Modul Superb Ting 4 Bab 4

Fizik Tingkatan 4 Bab 4
BAB
4
Haba
Heat
Tema Haba
Theme Heat
NOTA EFEKTIF
1 Keseimbangan terma/ Thermal equilibrium The amount of heat, Q required during a change of
(a) Tiada pemindahan bersih haba antara dua phase of 1 kg substance at constant temperature.
objek yang berada dalam keseimbangan
Q
terma. l=
There is no net flow of heat between two objects
m
that are in thermal equilibrium. (a) Haba pendam tentu pelakuran/ Specific
(b) Dua objek yang berada dalam latent heat of fusion, lf
keseimbangan terma mempunyai suhu Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk
yang sama. menukarkan 1 kg bahan daripada pepejal
Two objects in thermal equilibrium have the same kepada cecair tanpa perubahan suhu.
temperature.
The amount of heat, Q required to change 1 kg of
2 Muatan haba tentu/ Specific heat capacity, c the substance from solid to liquid phase without a
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan change in temperature.
suhu 1 kg bahan sebanyak 1 °C. (b) Haba pendam tentu pengewapan/
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of Specific latent heat of vaporisation, lv
1 kg mass of a substance by 1 °C.
Kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk
Q menukar 1 kg bahan daripada cecair
c= kepada gas tanpa perubahan suhu.
m∆θ
The amount of heat required to change 1 kg
3 Haba pendam tentu/ Specific latent heat, l of the substance from the liquid to gaseous
phase without a change in temperature.
Kuantiti haba, Q yang diperlukan untuk
mengubah fasa bagi 1 kg bahan pada suhu malar.
Hukum Gas/ Gas Laws
Hukum Boyle Hukum Charles Hukum Gay-Lussac

Boyle’s law Charles’ law Gay-Lussac’s law
Bagi suatu gas yang jisimnya Bagi suatu gas yang berjisim Bagi suatu gas yang berjisim
tetap, tekanan gas, P itu adalah tetap, isi padu gas, V berkadar tetap, tekanan gas, P berkadar
berkadar songsang dengan isi terus dengan suhu mutlak, T terus dengan suhu mutlak, T
padu, V apabila suhu gas, T apabila tekanan gas, P kekal apabila isi padu, V gas kekal
kekal malar. malar. malar.
For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of For a fixed mass of gas, the volume of For a fixed mass of gas, the pressure
the gas, P is inversely proportional to the gas, V is directly proportional to of the gas, P is directly proportional to
its volume, V when the temperature, T its absolute temperature, T when its its absolute temperature, T when its
is kept constant. pressure, P is kept constant. volume, V is kept constant.
1 V∝T P∝T
P∝
V V V1 V2 P P1 P2
P1V1 = P2 V2 = pemalar = = pemalar =
PV = pemalar T constant T constant T1 T2
T1 T2
constant
59 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)
Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 4)6th 9/2/23.indd 59 09/02/2023 4:20 PM

Keseimbangan Terma
4.1
Thermal Equilibrium SB-16
SB-17
Buku Teks: m.s 120-123
1 Rajah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi membuktikan keseimbangan terma berlaku di antara dua jasad yang
bersentuhan secara terma.
15 The diagram shows the apparatus arrangement to prove the thermal equilibrium took place between two bodies that are
thermally in contact.
Kaki retort
Retort stand
Termometer A Termometer B
°c
°c
42
42
Thermometer A Thermometer B
41
41
40
40
39
39
38
38
37
37
Kertas tisu
36
36
35
35
Tissue paper
Air paip
Air panas
Tap water
Hot water
Bikar A Bikar B
Beaker A Beaker B
Selepas 10 minit, bacaan kedua-dua termometer A dan B adalah sama.

After 10 minutes, the reading of both thermometers ASB-19
and B is the same.
(a) Huraikan perubahan suhu air paip dan air panas. TP 3 OP4
18 Explain the change in temperature for tap water and hot water.
Apabila air panas dan air paip bersentuhan secara terma, suhu air panas akan menurun, manakala suhu
air sejuk akan meningkat sehingga suhu kedua-dua air menjadi sama.
When the tap water and the hot water are in thermal contact, the temperature of the hot water decreases while the
temperature of tap water increases until the temperature of both water become the same.
(b) Bagaimanakah pemindahan haba berlaku dalam rajah di atas?

