Table of Contents

❖ Matrices & Determinants

❖ Relations & Functions
❖ ITF
❖ Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
❖ AOD
❖ Indefinite Integration & Definite Integration
❖ Area under curves
❖ Differential Equations
❖ Vectors
❖ 3D-Geometry
❖ Probability
Square Matrix
 Square Matrix

In Square Matrix

(i) aii are called diagonal elements.

(ii) aij & aji are called conjugate elements.

(iii) is called trace of square matrix.

Square Matrix
Algebra of Matrices
 Algebra of Matrices

Multiplication of Matrix by a scalar:

 Algebra of Matrices

Properties of Multiplication of Matrices

1. It’s not commutative.

i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general)

2. Its Associative
i.e. (A × B) × C = A × (B × C)

3. It distributes over addition.

i.e. A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
or (B + C) × A = B × A + C × A
If A2 = A then (I + A)3 - 7A is equal to _____.
If M = then which of the following

matrices is equal to M2022 ?

D
If M = then which of the following

matrices is equal to M2022 ?

D
A square matrix P satisfies P2 = I - P, where I is an
identity matrix . If Pn = 5I - 8P, then n =
 A square matrix P satisfies P2 = I - P, where I is an
identity matrix . If Pn = 5I - 8P, then n =

Ans: 6
Transpose of Matrices
 Transpose of Matrices
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns
is called transpose of matrix, denoted by AT or A .

Properties

1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT

Remark
1. (ABC)T = CT BT AT 2. (An)T = (AT)n
Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrices
 Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrices

Symmetric matrix Skew Symmetric matrix

If AnT = An then square matrix An is called If AnT = -An then square matrix An is called
symmetric matrix. skew symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i & j i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i & j
Clearly, aii = 0 ∀ i

Remark
Determinant of Skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero.
 Symmetric and Skew symmetric Matrices

Remark
Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum of
symmetric & skew symmetric matrix.
 JEE Main 28th July, 2020
Let A and B be any two 3 × 3 symmetric and skew
symmetric matrices respectively. Then which of
the following is NOT true?

A A4 - B4 is a symmetric matrix

B AB - BA is a symmetric matrix

C B5 - A5 is a skew-symmetric
matrix

D AB + BA is a skew-symmetric
matrix
 JEE Main 28th July, 2020
Let A and B be any two 3 × 3 symmetric and skew
symmetric matrices respectively. Then which of
the following is NOT true?

A A4 - B4 is a symmetric matrix

B AB - BA is a symmetric matrix

C B5 - A5 is a skew-symmetric
matrix

D AB + BA is a skew-symmetric
matrix
Solution
Solution
Some Special Matrices
 Some Special Matrices

Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I
 JEE Main 11th Jan, 2019

Let . If AAT = I3 , then | p | is

D
 JEE Main 11th Jan, 2019

Let . If AAT = I3 , then | p | is

D
If and Q = P A PT

Then, PT Q2005 P is equal to

A A

B A2

C A2005

D A2(2005)
If and Q = P A PT

Then, PT Q2005 P is equal to

A A

B A2

C A2005

D A2(2005)
 Some Special Matrices

Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I

Idempotent Matrix Result

A square matrix is called idempotent if A2 = A. If AB = A and BA = B, then A and B are
idempotent.
Involutory Matrix
A square matrix is called involutory if A2 = I.

Nilpotent Matrix

A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of

order m if :
Relation between Matrices & Determinants
 Relation between Matrices & Determinants

(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.

(b) If A & B are two square matrices of same
order then |A × B| = |A| × |B|

(c) If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a

constant then:
|K × An| = Kn |An|

Remark
Clearly, |An| = |A|n
If A and B are squares matrices such that A2006 = O
and AB = A + B, then det(B) equals ____.
Properties of Determinants
 Properties of Determinants

Property 1 The value of the determinant remains unchanged

if its rows and columns are interchanged.

Property 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinants

are interchanged, then sign of determinant changes.

Property 3 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant

are identical (all corresponding elements are proportional),
then value of determinant is zero.
 Properties of Determinants
Property 4 If all the elements of any row (column) be
multiplied by a number ‘K’ then value of determinant is
multiplied by ‘K’.

Property 5 If some or all elements of a row (or a column)

of a determinant are expressed as sum of two (or more)
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as sum of
two (or more) determinants of the same order.

i.e.
 Properties of Determinants

If any two rows (columns) remain same, then

determinants are added along third row
(column).
 Properties of Determinants

Property 6 The value of determinants is not altered by

adding or subtracting the multiple of any row
(column) in other row (column)
 Properties of Determinants

Standard Determinants

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
Maximum & Minimum value of a Determinant
 Maximum & Minimum value of a Determinant

Given that a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1, c2, c3 ∈ {⍺1, ⍺2, ⍺3, …., ⍺n}
Maximum value of determinant happen when
Diagonal elements = min {⍺1, ⍺2, ⍺3, …., ⍺n}
Non-diagonal elements = max {⍺1, ⍺2, ⍺3, …., ⍺n}

Remark
For a determinant of order 3,
Min. value of determinant = - Max. value of determinant.
The minimum value of 3 × 3 determinant, whose
elements belong to {0, 1, 2, 3} is :

A 54

B 27

C -27

D -54
The minimum value of 3 × 3 determinant, whose
elements belong to {0, 1, 2, 3} is :

A 54

B 27

C -27

D -54
Differentiation of a Determinant
 Differentiation of a Determinant

Also,
The determinant

is independent of

D None of and
The determinant

is independent of

D None of and
A special Determinant
 A special Determinant

Cofactor Determinant
Determinant made by replacing all the elements of a determinant
by their respective cofactors is called cofactor determinant.

Result
Let Δ1 be the cofactor determinant of Δ then
Δ1 = Δn - 1 where n is the order of Δ.
If

then λ is equal to

A 0

B 1

C -1

D ±1
If

then λ is equal to

A 0

B 1

C -1

D ±1
Properties of Adjoint
 Properties of Adjoint

Result

For any square matrix An × n :

A × (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) × A
 Properties of Adjoint

For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:

1. |adj A| = |A|n-1

2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A

3.

