It is a form of criticism that is written in print or digital
media (or is also published orally in media such as radio,
cinema or television) that presents and evaluates objects
such as a video game, film, cartoon, musical
composition, a book; a piece of equipment, such as a car,
appliance, or computer; or an event, such as a concert,
exhibition, or play.
Its structure consists of:
Introduction: In the first paragraph we have to hook
our readers, who have to know what the review is
about and why what we are commenting on is cool
or not.
Development: requires the writing of sentences
containing a main idea, secondary ideas and tertiary
ideas. In this type of paragraph, explanations
abound, as well as the use of clarifications and
exemplifications.
Conclusion or denouement: This is generally a very
short paragraph. Repeat your general opinion about
the text. Briefly present the recommendations if any.
If necessary, you can include some additional
qualifications or an explanation of your judgment.
Including positive feedback within a marketing strategy
allows you to maximize consumer conversion and trust,
thereby attracting more potential customers.
This can be considered a valuable advantage, it can
include real testimonials from people who have tried
your product, improving your brand image.
And the importance not only translates into more sales
and the generation of new customers, but it also makes
your website improve in the results of the major search
engines in an organic way.
The 4 essential aspects of a review
Understandable language: Informs briefly, clearly and
completely about the most relevant aspects of the
reviewed work
It has to offer an overview of the reviewed object with a
descriptive-informative format.
It presents a description and an assessment with
arguments.
It must be a critical interpretation and evaluation of the
person who performs it.
An article is a type of written text that aims to inform, Things important:
analyze, give an opinion or discuss a specific topic. It is
usually published in newspapers, magazines, blogs and 1. Find a catchy title
other media. 2. Keep it short(2-5 words)
3. Focus on target(What is the article about)
Theme and focus: 4. No complete sentences
5. Not to many details
The main theme of the article and the specific focus that 6. Organization subheadings-Try to entertain
you want to address must be clearly defined. 7. Use subheadings
8. Work with numbers and bullets
You must choose an interesting and relevant topic for the 9. Focus your topic theme
audience.You must choose for wich audience will be 10. Take care of the introduction and the ending.
directed to define the focus of the article. 11. Don’t put unrelated ideas in your article
12. The reader should follow your train
Structure: 13. Use casual, informal language

 Title.
 authors.
 institution.
 abstract.
 keywords.
 introduction.
 materials and methods.
 results.
 discussion.
 conclusion.
 bibliographical references.
Debate: Debate is a formal discussion or argument
between two opposing teams or individuals on a specific
topic or proposition.
Speech: A speech is a formal address or presentation
given by an individual to convey information, express
opinions, inspire, or persuade an audience.
Talk: A talk or presentation refers to a formal or
informal speech given to an audience with the purpose
of sharing information, ideas, or insights on a specific
topic.
 Introduction: State the purpose or objective of
the presentation and briefly outline what will be
covered.
 Main Points or Arguments: key ideas that
supports the central message or thesis.
 Supporting Evidence or Examples: Providing
evidence, facts, statistics, anecdotes, or real-life
examples.
 Conclusion: A conclusion wraps up the main
points and often includes a summary, final
thoughts, or a call to action.
 Q&A or discussion: Allow time for questions,
clarifications, or discussions with the audience.

