Matrices Full Chapter 1

Nature of Chapter:
1) It is an Easy and Scoring Chapter.
2) It has a lot of Definitions.
3) Major questions, you will find easy to average if you

study topic carefully.
4) Rarely you will find above average questions, either it

will be upto average level or very tough level.
5) If you want to do good in this chapter, then practice

the Properties of all topics a lot.
Weightage of Determinants (Last 5 years)
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average
JEE Main 2.2 % 2.3 % 3.6 % 5% 5% 3.62 %
Jee Advanced 3% 3% 3% 0% 3% 2.4 %
Weightage of Matrices (Last 5 years)

2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average
JEE Main 4.2 % 4.7 % 4.1 % 2.8 % 1.9 % 3.54 %
Jee Advanced 6% 5% 7% 5% 9% 6.4 %

MATRICES
● Describing Matrices
● Types of Matrices
● Algebra of Matrices
● Relation between Matrices and Determinants
● Transpose and its properties
● Some special types of Matrices
● Adjoint & Inverse of Matrices
● Elementary Operations
● Solving system of linear equations
MATRICES
Critical Topics in the Chapter
● Algebra of Matrices
● Transpose and its properties
● Adjoint & Inverse of Matrices
Describing Matrices
Describing Matrices
Matrix
It is an arrangement of m × n elements in ‘m’ rows & ‘n’ columns.
a11 a12 a1n

a21 a22 a2n
am1 am2 amn

m×n
Types of Matrices
Types of Matrices
(a) Row matrix: (b) Column matrix:
(c) zero or Null matrix: (d) Horizontal matrix:
(e) Vertical matrix: (f) Square matrix:

Types of Matrices
In square matrix:
(i) aii are called diagonal elements. 1 2 1

1 5 4 
(ii) aij & aji are called conjugate elements. 
3 3 2 
(iii) is called trace of square matrix.
Types of Matrices
In particular scalar matrix having 1 at diagonal is called identity or unit matrix.
(Denoted by In×n ).
Algebra of Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Equality of matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal if
1. They have same order
2. Corresponding terms are equal.

Q For what values of x and y are the following matrices equal ?
Solution:
Q Solve for real x:
Q Solve for real x:
Solution:
On comparing both sides of given equation, we get
Q Solve for real x:
Solution:
No value of x
Find the relation between p, q and r for which the following
Q
matrices are equal:
Find the relation between p, q and r for which the following
Q
matrices are equal:
Solution:
Since both matrices are equal, on equating we get

Algebra of Matrices
Two matrices of same order are added term by term

Algebra of Matrices
Q If , find the matrix X
such that 3A - 2B + 3X = 0
Q If , find the matrix X
such that 3A - 2B + 3X = 0
Solution:
We have, 3A - 2B + 3X = 0 ⇒ 3X = 2B - 3A
Algebra of Matrices
Multiplication of two Matrices

Algebra of Matrices

Algebra of Matrices
NOTE
● Two matrices can be multiplied only if number of columns of

pre-multiplier is equal to number of rows of post multiplier.
● Matrices are multiplied in row by column way of determinant
multiplications.
Q Evaluate the following:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
If A & B are two matrices of order 2 such that
Q
, then find A3.
Q
, then find A3.
Solution:
Q
, then find A3.
Solution:
Algebra of Matrices
Properties of Multiplication
1. It’s not commutative.
i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general)
Q If AB = A and BA = B then B2 =
A A2
B B
C A
D -B
Q If AB = A and BA = B then B2 =
A A2
B B
C A
D -B
Q If A2 = A then show that: (I + A)3 = I + 7A
I and A commute with each other: I × A = A × I = A

Q If A2 = A then show that: (I + A)3 = I + 7A
Solution:
Given, A2 = A
Then
(I + A)3 = I3 + A3 + 3I2A + 3IA2
= I + A + 3A + 3A
= I + 7A
Single correct question JEE Advanced 2022, P2
Q
If then which of the following
matrices is equal to M2022 ?
D
Q
D
Q
Solution:
Q Let and I be the identity matrix of order 3.
If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 - Q = I, then =
A 52
B 103
C 201
D 205
A 52
B 103
C 201
D 205
Solution:
Solution:
Algebra of Matrices
2. Its Associative
i.e. (A × B) × C = A × (B × C)
Algebra of Matrices
3. It distributes over addition.
i.e. A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
or (B + C) × A = B × A + C × A
Algebra of Matrices
4. Multiplicative identity exists.
Im × m × Am × n = Am × n = Am × n × In × n
Algebra of Matrices
5. Any matrix multiplied with null matrix gives a null matrix.
Remark
If A × B is null matrix then it is not necessary that either

A or B will be null matrix.
Relation between Matrices
& Determinants
& Determinants
(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.