4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T

Result
For any square matrix An × n :
A × (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) × A
 Properties of Adjoint

For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:

1. |adj A| = |A|n-1 5. adj(KA) = Kn - 1 adj A ; K is constant

2. adj (adj A) = |A|n - 2 A 6. adj(Am) = (adj A)m ; m ∈ n

3. 7. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T i.e. reversal law holds

Result
For any square matrix An × n :
A × (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) × A
 JEE Main 25th June 2022

Let A be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix.

If |adj (24 A)| = |adj(3 adj(2A))|, then |A|2 is equal to:

A 66

B 212

C 26

D 1
 JEE Main 25th June 2022

Let A be a 3 x 3 invertible matrix.

If |adj (24 A)| = |adj(3 adj(2A))|, then |A|2 is equal to:

A 66

B 212

C 26

D 1
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

Let A be a matrix of order 3 × 3 and det(A) = 2.

Then det (det(A) adj (5 adj (A3)) is equal to

A 512 × 106

B 256 × 106

C 1024 × 106

D 256 × 1011
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

Let A be a matrix of order 3 × 3 and det(A) = 2.

Then det (det(A) adj (5 adj (A3)) is equal to

A 512 × 106

B 256 × 106

C 1024 × 106

D 256 × 1011
Inverse of a Matrix
 Inverse of a Matrix

Properties of Inverse

i.e. reversal law holds.

System of Linear Equations
 System of Linear Equations

Number of solutions of system of linear equations

Δ

Δ≠0 Δ=0
Unique solution

Δx = Δy = Δz = 0 Not all of Δx, Δy, Δz are zero

Infinite number of solutions. No solution

[Provided not all cofactors
of Δ are zero]

Note
If Δ = Δx = Δy = Δz = 0 & all the cofactors of Δ are zero,
then system has no solution.
 System of Linear Equations

Note
1. Homogeneous system is always consistent
(as (0, 0, 0) always satisfies it).

2. (0, 0, 0) is also called trivial solution.

3. Homogeneous system has non-trivial

(i.e. non-zero) solution iff D = 0.
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
If A is any square matrix, then :

| A - xI | = 0

is called its characteristic equation.

Eg. characteristic equation of is:

 Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
If A is any square matrix, then :

| A - xI | = 0

is called its characteristic equation.

Eg. characteristic equation of is:

Using Cayley Hamilton then, we have A2 - 2A - 3I = 0.

 If then A3 - 6A2 + 11A = ?

Ans: 6 I
 Cayley Hamilton Theorem

Note

● For a 2 x 2 matrix A2 x 2 , characteristic equation is given by

𝞴2 - [Tr(A)]𝞴 + |A| = 0

● For a 3 x 3 matrix A3 x 3 , characteristic equation is given by

JEE Main 27th July, 2022

A -10

B -6

C 6

D 10
JEE Main 27th July, 2022

A -10

B -6

C 6

D 10
Types of Relations
 Types of Relations
1. Reflexive Relation
A Relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive, if every
element of A is related to itself. Thus if R is reflexive,
then (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.
 Types of Relations
1. Reflexive Relation 2. Symmetric Relation
A Relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive, if every A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric
element of A is related to itself. Thus if R is reflexive, relation iff (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
then (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.
For example, let A = {2, 4, 6} then
R1 = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 4), (4, 2), (6, 2)} is a
symmetric relation on A.
 Types of Relations

3. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz

For example,
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} →

(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)} →

(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)} → Note

Relation is NOT transitive only when x R y
and y R z but in all other cases R
is Transitive.
 Types of Relations
Equivalence relation

Relation R defined on any set A is equivalence relation if

R is reflexive, R is symmetric and R is transitive
 JEE Main July 27, 2021
Let Z be the set of Integers and a relation R on Z be
defined by R = {(x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x3 − 3x2y − xy2 + 3y3 = 0}.
Then the relation R is:

Symmetric but neither reflexive nor

A
transitive

Reflexive but neither symmetric nor

B
transitive

C Reflexive and symmetric, but not

transitive

D An equivalence relation
 JEE Main July 27, 2021
Let Z be the set of Integers and a relation R on Z be
defined by R = {(x, y) ∈ Z × Z : x3 − 3x2y − xy2 + 3y3 = 0}.
Then the relation R is:

Symmetric but neither reflexive nor

A
transitive

Reflexive but neither symmetric nor

B
transitive

C Reflexive and symmetric, but not

transitive

D An equivalence relation
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023
The minimum number of elements that must be added to
the relation R = {(a, b), (b, c)} on the set {a, b, c} so that it
becomes symmetric and transitive is :

A 3

B 4

C 5

D 7
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023
The minimum number of elements that must be added to
the relation R = {(a, b), (b, c)} on the set {a, b, c} so that it
becomes symmetric and transitive is :

A 3

B 4

C 5

D 7
Classification of Functions
 Classification of Functions

(a) One-one and many-one

(b) Onto and into

One-one → Injective
Onto → Surjective
One-one and onto → Bijective
If f : (-∞, ∞) → S defined as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is an
onto function then S must be

B [−1, ∞)

C (−2, ∞)

D None of these
If f : (-∞, ∞) → S defined as f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is an
onto function then S must be

B [−1, ∞)

C (−2, ∞)

D None of these
Composition of Functions
 Composition of Functions

Composition of f(x) and g(x) is denoted as fog(x) and gof(x)

and it is defined as :
(a) fog(x) = f(g(x))
(b) gof(x) = g(f(x))
Let f be a function defined by x ≠ 3, 2 ;

f k(x) denote the composition of f with itself taken k times

i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))), then which one of the following in NOT
correct ?

A f 2012(2009) = 2009

D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Let f be a function defined by x ≠ 3, 2 ;

f k(x) denote the composition of f with itself taken k times

i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))), then which one of the following in NOT
correct ?

A f 2012(2009) = 2009

D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Solution
Inverse of Functions
 Inverse of Functions

Algorithm to find Inverse of function

Step 1: Write y = f(x) and replace x y

Step 2: Find value of y. This is f-1(x)
 JEE Main 2020

The inverse of the function

is

D
 JEE Main 2020

The inverse of the function

is

D
 Inverse of Functions

Note
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.

Observation

(a) Graph of y = f-1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.

