“MAA” OMWATI COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

HASSANPUR (PALWAL)
AFFILIATED CRS UNIVERSITY, JIND
Notes
B.P.Ed.- Semester-1 (2021-22)
Anatomy and Physiology

E-mail: moce.principal@maaomwati.com
 Date
UNIT-II DELTA Pg No

Anadomand plhysiolog4
Aodudlou)
We MUst faOw a t huMan badyya wondeuk
Maclie in iself.
Couse2s peAfecly. a c t s ae terken and
CoandihatedpeslecP at the Soue tuime suthas.
HeaAlng, Seeuq, BALaHtng and Maly oH
cuos wutd ou CpnsAduu Rffost
F we Stand up ad walk aluoct all yolu
body's SyzteM_w be put t o ac
RAablejou to perfaM u atoy.

Hho huuMan bady Can defetndARe{ aqaunct

hundaods of cusoale3.
he body Cas also AepcLi k e f alea MOSt
SMall ujnlLB
May body pans leant,kelny Lk work
Catinuuou

uMan body bay Mauy pcuklsyate Such cus

skaletlMuislal,digestié, ARSpihatony
heAAdu, Vasular, e XCARHOy AipAAcducte
UndovArle
hee SyeMs haie auMbea dF OAgaug such as
heast ungs, Kidheys J e l t whuch
peafomdAud h
 Date
DELTA Po No

Nudad mportaute h l d of bysital

edutatdy and spots

elps in 2yaluatuo df He plauan Capact

) tlps In study he efLecksaf exCtise on
uuau bocly
( )9 ps ln positiottng of body duLng thainug
Sess L014S
)2E Lhelps jy pAeutig Sponk uui
G) 9Fslps inpsidisgadeauatic lhfoMaluoy
of SpoiB_ uthitny.

p n playsical [itaesaPaudeu knduted.oe

abo body Sutnehalps \n Mautaialng
ualtybsely kulps fo n about
Id ual dlfhoutes
elps S.electuozy d GaMes
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Regohas aatom
HShrdy of olsaforiy basad on Asgious O
dusLoucfHhe body_ad eM1phasizinq
H Aelatuous Beharean.VcLLoLw SHuchie
Muscl aindnlMO Lnd aneios t e)

Susem;CGnatoMy
he Shdy of skkuchunesHat Muko up.a
deiaee body systM-+hal Js
a rouup of sIctiuos Hhat wDk foqetos to
Dufor a uhique body futtid14

(acuseMIC cnatamica Shdy of Ha

Lsula susterN hould Calnstdea Ol of he
Skeletalmustl oE bddy )
AASS anatoM And MLC&O Sco pialnatoM
clkals nath the s h u t h u s a blåhthdf atnato
of body that aAo Hat Aelies on the uye of
usLble ktto naked lyesmuaSope tb exaMAL ta
SpuchMeISucla as SMalAt SPutue df He
LLSCle Þouesdigesuelbndy-tiJALLOA, Cells atnd
Ogous, Skiy a be MaleulB MLCLOSLO pLC
examiald aLnatorMytau_ bo exaraunedl lb
uPMed amilablLe
(DAR PdaeA[hal M[ordsCono.
Cau oad SMal/ L`sue
a elyulls cytolbg
 Data
DELTA Pg No

NoMa anatomical positdu od Jk [MpOtauce

hahMuLal posiuny a Stalsdcud pusilLn

A peAsM Lu SCud fo he n alatomcos p.osut0M

togeth 'Huiu hands at Hhu sides

palM atuing fauAd, nle
ofuuse Stated. mot anatoMCal clesunaptau
w l AAfR toa pens01) weh y alatomicoal
positia

haue 2 posilunus blas

CbDostALoL_ PoM Batk sudo
 Date
DELTA N o

He LeLM SUpine ald pADu ane wed to

desaihe abod tat iy_qLna downL
Supine aesens to a body yiina uJB back
bully aco_doun)
Aatdaarcal posituoy s_cdeuginsd to A2MDe.
aMbigiywhh deiubung datomical
shutuuri.u i peatlculaslyimportaut
nAneu_coMpcALiq HhaocatDas fMiltplo
ate3 USAha duocuohal Aeheuce3

@Subne
CpAloe
 Data
DELTA Pg No

t uestugaks 0Agauc,bdnes, SHuuu

and lls at Lxltly alnuMO oud pes jpla
H u Arlakd zinuntuc dicLpino called
pysoloqt rich elps us t uadesRtuad
Ho fh o f ilfeut paik of Hhe body
But hdesaaudiug AhotdM AsEntia
faa plsiology
 Date
DELTA P No

A CL u he basic
o _Ho SMalleut wnit on
paat ofJwuq HiLnga a tCal CaAnAsbu a

ACCOAdkln
Hungs uoMade df couatlu C s
Ha lala CLlls_cLu_ndL as Buldung
BLockof ile
e Man bady cillk Maiuy Cousistk oE.
Wetes DAAtLy ond huci atid

elue but culls {hoMselues an Jww ung

CeAy Cull df_fho body as_arblo l a tcuke u food
laet ild o f wasles ad" qraw
Most of Hho colI Cau Ae pAaduO

(Ceuu Basic i t of al liuig ogaulsMS)

SAuchuao and fh af u
HAne aAe_diffeaeLt kind af Riiuug LgauicMS
l the WOald Hey Va asia slëposi2e
Calo ud habitaBd l l of teM kaie Salue
basic CoMMOh Chana lesstiC
Hhou ph cisd sthuctnal i t Call
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Ucllulan aud Multicllla

H aag tam types d cllulaz OAqallSMS
OAga MS Mih ane Made up Of Olle Cul aly
au ColUid Uajullulas oAgaulSM
AgnigM didh ane Made tap 0f May ClU
a Called Multicallla aausMS

Ou bady s uliutlula dee uus do

difAt johs Hhat hulp to ka2p 0u bade
ale

Red bldad cils Cany arn

hAe eLR3 MALBagoa aud aM Ho baain
Cs Hat do a CAtnu job ha mulliullula
0LgauisM Caled speualuiod Calls
RBC ad Ne U a spo CLÄlicd ull
 Date
DELTA Pg No
Shopes oE cells
Cals a e of d{Aeut shape and Ci2g wtich ale

log Cls Haugleat fHe bady)

ktL Múscde
cals ,Cah cautact fo do wok)

ugclo (ols ezp2ud asd Coutiact t a u lon

Hu snope hlps o to do his
Hhe auteA Iarei of skin foAMsaPAateclue
Cove ovea te body, Hau Rat slhapa elps
he fo coveA to laao_ala
 Data
DELTA Pg No

Basic Constituuds af a Cll

Po toolasM
Has He iALOus Substauc uakucl A a
spaualkiudo fMatteA hat CoMPOseL _aU cLA
piotoplaSM a luung Mattiod Compl
Aoto plasM s af2 ps
dgan OAgdikc

d a y eenek Cataiu caMpoUnds such.as

Qke oxygn Hydsegel,Cabolayellue felt
Canbah-hhogu, sddiut aratute.
paetun
a e alo al_ hutuets
Coustoks 3 to4 Yo SubstauoB Nlitb a e taken
tag deat

C MeubAale
A Rin olenLna, CallRd he C
of plasMa M0 baatne inlos H CLR
MeMbhane

boundaies of He_ ul ikeuf ad H bumdy

of Mos o ikatAna pcas

L Sepiak inny cauet of e PLam

Oulea 2uNAnaMe L
 Date
DELTA Pg No

C absonbs and exCAeles H_Moe cule oh

3)E Eack as a CoMAulnilotA as t ARaones lhe
checol Mesagz aund passas OLnto Cills

Memlokae Catrly&e Cl' Chelal Aex

SDMO MeMbAatnos also Mauutuy MMLuilu
by Chaiquig bourtal foARngn pRoteus
bory
plasM
t u H_pant of H cel BwB Membaaine
o d hKuclenU H u i s pAahplasM
sa Makeu) locatd B/w Cell Membraw
and hclenus

