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Pressure DROP - Practical Report

Chemical Engineering Laboratory Practicals IV (Mangosuthu University of Technology)

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PRESSURE DROP DUE TO FRICTION

03/08/2020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................I
LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................................II
DECLARATION................................................................................................................................III
NOMENCLATURE...........................................................................................................................IV
ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................................1
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.....................................................................................................1
RESULTS & DISCUSSION................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................................................1
APPENDIX..........................................................................................................................................1

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LIST OF TABLES

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LIST OF FIGURES

III | P a g e

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DECLARATION

Mangosuthu University of Technology

Department of Chemical Engineering

Practical Report

I (names) C.N Ndimande; T.P Ngcongo and A.N Mthiyane , (student numbers),
21705919, 21814149, 21801390 we declare that:

This practical report is of our own and all the resources quoted have been acknowledged by
appropriate references.

Any information represented in this report is referenced otherwise it is our original work and
it has not been submitted for any degree or examination at any other university. The words
have been re-written in the general form and referenced.

Signature(s) Date(s)

Ngcongo T.P 18/08/2020

Ndimande C.N 18/08/2020

Mthiyane A.N 18/08/2020

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NOMENCLATURE

Description Symbol Unit

Absolute roughness of the pipe ɛ m

Average velocity of the fluid u m/s

Density of the fluid ρ kg/m3

Fanning friction factor f -

Gravitational acceleration g m/s2

Inside diameter of the tube d m

Length of the pipe L m

Reynolds number Re -

Subscripts
Friction loss of flowing fluid Hf m
Head loss due to friction hL m
Pressure drop due to friction ∆Pf Pa

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ABSTRACT

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INTRODUCTION
The great understanding of fluid flow is important for many processes in engineering,
agriculture, meteorology, physiology, biology, analytical chemistry, material science,
pharmacy and other areas. It is of the great importance for the chemical engineering for the
field because it used of the transportation of different types of substances, as well as
occurring in the different types of chemical engineering equipment[ CITATION Baa20 \l
1033 ].

Pressure loss (pressure drop) is a decrease in pressure as measured between two points in a
flowing fluid system. Pressure drop that occurs along the direction of flow in a pipe is caused
by fluid friction, both in the fluid itself and with the piping surfaces, piping restrictions, or
sudden changes in flow path geometry[ CITATION Sch15 \l 1033 ]. Pressure loss is directly
related to fluid velocity; specific gravity; viscosity; and the size, shape, and internal
roughness of the pipe. This means that the valve is not solely responsible for pressure drop;
flow rate determines the pressure loss. To certain limits, the higher the flow rate, the greater
the pressure drop, and vice versa.

Moreover, the friction loss in a uniform straight sections of pipe, known as "major loss", is
caused by the effects of viscosity, the movement of fluid molecules against each other or
against the wall of the pipe. In laminar flow, losses are proportional to fluid velocity, that
velocity varies smoothly between the bulk of the fluid and the pipe surface, where it is
zero[ CITATION Mun06 \l 1033 ]. The roughness of the pipe surface influences neither the
fluid flow nor the friction loss. In turbulent flow, losses are proportional to the square of the
fluid velocity here, a layer of chaotic eddies and vortices near the pipe surface, called the
viscous sub-layer, forms the transition to the bulk flow. Factors other than straight pipe flow
induce friction loss; these are known as “minor loss” are the fittings, such as bends,
couplings, valves, or transitions in hose or pipe diameter, or objects intruded into the fluid
flow.

Objectives:

 To study the effect of the volumetric flow rate on the energy losses due to friction.
 To study the effect of the pipe diameter and roughness on the frictional energy losses.
 To study the effect of flow rate on the energy losses in the fitting.

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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Important apparatus used:

 Pump which is used to supply water to the pipelines.

 Compressor that is used to supply air to the system.
 Water tank used to store water.
 Different pipeline used to observe variation of pressure drop due friction in different
pipe size.
 Valves used to control the flow of water and air.
 Pressure gauge used to measure pressure in the system.
 Temperature probe used to measure temperature in the system.
 Controller also known as brain of the system, used to adjust changes happening in the
system to normal conditions.

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Figure 1: The flow sheet of pressure drops equipment

Equipment preparation procedure

The plant was connected with the mains, with water network through valve 17, as well as
connected to the compressor and the pressure set was reduced to 1.4 bar. The selector
AUT/PC was switched to AUT. The valves from V1 until V19 in the equipment were closed.
Valve V17 was opened and tank D1 was filled to a capacity of 95%. The angle valve V16 was
opened and the controller was switched to manual mode with pushbutton. The flow was set to
30% with the pushbutton and the pump was started. The hydraulic circuit of all the air was
bleeded in all pipelines. The by-pass valve V46 of differential pressure gauge was opened to
prevent Hg from flowing out.

Experimental procedure

Pipeline 1 was selected by opening its respective valve V16 and closing all other valves.
Valves V20, V21, V44 and V45 were opened until the measuring circuit was bled of all the
air. Valves V44 and V45 were closed, valves V34 and V35 were opened and valve V46 was
3
closed. The flow rate was set to 2 m /h by adjusting the pneumatic valve FV1 when the

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flow rate was fixed readings of pressure drop on the differential gauge was taken. The flow
rate of liquid was changed and reads of pressure drop was taken until four set of readings
were taken. After taking four set of reading the pipeline was changed to until four pipelines
were used. The valve respective to a pipeline was opened while other valves were closed, the
flow rate of liquid was adjusted and pressure drop readings were taken until four set of
readings were taken.

Shutdown procedure

The pump was stopped, the socket was disconnected from the mains and the compressor was
switched off. The tank was completely drained by opening valves V2, V15 and V17.

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RESULTS & DISCUSSION

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CONCLUSIONS

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REFERENCES

Baah, J., 2020. Chemical engineering S4 Practical manual. durban: Mangosuthu university of
Technology.

Munson, B. & Hobeken, NJ, W. &. S., 2006. Fundamental Of Fluid Mechanics. 5th ed. California State:
California State University.

Schlumberger, 2015. Camerien Valves. [Online]

Available at: http://www.products.slb.com
[Accessed 01 09 2015].

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APPENDIX

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