SB-22
TP 3 OP4
How does the heat transfer happened in the diagram above?
SB-21
Haba dipindahkan daripada air panas di dalam bikar ke air paip dengan kadar tinggi. Haba dipindahkan
daripada air paip ke air panas di dalam bikar dengan kadar rendah.
Heat is transferred from hot water in the beaker to the tap water with high rate. Heat is transferred from the tap
water to the hot water in the beaker with low rate.
(c) Apakah yang berlaku kepada kadar pemindahan haba selepas 10 minit? TP 4 OP5
What happen to the rate of heat transfer after 10 minutes?
Haba dipindahkan pada kadar yang sama antara air panas dan air paip.
Heat is transferred at the same rate between the hot water and the tap water.
(d) Nyatakan nama bagi keadaan di 1 (c). TP 1 OP2

State the name for the state in 1 (c).
24 Keseimbangan terma/ Thermal equilibrium
© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 60

SB-23

MODEL ZON UTARA FIZIK

2 Apakah maksud keseimbangan terma? TP 1 OP2
What is the meaning of thermal equilibrium?
Tiada pemindahan haba bersih antara dua objek// Pemindahan bersih haba sifar
here is no net ow of heat between two ob ects he net ow of heat is ero
3 Jelaskan keseimbangan terma yang berlaku dalam kehidupan harian berikut. TP 4 OP5
Explain the thermal equilibrium took place in the following daily life.
(a) Tuala basah diletakkan di atas dahi seseorang yang mengalami demam panas. s - aw08
A wet towel is placed on the forehead of a person who has high fever.
Tuala basah
Wet towel
s - aw09
Pada awalnya, suhu tuala basah lebih rendah daripada suhu badan seseorang. Haba dipindahkan
daripada dahi ke tuala sehingga capai keseimbangan terma. Maka, tenaga haba seseorang dikurangkan.
Suhu badan akan turut berkurang.
Initially the temperature of the wet towel is lower than the body temperature of the person. Heat energy is
transferred from the forehead to the towel until thermal equilibrium is reached. Then, the heat energy of the person
will reduce. The body temperature also will reduce.
(b) Minuman panas disejukkan dengan menambah beberapa ketul kiub ais ke dalam minuman.
A hot drink can be cooled by adding a few ice cubes to the drink.
Haba dari air panas dipindahkan ke ais kiub yang sejuk sehingga capai keseimbangan terma antara ais
dan air minuman. Kiub ais cair. Suhu air minuman berkurang dan minuman menjadi sejuk.
Heat from the hot drink is transferred to the colder ice until thermal equilibrium between the ice and water is
reached. Ice cubes melt. The temperature of the drink decreases and the drink cools.
(c) Makanan disimpan di dalam peti sejuk.

Food store in a refrigerator.
Apabila makanan disimpan di dalam peti sejuk, haba dari makanan mengalir ke udara di dalam peti
sejuk sehingga keseimbangan terma berlaku. Suhu makanan menurun dan makanan kekal segar untuk
tempoh yang lama.
hen food is ept in the refrigerator, heat from the food ows to the air in the refrigerator until thermal equilibrium
occurs. Temperature of the food drops and the food stays fresh for a longer period.

4 Menentu ukur sebuah termometer cecair dalam kaca menggunakan dua takat tetap.
alibrate a liquid in glass thermometer using two fi ed points.
(a) Pada skala Celsius, dua takat tetap suhu dipilih iaitu:
At the scale of degree elsius, two fi ed temperature are chosen which are
(i) Takat lebur ais (ii) Takat didih air

Melting point of ice Boiling point of water
0°C 100°C
(b) Penentu ukuran adalah proses penskalaan pada termometer untuk membuat pengukuran suhu.
a process of making a scale of reading on a thermometer.
Calibration is
5 Rajah menunjukkan sebuah termometer yang menunjukkan bacaan.

The diagram shows a thermometer reading.
0°C T 100°C
3.6 cm
9.3 cm
13.6 cm
Berapakah nilai suhu T? TP 3 OP4

What is the value of temperature T?
L0 = 3.6 cm; L100 = 13.6 cm; LT = 9.3 cm
L – L0
T= × 100
L –L100 0
9.3 – 3.6
= × 100
13.6 – 3.6
= 57°C
4.2 Muatan Haba Tentu

Specific Heat Capacity
1 Muatan haba, C bagi satu objek ialah kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhunya sebanyak 1°C.
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of the ob ect by 1°C.
eat capacity, of an ob ect is
Q Q = Kuantiti haba/ Heat quantity

C= = Perubahan suhu/ Change in temperature
Unit bagi muatan haba adalah J °C–1 .

Unit for heat capacity is J °C–1 .

2 Rajah menunjukkan dua cerek, P dan Q diisi dengan kuantiti air yang berbeza. Kedua-dua cerek itu
dihidupkan untuk panaskan air sehingga mendidih. TP 4SB-18
OP5
The diagram shows two kettles, P and Q filled with di erence quantity of water. oth ettles are switched on to heat up
water until boiling.
Cerek elektrik P Cerek elektrik Q
Electric kettle P Electric kettle Q
1 liter air 2 liter air

1 litre of water 2 litre of water
(a) Cerek manakah mendidih lebih lama? SB-20

Which kettle boils for longer time?
Cerek Q/ Kettle Q
(b) Cerek manakah mempunyai muatan haba yang lebih tinggi?