LOAganulles
Meaus tERe oAgaus Hine aAe
Heusads c t t i e oAgaus h l.sote
ane wHh in H M2Mhaane (Hhin CoveALn )
Sucha adoplasMILAeticaulaM MihchnudAia,
wteut MeMbhako Such asihasatieA
d Chtoso MO.
 Date
DELTA Pg No

ndoplaAAAiL_ AntiadaM.
E fdAu He wralls of utuonk of (auals
rlichSAVe aas a clhannel bA valupont
af Metnaials ho P t Ha tacnoH
also Couhected t ucleKs Hs
Substaute Cau MoLe Aiadily hAM utleus
taHsutwolk nd faugh_ytoplasM

ndoplasMIC AtiulaMA UAt SuzAM of

MaMBaines nilaun ho tplasM Outude Hae
Ludu

Haluhes

Mtochpiudiia
Py cus SMOMLOOsLopic
H ataplasm Hy cue SacsHMdughat
ottea SMooth Cofmposed offan
MRMb>oe caddlu
MeMbaano Hat Lontaua
Mauy_fuNAs_
hA folds coltuin mostof
lldaith_ale uLd a DaURLSay_Hhw u2yMes
ah a foAM_ of ein0Aq of faod liNgY
ldh H uls_Coln do' C
ulea wak
o aLO divde chd t do ik dH
wwks&
 Date
DELTA Pg No

aMocdkond.ALa ale Hhe DALuCpal Coat fa

h2E oLAtaius eu3yAM2s

Otoloudaa thalsfess ATP(AtlinosLne taiphospksk)
Aeplacw aenet Ju ARqLed

Golgi appajtus
y _ a p p a a t u Colusss of stuck of l a t
MbAahë saLs hea auleus Hus SaCC
poceAS pAotLOus aLnd otthea SUbsfauco plocuced
Ho cl

H
H Coiacontiatuou feaM wlithcus Aeeuinnd
foA H_dgRsbou
tAsqulateA Hle muoeMOt of luidk a He
Cl_alnd explutiay (pushing out) of
hARN pAaducds HoM Hhe d
 Date
DELTAPg No

sOSDM
yAOSOMLJ SMaL MRMbraLe euloced
sdcs. hat Coutaiu uqMAS papls off
baLakna
pids

aLaa0sDMes bALak down Langg malecdes

cb)t outaiy dligedu uzyMes Hhat

baakdawn pAatiu ad Lüloicqiud
QRAat with battzuias and llih, Hu
actou with euYMRs

CudAosOM
CaChasome SphLta body NOA C0ahe
o Heculh nudleus )
cb)Coaaiols an latated ig CouoSo Ma
t h ae t lind.ess Hey aA2
Hie tup habuli y eath AcupP:
fh
Cataiols and Ceutaosomw atk ln Cell
deviso

2
 Date
DELTA P No

RbosoMe
CVe cul caLatul dusands
w c_Me CMU Sp tal OAqan of_ALbosoMeA
atutlsd
CHho e LndoplasMk Ae icullaM, Ond
Catewd

tn
Rbos oMS aLe MaleleA Macuitnas Haat Mako

lso CaLlud pleln fattoy df o_CALl-

Valunl
H y auo SaC I i k e Shuctue

COnaiu waleA ald VCidu WatA

Sduble subcfaulQs
b) _does exaetaay
C)Some Vauoles als stoa Fodd poatcles

Nuneu
th uceus Hae AalRel Le Hhat
dinels Hoactiu of Hho Collc- A_huclea
Merubaane swADiAcls Haoauleus alnd
SepAales aM t ytaplaaM
ute us Cnlatuy fwo iMpo^Aaid sHuctw2
(hnoSSOMRS
ch) Nulial
 Date
DELTA P No

CuoMosOMA aulesli
L ae ongHaLadHaLe dAe bodes Hhat f
Lke stAauds ifa Mattealh Cetn places sp
CDLAtziuaPNA And clmoosoMS
eAban iatuens DNA udeeli help in te
a k s up fh G2IeA fnMcLtyCAibosnMRJ
e baic unit dE |Neocleolane Made up of
nidi Poteuy and RNA
Cahel Hu pasSLn o RNA pluys ÎMp Aote n
of hanacteshu taMMakung alun

Ca)HehudeuS A heLul's (onkel ube

cb uwtk He cells qrawH and (oiatlols all
He atiutus Hat go0 witun tte ceu
C)E SOAes RAÁLC iDto jn DrNA LDlecanle
cd)talso Colakols e qpiauc nkoAMalka1M

GIa and flagella.

Cla ang tua bsh k e haus alad
lagalla aASl2indes wduplik ppludagas
uid einoinMe nt MDie_ Hu lid
SuMomdung to Cull
a Lmbus_ ubeat us 0alike
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Hhy a n Fomd h tae huMan uspuatou

aa t ndene Haty MDIe heMuCuú Hhat
taaps(OARAGh p i l e s and keep Honm
hoM
ARaclhg icate Lung tiscues

Cll DiNsiO
wden a C l s fLMRd i u SMaU i t guows
e dúqestin _food Haw ONeAAls quawth JA
i t d tiLacluing a Cetay t u c a
Size c diudes t o otM_Lnew Clk HusU
RnCU_as_ culU_cleusLDy

Aoplace to dead chels

SoM Cells Ln Ou bidy keops Dla liuudiing
Haatgdut ife
u iMa body 30 akh blood celis_clis
a d ALplacoRUOiAL_S2coud
Sku cdlls alsa e p sdiding
SOMR ulls af bAaln'caulnat be Rep laced oiae
Haydio, Bzcaiyof Hu Alasoabady ca
a y all_pCU oou body excepP
ADUuA SygleM
 Data
DELTA Pg No

N+TssuLs
Nexi Aue) ih ogauisM afHea Cal u tuu

Sol Spetial fhcbou Ond S eh boc ay

BLond a e twD_0 f e tupts so
wseas ofhen ike MULhe o7ala otnl
Silanlay
SaMe oA dlflest type
Lach tap of tusud uau Ogan
peufAMS a
speualh

He MLuuulan pcut of lukelne CalhL

o uusde Cl Hat Make up H af goup
tuw MLLUla
H aRaa ne of H utAbne ousisk aHeu
types of lls
uuulaa tuuue has a dMpotjob Han tha
_MliuculaA tu Coutaack and expad ta
H uiia uume deuales th_ cugesle
to ditHe food Js
Lach pe u i OF bodyySpeuauge4
 Date
DELTA Pg No

H a fouuMaln knd df t u u

C1) Epithelsal tiu

GCoune cte tisue
(3 uusle tLALLL
4)NeANDLU
tigu

epitelal Hisaua
pAokct ha body oves Ho hrtaale bodly
d d Ho 0Againsa alco CoVe Hhe
ineal Suac of the badyOngaus Such cs
MOuth0RADphaqus, StoMach, ulesbine
ungatAackia blood yesal0ud
kay bladdu
pHLal callc haie d ffuet shape
dkpeinding oh then [h ond ocatuouHAy
ML be Cubaido flat o Calumantau)_
LHendvadua celu pugikL patksd
with ho spacABlu Hhom Hl Mako the
2piHua HSSh al dsa ADteLtue
tuuue

Apol FhaM pattcuig Hhe bady amol ile togah

e p t l a tuuo eifauM OHufuactaúi
AD

aj 4he SDMach tiisue fozM

he cLlanf Hau
Aasdselich SecAae diqeatue juuite 1m Hha
lutestio
 Data
DELTA Pg No

bpuHelal cll 1y He Lnh Smfato absozb

olueslae food
C) Hu kuyMey ALMDAL waLHA_by exALatin
N foum bf Sulka
H aos bAsLu.Cli d lung SecAle MuPa
wchkeep he 0nga MDIt auotaaps_
duatpcnticle and anMful bactma

Couhechei tiuu
Colahette tiue bind tagetl tun 0
aalso l Lup Hhe Spate Bu gas bE He
DDc t pAVLdis Supp0NÍaud qAne ShopR_fu-
H bod
AA CDn uectn tuueCgasisk Of aRu Like
GADUnd Subsauce Callud Matin
f t typu df Culluaud fubrss cueLiud-
H Mat
M DL Conne ttue uuas houe difuot
p of Clliand hes im HeM.

(BD u band Conedue tiuue its haduts

becale 6 Calaunm oud ohu_Mhal in
Suppud Ho Dadye
 Date
DELTA Pg No

(2)Cautilage AA a cot tsLue COnsLkuing_of

a lea'Matuial of lke (9lass)

al ch MOkHhe tuLue toug bud leNAhle
Eteaal ean u Mad oft

3 Blood u a liguid Cahue tthe tisuuue i

laos Htanee kiels_of clA
4 R d Blood cels
h u e Blancd cotl
C3 plaulib
HoMatui Afild wikh aLiauid Colld
bLoocd p lasma
Has tiusue laslps /n tho tAaluspoA d f
cligsted food acspisatony qaLos and waAjes_
y e body

Aala tuiau u aLooso jely Liko

Co yueclwe uu Haat biinds Hckin to
Hho MuLs cle d s n s a t .

MuLCulau tALe

Hhe Musulau tusuA OLM the MuusCle L

Hhe bodytar MLSulas tuULLU CA fouud

Innied

CAd Mokos upMOe Hhah usLgit af

H bod
 Date
DELTA Pg No

MuAla tuius Callecton ofaAnge

nuMbuof nAusclo uls4
uud LLl aA uusclefihils oA boumd
ngethyby Conhecbue usuAs MDSof H
uSCls_un atathed to Ho bolaU of Hha
skelton Hhuy bave tHe obiliy o
Coatlact and expaldL
Beauused Hu Ha Cau beUALd t Move
HA pout of he boctt rtich Haey one
0
attudhwd.

