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COUN midterms

Introduction to Counseling (Our Lady of Fatima University)

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Introduction to Counseling
Ms. Belmes | Midterms

• UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

Topic Outline: - an expression of caring and nurturance as well as
I. Basic Counseling Skills acceptance
II. Stages of Counseling - Includes conveying warmth and acceptance by
III. Steps in Counseling responding to the counselee’s messages with/
• Emotional First Aid Kit nonjudgemental verbal & nonverbal reaction
IV. Alfred Adler - Respect – the ability to communicate to the
• Style of Life counselee the counselor’s sincere belief
• Safeguarding Techniques of Adler
V. Client Center Therapy
• Carl Roger • CONCRETENESS
VI. Existential Therapy - keeping communications specific – focused on facts
• Rolly May and feelings of relevant concerns
• Irvin Yalom - mostly used in counselor’s notes
• Viktor Frankl
• Basic Dimension of the human condition • ACTIVE QUESTIONING
VII. Gestalt Therapy
- ex. “Can you give me an idea of what happened on
that day?”
I. BASIC COUNSELING SKILLS
• INTROSPECTION • SELF-DISCLOSURE
- it is very important to self-reflect for us to help - the counselor shares personal feelings, experiences,
someone who is distressed in the best way. or reactions with the client
- Types of Self-Disclosure:
• ACTIVE LISTENING 1. counselor’s own issues
- listening using our heart 2. facts about counselor roles
- 7 key Active Listening Skills 3. counselor reaction to client (feedback)
1. Be attentive 4. counselors’s reaction to their relationship
2. Ask open-ended questions
3. Ask probing questions • INTERPRETATION
4. Request clarification - counselors’ interpretation is always SUBJECTIVE
5. Paraphase - usually help clients see new things in a new way or
6. Be attuned to and reflect feelings form a new framework
7. Summarize - usually presents new meaning or insights for
behaviors or feelings
• EMPATHY
- ability to perceive and convey another's experience to • CONFRONTATION
enhance their understanding and meaning. - Challenging Skills
- Primary skills associated with the communication of - Points out discrepancy or contradiction
empathy:
- nonverbal and Verbal Attending II. STAGES OF COUNSELING
- Paraphrasing the content of the client - According to G. Egan, G. (1986) successful
communications counseling
• selective focusing - Can be seen as a 3-stage process
• 4 steps in effective paraphrasing: 1. Exploration
1. Listen and Recall 2. Planning
2. Identify the content 3. Action
3. Rephrase
4. Perception Check
- Reflecting patient feelings and implicit
messages

• GENUINENESS/ AUTHENTICITY
- ability of the counselor to be freely themselves

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Introduction to Counseling
Ms. Belmes | Midterms

III. STEPS IN COUNSELING IV. ALFRED ADLER (1870 – 1937)

EMOTIONAL FIRST AID KIT - Sickly child, led to his ambition to be a doctor
- considered childhood as an unhappy experience
“IF ATE BB CLAPS Teach God’s Closure” - 1902 – First Association with Freud
• INTRODUCTION - proposed the concept of Inferiority & Superiority
o when the counselors introduce themselves to the - 1911 – Break from Freud, established SOCIETY FRO
clients, establish rapport, and clarify expectations FREE PSYCHOANALYTIC RESEARCH
o S – Sit squarely - eventually led to INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
o O – Open
o L – Listen ADLER’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
o E – Eye Contact - we lived to strive for superiority
o R – Relax - present behavior is shaped by the future
• FACTS - People are usually aware of what they are doing and
o narration of events; getting all the details why.
chronologically • ADLER COINED INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY AS…
• ACTIONS - it is a Latin term individuum, meaning indivisible.
o asking clients what they did when faced with such - Adler's approach is to identify the shortcomings or
difficulty deficiencies of individuals.
• THOUGHTS - Individual Psychology means:
1. Striving for success or superiority
o asking clients what are their thoughts about the
problem - psychologically unhealthy individuals strive
for personal superiority. (Superiority)
• EMOTIONS
- psychologically healthy individuals seek
o asking clients what their feelings about the problem
success for all humanity. (Success)
• BEHAVIOR
- guided by a Final Goal
o asking clients what are their attitudes after the
- Act of Compensation
incident
2. Subjective Perceptions – deficiencies serve as an
• BODILY BEHAVIOR
impetus toward perfection or completion
o asking clients what were their body reactions… what
3. Unified and Self- Consistent
part of the body reacted
4. Viewpoint of social interest
• COPING SKILLS
5. Style of Life
o asking clients how did they cope to survive 6. Creative Power
• LESSON LEARNED - Difference between Final Goal and Fictional
o asking clients what they learned from the experience Finalism
• AFFIRMATION Final Goal Fictional Finalism
o gestures that would somehow your clients feel - idea of what you really - self-idea towards your
satisfaction. wanted goals
• PLANS - “goal of perfection”
o asking clients after what happened, what are now
their doable plans STYLE OF LIFE
• SELF- REALIZATION - flavors of a person’s life
o when the counselor allows the clients to examine their - fairly established by age 4 or 5
own qualities that made them survive. - Unhealthy individuals = rigid Style of Life
• TEACHINGS - Healthy individuals = flexible Style of Life
o giving the clients a mini-lecture by quoting some of - Life Tasks
the clients’ own insights; quite directive • We must master 3 universal life tasks:
• GOD’S MESSAGE 1. building friendships (social task)
2. establishing intimacy (love-marriage task)
o asking clients what they think God is telling them with
3. contributing to society (occupational task)
their experiences
- External Factors
• CLOSURE
• Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
o when the counselor allows silence to dwell and says a
o results in narcissism and lack of
little prayer for the client
consideration for others.