Which kettles has higher heat capacity?
Cerek Q/ Kettle Q
(c) Hubung kait antara jisim bahan dengan muatan haba bahan.
Relate between the mass of substance and the heat capacity of substance.
Semakin besar jisim bahan, semakin besar muatan haba bahan itu.
The greater the mass of a substance, the greater the heat capacity of the substance.
(d) Apakah faktor yang mempengaruhi muatan haba bahan selain jisim?
SB-24
hat is the factor in uences the heat capacity of substance other than mass
Peningkatan suhu/ Rise of temperature
3 Jelaskan bagaimana muatan haba diaplikasikan dalam aktiviti harian. TP 5 OP6

Explain how the heat capacity applied in daily activities.
(a) Pemegang logam pada kereta lebih cepat panas berbanding kusyen fabrik kereta.
The metal parts of a car get hot faster compared to the fabric cushion of the car.
Bahagian logam pada kereta mempunyai muatan haba yang lebih kecil berbanding kusyen farik.
Penyerapan haba daripada sinaran Matahari menyebabkan logam mengalami peningkatan suhu yang
lebih tinggi berbanding kusyen fabrik.

SB-25
The metal parts of a car has a lower heat capacity compared to the cushion. Absorption of heat energy from the
SB-26
Sun causes the metal to get hot faster compared to the fabric cushion.
(b) Di pantai, kanak-kanak lebih suka berjalan di kawasan air laut berbanding di atas pasir semasa cuaca
panas terik. Mengapa?
At beach, children prefer to walk on the sea water region compared to the sand during hot day. Why?
Pasir mempunyai muatan haba yang rendah dan cepat menjadi panas manakala air laut mempunyai
muatan haba yang tinggi dan lambat menjadi panas.
Sand has low heat capacity and heats up faster. Water has high heat capacity and heats up slowly.

4 Muatan haba tentu, c ialah haba yang diperlukan bagi 1 kg bahan untuk menaikkan suhu sebanyak 1 °C.
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg mass of the substance by 1 °C.
Specific heat capacity, c is

c= m = Jisim/ Mass
m
= Perubahan suhu/ Change in temperature
Unit bagi muatan haba tentu adalah J kg–1 °C–1 atau J kg–1 K–1.
nit for specific heat capacity is J kg–1 °C–1 or J kg–1 K–1.
5 Satu logam berjisim 2 kg. Hitung kuantiti haba yang dipindahkan ke logam untuk menaikkan suhu daripada
30°C ke 70°C.
A metal has mass 2 kg. Calculate the amount of heat that must be transferred to the metal to raise the temperature from
30°C to 70°C.
[Muatan haba tentu logam = 500 J kg–1 °C–1 ]
[Specific heat capacity of the metal = 500 J kg –1 °C–1]
m = 2 kg; = 70 –30 = 40°C; c = 500 J kg–1 °C–1
Q = mc
= 2(500)(40)
= 40 000 J
6 Berapakah kuantiti haba yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan suhu 100 g emas daripada 20°C ke 100°C?
[Muatan haba tentu emas = 129 J kg–1 °C–1]
What is the heat quantity that are required to raise the temperature of 100 g of gold from 20°C to 100°C?
[Specific heat capacity of gold 129 J kg–1 °C–1]
m =100 g = 0.1 kg; = 100 – 20 = 80°C; c = 129 J kg–1 °C–1
Q = mc
= 0.1(129)(80)
= 1 032 J
EKSPERIMEN 4.1
Tujuan: Menentukan muatan haba tentu air

o determine the specific heat capacity of water
Aim:
Radas: Bekalan kuasa, pemanas rendam, bikar, jam randik, termometer, kaki retort, neraca elektronik, air
dan kertas tisu
Power supply, immersion heater, beaker, stopwatch, thermometer, retort stand, electronic beam, water and
Apparatus:
tissue paper
Prosedur/ Procedure:
(i) Balut bikar dengan kertas tisu.
Wrap the beaker with tissue paper.