Volwd Con dig

StALppdusulu SMonth Muscla wat MUSdO
te dot hae audoHAe Musda cNL
atuthedate boioeA HLieMsclu
Gd Make fhemMDIa|Hay MAre eHae aiant Hi hanl
Ha ani Cold e hat dr not,SoV SHoig
vouyMuSlLs Hy tallud lhvoluaky Coutackons and
wok Hmsuqladt
Ca mDie HsM MuCClu a spudle|lu u, aUe
Slaaped n tae poted ols Iwalunt
Hhe usclu sf2dsHaoy ae PARAt uAllu

na body a1gind
we we hse usdy|he walls af out
Coandiac uusde
also ou
aloaa,aue
 Date
DELTA Pg No

sysHeM
Bedk ecyppaauAucligesle
lke cusSd Autam Hu
ds Look
Hhebausds
dakaldlngtt MUSCC Hhey CDnkd
LipsHhad U a t n g Möe uod
yHey Collta umolgln du bodn
sHippednuscle d p s Mne lblodel
Han boday

NMnuA tiisuA

laALDLS C ALAAAO C Ma dA Up_Of

CoutaiinsHe hiutluos
H ul body _wlich
land ona shuctuus Calld Hhe aXDM.
a R _ Joit end to end
He hMe Co
aM
ALan92 punube of Mme Phae helu
tagethi foM a h e e
Hmauglh HheAo aenAe thai MalLAGL thael
W
PaM Ohe pan OE e body ba alnotheA

He baaln_and SpLhal Cod aue_also MCLd tap

Made
tiub
 Date
DELTA P No
UNIT-I
I BLOOD

wbugl ttho huuMdn b&dky we Caunatue

wHautit, He heant pudnps blood a au
Ow bocly cell Supplu HaAMOXyaea aus
fdod a t Hhe Saui d bldk Cäns
Cabsudi oxide Gd oteL wases oduck
LoM e_u blsod also glt pectu
koep su kupiatus Stady Ose C a i s
chemicals Hat Angulales Ma4 body _fmcts

Blood ouelh nas Subatances that plu rskon

blaod vessals Cund so p e t us Po bladng

Hao alhurde at dtch neJire

nadult wo erglt &d kas as obou SALU
0

A 40 ka child a about HL aMDUnt

eo pl dd Jue at gdh alutdAs whuw He
Cuu'skunXA OXygin MOy hae po
Lou Jraih Hhe xta blsd daliens
additaal 0xgLh a Ho cells
 Date
DELTA Pg No

wnctoms blLood
Aauspot Of ougn_od Canbondi oxid-
Blbod'Raus pot Oxy2n alnd Canbou duouds
LDM ho LApuatay stacas 3 uth as
to H tisud and 'PLaM the k u o Hhe
Lspatoy Sufaces Od heu Co blpod kolps n _
Aupualod

Q Aansp0At of fooc-
BloodCOUsi sotublo forc kefak,
qlucosa, aMD a cidspalprplidu, Vta s
Muals and wvaleu ao o ulestae
iuet o tho e st e o the Woleb.ody

3 tans pot of twwaste ploduck

Wasle' poduc ae padclutod b tha coll
lof a Oea to Bod wtch au 'hanuful fu
o body Oid hed eluAnate om O4
bocly Medoteyblood Ropot Haen2
AeAta t&o AAhay.uugskuy and
inetuie so a ay May be limihatetd

Majnte euco_dl wae balaucO

BLoael MaLataiyuratu balouto to a aiutout
Osel ay barngung abat Caustalas Ezchouge
sfwate B/w odulalu4 BAoodaud tiud
plasM
 Date
DELTA Pg No

SMantehenca o PH
he ploasMa piaten ack_asa bulfU ysteM
zfone' paoet om Cangg suy PH
acud bewse balaue) of blobd.
(6) Chetal Co-OAdinahiy
Olqans CalLd 21dou AQlalrd pldrdu co
halmo Od lease ted due cey lo t e
blaad. Hhe arMDs etee He plos ma d
ac ay Cleru'tal MLILMARA" whu a
hasmauAARaChes apan of to body, t
ALglalesctMay 2lfect 4awHh
pioductue ptochsse.
(7Reqlates bocly erpeatue
A Cel adiucla oduo heot But some
ela perticulasl Hose ih uacle and
Rands uLate MEL Lat han dtns
L heat nkess a bloed cheaM aud Hasels
Hhuavglaaut He badyy txces hiat escapes
fubugh0 skin blbod drd ndt diwtlbue
atSOM body aLas acdudd becoMe
eakemely kot'tsta otA woudd beco nae
exhmbe col u f u e
DAood Cdulato ditubute bady heat and
Manian bedy empAlahme
 Date
DELTA Pg No

De fnd agaundt kciuon=

te blood collWBC)ploys au
IMpOAaat Aale y o uMML Sy2lem
rhich l p s Ow boy AuAF dALoue -
CoLLU Subsfauces
elnasLDy) attatk f hanmfal subs.lan te
activaleg Hi BC Hhey n w k to
elestoyit ome pAofien plasMa also
halp t Agkt duudse

clotluig of blood
Bloodpreuts Loss of blood h Cas OF
nj _os tk bas poweA df coaglatioy
()Supp0Ataind fartnabon o fsBableevnaiM.
BAbod pAa vidu suppot oud a Ala baLly
SAabl emunonMaut pYthe a cdtue boc

blood floww

red blood cell

carrying oxygen
Capillary

Oxygen
nutrients
carbon dioxide
red blood cell
depleted of oxygen wastes from cells
 Date
DELTA Pg No

CoMDOStoy af blaod.-
BLbod ua Conneclne A e Od Consiak
of CellA hat Me about na wa-ey
Rud CalldplasMa.

beacause H kae cekme Shopes

Hhee aAs Hanee ype of Callu Hat Make bladd

(2aMa
plas Ma A a sauid SHaw calaused_pout of
6LoodtMake p about SD-60 a of Hha
tota ralum df blbod.
plasMa CDutain90h df laales and 9
Suspendnd oA disselmd Substaucog
Hte Subs taucog hcuds paateu Hhat
nebl bleod lo Oot_0ne Pat Ha
nleciuhdselune hutunk(foad), aud
whate pAeclu
plasma also cosiu chemicals called
houmons hdch Co nkaol qnauth onod
Ct 0tha bocly mtlioy
 Date
DELTA Pg No

C2 ouMed elements
CRBC (wBC) 2latede
Hho fouMed zlkMens a culls_sUchas
ytmotes (RBC)ad ukoyes (wBC)
oud Ce PLagmRink (Platelek

a Pad blood coQlA

Ca
Calm Ad
0gen o tte bbdly tisie and emave
Co A Kid Rlood cala s a loat dudte
ape unue L the Maddle_Halu at

RBC CDinsuuR of HeMoglo bin.ord au oyh

Ca u.c asHat give
pAotnn_ taeM a ALd
Coto.uun ul alco contauy chenical
petculanl enzymls, Rn3ymLu inabls He
c a ca Dut eceAka clhomu a
PAoDALes MOAY 2fecivet a (lauble
MAMbRAnA unaumds latL_RBC Ha
MRMpaANe J so flenuhle Co Rat e cl0 con
Squze Huaugh Hhe Huhest_Blaod vesel
Mo n df CQLA a a uclLous, q
CcRual S-4Auctuae Hat eoutols Maly C
aclit But Matung RBChoe nd uclaj
 Date
DELTA Pg No

ykte blood cllu

wBC also Calnd ucocyAs glat Infectudus
Ond anMa Substau alhat ottak e
boy
ostof HA clAaxo Vnd aud Cololes

dffr n shape So a d of wBC k

bachasiLa ha Suomdng Onddgestin theM
ofhe u d a wBpAud ucy n t b o i s s ,
pratuin H-at cdubhoy batctauia yLss GLd
oH iuvadess 'make HheM haMls,
plalelus
plaleles ase cdso kusum as HALoboutA
de dlucke SHucue Hhat helpA stop
bleodunH ane the SMallAformed
Llemetk0 He blood yess ut plateleLR
stck ta Ho edge of Hh t and o Oote
AML a plu4 ey Aelkose C ialu
Had Lact u Lbhogn avd corkuin
o plaspma pp then adu to the
oAMatuny_df bload_cn
 Date
DELTA Pg No