Presentation: An introduction to a talk or presentation  Stages

typically involves introducing oneself, stating the topic  Brainstorm:Ideas
or purpose of the talk, and capturing the audience's  Schedule:Organize this ideas
attention.  Drafting:Use clear and concise language to
convey ideas effectively.
TYPES:  Proofreading:Review the draft for clarity,
coherence, and overall effectiveness.Ensure the
 -Policy Discussion content is concise, precise, and free of
 -Lincoln Douglas Debate unnecessary repetitions.
 -Parliamentary debate  Revising and Editing:Rework and refine the
content, making necessary changes to improve
 -Informative
clarity and impact.
 -Persuasive
 -Inspirational speech Arguments:
 -Educational
 -Keynote  IClaim - present your argument in a clear
 -Educational statement.
 -Business presentation  Evidence - the evidence supporting your claim,
Structure, Audience, style: such as, statistics, references, quotes, analogies
etc.
 Impact - explain the significance of the evidence
  Don't use all your points in your debate- in an
actual debate.
 Never degrade your topic.
Set of instructions, guidelines:
 A set of instructions refers to a collection or
sequence of steps or commands that are given to
perform a specific task or achieve a particular
objective.
Characteristics :
 -Sequence
 -Syntax
 -Control flow
 -Variables and Data Manipulation
 -Modularity and Reusability
 -Comments
 -Error Handling
Structure :A set of instructions typically follows a
structured format to ensure clarity and effective
communication.
 Title or heading
 Introduction or Overview
 Materials or Requirements
 Step-by-Step Instructions
 Warnings or Safety Precautions
 Troubleshooting or FAQs (optional)
 Conclusion or summary
 Additional Resources (optional).
Structure of Guidelines:
 Overview
 Interaction and usage Specifications
 Visual Specification
 Resources: Usability
 Open/Closed Issues
Guidelines are instructions or guidelines that will be
guaranteed to follow a certain format, structure, or style
in creating a text.
These guidelines help establish clear and consistent
criteria to ensure consistency and quality of content.
Characteristics :
Provide clear and specific recommendations on how to
perform certain tasks, face situations or make decisions.
Promotes consistency and uniformity in the way certain
activities are performed or decisions are made.
Based on the best known practices in a given field.
They offer guidance and recommendations; they also
allow a degree of flexibility to adapt to specific situations.
It is basically the plan that a contractor proposes to the
state, and it is almost always used in labor as to do a
project for the state and you need to present the proposal
but it can also be used for any occasion.
Types:
 Business: A business proposal is a formal
document that outlines a plan to provide goods or
services to another business or organization.
Business proposals are used to win contracts,
secure funding, or establish partnerships.
 Research: A research proposal is a detailed plan
that outlines the objectives, methodology, and
expected outcomes of a research project. It is
typically written by researchers or academics to
seek funding or approval for their research
endeavors.
 Projects: Is a document that presents a
comprehensive plan for the execution of a
project. It includes details such as project
objectives, deliverables, timeline, budget,
resources required, and evaluation methods.
Project proposals are commonly used in various
sectors, including non-profit organizations,
government agencies, and businesses.
Structure and What is essential:
 Clear organization: headings, numbered sub-sections,
bullet points
 Introduction: summary of aim / purpose
 Body: advantages & possible drawbacks
 Conclusion + recommendation
 Title Page: Include the title of the proposal, your
name, the name of your school, the subject, and the
date
 Abstract:Include the title of the proposal, your name,
the name of your school, the subject, and the date
 Introduction:Clearly state the problem or research
question you aim to address in your proposal.
 Research Question or Hypothesis:Clearly state the
problem or research question you aim to address in
your proposal.
 Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of
relevant literature, theories, and existing research
related to your research question.
 Methodology:Describe the research design,
approach, and methodology you will use to
investigate your research question.
 Data Analysis:Discuss the specific techniques,
statistical methods, or analytical frameworks you will
use to analyze the data you collect.
Inform readers about what is happening in the world
around them. News reports have a certain structure that
you should follow. This structure is sometimes called the
inversed pyramid.
News reports involve finding all relevant facts, selecting
and presenting important data, and fabricating a
complete story. Reporting involves hard work, which in
turn involves perseverance and patience. The main
function of the journalist is reporting.
There are different types of news that are:
 4. The cola
How to write a news report?
We all have the practice of reading the newspaper.
Sometimes we just read the headlines. We decided to
read the full story only if the headline is interesting.
The body also has to sound interesting or be attractive
enough; otherwise, we skip the news. Writing a news
report is very different from writing a general article. A
news report is an informational report, not an opinion
piece.