& Determinants
(b) If A & B are two square matrices of same order then |A × B| = |A| × |B|
Remark
Clearly, |An| = |A|n

& Determinants
(b) If A & B are two square matrices of same order then |A × B| = |A| × |B|
(c) If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a constant then:
|K × An| = Kn |An|
Remark
Clearly, |An| = |A|n

& Determinants

|K × An| = Kn |An|
& Determinants

|K × An| = Kn |An|
Transpose and its properties
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called transpose of matrix,

denoted by AT or A .
Properties of transpose
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called transpose of matrix,

denoted by AT or A .
Properties of transpose
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT
Remark
1. (ABC)T = CT BT AT 2. (An)T = (AT)n

Q A square matrix P satisfies P2 = I - P, where I is an
identity matrix . If Pn = 5I - 8P, then n =
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7
A 4
B 5
C 6
D 7
Solution:
Some special types of Matrices
Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrix

Symmetric matrix
If AnT = An then square matrix An is called symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j


Symmetric matrix Skew Symmetric matrix
If AnT = An then square matrix An is called If AnT = -An then square matrix An is called skew
symmetric matrix. symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i & j

Clearly, aii = 0 ∀ i
If A is a square matrix then prove that:
Q
(a)
(b)
Q
(a)
Solution:
Q
(b)
Solution:
Remark
Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum of

symmetric & skew symmetric matrix.
Q If A and B are symmetric matrices of same
order then prove that AB – BA is skew
symmetric matrix.
Q If A and B are symmetric matrices of same
order then prove that AB – BA is skew
symmetric matrix.
Solution:
It is given that A and B are symmetric matrices.
Therefore, we have:
A’ = A and B′ = B .......... (1)
Now,
(AB − BA)′ = (AB)′ − (BA)′ [∵ (A − B)′ = A′ − B′]
= B′A′ − A′B′ [∵ (AB)′ = B′A′]
= BA − AB ......... [using (1) ]

= −(AB − BA)
Thus, (AB − BA) is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Multiple correct question JEE Advanced 2015
Let X3×3 & Y3×3 are non zero skew symmetric

Q
matrices & Z 3×3 is a non-zero symmetric matrix then
which of the following are skew symmetric.
A Y3Z4 - Z4Y3
B X44 + Y44
C X4Z3 - Z3X4
D X23 + Y23

Q
A Y3Z4 - Z4Y3
B X44 + Y44
C X4Z3 - Z3X4
D X23 + Y23

Q
Solution:
Given X and Y are skew symmetric
Then, XT = −X and YT = −Y
Also, ZT = Z
Now, in (c) option,

Q
Solution:
Thus both are skew symmetric.

JEE Main 13th April, 2023
The number of symmetric matrices of order 3, with

Q
all the entries from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} is:
A 109
B 910
C 106
D 610

Q
A 109
B 910
C 106
D 610

Q
Solution:
A 3 x 3 symmetric matrix looks like this :
Notice that there are only 6 unique elements, we need

to fill because of the symmetry.
Each of these unique elements can take a value from
the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, which has 10 elements.
So, the total number of symmetric matrices can be

calculated as 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 106
NOTE
Determinant of skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.

Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrix


Transposed Conjugate: Transpose of conjugate of a matrix is called its
transposed conjugate. Denoted by

Hermitian Matrix: A square matrix is called Hermitian matrix if
i.e.,
Clearly, and hence diagonal elements will be purely real.


Skew Hermitian Matrix: A square matrix is called Skew Hermitian matrix
if
i.e.,
Clearly, and hence diagonal elements will be purely imaginary.

Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I
Remark
If A is an orthogonal matrix then its determinant must be ±1

Try to observe directly that following are orthogonal matrices.

JEE Main 11th Jan, 2019
Q
Let . If AAT = I3 , then | p | is
D
Q
D
Q
Solution:
Q
A 0
B 1
C -1
D ±1
Q
A 0
B 1
C -1
D ±1
Solution:
JEE Main 8th Apr, 2023
A 2004
B 2006
C 2007
D 2005
A 2004
B 2006
C 2007
D 2005
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Unitary Matrix
A square matrix is called Unitary matrix if
Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix is called Idempotent matrix if A2 = A
Clearly, An will also be equal to A ∀ n ≥ 2

Q If AB = A and BA = B then show that B will be idempotent.
Q If AB = A and BA = B then show that B will be idempotent.
Solution:
Given, AB = A
B(AB) = BA
B.B = B
B2 = B
So B is idempotent
Involutory Matrix
A square matrix is called involutory if A2 = I.
Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of order m if:
NOTE
There is no way to check whether matrix is nilpotent or not,

other than checking the powers manually.
Singular and Non-singular Matrix

A matrix is called singular if its determinant is zero, otherwise it is
called non-singular.
Adjoint of Matrix
Adjoint of Matrix
For any square matrix, its adjoint is defined as transpose of its cofactor matrix.
Find the adjoint of :
Q
Q
Q
Solution:
Q
Q
Solution:
Its cofactor matrix is given by

Adjoint of Matrix
Result
For any square matrix An × n :

A × (adj A) = |A| In = (adj A) × A
Adjoint of Matrix
Properties of Adjoint
Adjoint of Matrix
For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:
1. |adj A| = |A|n-1
2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A
3.
Adjoint of Matrix
4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T
5. adj(KA) = Kn - 1 adj A; K is constant
6. adj(Am) = (adj A)m ; m ∈ n
7. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
i.e. reversal law holds

If |A| = 2 where A is a square matrix of order 3
Q then find:
(a) |adj A| (b) |adj (adj A)|
(c) |adj (AT)| (d) |adj (5A)|
Q then find:
(c) |adj (AT)| (d) |adj (5A)|
Solution:
Q then find:
(c) |adj (AT)| (d) |adj (5A)|
Solution:
A 312.610
B 311.610
C 312.611
D 310.611
A 312.610
B 311.610
C 312.611
D 310.611
Solution:
A 11
B 9
C 12
D 10
A 11
B 9
C 12
D 10
Solution:
JEE Main 25th June, 2022
Q Let
If B = I - 5C1 (adj A) + 5C2 (adj A)2 - . . . - 5C5 (adj A)5,

then the sum of all elements of the matrix B is:
A -5
B -6
C -7
D -8
Q Let

A -5
B -6
C -7
D -8
Q Let

Solution:
If A is n × n matrix & B is its adjoint then prove that:
Q
|AB + KIn| = (|A| + K)n ; K : constant
Recall
For any square matrix An × n :
A × (adj A) = |A| In = (adj A) × A
If A is n × n matrix & B is its adjoint then prove that:
Q
|AB + KIn| = (|A| + K)n ; K : constant
Solution:
So, AB = |A| ⋅ In
|AB + KIn| = ||A|In + KIn|
= |(|A| + k)In|
= (|A| + K)n |In|
= (|A| + K)n
Adjoint of Matrix
Let’s prove few results, for better understanding :
1. |adj A| = |A|n-1
Adjoint of Matrix
Let’s prove few results, for better understanding :
2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A

Inverse of Matrix
Inverse of Matrix
Square matrix Bn is called inverse matrix of An if:
AB = BA = I
Clearly, if B is inverse of A then A is also inverse of B.
Formula for A−1
Clearly, A−1 exists (i.e. matrix A is invertible iff A is non-singular)

Find the inverse of :
Q
Q
Q
Solution:
Q
Q
Solution:
Q
is invertible for
A K=1
B K=0
C K = -1
D K∈R
Q
is invertible for
A K=1
B K=0
C K = -1
D K∈R
Q
is invertible for
Solution:
A is invertible, if
|A| ≠ 0
1(1 - 0) - 0(2 - 3K) - K(0 - K) ≠ 0
1 + K2 ≠ 0
K∈R
Thus, it is non-zero for all values
Multiple correct question JEE Advanced 2014, P1
Let M be a 2 x 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.