(b) Solutions of f(x) = x and f-1(x) = x are same.

Functional Equations
 Functional Equations

Result
For a non zero function f(x), we have

(a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = K ln x

(b) f(xy) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn

(c) f(x + y) = f(x) × f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax

(d) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = Kx

(e) and f(x)

is a polynomial then f(x) = ±xn + 1

If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(1) = 5 then find
 If f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ∀ x, y ∈ R and f(1) = 5 then find

Ans: 275
If , then find f(x)
If g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy) - 2 ∀ x, y and g(2) = 5
then find g(x) if its given to be a polynomial.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. Remark
You can group sin−1 x, cosec−1 x, tan−1 x together and
cos−1 x, sec−1 x, cot−1 x together as far as outputs are
concerned corresponding to −ve inputs
Find the range of f(x) = 2 cos−1(−x2) − π
Find the range of
Composition of Trigonometric & Its Inverse Function
 Composition of Trigonometric & Its Inverse Function

1. sin(sin-1 x) = cos(cos-1 x) = ________ = cot(cot-1 x) = x

∀ x ∈ Domain (i.e., it’s always true)

2. sin-1(sin x) = cos-1(cos x) = _______ = cot-1(cot x) = x

only if x ∈ principal domain
 Composition of Trigonometric & Its Inverse Function

Graph of: y = sin-1 (sin x)

 Composition of Trigonometric & Its Inverse Function

Graph of: y = cos-1 (cos x)

𝜋/
2

X
- -𝜋 -𝜋/2 0 𝜋/ 𝜋 2𝜋
2𝜋 2
 Composition of Trigonometric & Its Inverse Function

Graph of: y = tan-1 (tan x)

X
-2𝜋 - -𝜋 -𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2 𝜋 3𝜋/2 2𝜋
3𝜋/2

-𝜋/2
 JEE Main 2019

If x = sin-1(sin 10) and y = cos-1(cos 10), then

y − x is equal to

A 7π

B 10

C 0

D π
 JEE Main 2019

If x = sin-1(sin 10) and y = cos-1(cos 10), then

y − x is equal to

A 7π

B 10

C 0

D π
Some Important Results
 Some Important Results

Result 1: Inverse trigonometric function at ‘-x’

 Some Important Results

Result 2: ITF of Complementary Functions

 JEE Main 2013

Solve for x : sin−1x > cos−1x; x ∈ (0, 1)

C (0, 1)

D
 JEE Main 2013

Solve for x : sin−1x > cos−1x; x ∈ (0, 1)

C (0, 1)

D
 Some Important Results

Result 3: Inverse trigonometric functions at ‘ ’

ITF in terms of each other
 ITF in terms of each other

Note

cos(sin-1 x) = sin(cos-1 x) =
 JEE Main 26th June 2022
If the inverse trigonometric functions take
principal values, then

is equal to

A 0

D
 JEE Main 26th June 2022
If the inverse trigonometric functions take
principal values, then

is equal to

A 0

D
Sum & Difference of ITF
 Sum & Difference of ITF

Note
Sum & Difference of ITF
Find x if:
Solution
 JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023
If the sum of all the solutions of

Is then 𝞪 is equal to _____.

 JEE Main 25th Jan, 2023
If the sum of all the solutions of

Is then 𝞪 is equal to _____.

Ans: 2
Solution
Evaluate :
 Evaluate :

Ans:
 Sum & Difference of ITF

Result

under some good condition

under some good condition

under some good condition

under some good condition

Solve for x:
Limits
Here we have indeterminate forms

(Here 0 is denoting a function tending to zero, similarly ∞ & 1 are denoting

functions tending to ∞ & 1 respectively).
In all indeterminate forms, we may only calculate limiting values.
Exact value at x = a is not defined.
 Note

If exists & g(x) → 0 as x → a, then

f(x) must tends to 0 as x → 0

If exists then a = ___.
 If exists then a = ___.

Ans: -7
Methods of Evaluating Limits
 Methods of Evaluating Limits

L’Hospital Rule

If f(x) & g(x) are differentiable functions

such that is of the format or

Then,
The value of is
 The value of is

Ans: -6
 Methods of Evaluating Limits

Limits tending to infinity

Just take biggest terms in numerator

& denominator common
Evaluate the following:
 Methods of Evaluating Limits

Limits tending to infinity

∞ - ∞ Form
Evaluate:
 Evaluate:

Ans: 1/2
Trigonometric Limits
Trigonometric Limits
Evaluate:
 JEE Main 2017

equals
 JEE Main 2017

equals

Ans:
Logarithmic and Exponential Limits
 Logarithmic and Exponential Limits

Logarithmic limits

Exponential limits
The value of is

D
The value of is

D
Form (1)∞
 Form (1)∞

Result

where f(x) ➝ 0 & g(x) ➝ ∞ when x ➝ a

Evaluate:
Limits using Expansion series
Limits using Expansion series
Evaluate:
 Evaluate:

Ans: -1/2
Find a, b & c such that
Evaluate:
 Evaluate:

Ans: 1
 Note
Whenever the function under consideration has one
of the following traits, always check RHL & LHL for
existence of limit.

(a) It has , [.], {.} or mod

(b) Its piecewise defined

(c) It has and x ➝ 0

Formats 0 × ∞, ∞0 and 00
Evaluate the following limit:
 Evaluate the following limit:

Ans: 0
Evaluate the following limit:
 Evaluate the following limit:

Ans: 1
Continuity
 Continuity at a Point

A function is said to be continuous at x = a

If

i.e.
Discuss continuity of

Where [.] is GIF.

If is continuous at x = 0,

then the value of

If is continuous at x = 0,

then the value of

Ans: 7.20
Continuity of Composite functions
 Continuity of Composite functions

OBSERVATION

For

Try to observe
fog (1-) =
fog (1+) =
fog (2-) =
If

then check continuity of fog(x) at x = 2.