CCo aluoy
Blood clottung
One May blead_ deaH aMa CMCLAU Cut. Lf
blrodclidh't CDGAlake (clot) au inwwd
blnod veLse Caiss plolele ta shkod to tHaa
elaaged Sufaoto on auD ftnA FoMna a
pu tae plaMa Coutaly pAoien Callea
Atti facto, HynoMally Cinulatts in
an nd ctune foM He blooel. Buufa
blood VAse) sGfeAs daMage H plalelt
pug ad Ho ied Veiae qHe off Chomcals
Aact wih HL clatli acto4,Caeustuall
HplauMa pesiey tuhÁiLDqn Chang[nto
s t t t StAads of ihin He staainds
s s o s s Ohe ant , Oeatga Meu
Hat holds BC ad th pataleH plug
gly b Hhe Sugt of Bleadia H
fluid
Couzad out ad a 20lid lng-H clo
OMS Uot oh Slkin swfate SCab.
 Data
DELTA Pg Mo

Skle suse
Skale al SueM M CDnSslna of c
bdnes of O body
Q) e had aLd icëd Shuctuue oE bone
Mak e Ckol cyS+eM.
(3 q t t as a han rerk whch Suppont Hhe
bocy ad 9ua Shape
H 'skalL SystEM pAokcks May iMp

S k u pateck Hh aain
b Coge pAdfeck heot Od Jur8

hmttuou Of skel SyslkM

CL) S e as a Sup poATiuna Hrame wlk
Q)tack as B t oiveu a lours
MOveMaut of He body
G) pAotecks ound Suppo0nt Mau Lwtnhal
4 + Aalkases CalcuM enHue u Jatk 0f
S pAoducey Maaaiy old AzpouL kelf
CGtstannsHe MaAow Wlich paaduCLA Hhe
phavdu swface FOn ts attachmeut of
Sluta mwclo
 Date
DELTA Pg No

lasuicatuon of bols
Lonq bones
2Sho bon
C3)lat boaes
ALQAuloubous
S KesdMoiol bonts

DO9 bons
a i lo L boue Composed as a cokal
shalt Od fwn knob 2ds A (Lbe gheat
|CoyeAA te ulole asLa ofLnng bone eKCopt
henet_ous with oHu boiA wtaeo au
at tho d of Lonq boe dene at joid wuth
ausHhe bolae a OHyShaet of Couhlaqag
CevRsik Suface Boss of uppes ad
pwen anM (auMAU wlha)i j h and ig
CfeuAtthia.and (ubula) adfugs
ound to CoM Uncdas Hause 4pes of boues

obones_aD Cube shoped and aus

Conposo.d of_Canhal spong bone caleed
Lihtis oye of Cotpadt bona
Hhe bdhe of u L t od ouku a Hho slho

3) Plat bones
L e boas aue Hih and la Lane CArposed
ofckal layu of spongy,bone Geed B/w hur oute
WaAsaf Compack boine.Caam banu of Hho sku
Pibcd Shouldae flat boa0s
 Date

DELTA Pg No

MLQulA bot
t boneshave CoMplex Shapesay
Mpanud la oeu boAgHy
R S1Mla
shot bous and Plot boes but aue
idautical
Bon of Splnal celuMM omel some bones of
Skulanejne4uke botes

C)SeSoAuD)d_boues
HhA bone ou Seed k e Hhe deuelopMat_
in Hhe Rndous ke palella pisufoy ehc
 Date
-

DELTA Pg No

Jans_ud ik ClasLicatoy

3Balland Sockat Jont

4)GRduug jout
Saddle"aud Calndiloid o

Hese pauit cue Hhose JO whch allow

aFOWand aud hackuwasd pmoLoy y OhL
plana
AqMotunof a do onikn g e

His a i t gues a Aoatab Motuon Suthu

Ho aveMent of Ho had PLoM Sde to ude
(3Bal and Socket jotu
eouk_p t e MarUMUM PRIMIE
Made cp of ange adUMd euol of a o ue
bone wluch f i ho Holaallow df oud Hheu
bone He slkovldu ane kip kaue Hu ùut
bodCon Moe OL pol
H e uga beLaL, Hs wey of H jout
Lc olanad ad becauuo Ha ShOuLda
blado ohy- Loose atachsd to ta
 Date
DELTA g No

4GLl4oit
Hhe antculy smfaces qdi OVL Lach Of
oms B/w He Caupel b0n0 Oud B[w
teusaBons aLL qudsiq uk
G) SadAe and Condylald ou
H h s A 10Lls ( e moLeMAnt taku placo
aDundhiwo qxes Hhu foLL allbuwn the
dfiuet Moemeut k e loxDh
exeus1h Cbcluctuou ,ad ductuoy cud
CiAMluchoy wAIst JOAnk and ngA
 Date
Suctu ead uuclLou at LoJTAVE
Ba MaVeMeuk of O
C1) PleO O) Supnauou
8) panatuoty
(3 Abdwctuoy ) wweAsLm
Addudiou
G) Potatuo
(o) NeABLO
) Cinumductoy
pAdtonackou
12 ReHacuou

lexioy_ decneaus Hheuins Z

9Bonduing tHo haad fowod,bndwa Haa

xlusin
iMRols LNEusioy [i4Cease |Dt angle
R 9 a d u g Hhe hsadBackwod
H aM Batkwaud.
C3) Abducluou
Jt u te oukkdo MDUeueu ouay PLoM HAL
Md u of Hao bod

Ous Cadiulaug

4)Adduthon
AAductuo _ |h&Aolo Ma VeMPAt owands e
Md une f bodu,oppa df obductoy
BAqias Hoe_auM back fastaane Md Lin
Bad
 Date
DELTA Pg No

(s)alal
fatsu u Hhe_nuBeMLut towCnds bocdy
Co tus u tepiirnuig ofH
DD on k owy qxLS 'soMeat0s q tapp

tunme he aead KaMy ide b cide

MOV He tuunk paM Sol to side

CCuMductLoy
360 Aotatuay ke aM CLde auoUnd
0A Aoun the uad foAwans sideway s, Beckuad
Cnd HaO_Huu side

w Cutulas Matn body pcant.

OSupikaiunu
SupLnadbu w tlao tuunuiq of Hs palM
iwand and upwand
(8)PhalsalLmu
Aanatuo4 hunung He palm Beckwnd o
douunwand just opposile of Supunalusy
GlwAAsSV
lwweniyy tuMna te solL of Ho Foot
aascud.

t nnna solo OL Foat ouwund

 Date
DELTA Pg No

LotAacluou
d u owlng Hjauw 0 Stukung out

2)otaacluoy
Aal&ing t jouw O pulua H
tOuuguus

Cranium Crankim

Cerevical
verlepta
lavicle
Thoracic cage
Scapula
Sternum Ribs
Ribs
Thora
Vertebral vertebra
column
HumerusS
Una Lumbar
vertebra
Radius Innominate
acrum
Canpal bornes
Coccyx
Metacarpat
bones
Phalanges
Femur

Femur

Patella
tbta Patella
Fbuia Tjbia,

Tarsal bones
Metalarsal bones
PhaangeS arsal bone
eaneus
Metatarsal bones
ANTERIOR VIEW
ANTERIORVIEW
HUMAN SKELETON
 Date
DELTA Pg No

I Mus l e systeM
H o umaubody CowtuinMOAN Hhau 6 S50
ndiindual ueles
wich pawds pullug pouu so that you Can
MOL iaund
MLAdu a 40s af ow totzl body
WG
usclos ae attachod b houglh
huau Shuchues Callud eindous
e bocdy u Maed iMtnll by quup of

CoutAactuous Hat aall ane bonu ke

Hhose ussd jn wonki h ou obRcE
Ch na tood ane cald
ISodaC C Aacluou.
SanHactum tat CoUnkA opposug foauu but do
nof Mako upAMRIK dalld
souehic Cohhalaus
 Date

DELTA Pg No

dauulicatuon of Mucu
L Skaletal Muuce
Suo-ofh Musc
G) Caudiac uude

CSkoletal mLACLe
HAp usdsuw aHaclsd to tas botals Haey
MOe Hao bones of Hho ouMS gs, Fugs od
also
Voluuky uulu Bephre Hat mako up He
skalsai MLla hae altenae Jiut ond dcuk
AoSs baud caUld stAi ous
skelutol muscle s uedu yolunby coutot
d AupouLihle fos Volumby Moveukiat of
bocdy pcs
Skol ta rAuCl also calld staiated Mu de2

2sModth Muscle
Hhe Musls aus found m Mastof AL
bodyl hlenal ogans, SMOoth MLlAcls
do ot ane al ttanale lglt oud dauk
Aoss bainels Calles skialous
LHy a Un tho Wau of stoMac, andiutestu
Havgh H dlaelae ya4eM.
shoDtha MAtleolso Coute wmdh df e
bAbeel veLA)_ad thoi220f he b
saHh
SOh Case h4 Caktact asd ARlaX e clohE
 Data
DELTA Pg No