(ii) Letakkan bikar di atas neraca elektronik dan set semula bacaan neraca itu kepada nilai sifar.
ut the bea er on an electric beam and set the reading of the balance to ero.
(iii) Isi air ke dalam bikar sehingga 3/4 penuh.
Fill water in the beaker until 3/4 full.
(iv) Ambil bacaan jisim air, m yang ditunjukkan oleh neraca elektronik.
Take the reading of water, m as shown on the electronic balance.
(v) Ambil bacaan suhu awal air, 1
. Kaki retort
a e the reading of the water initial temperature, 1
. Retort stand
(vi) Hidupkan pemanas rendam dan pada masa
Termometer Pemanas rendam
yang sama mulakan jam randik. Immersion heater
Switch on the heater and start the stopwatch. Thermometer Bekalan kuasa
Air Power suppy
(vii) Selepas lima minit, matikan pemanas rendam. Water
Ambil bacaan termometer tertinggi sebagai Bikar
suhu akhir 2. Beaker
After fi e minutes, turn o the immersion heater. P
Take the reading of the highest temperature as the

final temperature, 2. Kertas tisu
Tissue paper
Keputusan/ Result:
Kuasa pemanas rendam, P

36 W
Power of immersion heater
Jisim air, m
0.42 kg
Mass of water
Masa pemanasan, t
Heating time 5 × 60 = 300 s
Peningkatan suhu, = –
2 1 33°C – 27°C = 6°C
Rise of temperature
Haba dibekalkan oleh pemanas rendam, Q = Pt = 36 × 300 = 10 800 J

Heat supplied by immersion heater
Haba diserap oleh air, Q = mc 10 800 J
Heat absorbed by water
Andaikan tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran, maka muatan haba tentu air,
Assume no heat loss to surrounding, then the specific heat capacity of water,
Pt
t mc → c =
m
10 800
=
(0.42)(6)
= 4 286 J kg–1 °C–1
Perbincangan/ Discussion:
(i) Mengapakah bikar perlu dibalut dengan kain?
Why does the beaker need to be wrapped with cloth?
Mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke persekitaran o reduce heat lost to the surrounding
(ii) Mengapakah suhu air akhir, 2

tidak diambil sebaik sahaja masa pemanasan lima minit tamat?
hy the final water temperature, 2
, not ta en as soon as the fi e minutes heating time ends
Memastikan keseimbangan terma antara air dan pemanas dicapai.
To ensure thermal equilibrium is achieved between the water and the heater.

EKSPERIMEN 4.2
Tujuan: Menentukan muatan haba tentu aluminium

o determine the specific heat capacity of aluminium
Aim:
Radas: Bekalan kuasa, pemanas rendam, jam randik, termometer, 1 kg bongkah aluminium, sedikit
minyak masak dan kain felt
Power supply, immersion heater, stopwatch, thermometer, 1 kg of aluminum block, a little cooking oil and
Apparatus:
felt cloth
(i) Susun radas seperti dalam rajah.
Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
(ii) Ambil bacaan suhu awal blok aluminium, . Pemanas rendam Bekalan kuasa
1 Termometer Immersion heater Power suppy
Take the reading of the initial temperature of the Thermometer
aluminium bloc , 1.
(iii) Hidupkan pemanas rendam dan pada masa Blok
yang sama, mulakan jam randik. alumminium
Switch on the immersion heater and at the same Aluminium P
time start the stopwatch. block

(iv) Selepas masa lima minit, matikan pemanas
rendam. Ambil bacaan tertinggi termometer Kain felt
sebagai suhu akhir aluminium blok, 2. Felt cloth
After fi e minutes, turn o the heater. a e the reading of the highest temperature as the final
temperature of aluminium bloc , 2.
Keputusan/ Result:
Kuasa pemanas rendam, P
50 W
Power of immersion heater
Jisim blok aluminium, m

1 kg
Mass of aluminium block
Masa pemanasan, t
5 × 60 = 300 s
Heating time
Peningkatan suhu, = –
2 1 42°C – 27°C = 15°C
Rise of temperature
Haba dibekalkan oleh pemanas rendam, Q = Pt = 50 × 300 = 15 000 J

Heat supplied by immersion heater
Haba diserap oleh blok aluminium, Q = mc 15 000 J

Heat absorbed by aluminium block
Andaikan tiada haba hilang ke persekitaran, maka muatan haba tentu aluminium,
Assume no heat loss to surrounding, then the specific heat capacity of aluminium,
Pt
t mc → c =
m
15 000
=
(1)(15)
= 1 000 J kg–1 °C–1

(i) Apakah yang boleh dilakukan untuk memperoleh sentuhan terma yang lebih baik antara bebuli
termometer dengan blok aluminium?
What can be done to obtain a better thermal contact between the bulb of the thermometer and the aluminium block?
Letakkan sedikit minyak masak ke dalam lubang./ Put a small amount of oil in the hole.
(ii) Diberi muatan haba tentu aluminium adalah 900 J kg–1 °C–1. Bandingkan nilai muatan haba tentu
daripada eksperimen dengan nilai sebenar yang diberi. Terangkan.
i en specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 J kg–1 °C–1. ompare the alue of specific heat capacity of
aluminium from the experiment with the actual value given. Explain.
Nilai muatan haba tentu daripada eksperimen lebih besar daripada nilai sebenar. Hal ini kerana terdapat
kehilangan haba.
he alue of specific heat capacity is larger than the actual alue. his is due to the loss of heat.
7 Aplikasi Muatan Haba Tentu TP 5 OP6

