LAW [LUẬT ĐẠI CƯƠNG]

 Definition: is a subject studying the system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to
govern behavior [để điều chỉnh hành vi]. Laws can be made by legislatures ['ledʒɪsleɪtʃə-cơ quan lập pháp # law
enforcement: cơ quan thực thi pháp luật] through legislation [quá trình lập pháp] (resulting in statutes ['stætʃuːt-đạo
luật]), the executive through decrees [dɪ'kriː-sắc lệnh] and regulations [quy định], or judges [phán quyết] through
binding precedents [tiền lệ rằng buộc] normally in common law jurisdictions [quyền phán quyết, quyền tài phán].
Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including (in some jurisdictions) arbitration agreements that
exclude the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by aconstitution (written or
unwritten) and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, and society in various ways and
serves as a mediator of relations between people.
 The adjudication[/ə,dʤu:di'keiʃn/ - phán quyết] of the law is generally divided into two main areas. Criminal law
[luật hình sự] deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be
imprisoned or fined. Civil law [luật dân sự](not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the
resolution [sự giải quyết vấn đề] of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organisations. These resolutions seek
to provide a legal remedy [bồi thường pháp lý] (often monetary damages) to the winning litigant ['lɪtɪgənt, người
kiện].
+ Civil law [Luật dân sự], the following specialties, among others, exist:
Contract law [Luật hợp đồng] regulates everything from buying a bus ticket to trading on markets.
Property law [Luật tài sản] regulates the transfer and title of personal property and real property.
Trust lawapplies to assets held for investment and financial security.
Tort law allows claims for compensation if a person's property isharmed.
Constitutional law [hiến pháp] provides a framework for the creation of law, the protection of human rights and the
election of political representatives.
Administrative law [luật hành chính] is used to review the decisions of government agencies.
International law [luật ngoại giao] governs affairs between sovereign states in activities ranging from trade to
military action.
+ Criminal law[Luật hình sự], also known as penal law [/'pi:nl/ luật hình sự], pertains to [/pə:'tein/, liên quan đến]
crimes and punishment. It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently
deleterioussocial impact [delɪ'tɪərɪəs; tác động xấu tới xã hội] but, in itself, makes no moral judgment [phán xét đạo
đức] on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically prevent people from committing a crime in
the first place
To implement and enforce the law and provide services to the public by public servants [quan chức; bầy tôi của
nhân dân], a government's bureaucracy [bjʊə'rɒkrəsɪ, cơ quan nhà nước], military, and police are vital.
 Judicial system in Vietnam: [/dʤu:'diʃəl/ hệ thống cơ quan pháp luật VN]
The Vietnamese judicial system is based upon Socialist legality [hệ thống pháp luật XHCN]. The country's highest
judicial organ is the Supreme People's Court (SPC – Tòa án Nhân dân tối cao). The composition [sự cấu thành] of
the SCP includes the Chief Justice [chánh án], Deputy Chief Judge [phó chánh án], jurors ['dʒʊərə - bồi thẩm đoàn]
and court secretaries [thư kí tòa].
Below the SPC are district and provincial people’s courts [tòa án nhân dân tỉnh, huyện], military tribunals [tòa án
quân sự], and administrative, economic, and labor courts.
 Constitution [hiến pháp]: a set of fundamental principles and it establishs the structure, procedure, power and
responsibility of a government.