplasm Mitochondria

Stages 1. Fermentation 1. Glycolysis

2. Glycolysis 2. Krebs
3. ETC

GLYCOLYSIS: breakdown of sugar

location : cytoplasm
Products:
- 2 pyruvate
- 2NADH
- 2ATP
- 2H2O

Krebs cycle
Citric acid cycle
Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Hans Krebs- discovered the krebs cycle

Location: Mitochondria