Applications of Specific eat apacity
(a) Periuk memasak

Cooking pot
Badan
Body Pemegang
Handle
Tapak
Base
Bahagian periuk Bahan Muatan haba tentu Alasan

Part of the pot Material e ifi e t it Reason
(i) Tapak Kuprum Rendah Cepat panas

Base Copper Low Heats up very quickly
(ii) Badan Aluminium Rendah Cepat panas

Body Aluminium Low Heats up very quickly
(iii) Pemegang Plastik Tinggi Konduktor haba lemah

Handle Plastic High Poor heat conductor
(b) Air digunakan sebagai agen penyejuk dalam sistem radiator kereta kerana:
ater used as cooling agent in car radiator system because of
Ciri-ciri Alasan
Characteristics Reason
(i) Takat didih tinggi Tidak mudah menjadi gas

High boiling point Not change to gas easily
(ii) Muatan haba tentu tinggi Menyerap lebih banyak haba

igh specific heat capacity Absorb more heat
(iii) Mudah didapati Murah dan jimat

Available Cheap and cost saving

(c) Perbandingan antara bayu laut dan bayu darat. TP 4 OP5
Comparison between sea bree e and land bree e.
Bayu laut Bayu darat

Sea breeze Land breeze
Udara panas
Udara panas Hot air
Hot air
Udara sejuk Udara sejuk

Cold air Cold air
Laut (Sejuk)
Daratan (Panas) Daratan (Sejuk) Sea (Cold)
Land (Hot) Land (Cold)
Berlaku pada waktu siang. Berlaku pada waktu malam.

Occurs during daytime. Occurs at night.
Muatan haba tentu laut tinggi . Muatan haba tentu laut rendah .
high low
Sea has specific of heat capacity. Sea has specific of heat capacity.
Muatan haba tentu darat rendah . Muatan haba tentu daratan tinggi .
low high
Land has specific of heat capacity. Land has specific of heat capacity.
Daratan lebih panas daripada laut. Laut lebih panas daripada laut.
warmer warmer
Land is than sea. Sea is than land.
Udara panas di daratan naik ke atas. Udara panas di laut naik ke atas.
land sea
Hot air on rises up. Hot air above the rises up.
Udara sejuk dari laut bergerak ke Udara sejuk dari daratan bergerak ke
daratan. laut.
Cold Cold
air moves toward the land. air moves towards the sea.
8 Sebuah cerek elektrik mempunyai kuasa 1 000 W. Hitung TP 3 OP4

An electric kettle is rated 1 000 W. Calculate
(a) kuantiti haba yang dijanakan dalam masa 5 minit.

the quantity of heat generated in 5 minutes.
Q = Pt = 1 000 × 5 × 60
= 300 000 J
(b) kenaikan suhu bagi 750 g air jika cerek elektrik itu dihidupkan selama 5 minit.
[Muatan haba tentu air = 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1]
the rise in temperature of 750 g of water if the electric kettle is switched on for 5 minutes.
[Specific heat capacity of water is 4 200 J kg-1 °C-1]
Q = mc
300 000 = (0.75)(4 200)
= 95.24°C

4.3 Haba Pendam Tentu

Specific Latent Heat

1 Apakah haba pendam? TP 1 OP2
What is latent heat?
Haba yang diserap atau dibebaskan semasa perubahan fasa tanpa perubahan suhu.
Heat that is absorbed during melting and boiling without change in temperature.
2 Lengkapkan proses perubahan fasa jirim dalam rajah di bawah. TP 1 OP2

Complete the process of phase change in the diagram below.
Haba pendam diserap

Latent heat is absorbed
Peleburan Pendidihan
Melting Boiling
Solid Cecair Gas

Solid Liquid Gas
Pembekuan Kondensasi
ree ing Condensation
Haba pendam dibebaskan

Latent heat is released
3 Haba pendam tentu, l ialah haba diserap atau dibebaskan oleh 1 kg bahan untuk berubah fasa tanpa perubahan
suhu .
Specific latent heat, l is heat absorbed or released for 1 kg substance to change phase without change in temperature .

l= m = Jisim objek/ ass of ob ect
m
Unit bagi haba pendam tentu adalah J kg–1 .

nit for specific latent heat is J kg–1 .
4 Haba pendam tentu pelakuran, lf ialah haba diserap bagi 1 kg bahan untuk berubah dari pepejal ke cecair tanpa
perubahan suhu .
heat absorbed for 1 kg substance to change from solid to liquid without change
Specific latent heat of fusion, lf is
in temperature
.

