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PROBABILITY The Multiplication Rule 7. Given a class of 12 girls and 10 boys. What is
The probability that two events A and B will the probability that a committee of five, chosen
number of favorable outcomes occur in sequence is at random from the class, consists of:
P= 7a. Only girls Answer: 0.03
number of all possible of outcomes
P( A and B) = P( A) ´ P(B / A) 7b. At least one girl Answer: 0.99
If an event can happen in h ways and can fail in f
8. In a room of 23 people, what is the probability
ways and all these are equally likely to occur, then If events A and B are independent, then the rule that at least 2 people have the same birthday?
the probability of its happening is p = h/(h + f) and can be simplified to Assume birthdays are uniformly distributed
the probability of its failing is q = f/(h + f) and that
across the year and there is no leap year
p + q = 1. P( A and B) = P( A) ´ P(B) complication. Answer: 0.507
Mutually Exclusive Events: 9. A real estate agent has 8 master keys to open
events are mutually exclusive if it is impossible This simplified rule can be extended for any several homes. Only 1 master key will open any
for more than one of them to happen in a single number of independent events. given house. If 40% of these homes are usually
trial. left unlocked, what is the probability that the
At Least One Condition
Independent Events real estate agent can get into a specific home if
The probability that an event will occur at least once
if the happening of one does not affect the the agent selects 3 master keys at random
in n trials is
probability of happening of the other before leaving the office? Answer: 0.625
P=1–Q 10. The probability that a doctor correctly
Dependent Events
if the happening of one affects the probability where Q is the probability of the event to totally fail. diagnoses a particular illness is 0.7. Given that
of happening of the other the doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis, the
probability that the patient enters a lawsuit is
The Addition Rule Sample Problems: 0.9. What is the probability that the doctor
The probability that events A or B will occur, 1. A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability makes an incorrect diagnosis, and the patient
P(A or B), is given by that at least one head occurs? Answer: 3/4 sues? Answer: 0.27
P( A or B) = P( A) + P(B) - P( A and B) 2. Suppose you toss a coin and then roll a die. 11. To encourage Elmer’s promising tennis career,
What is the probability of obtaining a tail and his father offers him a prize if he wins (at least)
If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then then rolling a 1? Answer: 1/12 two tennis sets in a row in a three-set series to
the rule can be simplified to be played with his father and the club
3. A die is loaded in such a way that an even
champion alternately:
P( A or B) = P( A) + P(B) number is twice as likely to occur as an odd
number. Find the probability that if this die is Series A: FATHER-CHAMPION-FATHER or
This simplified rule can be extended to any rolled, a number less than 4 occurs. Answer: 4/9 Series B: CHAMPION-FATHER-CHAMPION
number of mutually exclusive events. according to Elmer’s choice. The champion is a
4. What is the probability of drawing a Queen or
better player than his father. Which series
Conditional Probability a diamond from a standard deck of cards?
Answer: 4/13 should Elmer choose?
the probability of an event occurring given that A. Series A C. Either A or B
another event has already occurred. The 5. In a poker hand consisting of five cards, what B. Series B D. Neither A nor B
conditional probability of event B occurring, is the probability that…
given that event A has occurred is denoted by 5a. all 5 are diamonds? Answer: 33/66,640 12. Urn 1 contains 5 white balls and 7 black balls.
P(B/A). 5b. 2 are clubs and 3 are hearts? Ans: 143/16,660 Urn 2 contains 3 whites and 12 blacks. A fair
coin is flipped. If it shows heads, a ball from
6. If six cards are selected at random from a urn 1 is drawn; if it is tails, a ball from urn 2 is
standard deck, what is the probability that drawn. Suppose a white ball was selected.
there will be no pairs? Answer: 0.3452 What is the probability that this ball was taken
from Urn 2? Answer: 12/37
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Civil Engineering May 2022 Review Innovations Algebra 6
For Practice 13. Gunfighters A, B, and Care to fight a three- 16. Which of the following events is more likely:
1. A face of a coin is either head or tail. If three cornered pistol duel. All know that A’s chance that a person gets…
coins are tossed, what is the probability of of hitting the target is 0.3, C’s is 0.5, and B never A. at least 1 six when 6 dice are rolled
getting three tails? Answer: 1/8 misses. They are to fire at their choice of target B. at least 2 sixes when 12 dice are rolled
2. A bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If two in succession in the order of A, B, and C, C. at least 3 sixes when 18 dice are rolled
balls are drawn in succession without cyclically (but a hit man loses his turn and is no D. all of the above are equally likely
replacement, what is the probability that… longer shot at) until only one man is left unhit. Answer: [ A ]