 Continuity of Composite functions

Remark
● If g(x) is continuous at x = a and f(x) is continuous at g(a) then
f(g(x)) is continuous at x = a.
● If g(x) is discontinuous at x = a then f(g(x)) may or may not be
discontinuous at x = a.
● If g(x) is undefined at x = a then f(g(x)) is discontinuous at x = a.
Find points of discontinuity of fog(x) if

and
Continuity in an interval
 Continuity in an interval

(a) y = f(x) is said to be continuous in (a, b) if :

f(x) is continuous ∀ x ∊ (a, b)

(b) y = f(x) is said to be continuous in [a, b] if:

(i) its continuous in (a, b) a b

(ii) (i.e. left continuous at x = b)

(iii) (i.e. right continuous at x = a)

It’s continuous in [a, b], though it’s not continuous at x = b.

Types of Discontinuity
 Types of Discontinuity

DISCONTINUITY

Removable Irremovable

Discontinuity Discontinuity
of 1st Kind of 2nd Kind
 Types of Discontinuity

Removable discontinuity

exists but is not equal to f(a)

(Also called isolated (Also called missing point

point discontinuity) discontinuity)
 Types of Discontinuity

Discontinuity of 1st Kind

LHL and RHL exists but are not equal

m
(Also called jump discontinuity)
 Types of Discontinuity

Discontinuity of 2nd Kind

LHL and RHL does not exist

Eg : is essential discontinuous at x = 0

Eg : is essential discontinuous at x = 0
Differentiability
LHD and RHD at x = a
 LHD and RHD at x = a

For a function y = f(x) its Right Hand Derivative and

Left Hand Derivative are defined as:

RHD|x = a = f’(a+) = ;h>0

LHD|x = a = f’(a-) = ;h>0

If f ’(a+) = 5 then

A 1

B 4

C 6

D 2
If f ’(a+) = 5 then

A 1

B 4

C 6

D 2
Differentiability at a Point
 Differentiability at a Point

A function is said to be differentiable at x = a if:

LHD|a = RHD|a = finite

Geometrically
(a) LHD = RHD = finite ⇒ there exists a unique tangent at x = a,
so the graph is smooth.
(b) f(x) has a sharp point, if LHD and RHD exist, but are not equal.
 Differentiability at a Point

Remark
(a) Differentiable function is always continuous
(vice-versa need not be true).
(b) If function is discontinuous at x = a then function
has to be non-differentiable at x = a.

Note
If RHD|a and LHD|a are finite then f(x) is continuous
at x = a, even if they are not equal.
 Differentiability at a Point

Remark

(x − a)|x − a| is differentiable at x = a
Check differentiability of
If is differentiable

at x = 1, then find a and b

A a = 5, b = 3

B a = 7, b = 9

C a = -7, b = 9

D a = 9, b = 7
If is differentiable

at x = 1, then find a and b

A a = 5, b = 3

B a = 7, b = 9

C a = -7, b = 9

D a = 9, b = 7
The function is

continuous but not differentiable

A at x = 0

B differentiable but not continuous

at x = 0

C continuous and differentiable at x = 0

Neither continuous nor differentiable

D at x = 0
 Differentiability at a Point

Now, shortcut does not work always, there are few exceptions. There
are two cases where you should not use shortcut.
 Check differentiability at x = 2 for

(a)

(b)

Note
Check continuity before applying shortcut.
Shortcut may give wrong conclusion in case
of discontinuous function.
 Differentiability at a Point

Remark
If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x) is not differentiable at
x = a then f(x) + g(x) is always non-differentiable at x = a.
Nothing can be said about their product and division. Product
of two non-differentiable functions can be differentiable.
Which of the following functions is not differentiable
at x = 1?

A f(x) = (x2 - 1) |(x - 1) (x - 2)|

B f(x) = sin(|x - 1|) - |x - 1|

C f(x) = tan (|x - 1|) + |x - 1|

D None of these

Recall

(x − a)|x − a| is differentiable at x = a
Which of the following functions is not differentiable
at x = 1?

A f(x) = (x2 - 1) |(x - 1) (x - 2)|

B f(x) = sin(|x - 1|) - |x - 1|

C f(x) = tan (|x - 1|) + |x - 1|

D None of these
Differentiability in an interval
 Differentiability in an interval

(a) f(x) is said to be differentiable in (a, b) if:

It is differentiable ∀ x ∈ (a,b)

(b) f(x) is said to be differentiable in [a, b] if:

(i) it is differentiable in (a, b)
(ii) RHD|a exists at x = a
(iii) LHD|b exists at x = b
Application of Derivatives
Increasing & Decreasing Functions
 Definitions

f(x) is said to be strictly increasing over an interval [a, b] if:

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) > f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]

While it is said to be increasing (or non-decreasing) if:

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≥ f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]

f(x) is said to be strictly decreasing over an interval [a, b] if :

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) < f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]

While it is said to be decreasing (or non-Increasing) if :

x2 > x1 ⇒ f(x2) ≤ f(x1), ∀ x1, x2 ∈ [a, b]
 Definitions

Monotonic Function
f(x) is said to be monotonic in an interval if it is either only
strictly increasing or only strictly decreasing in that interval,
i.e. it has single behaviour in that interval.
Intervals of Increase and Decrease
 Intervals of Increase and Decrease

For a continuous function:

(1) f’(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly increasing
(if points for which f’ (x) = 0 do not form an interval)

(2) f’(x) ≤ 0 ⇒ f(x) is strictly decreasing

(if the points for which f’(x) = 0 do not form an interval)
If f(x) = kx3 − 9x2 + 9x + 3 is monotonically increasing in
every interval, then K belongs to ____.
Find least value of ‘k’ for which f(x) = x2 + kx + 1
is strictly increasing for x ∈ [1, 2]
Is monotonic?
Is the following function monotonic?
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

The number of real solutions of x7 + 5x3 + 3x + 1 = 0

is equal to_____.

A 0

B 1

C 3

D 5
 JEE Main 28th June, 2022

The number of real solutions of x7 + 5x3 + 3x + 1 = 0

is equal to_____.

A 0

B 1

C 3

D 5
Comparison using Calculus
 Comparison using Calculus

OBSERVATION

(1) If f(a) = 0 and f(x) is strictly ↑ for x ≥ a

then f(x) will be positive for x > a
(2) If f(a) = 0 and f(x) is strictly ↓ for x ≥ a
then f(x) will be negative for x > a
Prove that sin x > x cos x for x ∈ (0, 1)
Remark
Maxima and Minima
Critical points
 Critical points

It is collection of points where either f’(x) = 0 or f’ (x) fails to exist

Note
● It is to be noted that critical points are the
interior points of an interval.
● Critical points are contenders for giving
maxima and minima.