5 Haba pendam tentu pengewapan, lv ialah haba diserap oleh 1 kg bahan untuk berubah dari cecair ke gas tanpa
perubahan suhu .
heat absorbed for 1 kg substance to change from liquid to gas wout change in
Specific latent heat of aporisation, lv is
temperature
.
6 Lengkung pemanasan
Heating curve
Suhu °C
emperature °C
Gas
Q
Air + Gas
Water + Gas
Takat didih
O Air + Gas P
Boilling point Air
Water Water + Gas
Ais + Air
Ice + Water
Takat lebur
Melting point Ais M N
Ice
L
Masa/minit
ime minute
Fasa Haba Suhu Tenaga kinetik molekul Keadaan

Phase Heat Temperature ineti ene o oe e State
Diserap Bertambah Bertambah Pepejal

LM
Absorbed Increases Increases Solid
Diserap Malar Malar Pepejal dan cecair

MN
Absorbed Constant Constant Solid and liquid
Diserap Bertambah Bertambah Cecair

NO
Absorbed Increases Increases Liquid
Diserap Malar Malar Cecair dan gas

OP
Absorbed Constant Constant Liquid and gas
Diserap Bertambah Bertambah Gas

PQ
Absorbed Increases Increases Gas

7 Lengkung penyejukan
Cooling curve
Suhu °C
emperature °C
Gas
R
Gas + Air
Gas + Water
Takat didih
Boilling point S T
Air
Water
Air + Ais
Water + Ice
Takat beku
ree ing point U V Ais
Ice
W Masa/minit
ime minute
Fasa Haba Suhu Tenaga kinetik molekul Keadaan

Phase Heat Temperature ineti ene o oe e State
Dibebaskan Berkurang Berkurang Gas

RS
Released Decreases Decreases Gas
Dibebaskan Malar Malar Gas dan cecair

ST
Released Constant Constant Gas and liquid
Dibebaskan Berkurang Berkurang Cecair

TU
Released Decreases Decreases Liquid
Dibebaskan Malar Malar Cecair dan pepejal

UV
Released Constant Constant Liquid and solid
Dibebaskan Berkurang Berkurang Pepejal

VW
Released Decreases Decreases Solid
EKSPERIMEN 4.3
(a) Haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice
Tujuan: Menentukan haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais

o determine the specific latent heat of aporisation of ice
Aim:
Radas: Pemanas rendam (12 V, 50 W), dua bikar, kaki retort dan pengapit, bekalan kuasa, dua corong turas,
ais dan neraca elektronik.
Immersion heater (12 V, 50 W), two bea ers, retort stand and clamps, power supply, two filter funnels, ice
Apparatus:
and electronic balance.

(i) Ukur jisim bikar 1 dan bikar 2 dan catat bacaan masing-masing sebagai m1 dan m2.
Measure the masses of beaker 1 and beaker 2 and record as m1 and m2 respectively.
(ii) Susun radas seperti dalam rajah. Pada mulanya, kedua-dua bikar tidak diletakkan di bawah corong turas.
Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram. At first, both the bea ers are not placed under the filter funnels.
(iii) Hidupkan bekalan kuasa untuk set eksperimen dan tunggu sehingga air mengalir melalui corong turas
dengan kadar yang seragam. Letakkan bikar 1 dan bikar 2 di bawah corong turas masing-masing dan
mulakan jam randik.
Switch on the power supply of e periment set and wait until water ows from the filter funnels at a steady rate.
Place beaker 1 and beaker 2 under respective funnels and start the stopwatch.
(iv) Matikan bekalan kuasa selepas 5 minit.
Switch o the power supply after 5 minutes.
(v) Keluarkan bikar. Sukat jisim kedua-dua bikar semula dan bacaan m3 dan m4 masing-masing dicatat.
Remove the beakers. Measure the masses of both beakers again and record as m3 and m4 respectively.
Pemanas rendam
Immersion heater
Ais hancur
Crushed ice
Corong turas Bekalan kuasa
Filter funnels Power supply
Kaki retort
Retort stand P
Neraca elektronik
Set kawalan Electronic balance Set eksperimen
Control set Experiment set
Keputusan/ Result:
Jisim bikar 1/ Mass of beaker 1 m1 = 50 g
Jisim bikar 2/ Mass of beaker 2 m2 = 52 g
Jisim bikar 1 + air/ Mass of beaker 1 + water m3 = 108 g
Jisim bikar 2 + air/ Mass of beaker 2 + water m4 = 78 g
Tenaga dibekalkan oleh pemanas Q = Pt = 36 × 5 × 60