Q
Then, M is invertible, if
The first column of M is the transpose of

A
the second row of M
The second row of M is the transpose of

B
the first column of M
M is the diagonal matrix with non-zero

C entries in the main diagonal
The product of entries in the main diagonal

D
of M is not the square of an integer

Q
The first column of M is the transpose of

A
the second row of M
The second row of M is the transpose of

B
the first column of M
M is the diagonal matrix with non-zero

C entries in the main diagonal
The product of entries in the main diagonal

D
of M is not the square of an integer

Q
Solution:
Solution:
Q If A & B are non-zero matrices, such that AB = O, then
A A or B is singular
B A and B are singular
C Only A is singular
D Only B is singular
Q If A & B are non-zero matrices, such that AB = O, then
A A or B is singular
B A and B are singular
C Only A is singular
D Only B is singular
Inverse of Matrix
Properties of Inverse
i.e. reversal law holds.

JEE Main 2014
Q If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that

AAT = ATA and B = A-1AT then BBT =
A I+B
B I
C B-1
D (B-1)T
JEE Main 2014

A I+B
B I
C B-1
D (B-1)T
JEE Main 2014

Solution:
Taking transpose on both sides

BT = (A-1 AT)T
BT = (AT)T (A-1)T = A(A-1)T
Now, B BT = (A-1 AT) (A (A-1)T)
= A-1(ATA) (A-1)T
= A-1(AAT)(A-1)T
= (A-1A)(AT(A-1)T)
=I I =I
Elementary Transformations
Following three transformations are called elementary row (column)

transformations.
1. Ri ↔ Rj , (Ci ↔ Cj)
2. Ri ➝ KRj , (Ci → KCj) ; K: Non zero constant
3. Ri ➝ Ri + KRj , (Ci → Ci + KCj) ; K: Non zero constant
Two matrices are said to be equivalent if one is obtained from other
using elementary transformation.
Theorem: Let C = A × B be a product of two matrices. Any elementary

row (column) transformation of C can be obtained by applying same
elementary row (column) transformation on pre-factor (post factor).
Theorem: Let C = A × B be a product of two matrices. Any elementary

row (column) transformation of C can be obtained by applying same
elementary row (column) transformation on pre-factor (post factor).
Elementary Matrix: The matrix obtained by applying a single elementary

transformation on identity matrix is called elementary matrix.
Finding Inverse using Elementary transformations
Let A be the matrix whose inverse is to be formed.

Finding Inverse using Elementary transformations
Let A be the matrix whose inverse is to be formed.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Write A = IA
Step 2: Perform elementary row transformations successively on A in
LHS & same transformation on prefactor I on RHS till we obtain I = BA.
Step 3: B is the required A−1
For finding A−1 using elementary column transformations, write A = AI.
Q
Q
Solution:
Q
Solution:
Solution:
Find A-1 using column transformation:
Q
Solution:
System of linear Equations
using Matrices
Q Solve the following system of linear equations:
2x + 5y = 1 ; 3x + 2y = 7.
Q Solve the following system of linear equations:
2x + 5y = 1 ; 3x + 2y = 7.
Solution:
using Matrices
Consider,
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Clearly, we can represent it as: AX = B
Where,
So, X = A−1B
Q Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method:
x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x - 3y = 1.
Q Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method:
x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x - 3y = 1.
Solution:
Solution:
using Matrices
Number of solutions
using Matrices
Number of solutions
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Characteristic Equations
If A is any square matrix, then :
| A - xI | = 0
is called its characteristic equation.
Eg. characteristic equation of is:

Characteristic Equations
If A is any square matrix, then :
| A - xI | = 0
is called its characteristic equation.
Eg. characteristic equation of is:

Cayley Hamilton Theorem:
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
Cayley Hamilton Theorem:
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
Characteristic equation of is:
Using Cayley Hamilton then, we have