SMoofh MIsdoDaudes udieut of nteunad

Olgan dich ouo tmcleuCoakel of jmwolunty

SODHA uclo ALAP0uSLhle FoA uore MAut f

act
-Food Habrgh ths dgerue
unaybladdu

3)Cadiac Acle
His MuAcl foulad au haat
t ha feaheraf both kolltal andsruoh
uCdo Caldiac MLAClo lnas shatuou ike
skle uclu bit Jka SMOdth usde ik
Coutatk ouwtoMabicall ad Plytaycau
wutut tuig
Candiac MUdulA uLat to b Aat 72/Min
wutout Aest Hdramut ou t u e

He heant beat U nuhallud by, Hhe cell un

heaud calld Pumknj Lbuk
 a l e

DELTA Pg No

uucousOf MusCLAs
(Mahul tp allow moeMeat
Walkung,AunnAng S wuMMng

Speaki

QShabut
ucdusd lendnus shaacbh oe [oiuls oa
Cohubule He j o s stah.uy

3)Poshue
Skaletal puscls hulps ta kaep te body. in
Hho Coect posuusy wtn someone is sitiig_
Stouelina As Callnd poshwe

Culaluou
Hho u o MUACla hat pUrps hlooel
Hmovgsut aw body Hhe Mole2utoHa
hea is OusLde Of CsusLous toutel and
CoHack automatically
Suoo Mustdu jn Hao a uu aUnd voin
playaalu u uulai Jf blood.
Apatuoy1
BRaHh walnes Bhe uue of lhe diaphroaqM
 Date
DELTA Po No

C6)Digeuuoy-
Modth Musclu_.n Hho gasttoIhstiialo
4 a t t cobaf dgestanin He qT hack
SheacA LoM e mauth la H Am

e ppe_Musclu iy Hhe CfoMach Aklanes to cullad

food to entei whl the low Musde Mx food
poh co

ALinákou
Hhe unay sjem CoMpAis both sMoHa
Od skolea uAlu

6Skoletal usclu aoUhd Ha conhet H

MoeM2Ixt
)Ongau phottctiou
cle epi Latu Aognlatuou
 Date
DELTA Pg No

SHuctuodE Skoletal MAle

skaleka MuSCo ae ogans uch au

Mads upoF skala MuCloHssue plus
Mpottant canhectue od hiuauTikua
CompoLLade. Skelatal pusclo oluffu y &jze.
shape amd admo4M2d of LDA HyAanga
BotM Vey SML a{diunds Such as muccko of
Mddle l a . o lange Mau Such osHe
MuAle ofHiglh Som gkelbal uLU aue
noAAow_ y Shape and soM bAdad..
Some auO Puaugule Ond sol cuo ÚMAgla
SoefoM Platshesls oud o t bulky MaScai
Agemet ef fibres dffens in VauLos
LLu n sofMe Mucls the Hbes a u e
p a a l l lo teLoug aUs OF Hha MLLLCla
soMe Hy ho- hoo) attachMeut
oluthou OF HofhesMakng a
Becau ot ilsl h
 Oata
DELTA Pg No

MachaiSM Of MUACLla Coudhaclou

AUbuu Movemahk such cusWcLlka Aunnua

Ltt ano possible due lo the pALCeuoot
Muscles uside Hao body
a p knaA that Myoh y He SIMplut
uwtof MLICLA Coutaias Couatle paoteiy
a llps in a Calakkactof MUAls aud
lwwalnesn body MoLeMewk
Accondu lo He slidui falamant Hon
CouPackoy_f Mully fakus placo dbu He
asluduwa

He puo.cess of MASdo ontia ttuan begis by a

SLaua haM Hhe Coutna ous syitemMs)
H al baauqt bay Mat neiuos aM
Hhe CNS H uoko Oous
aw Connicted

(onnocs Called a Mat Uht

a uhtoy w He otoA t and th
Santol2MMa U nash a huoMLslau
aA theMatn Qnd plae Jmelio

Signalu hoM Ho CNS au

hawpoltd as
leckrca IMpuds also Kasun as aclknu polntual
 Date
DELTA Pg No

A OLMo Siqnal OhALaChin e hOuA Mucude

Jm.ctuo Årleaes a heulohawrtt
u qALati4a actou 0oleutial
Hu acbo poenhal spsead ove MUCClo fABae
Ono CauLU H elea Of CoaWciuMLon lhto tha
Sou coplasM by SaucolasM AstculaM

SercoplasM Sa copa tdaH

Sancop asm HH Calcwm oh Leads to Hhea

bundii4 of Ca cum ion uth t sub Unctof
Aapon h_Ho a c e LlaMeus. aud
Sck oi dchiy Clameuts
H actaie Sutes o Acti laMed expoSd Hhe
uoin sads sfank a bunds4_pAbceL2 aclh
uA oAM4 a Cossbidgg
4 Adsd fu Hho s bandge fsruati
CoML AaM tho tyduaulated ATP atachsd
Myoculato ADP_ound JiAAqahiC ploS Plhale
Hhe attachad Adin ilaMLs G HAn pul tawas

MLLCle
 Date
DELTA Pg No

MucloCodhaluoy MaChaSM

sil CORIAact_daeJNE MDLCOAAuy uLan

Muscle
Musdle shorhnq Becauue Muccle Ensntn Can
ae pAodutes wisut thalgua MUSClo

Wen he elda hany hook,dumhlo t

SaMe posituoh

olotne d by uscleAlaratioy wasch ua

Arun of nusdo fib o Low fesuou
oRuAalua Stale

usde Cohukactou Cain be deissd basud o h

wa vauiablu engtl oid eusioy

A fuscd Cnlathactuon Can hn descubhad ay [ DMeC

If He S d o leuDy ChanaRs u t lengt atman.
SaM
and sotone fMUScle teusuon Aenas Sor

Hamusd e Coha cton

a Musclo Legh skoeus he conkiactbuu

CoacenDUC
utheu Caludm
k f He qusd Leg
eccePuc
 Dato
DELTA Pg No
UNIT- In

TDgestse CysteM
Ldagslue sRAEM AApONl pAoLna
Fatd. asakuuq tk juh uablo PLatdn fatd
Canbaldrales mwmals fak oud othu substan ta!
Cd staducing Hse uko o hloodcpreaM S that
H bady cau UAe tasM.H dhgelt-ia

tcthane talnge bogins Hs beakdounH fomd

aided b Salca Secueted ba o SaluLQ4.
qAands chewad_foodConbaedwL Seluua_

Cohisd wala he _HcQ wlach fuH hulps

bakua ib doun wau Ha kaodJ
Hel iated LeARMOi4 aind Hatk faad
Ld A petall olugelled Fded Ca llod clymg
Daed Phmsgh t e `Malo uleskueand

chymLuala tho blao.dsheaML0aV-q tA

wusabl 0Aid
u AJudane pcAad Laugh the callon aud

OMpaced ohu and upan exCLeto4 Pais

HAS h ha aal Caadnd AuLI alon
AOh H dgestne thack Ho pauCARas
enJues ad all bladdey Se AOR_
a u wksch badpsn digeil-oh
 AFE

Nasal Cavity
Saivary Glands.
Soft plate-
The pharyx connects the Teeth
mouth to the ssophagus

Epigtottis
Trachea (wvindpipe)
Tongue

Esophagus.
Cardiac
Sphincter
Liver

Pytoric sphincter- Stomach

Gall Bladder
The liver produces bile that Pancreas
is carried to the digestive
track by the bile duct
Pancreatic duct

Duodenum
Transverse
Large Intestine

- Descending colon
Small Intestine-

Ascending
colon
Sigmoid colon

Appendix
Rectum
Anus
 Data
DELTA P No

Shctue aad_huchouof He
Qstuee SyAeM

Hho fool yey_eat fakes Ou_uLdrbla

OM top (Mauk)
JOny saugh youu bocy
bottom (anu) along Hs hay Hhe bouiita
DcuLs of you fodd abkosbad,quu you nugy
Cnd hiuns Huss a Sep by-sfep accout
oF Ho dieslue SyaleMls woukuua8-

Hhe MAth w tha brgainlkg of Ha drqRslue

taact fact dugealou' Stts hotse yau
LNen tak a bile yo SalwaA qlasds qat
actue a oU See and sMA HÄt pasta dish
O wuM brad
aHu you SBuk latng c u clhew y u foud
lhbpcs Hsat a mo eaiely dhges led
OLu Salua M[XJ L t the foud la bkauat
beak doum /nto a fOAM at yoh b oku Ca
e old absocb , whon yet SwolLduo you
fougua. pases Hhe_food 'ula yow twsarat and
[utb yow ophagus.

sophagu
loatattd u you Hunat L a you taca dp-
Hat AeaeA Food hou yow mouth wheu ye
SwalloLO epiokoty a SMaU lap a
mds OVeA youu widpiaqrray yau
paereb ydu_hoM Choxkig. aSuallou.
sexes o
Musckau Cotacioy withi Hae lsapl-agu
 Oate
DELTA Pg No