Energy supplied by heater = 10 800 J
Jisim ais cair dalam bikar 1 m3 – m1 = 108 – 50

Mass of melted ice in beaker 1 = 58 g
Jisim ais cair dalam bikar 2 m4 – m2 = 78 – 52

Mass of melted ice in beaker 2 = 26 g
Jisim ais yang cair disebabkan haba pemanas rendam, m = (m3 – m1) – (m4 – m2)
Mass of melted ice due to heat of immersion heater,
m = 158 – 26 = 32 g = 0.032 kg
Haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais/ Specific latent heat of fusion of ice,
Pt 10 800
lf = = = 337 500 J kg–1
m 0.032

(i) Terangkan keperluan mempunyai set kawalan dalam eksperimen ini.
Explain the necessity of control set in this experiment.
Untuk memastikan ais cair hanya disebabkan oleh haba dari pemanas sahaja
To ensure that the ice melts due to the heat from the heater only
(ii) Bandingkan nilai haba pendam tentu pelakuran air yang diperolehi dengan nilai sebenar. Jelaskan.
ompare the alue of specific heat of fusion of water with the e act alue. plain.
Nilai sebenar ialah 3.34 × 105 J kg–1. Nilai daripada eksperimen lebih tinggi. Ais juga menyerap haba
dari sekeliling, jadi lebih banyak ais cair.
The exact value is 3.34 × 105 J kg–1. The value from the experiment is higher. The ice also absorbs heat from the
surrounding, so more ice will melt.
(b) Haba pendam tentu pengewapan air

Specific latent heat of aporisation of water
Tujuan: Menentukan haba pendam tentu pengewapan air

o determine the specific latent heat of aporisation of water
Aim:
Radas: Pemanas rendam (1 000 W), jam randik, neraca elektronik dan air. Pemanas rendam
Apparatus: Immersion heater (1 000 W), stopwatch, electronic balance and water. Immersion heater
1 Apabila air mendidih, catatkan bacaan awal neraca elektronik dan
mulakan jam randik pada masa yang sama. Air
When the water is boiling, record the initial reading of the electronic Water
balance and start the stopwatch at the same time.
2 Selepas 5 minit, catat bacaan neraca elektronik. Neraca elektronik ON
After 5 minutes, record the reading of the electronic balance. Electronic balance
OFF
Keputusan/ Result:
Jisim awal air/ Initial mass of water m1 = 685 g
Jisim akhir air/ Final mass of water m2 = 565 g
Masa diambil/ Time taken t = 5 × 60 = 300 s
Kuasa pemanas rendam/ Power of immersion heater P = 1 000 W
m = m1 – m2 = 685 – 565
Jisim air mendidih
= 120 g
Mass of boiling water
= 0.12 kg
Haba pendam tentu pengewapan air/ Specific latent heat of aporisation of water,
Pt 1 000 × 300
lv = = = 2 500 000 J kg–1
m 0.12

Adakah nilai haba pendam tentu pengewapan yang diperolehi dalam eksperimen lebih kecil atau lebih besar
daripada nilai sebenar? Beri sebab.
s the alue of specific latent heat of aporisation from this e periment smaller or bigger than the actual alue i e reason.
SB-16
Nilai eksperimen lebih besar kerana air juga menyerap haba dari persekitaran yang menyumbang
SB-17 lebih
banyak stim dilepaskan.
The experiment value is bigger because the water also absorbs heat from surroundings which contributes more steam
15 to be released.
8 Nyatakan contoh bagi setiap perubahan fasa jirim melibatkan haba pendam tentu.
State e ample of each phase change of matter in ol e specific latent heat.
°c
°c
42
42
Proses/ Process Contoh/ Example
41
41
40
40
39
39
(a) Peleburan Penyejukan minuman oleh ketulan ais
38
38
37
37
Melting Cooling drinks with ice cubes

36
36
35
35
(b) Penyejatan Sistem penyejukan pendingin udara

Evaporation Cooling system of air conditioner
(c) Pendidihan Penyejukan oleh nitrogen cecair

Boiling Cooling by liquid nitrogen
SB-19
(d) Kondensasi Proses mengukus makanan
Condensation Process of steaming food
8
9 Sistem penyejukan dalam peti sejuk. TP 5 OP6
Cooling system of refrigerator.
Tiub penyejat
Evaporator tube
4 Bahagian pembeku
VIDEO SB-22
ree er section
SB-21
3 Injab pengembangan bit.ly/3X9NoYa
Bagaimana peti sejuk berfungsi?
Expansion valve How does refrigerator work?
2 Kondenser
5
Condenser
Udara
Air
1 Pam pemampat
Compressor pump
Proses/ Process Penerangan/ Explanation
1 (a) Memampatkan agen penyejuk (gas) untuk menambah tekanan dan