Remark
Point at which f’(x) = 0 is called stationary point
First Derivative test
 First Derivative test

For a continuous function:

(a) If f’(x) changes sign about a critical point, then
we have maxima or minima there.

(b) If f’ (x) does not change sign about a critical

point, then function does not have maxima or
minima there.
 JEE Main 2019
If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local
minimum and local maximum points of the function,
then

A S1 = {–2}; S2 = {0, 1}

B S1 = {–2, 0}; S2 = {1}

C S1 = {–2, 1}; S2 = {0}

D S1 = {– 1}; S2 = {0, 2}
 JEE Main 2019
If S1 and S2 are respectively the sets of local
minimum and local maximum points of the function,
then

A S1 = {–2}; S2 = {0, 1}

B S1 = {–2, 0}; S2 = {1}

C S1 = {–2, 1}; S2 = {0}

D S1 = {– 1}; S2 = {0, 2}
 First Derivative test

Remark
Let x = c be an interior point of interval, at which f(x) takes
maxima or minima. If f(x) is differentiable at x = c then f’(c) = 0
 JEE Main 2nd Sept, 2020
If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has
a local maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local
minimum value 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to

A 12

B 6

C -24

D -12
 JEE Main 2nd Sept, 2020
If p(x) be a polynomial of degree three that has
a local maximum value 8 at x = 1 and a local
minimum value 4 at x = 2; then p(0) is equal to

A 12

B 6

C -24

D -12
Solution
Analysis of Cubic
 Analysis of Cubic

First let us pick a cubic f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

Clearly, f’(x) is a quadratic and hence has:

(i) Two distinct real roots or

(ii) Two equal real roots or
(iii) Non real roots
Analysis of Cubic
If , then

find ‘a’ for which f(x) has negative point of minima

(i.e., f(x) attains minima at negative value of x)
 Double Derivative test

If f’(x) = 0 at x = a, then

(1) f”(a) > 0 ⇒ f(x) has local minima at x = a

(2) f”(a) < 0 ⇒ f(x) has local maxima at x = a

Remark
If f’(a) = 0 and also f”(a) = 0 then Double
Derivative Test is inconclusive.
Nth Derivative test
 Nth Derivative test

If double derivative test is inconclusive (i.e. f”(x1) = 0 where x1 is a

stationary point) then we use nth derivative test. As per which we
go on differentiating f(x) at x1 till we get non-zero value
 Nth Derivative test

Say we stopped at nth derivative then if n is even then we have

maxima and minima depending upon f(n) (x) is negative or positive
respectively, while if n is odd then we have point of inflection at x = x1
Observe y = x4 and y = x3
Global Extreme Values
The largest value of 2x3 - 3x2 - 12x + 5 for -2 ≤ x ≤ 4
occurs at x = ____.
Integration
Indefinite Integration
 Some Standard Integrals

Below is the list of some integrals which we know by our knowledge of

differentiation.

(1) (7)

(8)
(2)
(9)

(3) (10)

(11)
(4)
(12)
(5)
(6) (13)
Some Standard Integrals
(14)

(15)

(16)

(!7)

(18)

(19)

(20)
(21)

(22)

(23)
Integration by Substitution
 Integration by Substitution

Remark
Evaluate the following integral:

(a) (b)
 Integration by Substitution

Some special cases of substitution

(i)

(ii)
 JEE Main 12th Jan, 2019

The integral is equal to:

(where C is a constant of integration)

D
 JEE Main 12th Jan, 2019

The integral is equal to:

(where C is a constant of integration)

D
Some Standard Algebraic Formats
 Some Standard Algebraic Formats

Format 1:

Working strategy: Just complete the square in denominator

Format 2:

Working strategy: Create derivative of quadratic, in the numerator,

 Some Standard Algebraic Formats

Format 3:

Working strategy: Use division algorithm to write P(x) in terms of ax2 + bx + c

Remark

Whenever deg(Nr) ≥ deg (Dr) we use above strategy

Evaluate:
Solution
 Some Standard Algebraic Formats

Format 4: (Even powers of x)

Working strategy:
Divide numerator & denominator by x2.’
If =

then 2k is equal to ____.

 If =

then 2k is equal to ____.

Ans: 1
Evaluate:
 Solution

I1

Put

(Divide numerator and denominator by x2)

I2

Put
 Solution

As I = I1 + I2
 Some Standard Algebraic Formats

Format 5:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Here, ϕ(x) is linear or a constant

 Some Standard Algebraic Formats

Format 5:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Here, ϕ(x) is linear or a constant

Working strategy: (a) Put

(b) Put

(c) Put
Integration by Partial Fractions
 Integration by Partial Fractions

Formats: In a proper fraction we can represent

(a)

(b)

(c)
Evaluate:
Slide 278

1 yahaan woh example daalo jismein:

pure quad waale terms hote hain
Arvind Kalia, 23-03-2024
Integration by Parts
 Integration by Parts

Choosing first and second function:

Take that function as first function which

comes first in ILATE.
Evaluate:

(a) (b)
The value of the integral = ___

(where C is the constant of integration)

C cot x(cos x)2019 + C

D - cot x(cos x)2019 + C

The value of the integral = ___

(where C is the constant of integration)

C cot x(cos x)2019 + C

D - cot x(cos x)2019 + C

 Integration by Parts

Now lets see classic integral, which is very important

Evaluate:
Evaluate:

Evaluate:
 where C is constant,

Then f(2) = ?
 Evaluate:

Remark
 Solution

Here g(x) = tan x ; f(x) = cos x

⇒ g’(x) = sec2 x ; f’(x) = -sin x
Using general version
∴ I = -etan x . cos x + C
Trigonometric Formats
 Trigonometric Formats

Format-1:
 Trigonometric Formats

Format-2:

Working strategy:

Use &
Evaluate:
 Trigonometric Formats

Format-3:

(a)

(b)

Working strategy:

(a) Express

(b) Express
A

D
A

D
Solution
Solution
 Trigonometric Formats

Format-4:

Working strategy:

Divide Nr and Dr by cos2 x & put tan x = t

Remark
Basically, when we have even powers of sin x
& cos x in addition then we prefer to divide by
some power of cos x to create tan x & sec x.
Evaluate:
Definite Integration
Second Fundamental theorem of Calculus
 Second Fundamental theorem of Calculus

Let f(x) be a continuous function of x defined in [a, b].