CalledpeAis fa Su clekuUs Fooct lo you

StoMaCu

ShaMacda
t shoMachua hallouw Mgan 04 CoLtnu
at okds food wl JA AA beilq Mixd
w StoMa
Cblatil Hhe pacsof baeakiig doun He Fao
mto awabl fosM.ccl 2h Hhe iuhg
OF Ha StaMach Seuate o shoh4 aid ard
potwet au3ts Hhat ane A"pou&hlo fu
bakdoun poCOLS wMeu ttho Caufeuk of HA
SoMach OUe pocezad ensugh, Hhaye
elkaed Linko SMall lnkesbi4

SMa Jalestui
Madi up of Hu0 CgMets-H duodauM
uwM d leyM
HSMall(utelie i22 feat long muuleu
Lihe that bak down foad_wug RuzMU
aleassd by Ho poueas aud hilo aoM Hhe
ien
aduoclenuM J Hhe sA SagMet of he
SMa aleLtne d ylanglyAspouSble df
CouLLtiwOu basakiq douun phoco

t cnoMaualy Aupouihle a absoub t y

Contenk o£ SMa0 iulesba stank out S2M

Solidad lud tts ia wdforM a
PasS taanats oganalale, bjle
 Data
DELTA P No

LMYMLS Od mucus Contibues bo Hs Chauge

Ouce He _lauuRLns absabed
COsLAeuey
O4d ftove fodel Pedue pasLAd Oway to
ange 1uktstiie
VaulLa
DaLheas SecLek dl1geslue O43yMO us tha
PAofiAntak aud
eLadlauu hat bieak doum
Caboyclsates
He pouLo also MoLk uaulun Das4 t
chuul
hanuoke In y o body o Mtabauguug
Suge.

He Live has May Funduousbut kaMaM

ob wuthuy Hhdistue SaysjeM w to pAacos
H D u k absohrd hoM Ha sMal htest
BLe FoM H w seuted in SMall Tatahie
d
as play auMp Aelo 1n clugtshng zk
SOM Ataiu
e Jw Hhe bodylk cheuital actouy
t tak e AawiuituLa absbed
laulia ond Mako all o vauOw Chenutals
He bady asnds Lo funcluny
Hae Jurë also detoxiku poteutially honvfd
Cenc a
beak- douus alad secAR k Ma L duns ta
Caub pic ln Ha body
 Dete
DELTA Pg No

aLqhladdei
H a l bladdu s/oue Od Coh c0utnaHe
bile foM the iuu Oud thon Aelkau i t
fwto dodenuM Ju Hho SMaU 1ueAbine
lo p absoub _ad drget s

pAocoLaig wule so that emplyuUng He

bowls S las and ConiaAL Lt L abot
6 LetLen MLLClA tube Hhat cahheck
CH Langg Iutesbue Madu up ofCecuM
H aicoudin4 Kalt) colon, HhataausvesL
acess) colon He descondug (let) colou
ad haCuguoid celon c h Caaeckh_e
tuM1)
Stuel o walte Jelt oue_fsoM thudaulke piace8
D a s o dHusvah He colon bp Meas oF
pLutsu sAt y H Juqid state Cind
uLAMately n Sold fouM
As Stoa passes Hhnsugh ftre colon_iae ia
pmaved stani riated shosd Iu He
Sgais(eskoped) Colonlupti a
ALtUM QU [ato adayg
thoAMcll4 taku 3 howuifon stuto qet
Haual H ColDn Hho Stoo u kerf MOS
fuo d debas ad bacteALa HAeood
bacaaa pntonM SeAal usehd functou
 Dala
DELTA Pg No

Suh aSuHALAISLU
Poui wedke nketunals Gd food
patlosandprotechug agasust hanfl
bactunLas
LechM
Rochum o Shags tug at Mthes hamaan
a t Coneck H_colon b Ho tnls He AetuMs
b u to euu S{oc LM Hho Colon let
you kho tatne `koo to be luacuated
Cpopped out) aund lo had Ho soo! u t
eAacuatuoy kappe ndeu auytig gas[stool)
CoMe nto fli actuM SRUaos seuds H
MAaqe a tae Ma the bran Hrau deudu
t HeAalical Couteus Cau ba Alkasod on nof
f Hy Can the splaucts nelax o d Hae
AChu CoLadk dsposng J s Coukenk
E e Colukeuk Caulot be lisposSed Haa
Sphuncles Cakdack aunel Hho ngttu aor
accomodakes So ta He Seusatoy empOAaraly
0

t Gu A Hho last paut of ls cdhgelue tAac

it A 2udesLane eE Calal
couSLtg
sphiceis Cintualand extUlnal)He Jisg1
cnlens Lulsqou uow hetan Hhe CoenS
ae Lqu4 aas to Solnd
He aus SLAAnemalsd hs S t e
 Date
DELTA Pg No

sphiucleL muscle Hal C Mpartot Lin

állouug Cotelof staof
H peuic ploOA MScla CARaRA Oh ouglo B/w
ctMaud aus Hat SBopA stoohoM Cata
Out weuuk nsf suppoced to h e mtena
SphintleA s alwoyg l g t kNcapt_nleu
sooRitns e asctuM Hw kdeps us

ofi

ute_pso cA OF re.okt doum a Jangeu

Conplexoud mcolubla focd malecuudes into
SMa snplo aud saluhla Molecus wsch Can
be 2a absonbed uo_HA bleod sHLoaM
Absaplua14
t s te piocole of absauhiig Ha digestedfeod
Moledu ab He blood oy Lph
H absospluoy poceu OCCLu by actiue
paskieo falitatedtaauspotAMachauty
ASsiMNatou
e proceje of Syutaezug sAMple
MauoModeuls absoAlbA om Lo dagrAed
frnd raloads ho asSMlation paa cels
lpA h the qAa nd daelopmet Of-
Cell 4ssuej_eedalsoi 4 He piaduckuoy of-
ClU ad tiusues
 Data
DELTA Pg No

I
Mulato SysteMMeaus hLart aud
blood veLsel °Vastul) SseMwhith y
he Cauça takou b y He blood Hmough the
feies Capllards ad VRis Cd back lo h

He heat y Mado np of tow clhaMheNs

HheA1gnt srdek He hwat pumps CMHaon-po0i

blodd cellu from
H a bady back o Hs ihaa

Lt Ade of Ho haant aeies bloodih n

the anbio bHA dishat ponk of Hha bodl

t estmatrd sat a heqeh Maty of (l&

bLeod Cotplekes Coue of Causadoy
appioLMately 30 secouds
Aorta

Pulmonary
artery

Precava Pulmonary
Veins
Right
auricle

-Left auricle
Spetum
Bicuspid
valve

Seminular
velves

Post cave - L e f t ventricle

Tricuspid valve-

Right ventricle
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Stuctume sf luuMan_larant (tatenao )

Ha huMa hraatM aboud Hhe i2 of Lun
FAt Ondy dded luto 4 chambes
2 Vutauclo 2aatiia
H VeutAiclu ang HO clhaM Haj pumps
blbod and atnuM ane aeChambs Aat
ALLos blood amou9 ich both Anglht
CnbuM and Ventaicl2 naka up H_ANgls
hoant_alnd saue as leLA_FaMate ddi

Hh sphuchue of fho aant also ouses He-

bigaRitartay h the body anto
H Ailt and fho t A2qioh of o aeart
a sepeted hy a a wall of Muscde allod
SepuM1
Hho Auglt Veuticlo puMPSHs bluod lo fHe
LungsfaA A-04qtnahóy pHnough th
Quluhay antai HA aght sdmulunas
yales cocedahd prreut Ho hlood hat
Plbugback int the heat Hon HM
0MYeated blood. s ARCued by Hhe |eft
atiMoM Ha Lunga via h pulunay
Vns
 Date
DELTA P No

eaal Shuctuwe of hiant

O OF He ve fALt suchue wch Can

be ObseMAdwn H exfENnal shucte

Pecadau
uMan heo u SLhvakrdat fte t of HLa
Chest alnd auclosed twtin a fLuud fAled
Caudy desibedas He pejcadioal Caly
h peladuoMJsa fibL M2ubiane fond
as an extena CaVeing arouMd he heart
t protecs hohsart oducod hy SeouS
id wlch seu o 'baicale Ha heanat
ad paset faictoy B[u HASundUnduu
Agais
apant loM tLubaylatun o peicandw M
atio kelps Hhe nart la k2ap 1t j k posiduom
b Mauntauhlug te aallow spate for fhe

Heant Valune
ChaMbeAA
BloDd vessels
 Date
DELTA Pg No

aactoy olheani
Ha Aulhctou of heou yOuy OAgauis M_u
tp Maintatin couStaut Louwof quutdblood
wouglout the body His A@plas u
0yieh ond_inulases huEALtas_audng.