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Introduction to Counseling
Ms. Belmes | Midterms

- Types of Style of Life o Encouragement – supporting clients in changing

1. Neglected Style of Life beliefs and behaviors is a part of encouragement
o Low self-confidence o Acting as if – clients are asked to “act as if, clients
o Overestimating difficulties are encouraged to try a new role, the way might try on
o Distrust – Refusal to cooperate new clothing.
o Strong sense of envy and hostility
2. Pampered Style of Life • THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
o Weak social interest o Phase 1: Establishing the Relationship
o maintains parasitic relationships w/ other - making person-to-person contact rather than
people starting with “the problem”.
o feelings of being unloved because their o Phase 2: Exploring the Individual’s Dynamics
parents have done everything for them. - Two Interview Forms:
1. Subjective Interview – active listening to
SAFEGUARDING TECHNIQUES OF ADLER help the clients tell their story as
1. Excuses completely as possible
2. Aggression 2. Objective Interview – gathering info as to
3. Withdrawal how the clients’ problem began
*compared to Freud’s Defense Mechanism o Phase 3: Encouraging Self-Understanding and
Insight
• THERAPEUTIC GOALS - to help the clients understand the motivations in
1. Develop the client’s sense of belonging their lives and make adjustments to correct the
2. To help clients identify and change their mistaken situation
beliefs about self, others, and life o Phase 4: Helping with Reorientation
3. Client and therapist work collaboratively - putting insights into practice Encouragement
Process
TECHNIQUES AND METHODS - Change and the search for new possibilities
o Catching oneself – helping clients identify the - Making a difference! Promoting
signals or triggers their emotions
o Aha response – developing sudden insights into a • ADVANTAGES OF ADLERIAN THERAPY
solution to a problem - Adlerian therapists are mainly concerned with doing
o The question – asking “What would be different if what’s best for the client rather than squeezing them
you were well?” into a theoretical framework.
o Avoiding the tar baby – by not falling into a trap that - Adler influenced many other therapy systems. They
the clients set by using faulty assumptions are all based on the concept of the person as
o Paradoxical intention – clients are instructed to purposive, self-determining, and striving for growth.
engage in and exaggerate behaviors that they seek to
change. • LIMITATIONS OF ADLERIAN THERAPY
o Spitting in the client’s soup – making comments to - the amount of family and lifestyle information that is
the clients to make behaviors less attractive and collected.
desirable. - sometimes difficult to do the interpretations, especially
o Push-Button technique – designed to show patients the dreams
how they can create whatever feelings they want by - Adlerian therapy works best with highly verbal and
thinking about them. intelligent clients.
o Life Task – there are 5 obligations and opportunities: - Might be too lengthy for managed care
1. Occupation - Adlerians do not like to make diagnoses as it labels
2. Society people
3. Love
4. Self Development V. CLIENT CENTER THERAPY
5. Spiritual Development CARL ROGER
o Interpretation – Adlerians express insights to their - known for a non-directive approach
clients that relate to clients’ goals - this approach, which involves the therapist acting as a
o Immediacy – communicating the experience of the facilitator
therapist to the client about what is happening in the
moment.