If F(x) is an anti-derivative or primitive of f(x), then

This is called the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Remark

If f(x) is discontinuous at x = c, where a < c < b, then

we have to write
Evaluate the following:

(a) (b)
Let [ . ] denote the greatest integer function,

then the value of

C 0

D
Let [ . ] denote the greatest integer function,

then the value of

C 0

D
Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integrals
Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integrals
Evaluate :
Properties of Definite Integrals
Properties of Definite Integrals
Evaluate:
Properties of Definite Integrals
 Properties of Definite Integrals

Remark
(a) If f (UL − x) = f (x) or − f (x) , then we use prop (6)
(b) If f (UL − x) is something else, then we try using Prop (4)
Evaluate:
JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

D
JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

D
 JEE Main 2019

The value of the integral

(where [x] denotes GIF) is

A sin 4

B 4 - sin 4

C 0

D 4
 JEE Main 2019

The value of the integral

(where [x] denotes GIF) is

A sin 4

B 4 - sin 4

C 0

D 4
 JEE Main 2020

The value of is equal to

A π2

B 2π

C 2π2

D 4π
 JEE Main 2020

The value of is equal to

A π2

B 2π

C 2π2

D 4π
 Properties of Definite Integrals

Observation

If f (x) is a periodic function with period T,

 Properties of Definite Integrals

Observation
Bounds of Definite Integrals
Bounds of Definite Integrals
 Bounds of Definite Integrals

(c)

(d)
____ _____
Prove the following:
Prove that:
Equations in Definite Integrals
Find function f(x), continuous ∀ x and not identically zero,

such that
 JEE Main 29th June, 2022

Let f be a real valued continuous function on [0, 1] and

Then which of the

following points (x, y) lies on the curve y = f(x)?

A (2, 4)

B (1, 2)

C (4, 17)

D (6, 8)
 JEE Main 29th June, 2022

Let f be a real valued continuous function on [0, 1] and

Then which of the

following points (x, y) lies on the curve y = f(x)?

A (2, 4)

B (1, 2)

C (4, 17)

D (6, 8)
Solution
Walli’s Formula
 Walli’s Formula

When applying this formula,

1. 0 is taken as even.
2. In case m or n is 0 or 1, we can simply
write 1 as the corresponding factor.
JEE Main 2019

is:
Area under Curves
 Observation

Type - I
Area of region bounded between
y = f (x) and y = g(x) and the
ordinates x = a to x = b
 Find the area of the region bounded between
y = x2 - 4 and the line y = -x + 2 .

Ex
Solution

(-3, 5)

(2, 0)
X
O
 Observation
Type - II
Area of region bounded between
y = f (y) and x = g(y) and the
abscissae y = a to y = b
The area of the plane region bounded by the curves
x + 2y2 = 0 and x + 3y2 = 1 is :

A 4/3

B 5/3

C 1/3

D 2/3
The area of the plane region bounded by the curves
x + 2y2 = 0 and x + 3y2 = 1 is :

A 4/3

B 5/3

C 1/3

D 2/3
Solution
 Parabola related Areas

(1) (3)

(2) (4)
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

The area (in sq. units) of the region enclosed between the
parabola y2 = 2x and the line x + y = 4 is_____.

Recall
 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

The area (in sq. units) of the region enclosed between the
parabola y2 = 2x and the line x + y = 4 is_____.

Ans: 18
Solution
 JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

The area of the region S = {(x, y) : 3x2 ≤ 4y ≤ 6x + 24} is

 JEE Main 26th Aug, 2021

The area of the region S = {(x, y) : 3x2 ≤ 4y ≤ 6x + 24} is

Ans: 27
Solution

y = 3/4x2
 Result - 1
Area of y = f(x) from x = a to x = b is equal to area of
y = f-1(x) from y = a to y = b

Result - 2
If a function f (x) is bijection in [a, b], then
Differential Equations
Methods of solving first order first degree DE
 Methods of solving first order first degree DE

Variable separable

Reducible to variable separable

DE
Linear differential equations and reducible to linear
differential equations

Exact form
Variable Separable form
 Variable Separable form

If a differential equation can be expressed in the form f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 ,

then it is said to be in variable separable form.
Solve the following differential equation:
Reducible to Variable Separable form
 Reducible to Variable Separable form

Let’s consider first.

If a differential equation is of this form, then it becomes

variable separable on substituting ax + by + c = t
 JEE Main 2020

The solution of the differential equation

is ______.

(where C is a constant of integration.)

D
 JEE Main 2020

The solution of the differential equation

is ______.

(where C is a constant of integration.)

D
 Reducible to Variable Separable form

Remark
Any equation of the form yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0
can be reduced to variable separable form by
using the substitution xy = v.
 Reducible to Variable Separable form

Homogeneous Differential Equations

A differential equation of the form

where f and g are homogeneous expressions of the

same degree, is called a homogeneous differential
equation.

Working Strategy

This equation is reduced to the form

by dividing the numerator and the denominator
by power of x.
Then we put y = vx.
Solve:
 JEE Main 25th June, 2022

The general solution of the differential equation

(x - y2)dx + y(5x + y2)dy = 0 is:

A (y2 + x)4 = C |(y2 + 2x)3|

B (y2 + 2x)4 = C |(y2 + x)3|

C |(y2 + x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4

D |(y2 + 2x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4

 JEE Main 25th June, 2022

The general solution of the differential equation

(x - y2)dx + y(5x + y2)dy = 0 is:

A (y2 + x)4 = C |(y2 + 2x)3|

B (y2 + 2x)4 = C |(y2 + x)3|

C |(y2 + x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4

D |(y2 + 2x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4

Linear Differential equation
 Linear Differential equation

A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and

its derivative occur in degree 1 only and are not multiplied together.

Eg. Identify the linear differential equations.

1.

2.

3.