on oF HaeparMay_Ph of He Mau hart is

pUMp blood Hwaugl Out tha body
BLood deluenD oaen, hanmDnA 9uosa
and ot CamponntsoyaLous pcnk of He
boyncluduig Hhe kuman hsart.
H eant alao eiswuA Hat adkgualR blood
pA3LL Mamtunued Jn tad bod

tuctue of hiaulu Baef

Hhe huMan heaut u dded lnto 4 chaMbes
naMAly twn ve1icluoLd 2 axtig
he V tjths a e tta chasMhe Hhat poMp
blood and atuiuM ane t charmbs Hrat
e e He blood Auaaq nelich Hho Anglt
tauM aind yetucle uako up HoAr l
and he
and Vebycle akas fha J t pbLon df
heant
 Date
DELTA g No

of CwCulaluoy

Cinulauoy- a a POAtoy Of
C2ulMona
Cwulaty ARL pOnShhle HA (aAALLa
heintt
deoxyLgLnlted blood awouy hAM H
o He ung ad Hen bugs 0gentrd
bloocd batk l hsont

SSeMic iuulatuoy anothin potuon

OF C ulauoM n Ha OLqeted
blood s pDM2ed hoM HA east to eveny
Ogan. aind tusus n the body Ond t o
deoxygenetrd blpodCoMLs back aqally e
eant

oLDAa4 CinLala tuoy-M eAsLtral potoy

of Hhe Chunlahon d oygnekd blood
yCupplud b He Nat
Hs |mportas a He huart y Resp0 nSuble
foa Supplung blocd Harqlaut e body

1h
AllatDy SyskM ploas VaaAL
Supplan
T 0 geun nutsns od
C 2 ad otu
wi Lan body
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Uclu ead i e L )
4PuMpL4 hlood lp He lO NGS
* pump blond to d l body
Roqloing B.lood pApALUNe
aulalu and Aae

BLoodPAessu22
BLood paeAguLJA Hae p^asSLA OE CMula4
bload againsk He walU of blood Vesulu_
Mostof s paesauue ulk foM Hs kit
puMp blood r o h H uulatwy
Sysfem

NOLma Blpw |20 as

Llevated 20-12 Belw &o
igh BPstagsT 130-139 Cud 30 89

pL fese CiSA abne1&o Y abone [2o

 Date
DELTA P No

Pulse
M
Aate
hoAMl pulse oY e a l H adulk harges

oM 60-[o0 beak/M[n
ulse aale_Ma_luchualk audhease
witk eACOACiAL ilhes Lh[ 0ud eMo tons

Males aaes l2 and aldes n o a l ud

hane Fasfu hiat Aale Han do Males

pulse Aale AeleeucO h SpoAB

HeShoqlh_on aMpluhuda olhe pulse nsflece
h auDtt of blood ejected wih Mayocaudual
CectrConhackoy
Aw-ell alined athelek_mayhae a LluA
eastaak of 4a-6o Baa ih
 Date/
DELTA P No

L LupuatoSatem

AeApuatany, SysAM Ufha ashwok of

OAgansand tdAus hat olps yeu beaH

blood Vvess el
He uAcles had pow you lwgR aud al.o
antof HA AMspuatoy SusfeM Hiya pak

H bocl and clean 0tt wates 9asu

ke Cabou di oxrde CO-

Nasal cavity -
Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Epiglottis

Bronchi

Lung

Diaphragm
Fig. 2. Organs of respiratory system
 Data
DELTA Mo

StAuctwe_ofAespinati yaleM

HheApuatoa SysleM_has Many duflsaut

pos hat wolk "toqetat to hilp ypu
bAeath £ath group of pats hai Mauy
Sepanak Compoklads.
y0Aoauiwois delua ci to youlugs
yo uways asl q CoMplicaled sqsleM
a t ycludu you

MMouth aud nose

poung8 h a t pull a u AAM odside y o

bocly fulo yolusALspuatba SysleM-

)Sunyses
Hollod oneas behuaeh e bo n yow
Lad tH-at elp a2audate hefempiotue
Cund uidity of Ho cin you [nkala
(32 Pla ux (Hmoah
ube Haat deluey au haM you uDuta
land lhose o he batla (hndppa)

G)Aachea
passes Cahueclu you tHhscat and Lung
G)BMauchial hub
t b uat Hhe bottoM ofqpu LNmdpipe tot
Conhecs alo each lima
 Date
DELTA Pg No

hwo ongaus thatALM OYgtn koM He

a and paA AA Lood
ako yoLu blodd.

GDuaplhaa4M
MuLde Hat helps youlungs pull incuiu and
Push jt Out

2bs
Boes tHat Suounds atd piofecyou ngs

C9)ALweoli
Ey u Sacsu HoJurgz wl-ee Hh
exchän42 dt 0Xygen ahd Co eaks p_laca

2Mall_bjauche4 of Ho baoulhioles tubes

Hal load lo th Alvea

CaDpaLlAs=
BAbad Vessels 4he Aeol wa lls Ha

Sectsn hs g s - 3 Lshes thw Augld

A a d2 Leheu lung

31 2wAa
tuin sacs Hhat sumnaumds each lung, lcba. and
 Data
DELTA Pg No

C13) Ca
u y hauns a t Mbre_lna wou Iik0 (uptuy
to dut and othu tauk Ot of
topl
y ou CLUMOLYB

(4) pialattiu
ussue lap cad Le etenauco bHo a tlea
Hat closes wen you Swalous tokeep food
Od u d od of yotu aLways

(s) Lasyuivaubox)
Holloul ogan tat allowS you to takad
Make somds when a Moves h and Ouc.
 ala

DELTA Pg No

unctoy_of Apiatma SqSt¢M

ADwau to talk_oud sMet.
2Buqs aiu t body epnatue.ound
Moitw2as t to e huhudidy leve) youu
body hads.
G0elivess oygah to he cellu jn y o bod
4Ravoves wasfe gases hcuding co Pom He
bod when yoù exhale
S) oteck you ouways haM haumts
Sub stacLA Cud Jmians

MechaiSM Of/spMalLou

he procos_of bwatrh9 În ishspinalioy

Ond brcatthg oudiu'expiualoy
Seenal DE H 9as laws of p hysis aa
igh neleeut to mdenstaLdiug rspUrluoy
fmctuoyb

) hunal epiualuou
Eaclhone Of 0su Bw Rlood and cll

Enchauge d 9as0s Rlw Rornd aud

 Date
DELTA Pg No

KspMatoiy Volue adik Impontauta

Kespuatas voumesand anMportunt

aspect oF pulMohayfnctoi4 Lestig
becausa hey Can proudonfonMaloy abot
fho pla4sica Candutisy f Haa luungs

Respuahoy Capacty LpulMunay Capa.ccy i

actons Such au C) aqe

(2) 3L
(3) body buul Qnd
4)Plysical Concduiohing
Capa Cuos
lLingg sually Aeach Haay MQuMUM Capg u
2aly adultaood od decliaiitth
Oq a at
 Date
DELTA Pg No
UNIT-V.

ne toy SuseM
May_wnnated produc_cnePocuced iu Hhe
body dwm4 b vonLous cacutis
u h as lawaute phody.ck MuSt be u s a d out
OHnLiAe Hayhanm Hhi bocy
H funclion o f lush4 ow te waLles ane
Camisdout Hhe fon wadely seprated
OLgansSudh as C1)kidney
22 SuwRat glads

4)
Hone should he o confuio to See Hho anss
oind lieA a pent of xCAotey SqajeM 1nstead
of Aspuatay ad duqeauae ayzfem.
t ay thue that teso cn ahs r e pert ofHaan
May SyzHeM._

