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P ≥ FA + FB
C.G
P
or P ≥ f ( RA + RB) =fW
FA FB
or P/W ≥ f
◼ Design baseline
◼ Curve radius above the minimum
◼ Superelevation and side-friction factor not exceeding
the maximum values
Normal crown
0.01e + f v2
=
1 − 0.01ef gR
In practice: 1 − 0.01ef 1
v2
0.01e + f =
gR
v : vehicle speed, (m/s or ft/s)
R: radius of curve, (m or ft)
e: rate of superelevation, percent
f: side friction factor (lateral ratio, cornering ratio, unbalanced
Dr. Rizwan Memon centrifugal ratio) 8
Minimum Curve Radius R
V2
Rmin =
127(0.01emax + f max )
v : vehicle speed, km/h
R: radius of curve, m V2
Rmin =
e: rate of superelevation, percent 15(0.01emax + f max )
f: side friction factor (lateral ratio)
v : vehicle speed, mph
R: radius of curve, ft
e: rate of superelevation, percent
Dr. Rizwan Memon f: side friction factor (lateral ratio)
10
Get familiar with GB tables
Method 3: start with using e, until emax, then e remains emax, and f is
used until fmax
CL
2% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
0.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.0% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-2% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-3% 3%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-4% 4%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-3% 3%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-2% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-1% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
-0.0% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
0.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
1.5% 2%
Superelevation
Road Section View Road Plan View
CL
2% 2%
Tangent runout (crown runoff) section :
Runoff section :
0%
Normal crown
0%
Normal crown Relative gradient
eNC Lr
Lt =
ed
where
◼ Lt = minimum length of tangent
runout (ft or m)
◼ eNC = normal cross slope rate (%)
( wn1 )ed 12 e
Lr = (bw ) Lr =
where G
◼ Lr = minimum length of superelevation
runoff (ft)
◼ Δ or G = maximum relative gradient(%)
Axis of rotation
Superelevated section
Normal cross section
Axis of rotation
Median width
V 3 V3
Ls ,min = 0.0214 OR Ls ,min = 3.15 (1)
RC RC
(2)
Ls ,min = 24( pmin ) R
Maximum length of spiral: Ls ,max = 24( Pmax ) R (3)
Where,