ME 146 REFRIGERATION

References:
Books
1. A textbook of refrigeration and air conditioning 2nd ed. By Rajput, E. R.
K., 2015
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by C. P. Arora 3rd edition, McGraw-
Hil International edition, 2009
2. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by R. K. Rajput 2nd edition, S.K.
Kataria & Sons, 2012
3. Electricity for Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning By Smith,
Russel E., 2011
4. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Stoecker, Prentice Hall, Inc., 1948
5. Steam Tables by Keenan,
6. MRII Tables and Charts, etc.
eBooks
7. Handbook of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd edition, by Shan
K. Wang, McGraw-Hil, 2001
8. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by Rex Miller, McGraw-Hil
Companies, 2006
9. Finetuning Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems by Billy C.
Langley, The Fairmount Press, 2002

Course Contents
I. Basic concepts, terms and definitions
II. Ideal simple vapor compression refrigeration system
 Components of the cycle
 Graphical analysis and analytical evaluation of the cycle
 Sub cooling and superheating
 Liquid to Suction Heat Exchangers
III. Compound Vapor Compression System
IV. Cascade Refrigeration System
V. Ice Making
VI. Multiple Evaporator system
VII. Air Cycle Refrigeration system
VIII. Steam-Jet Refrigeration System

Grading System

➢ Midterm Grade = 60% Class Standing + 40% Midterm Examination

Class Standing = 80% Quizzes, 20% Exercises
➢ Final Grade = 60% Final Term Grade + 40% Midterm Grade
Final Term Grade = 40% Class Standing + 60% Final Examination
• Conversion:
Equivalent Grade = {(Raw Score +18)2 x 0.002} + 68.272

Note: Passing score = 40 pts of 100 pts

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 I. Basic Concepts and Definitions

LEARNING OUTCOME
1. Define refrigeration and discuss refrigeration system, methods and
applications of refrigeration, and COP.
2. Identify the different Refrigerants and discuss their properties.

Refrigeration – It is the process of reducing and maintaining the

temperature of a material or space below that of the surroundings by
extracting the desired amount of heat to a low-temperature cooling
medium or substance, through a heat source, and transferring the
extracted heat, and any required energy input, to the atmospheric air, or
surface water through the heat sink.

METHODS OF REFRIGERATION

1. Ice Refrigeration
2. Mechanical Refrigeration
a. Absorption Refrigeration - uses a heat source (e.g., solar, kerosene-
fueled flame, waste heat from factories or district heating systems)
to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system.
b. Vapor Compression Refrigeration
c. Steam Jet Refrigeration
d. Air Cycle Refrigeration

APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION

1. Food Production and Handling - Processing, Preservation and

Transportation/Distribution:
Ex: Dairy products, meat, poultry, fish, beverages, ice making,
etc.
2. Chemical and Industrial Processes:
Ex. Gas separation, condensation process, fermentation
3. Air- conditioning:
Residential, commercial and industrial spaces.
Ex: Laboratories, printing, textiles, shopping malls, offices, etc.
4. Special Applications:
Ex. Cold treatment of metals, medical/pharmaceutical, ice-
skating rinks, desalting of seawater.

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 UNIT OF REFRIGERATION

(By international agreement) The standard unit used in the rating of

refrigerating machines in a refrigerating system is called the TONS OF
REFRIGERATION or TOR.

TONS OF REFRIGERATION is the rate of cooling required to freeze one ton

weight of water at 0OC (32OF) into ice at 0OC (32OF) in one day.

1 ton x 2000 lb x 144 BTU/lb

ton
1 TOR =
24 hr

= 12,000 BTU/hr

= 200 BTU/min = 211 Kj/min = 3.52 Kw

where: 144 BTU/lb is the latent heat of ice.

Exercises:

1. Using refrigerant tables, determine the properties of ammonia

refrigerant at -10OC when it is:
a) Saturated vapor and
b) Saturated liquid.
2. The same as number 1 except that the refrigerant is R-12.
3. The same as number 1 except that the refrigerant is R-22.
4. Using refrigerant charts, determine the enthalpy, entropy and
specific volume of R-12 if its temperature is 20OC and its pressure is
500 kPa.

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved:

ABRAHAM P. APILADO MELCHOR A. MEANA HARRISON R. FLORES

Instructor/Professor Program Chair Dean/Director
August 3, 2020 August 10, 2020 August 10, 2020

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