4.
 Linear Differential equation

Linear in y and Linear in x and

(where P and Q are functions of x) (where P and Q are functions of y)

Solution is given by Solution is given by

where is called
where is called the
the integrating factor.
integrating factor.
Reducible to Linear Differential equation
 Reducible to Linear Differential equation

Equations reducible to LDE

Try to observe that in any equation of the form

putting f(y) = t will make it LDE.

For example, in the differential equation

 Reducible to Linear Differential equation

Special Case
Bernoulli’s Equation :

Here, if we divide by yn and then put , we get LDE in t and

Solve the following differential equation:
Solution
Solution
Exact form
 Exact form

Try to remember the following

1. 4.

2. 5.

3. 6.
 JEE Main 2019
The general solution of the differential equation
(y2 - x3)dx - (xy)dy = 0 (x ≠ 0) is __________.
(where c is a constant of integration)

A y2 + 2 x3 + cx2 = 0

B y2 - 2x2 + cx3 = 0

C y2 - 2 x3 + cx2 = 0

D y2 + 2x2 + cx3 = 0
 JEE Main 2019
The general solution of the differential equation
(y2 - x3)dx - (xy)dy = 0 (x ≠ 0) is __________.
(where c is a constant of integration)

A y2 + 2 x3 + cx2 = 0

B y2 - 2x2 + cx3 = 0

C y2 - 2 x3 + cx2 = 0

D y2 + 2x2 + cx3 = 0
Vectors
Section Formula
 Section Formula

Internal Section Formula External Section Formula

m
n

O O
 Section Formula

Note
A
C
m n B

P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
A

B D C
 Section Formula

Note
A
C
m n B

P
For example, in a ΔABC, if AD is the median to the side BC, then
A

B D C
 JEE Main 15th Apr, 2023
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. If E and F are the
midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD respectively

and then k is equal to

A 4

B 2

C -2

D -4
 JEE Main 15th Apr, 2023
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral. If E and F are the
midpoints of the diagonals AC and BD respectively

and then k is equal to

A 4

B 2

C -2

D -4
 Section Formula

Note

b
c

1. Position vector of centroid is

2. Position vector of incentre is

 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

If the points P and Q are respectively the

circumcenter and the orthocentre of a ΔABC, then
is equal to:

D
 JEE Main 10th Apr, 2023

If the points P and Q are respectively the

circumcenter and the orthocentre of a ΔABC, then
is equal to:

D
 Remark
A vector along the internal angle bisector of and is of the
form .
B

A C

For external angle bisector, it is .

Collinearity of vectors
 Collinearity of vectors

3 points (two vectors)

The moment we have three points, the concern is collinearity. Three points
will be collinear if that is
 JEE Main 8th Apr, 2023

If the points with position vectors

are collinear, then

(19𝞪 - 6𝞫)2 is equal to

A 16

B 49

C 36

D 25
 JEE Main 8th Apr, 2023

If the points with position vectors

are collinear, then

(19𝞪 - 6𝞫)2 is equal to

A 16

B 49

C 36

D 25
1. Fundamental Theorem in 2D
Let be two given non-zero, non-collinear vectors, then any vector
coplanar with can be uniquely expressed as
for some scalars x and y.
2. Fundamental Theorem in 3D
Let be three given non-zero, non-coplanar vectors, then any vector in
space can be uniquely expressed as for some scalars x & y.

(that is, can be uniquely expressed as a linear combination of )

Dot Product of two vectors
 Dot Product of two vectors

Clearly, the angle between and is given by

 Dot Product of two vectors

Properties
 Dot Product of two vectors

Note
(a) are perpendicular to each other

(b)

(c)

(d)
 Dot Product of two vectors

Geometrical Significance of the Dot Product

Let’s look at the projection of a vector
along another vector.

Note
is called projection vector (or component
vector) of along
 Solution

Given,

Also,
Now,
 Dot Product of two vectors

Remark
If are any three mutually perpendicular
vectors then any vector can be expressed as
Cross Product of two vectors
Cross Product of two vectors
 Cross Product of two vectors

Remark
Properties of Cross Product
Find a vector of length 5 units, perpendicular to
each of the two vectors where
 JEE Main 10th April, 2023

Let O be the origin and the position vector of the point P be

. If the position vectors of A, B and C are

and respectively
then the projection of vector on a vector perpendicular
to the vectors and is :

D
 JEE Main 10th April, 2023

Let O be the origin and the position vector of the point P be

. If the position vectors of A, B and C are

and respectively
then the projection of vector on a vector perpendicular
to the vectors and is :

D
JEE Main 24th June, 2022

D
JEE Main 24th June, 2022

D
 Remark

Lagrange’s Identity:
 Cross Product of two vectors

Geometrical Significance of the Cross Product

B C

O A

Area of parallelogram

Note
is the vector area of parallelogram OABC
 Cross Product of two vectors

Note

The area of a quadrilaterals is , where and

are diagonal vectors.
3D Geometry
Direction Cosines and Direction ratios
 Direction Cosines and Direction ratios

Direction cosine

If vector parallel to a given line makes angles α, β & γ with x, y & z axis respectively
then the triplet cos⍺, cos β, cos γ are called Direction cosine of line

Z
Direction cosine are generally denoted by (l, m, n)

𝜸
Note β
Y
l 2+ m 2+ n 2= 1

X
 Direction Cosines and Direction ratios

Direction Ratios
Three numbers a, b, c proportional to DC (l, m, n) are known as DR.

Basically, if line is parallel to a vector then DR of line are

(a, b, c), or better to say DR ∝ (a, b, c)

Straight Lines in 3D
 Straight Lines in 3D

Line through a given point & Parallel to Given Vector

= +λ
Write the following in standard form & hence find their DR

(a) 4x - 2 = 2y + 1 = z -2 (b)

(c) x = 2z + 3; y = 4z - 4
Find the equation of a line which passes through point A(1, 0, -1) and is
perpendicular to the straight lines
 Straight Lines in 3D

Assuming a point on line

A general point on this line is assumed as

( x1 + aλ, y1 + bλ, z1 + cλ)
 JEE Main 25th Feb, 2021
The equation of the line through the point (0, 1, 2) and

perpendicular to the line

D
 JEE Main 25th Feb, 2021
The equation of the line through the point (0, 1, 2) and

perpendicular to the line

D
Solution

A (0, 1, 2)

(2, 3, -2)

B
 Straight Lines in 3D

Remark

1. If we know foot of perpendicular of a point, we can

easily find image also using section formula.