 Reports of research A news report should include the following:

 Reports of the Court
 Headline: Tell what the story is about.
 Report of Accident
 Byline: Talk about the writer of the story.
 Political report
 Lead: covers the most important facts.
 Reports of Fashion
 body: includes a detailed account of the
 Business reports
event/incident.
 Sports reports
 Ending: Talk about the solution or something to
 Specialized reports
think about.
The structure:
 Catch the headline
 Leading the paragraph
 The WHO (IS INVOLVED)
 What (TOOK PLACE)
 When (DID IT TAKE PLACE)
 Where (DID IT TAKE PLACE)
 Why (DID IT HAPPEN)
 How (has occurred) – Only include this if there is
space
 3. The body
  A conversation including questions answers Type:
 Often one-on with one interview and one
interview  Embedded: It is essentially an article, based on
 Transfer of information from interviewee to description and commentary, with liberal quotation
interviewee (which may be either direct quotation or reported
 Can occur in both directions speech).
 Have a duration of time (beginning and end) It must include:
 Recorded in some way (pen/paper, video, audio
recording) 1. Interview details + context of interview +
 Employment/collage interviews(formal background of interviewee
consultation) 2. Point of the interview
 Evaluate the qualification and suitability if the 3. A title
interviewee 4. An attention catching opening
 Psychology 5. A closing with conclusions and observations from
 Can have a several interviewees -couple the interviewer
interviews 6. The body is where the important information said
 Research(marketing/academic) during the interview is included
 Qualitative research-understand how consumer
think  Transcript Interview: It involves transcribing
 Journalism and media everything said during the interview, including all
 As entertainment od for informal purpose verbal pauses, filler words, stutters, and false starts.
The purpose is to capture what is said and how it is
Characteristics: said to provide a complete and accurate interview
They highlight the most important information that was record. This format is helpful for legal, medical, or
given during the interview. academic research purposes.

It is objective. It must include the date and the place where
the interview was done, as well as the purpose of the
interview.
It must include:
 Relevant information about the person to be
interviewed: such as their name, contact
information, professional profile or career
These texts can advertise a service or a product, or draw
attention to a cause or event. Businesses, clubs,
organizations and government bodies use leaflets,
flyers and pamphlets to communicate information.
Type:
 The informative text is factual. In it you present
facts previously unknown to the audience, and it
attracts readers by satisfying curiosity.
 Flyer A flyer is a single sheet of marketing
collateral used to promote a product or a service.
It increases awareness and draws attention to the
advertised item.
 A persuasive text uses reasoned argument. You
have to present information and convince the
audience to reach certain conclusions.
 Pamphlet A pamphlet, by definition, is a small,
unbound booklet that is used to advertise or
provide information on a single subject. They are
mainly used for informing rather than direct
selling.
 Instructional texts ask people to take certain
actions. They may be used to give advance
warning of a problem. Leaflet is generally smaller
and printed on a single sheet of paper, which is
folded to create additional panels. Leaflets are
concise and straightforward, providing essential
information in a clear manner.
 Leaflets are used for quick promotions or specific
messages, while brochures are employed for
long-term promotions, more elaborate
advertising campaigns, or corporate
presentations.
When writing a brochure, we must take in count these
questions: Who is the audience? What special interest
do they have in your information, service or product?
What does the audience want to know? What are your
readers concerns?
Structure:
 Opening/heading/title: The title should be brief,
summarizing the point. Try to use a short,
memorable phrase.
 Sub-headings :Use sub-headings to give further
explanation. You can also use headings to
separate your ideas. Sometimes the sub headings
are questions.
 Body text :Use short paragraphs and mark them
with headings. Make sure your first sentences
contain the point of the message.
 Close: Make sure your readers know what to do
next. Include an email address, telephone
number, website, or some other form of response
mechanism such as a reply coupon.
It is a document that addresses a main idea in detail, with
research to support the idea or argument, and visual
elements such as tables, charts and figures.

Structure of an official report:

 Title page
 Executive summary
 Transmittal letter
 Introduction to the problem
 Analysis of findings
 Conclusions
 Table of contents
 References and the appendix.

Characteristics:

1. Report title and number

2. Introduction
3. Structure and sections
4. Data and evidence
5. Formal and technical language
6. References and citations
7. Conclusions and recommendations

Type:

 Tone and style: Very formal language. As simple

as possible.
 Passive voice: Sometimes, active voice may
be used.