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Introduction to Counseling
Ms. Belmes | Midterms

ROGER’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE ROLLY MAY (1909-1994)

- For Roger, maximize our own realization - struggled with his own existential concerns and failure
- Humans have the ability to move forward in a of two marriages.
constructive manner if conditions fostering growth are - Believed in psychotherapy = aimed helping people
present discover the meaning of life
- If we undergo Roger's approach, people who are
seeking help, have a natural tendency toward growth, IRVIN YALOM (b. 1931)
healing, and self-actualization - develop an existential approach

• CONCEPT OF SELF VIKTOR FRANKL (1905-1997)

- Acc. to Roger “self is an outgrowth of what a person - known for his “logotherapy”
experiences and awareness of self helps a person - survived the Holocaust
differentiate him/her from others.” - developed the most compelling book “Man’s Search
- The more the gap between the real self and the ideal for Meaning” in 1963
self, the more will be the maladjustment. - From 1942-1945 Frankl was a prisoner in the Nazi
- For a healthy self to emerge, a person needs positive Concentration Camps at Auschwitz
regard = accepting their flaws
EXISTENTIAL APPROACH VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
• THERAPEUTIC GOALS - the current focus of the existential approach is the
- to assist clients in achieving a great degree of individual’s experience of being in the world alone and
independence facing the anxiety of this isolation.
- we are constant state of transition or evolving
• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THERAPIST & CLIENTS - Being a person implies that we are discovering and
making sense of our existence.
- Genuineness
- Emphatic Understanding/ Active Listening
BASIC DIMENSION OF THE HUMAN CONDITION
- Unconditional Acceptance/ Positive Regards
o Proposition 1: The Capacity for Self-Awareness
- we are finite and do not have unlimited time to
• THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
do what we want in life.
1. Listen carefully to the client.
o Proposition 2: Freedom and Responsibility
2. Respond to the client using the skills of reflection of
- people are free to choose among alternatives
feeling, paraphrasing, and summarization
and therefore play a large role in shaping their
3. Encourage the client to vent their feeling freely
own destiny.
4. Attend to the clients' non-verbal as well as verbal
- consider the Authenticity of Life
behavior, being as genuine, real, and caring as
➢ Freedom
possible in the relationship.
➢ Existential Guilt
5. Summarize everything that your clients told you
➢ Authenticity
including a check-out
o Proposition 3: Striving for Identity and
Relationship to others
• LIMITATIONS & CRITICISM OF THE APPROACH
- people are concerned about preserving
- Rogerians should be well-trained - The Courage to be – awareness of our finite
nature
VI. EXISTENTIAL THERAPY - The Experience of Aloneness – sense of
• is a way of thinking, or an attitude about psychotherapy, isolation
then a particular style of practicing psychotherapy. - The Experience of Relatedness – humans
• It is more of a philosophical approach that influences a depend
counselor’s therapeutic practice o Proposition 4: The search for meaning
• Existential Psychotherapy is an attitude toward human - “What gives my life purpose?”
suffering and has no manual. It asks deep questions about - “Why am I here?”
the nature of human beings and the nature of anxiety, - The Problem of Discarding Old Values
despair, grief, loneliness, isolation, and anomie. It also ➢ Existential Neurocist – experience of
deals centrally with the questions of meaning, creativity, meaningless
and love. ➢ Existential Vaccum – meaningless can
(Yalom & Josselson, 2014, p.265) lead emptiness

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Introduction to Counseling
Ms. Belmes | Midterms

o Proposition 5: Type of Anxiety

- Existential Anxiety
➢ inappropriate response of event
- Normal Anxiety
➢ appropriate response of event
- Neurotic Anxiety
➢ concrete things that are out of proportion
to the situation
o Proposition 6: Awareness of Death and Nonbeing

• THERAPEUTIC PROCESS
- try to understand whats lacking to your client
- Asking Wh questions

• THERAPEUTIC GOALS
- assess clients autheticity

• THERAPIST’S FUCTION & ROLE

- to be the most subjective person for our clients

VII. GESTALT THERAPY

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