2. Using foot of perpendicular, we can also find the

distance of a point from a line
Distance between two lines
 Distance between two lines

Shortest Distance Between Two Line is:

For skew lines: For parallel lines:

 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023
If the shortest distance between the line joining the
points(1, 2, 3) and (2, 3, 4), and the line

is 𝞪, then 28α2 is equal to :

 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023
If the shortest distance between the line joining the
points(1, 2, 3) and (2, 3, 4), and the line

is 𝞪, then 28α2 is equal to :

Ans: 18
Solution
Probability
Conditional Probability & Independent Events
 Conditional Probability & Independent Events

Probability of occurrence of event A given that event B has

already occurred is known as conditional probability.

i.e.

d
a c b
A B
Two dice are thrown. Find the probability that sum of
the numbers coming up on them is 9, if it is known that
the number 5 always occurs on the first die.
If ,

then find
 Solution

Given,
d
a c b
A B
Here, a + b + c + d = 1
Using (1), (2) and (3)
0.5 + 0.4 + d = 1
d = 0.1
b = 0.2, c = 0.2
 Conditional Probability & Independent Events

Observation

(a)

This is called multiplication theorem.

General:

Note
Multiplication theorem comes into play when order matters.
There are 10 cards, 5 of these have ‘I’ & other 5 have ‘T’
printed on them. 3 cards are drawn one by one without
replacement & are kept in same order, then probability of
making the word IIT is

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There are 10 cards, 5 of these have ‘I’ & other 5 have ‘T’
printed on them. 3 cards are drawn one by one without
replacement & are kept in same order, then probability of
making the word IIT is

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 Remark
Drawing ‘r’ cards one by one without replacement & drawing ‘r’
cards randomly, are equivalent if order does not matter.
 Remark
Drawing ‘r’ cards one by one without replacement & drawing ‘r’
cards randomly, are equivalent if order does not matter.

Eg: There are 10 cards, 5 of them have ‘I’ & other five have ‘T’ printed
on them. 3 cards are draw one by one without replacement then
probability of getting 2 I’s & 1 T is:
 Conditional Probability & Independent Events

Observation

(b) Two events are independent if

i.e.

Note

If A & B are independent events then so are ,

Three students appear at an examination of JEE Advanced.
The probabilities of their success are respectively.

Find the probability of success of at least two.

Ram plays 3 games of chess with Shyam. Probability that
Ram wins it 0.5, that he loses is 0.3 while for tie its 0.2. Find
the probability that Ram wins exactly 2 games.
 Ram plays 3 games of chess with Shyam. Probability that
Ram wins it 0.5, that he loses is 0.3 while for tie its 0.2. Find
the probability that Ram wins exactly 2 games.

Ans: 0.375
Total probability Law & Bayes’ Theorem
There are two bags, one of which contains 3 black and 4 white
balls while the other contains 4 black and 3 white balls. A die is
cast. If the face 1 or 3 turns up, a ball is taken from the first bag,
and if any other face turn up, a ball is chosen from the second
bag. Find the probability of choosing a black ball.
 JEE Main 2019
An urn contains 5 red and 2 green balls. A ball is drawn at
random from the urn. If the drawn balls is green, then a red
ball is added to the urn and if the drawn ball is red, then a
green ball is added to the urn; the original ball is not
returned to the urn. Now, a second ball is drawn at random
from it. The probability that the second ball is red, is

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 JEE Main 2019
An urn contains 5 red and 2 green balls. A ball is drawn at
random from the urn. If the drawn balls is green, then a red
ball is added to the urn and if the drawn ball is red, then a
green ball is added to the urn; the original ball is not
returned to the urn. Now, a second ball is drawn at random
from it. The probability that the second ball is red, is

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 Total probability Law & Bayes’ Theorem

Bayes’ Theorem
 Total probability Law & Bayes’ Theorem

Remark

(a) Bayes’ Theorem:

(b) Whenever the outcome of an experiment is given &

probability of it being occurring through a particular path is
asked, then Bayes’ theorem is applied. Paths are denoted by
Ei’s & outcome is denoted by A.
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Bag I contains 3 red, 4 black and 3 white balls and Bag II

contains 2 red, 5 black and 2 white balls. One ball is transferred
from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is draw from Bag II. The ball
so drawn is found to be black in colour. Then the probability,
that the transferred ball is red, is:

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 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Bag I contains 3 red, 4 black and 3 white balls and Bag II

contains 2 red, 5 black and 2 white balls. One ball is transferred
from Bag I to Bag II and then a ball is draw from Bag II. The ball
so drawn is found to be black in colour. Then the probability,
that the transferred ball is red, is:

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Random Variable and Probability Distribution
 Random Variable and Probability Distribution

Random Variable:
Let S be the sample space associated with given experiment. The real valued
function ‘X’ whose domain is S is called a random variable.
Probability Distribution Function:
If a random variable takes value x1, x2, …., xn with respective probabilities P1, P2, …., Pn.
Then

is called Probability Distribution Function of ‘x’.

 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

A random variable X has the following Probability

distribution:
X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X) k 2k 4k 6k 8k

The value of P(1 < X < 4 | X ≤ 2) is equal to :

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 JEE Main 24th June, 2022

A random variable X has the following Probability

distribution:
X 0 1 2 3 4

P(X) k 2k 4k 6k 8k

The value of P(1 < X < 4 | X ≤ 2) is equal to :

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 Random Variable and Probability Distribution

Remark

(a) Mean (or Expectation) of X i.e.

Here,

(b) Variance of X i.e.

Here is nothing but mean value of ‘X’ i.e. E(X)

 JEE Main, 13th Apr 2023
A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to
occur as tail. This coin is tossed until a head or three
tails occur. If X denotes the number of tosses of the coin,
then the mean of X is-

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 JEE Main, 13th Apr 2023
A coin is biased so that the head is 3 times as likely to
occur as tail. This coin is tossed until a head or three
tails occur. If X denotes the number of tosses of the coin,
then the mean of X is-