A2 - 2A - 3I = 0.
Q
If , then find c and d.
Q
If , then find c and d.
Solution:
Solution:
NOTE
● For a 2 x 2 matrix A2 x 2 , characteristic equation is given by

𝞴2 - [Tr(A)]𝞴 + |A| = 0
● For a 3 x 3 matrix A3 x 3 , characteristic equation is given by

JEE Main 27th July, 2022
A -10
B -6
C 6
D 10
A -10
B -6
C 6
D 10
Solution:
JEE Advanced 2019, P1
Q Let where ⍺ = ⍺(θ) & β = β(θ)
are real numbers, and I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. If ⍺* is the

minimum of the set {⍺(θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2𝜋)} and β* is the minimum of the
set {β(θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2)}, then the value of ⍺* + β* is
D

D

Solution:
M = 𝜶I + 𝝱M-1
Multiplying both sides by M
M2 = 𝜶M + 𝝱I
⇒ M2 - 𝜶M - 𝝱I = 0 → characteristic equation . . . (i)
[ For a 2 x 2 matrix A2 x 2 , characteristic equation is given by

𝞴2 - [Tr(A)]𝞴 + |A| = 0
Solution:
Using (i), we have
𝜶 = Tr(M) = sin4 𝜽 + cos4 𝜽
, since θ ∈ [0, 2𝜋)
and -𝝱 = | M | = sin4𝜽.cos4𝜽 + 2 + sin2𝜽. cos2𝜽
Now, 𝝱 = -(t2 + t + 2) ; t = sin2 𝜽.cos2𝜽
𝝱 (0) = - 2
Describing Matrices
Matrix (Expectation)

Matrices Full Chapter 1

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Matrices Full Chapter 1

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Nature of Chapter:

1) It is an Easy and Scoring Chapter.

2) It has a lot of Definitions.

3) Major questions, you will find easy to average if you

4) Rarely you will find above average questions, either it

5) If you want to do good in this chapter, then practice

JEE Main 2.2 % 2.3 % 3.6 % 5% 5% 3.62 %

Jee Advanced 3% 3% 3% 0% 3% 2.4 %

Weightage of Matrices (Last 5 years)

JEE Main 4.2 % 4.7 % 4.1 % 2.8 % 1.9 % 3.54 %

Jee Advanced 6% 5% 7% 5% 9% 6.4 %

a11 a12 a1n

am1 am2 amn

(a) Row matrix: (b) Column matrix:

(c) zero or Null matrix: (d) Horizontal matrix:

(e) Vertical matrix: (f) Square matrix:

(i) aii are called diagonal elements. 1 2 1

Two matrices are said to be equal if

1. They have same order

2. Corresponding terms are equal.

Since both matrices are equal, on equating we get

Two matrices of same order are added term by term

Multiplication of two Matrices

Multiplication of two Matrices

Multiplication of two Matrices

● Two matrices can be multiplied only if number of columns of

I and A commute with each other: I × A = A × I = A

matrices is equal to M2022 ?

matrices is equal to M2022 ?

matrices is equal to M2022 ?

Q Let and I be the identity matrix of order 3.

If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 - Q = I, then =

Q Let and I be the identity matrix of order 3.

If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 - Q = I, then =

Q Let and I be the identity matrix of order 3.

If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 - Q = I, then =

Q Let and I be the identity matrix of order 3.

If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P50 - Q = I, then =

If A × B is null matrix then it is not necessary that either

(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.

(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.

Clearly, |An| = |A|n

(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.

Clearly, |An| = |A|n

(c) If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a constant then:

(c) If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a constant then:

Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called transpose of matrix,

Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called transpose of matrix,

1. (ABC)T = CT BT AT 2. (An)T = (AT)n

Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrix

i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j

Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrix

i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i & j

Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrix

Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum of

= BA − AB ......... [using (1) ]

Let X3×3 & Y3×3 are non zero skew symmetric

Let X3×3 & Y3×3 are non zero skew symmetric

Let X3×3 & Y3×3 are non zero skew symmetric

Let X3×3 & Y3×3 are non zero skew symmetric

Thus both are skew symmetric.

The number of symmetric matrices of order 3, with

The number of symmetric matrices of order 3, with