ARspatdAy_ond duarAtie but Hhas also

play on mp Adle InGxuLtey Sqsjem as te
ungsAl
2uinae Co uch Asawaste paoduc

was fes thnaug bisodsheama

wate salk id SMall Gaat Of ofheA wrastes
aAR lCAated Seat qlands
 Date
-

DELTA Pg No

puctue/oF krdy and sK

fuuctuau

d
e kdhey N SLMila to beasu n Shape
ane Cihuatd u fe Lowe abclomein
JUst above waist, ah_aueagg Sizad_kidhey
MlasLA aboutt1,2S CMLhu g h
S-1.sCM Lide
Od 2-5 CM Huck

uSua yAt kdhey LHl [aaga than

h e . a hsaiy ponhon of At hotds
Lim up n poSunthe Cmcae Sads f
both idiuesys ace 2ach othe
hhehnen ånd MdAle Swnface COtaun a
V-Skape CalldLHo elium.At He aluuM
bood VAJLelA hw and yMphatiu ineA and
Jseie He Ldy addutusug H wetAS
a t aspot nihe Phom tho diey a he
ladd iale Ha kide4 out He haUM
oL pautum he kidhey A Callud Cole2
ch Caveed by the te fbenns túwnes
He hadn_ pAkay u Called Medul0a the
kudney CohAlg dfalangg _hLMhusof Cold
tube Calld ephnoG
cachkidhey outuins about l l o y naphmons
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Nepmahs ono he biny itAlg unsk of Hhe

kduep
Nephkous [iltuout excess waten Salk amd
unia PhoM thblo-cc as it paSsOs Hava
heleou blvod lanes He ed eys a d
CoLtiuuy Culatoy iu he bod
Ha asfes Cellucked u Ha kdnoya fou a
DedCalld unllhee
JEpassefhon Hha _kidueys mourgla tuo
tubes called eleA8 t o cu autic
Sac Calld ta_wlnam bladdly
bladdu Bones fhe wne ulk wlkichJ
exLted from Hhe body Hmovgh He uneHana
G Man bena pasSes Out about
t2:S Ltus ne/cla

Blood vessels

- Left kidney

Ureter

Urinary bladder
Urethra
Figure.: The human urinary system
TJ..-
 Date
DELTA Pg No

sku
Skn cautaus Sueatqlainds 0nSheat9Aaids
QA Found iun Skin all OveA Hhe b o d
b t aw luMous n Hhe palm of H kancls
Sol of to Ceet ond fanehead

a Sungko Squanv uch of skun oh He palM of

he hand Coutiund about 300d Sweat qlands

wea sethatioy l s \n Mauitaining the und

Balancood ALulatiig body teapiatuag
weas gXands alsa mctum au 2xCalu

walle haM Hhe body mavgla s weat

 Date
DELTA Pg No

CompoSituoy Of wul
inewa liquid bypoduct of he body
Secuted hy he kidhs Wansuglh a procezs
Callnd unkatou aud ncae te4 Haugh a
wwthna
a n aqubus Sol of qAsaten Hhon 9s fo
wreteL. c Colusitueuk iuclude
w a
Chlonda.
3) So.cuwM
4) potassiuM
) heatinie and
C6) othe diaalinq J04s
)OA9ame &[h0ngadic CoMpounds
ea a Loufoxic moleule Mada oE foxic
aMMoa aindCo
O abnonmal CouitLhuouts fomd /n ne
ana au_ndicatoy of disoas
 Date
DELTA Pg No

NERVOUS SySTEM
H wrous CsstMs Ohl0} the uost
CoMplx bod system
Ma oEJB uctisns an not yeE Full
ndstsod.
Ou bady 0 t Can he taugt Ha_
bocys"CaMMuuacatuon SzleM'
i Aiqulasly, AM*LUes econds anod posses
on hfonmatlM PAM Ho eunonm2unt and
PoM Ho oli(feret pank of o u bD dy
9 LCads_Ho foMaluan oud Sed
MLages to dafeALspouns &tE He hody
den4 M pefDYM COAtan
Huw mkes E possihle hu oHA SuSteMA
OE
o body to arouk taapta Cund adspokel
aSitalusy.
to

OndAA ane |sSuwd n he hLNTDus SysteM

wch Conols and Angulates
OuA bdcl doRJ,
aieyHug ha
H AAoiU CsleM Cautnols al gans aud
otoA pak df o bady ut ach ds an
ongan of he mind oud nguulales bodyls
LepAnatue thsal) SeCalusn f agra

Can Soy it Contols each and ee MAVeMRI

actink Wch re do On ink df daina
 Data
DELTA Pg No\

y
henrDus System J Clasiud
CHe Cohal heudus ysleM(CNS)
epLAplnalN nudus Sustem CPNS)atin yalabuy
S) Hautono Mau heww SyslemCANS

H e Cothal hewous susleM. (CNS)

e couthal nUuos sysfem ColusisB OE H2
c e k a l lotated nemous SystM
Ongaus Hat ane ) BAaiy
OSpuinal cad Cnd
SOMO aLaA Lk

e Conha hewous ySeM loluLs

Mo tah | 00 BLtlLby of heulnos.

T utdhoMalA aL/ow systeM_(4NS

OSLa h ouuto hamow hOANDu SSkM
Cousdusd as pantaf_msto divisoy
OFH pAruplheaa alMe SysteM
But itngalates au bodys woluntup
Lhtenal iutt01J such os Bloodpresaiuo,
neant ak, blood disbibuton.0d ARs pulatury

Ound s pOAk e autolaamous henduu 4s em

hae 2pauk SumpathAHead
pnaMpa Hahic henous Syslem
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Pank o baaiu (hapue aue posush only )

Maun pcunso[ h baalh u

C1 Cerebau
2)Hediencephalon ( Blw Md baiu)
3 H CehlluM
h e _MLdulla oblokgata BalnStem

CaobuM
Mato pant ofbaau rotE
h ouenpontu
df RhebawM/Comlex
Site of Hhe Lud and Junte lugeuce
J also matie.

Hamk feal ad ducides Oul

MoleMnts t Gorens He ntsle
bad

2)QLaco plaale4 GluMAel pank_of baalu

CoMposaUaa E
Hhalas po Halaaus
infMaum ( t penfoLMS nk Bh
Md and He boday
Cente')
 Data
DELTA Pg No

G)CehallwM
|Loacated mdu_He back pontu01
tsSecondLangrst pcnt of blaLn
ARqnlafeA CoLdknatOM_ Move MAd
helps .wy couollu om MUSClA
oveM euts , balon ce ound euily bniuM

Madulla -
aid baaLiy
CShals hiant ad lungs
hhau MAdulla liLusd runtt cleath: t
heart d lurgs Stop beaku4 osnd bLeatHsnq-

CEREBRUM

Diencephalon

Brain stem4
Cerebellum
Fig. 1. Four major regions of the brain
 Date
DELTA PO No

Spinalcad
Spina! cod faums la_Maiu ink
liuk Blw
Blw
Hh baain aud A ARLEOE HIbody
t atacledo Ualdulla od As
clowm te_uddo d AA back
th spual Cord Cauubath SeMso and
uatod fibaes Blw Hhe brain audOH

ApPebaLa OH backbone
Neme buanch o PLoMHe Spua CoLd
al_pcuk of He body Hy ban cheo May
tuu foA faaug SMa od Smallu
nenes So Hhat iyey COunu sf tho body
Supplud with imo
MeAsas thane hoM Hhe baai down the
Spha COd Moela he enes alU_pouus
of He bDdy
MLoMLg Msages of alU pons dE He body
eles SpLina Cond movgh Hae noMs
Od hen kane upto blaln
Hhe Spua Cod also conusls Contriun actoy
OW ofhae quick uthdsal f and
hat tDuch aa
hwolund ARaclun CaldL
a ex actuy
 Date
DELTA P No

Brain

Cerebellum

Spihal cond
Brechiel plexus-

Musculocautaneous
neve
Intercosta
Raddal neve
neves

Subcostel neve
Median nerve
iohypogastrie- Lumbar
neve plexus
Sacr
Genitofemoral-
nerve
plexu
Feimoral nerve
Obturstor
nrve
Pudendel nerve
Uner nerve Sciatic nerve

Muscular branches
of femorel nerve
Sapheneus nerve

Common peroneafnerve TIbial nerv

Deep peronsalnerve

Supermicial peroneal nerve-

2021/5/1
 Date
DELTA Pg No

Chdooine syseM

ndocaine Sysfem causLA4 6f a

uMbust qlands wdtthAllkase Substrut
CalludhonuONS,
HoAMolUacB as Coca gtnal HhaaUaut
He body i c h ALgenlotes May fimctuos

ach
Cuati alehas JH dum spe cueic fimctoy

Hormaus pAacluto slotwes aud qAnwally ongu

Jastua ApoMsQs oMMas Caahhel
Lpawt due' opMeut, ehaclo ALpAoducluo
potkalamus
Thyroid and

Piuito parathyroid glands

Thymus gtand

Adrenal
glands

PancreaS

Ovaries

Testes
 Date
DELTA Pg No
Nate 4land ocatuo1
Hhe prtuutay qalnd Baueof Baaunuaual caudy
Neck
e pcuaHpo d glaud Ntck Back of tard qland)
adi Glaind Lop o f HA aath kudne
Belud t stoMah
H sexgloud 'pelwc Cauiy

CnCRas qlond

Jo taked bakind oud slLy bulors tha

ShoMachHe twn Mao haamets of
Dou Las ad Msli ound Glutag.nls

CpcnLas hanMdhes Contme! blood qlucoce

Csug) lue by loweu qlucoce l s .

stjmulotes he baeakdoun df
Foct aud pratus
d neaAA 9atait seuatuouj
-

ialsa fancbsins ef clisaibutug of