Pemampat suhunya.
Compressor Compresses cooling agent (gas) to increase pressure and temperature.
4 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 74
SB-23
Proses/ Process Penerangan/ Explanation
2
(b) Agen penyejuk membebaskan haba pendam semasa proses kondensasi.
Kondenser Cooling agent (gas) releases latent heat during condensation.
Condenser
(c) Agen penyejuk (cecair) mengalir melalui injap pengembang. Injap ini
mempunyai satu lubang kecil yang membenarkan cecair pada tekanan
3 tinggi disembur ke dalam tiub penyejat yang bertekanan rendah. Cecair
Injap pengembangan berubah menjadi gas.
Expansion valve ooling agent liquid ows through e pansion al e. his al e has tiny hole
which allows liquid at high pressure is e ected into the e aporator tube which is at
lower pressure. Liquid changes to gas.
(d) Dalam penyejat, agen penyejuk (cecair) menyejat dan menyerap haba
4 pendam daripada udara di dalam peti sejuk. Bahagian pembeku akan
Bahagian pembeku menjadi dingin.
ree er section In the evaporator, cooling agent (in liquid) evaporates and absorbs latent heat from
inside the refrigerator.
5
Agen penyejuk (e) Agen penyejuk (gas) mengalir keluar daripada penyejat ke pemampat.
Cooling agent ooling agent in gas ows out from e aporator to the compressor.
10 Menyelesaikan masalah melibatkan haba pendam tentu. TP 4 OP5

Sol ing problem in ol ing specific latent heat.
(a) Sebuah pemanas elektrik 500 W digunakan untuk mendidihkan air. Berapakah masa diperlukan untuk
mengurangkan jisim air sebanyak 70 g selepas air mencapai takat didihnya.
A 500 W electric heater is used to boil water. What is the time required to reduce the mass of water by 70 g after the
water has reached its boiling point?
[Haba pendam tentu pengewapan air = 2.26 × 106 J kg–1]
[Specific latent heat of aporisation of water = 2.26 × 106 J kg–1]
Pt = mlv
mlv
t=
P
(0.07)(2.26 ×106)
=
500
= 316.4 s
(b) 0.5 kg air pada suhu 30°C dipanaskan sehingga semuanya bertukar ke stim. Berapakah haba yang dibekalkan
itu?
0.5 kg of water of 30°C is heated until all it is converted to steam. What is the amount of heat energy supplied to it?
[Muatan haba tentu air = 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1, haba pendam tentu pengewapan air = 2.26 × 106 J kg-1]
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1, specific latent heat of aporisation = 2.26 × 106 J kg–1]
Air (30 °C) Air (100 °C) Stim (100 °C)
Water Q1 Water Q2 Steam
Q1 = mc 2
= mlv
= 0.5 × 4 200 × 70 = 0.5 × 2.26 × 106
= 147 000 J = 1 130 000 J
Q = Q 1 + Q2
= 147 000 + 1 130 000
= 1 277 000 J

4.4 Hukum Gas

Gas Law
INFO
Udara di dalam tayar kereta boleh menyokong berat kereta manakala gas nitrogen di dalam beg udara menahan
pemandu daripada bergerak ke hadapan semasa perlanggaran. Udara di dalam tayar dan beg udara mengenakan
tekanan. Udara yang berada di dalam suatu ruang tertutup mempunyai isi padu dan suhu tetap.
The air in the tyre of a car is able to support the weight of the car while the nitrogen gas in the air bag stops the driver from moving
forward during a crash. The air inside the tyre and air bag exerts a pressure. When the air is in a closed space, it has a certain volume and
temperature.
1 Tekanan, suhu dan isi padu gas. TP 1 OP2

Pressure, temperature and volume of gas.
Kuantiti dan simbol Unit S.I Simbol unit S.I Unit-unit lain
ntit n o S.I unit o o nit Others unit
SUPERB SBP FIZIK TINGKATAN 4 BATCH 2 ARTWORK BY FREELANCER M.ZAIDEE
(a) Tekanan, P
Pascal Pa cm Hg
Pressure
(b) Tekanan,V
Kelvin K °C, °F
Volume
SB-16
SB-17
(c) Tekanan, T
(meter) 3
m 3
mm , cm3
3
Temperature
SB-15
2 Hubungan antara tekanan dengan isi padu bagi suatu gas.

Relationship between pressure and volume of a gas.
°c
°c
42
42
41
41
40
40
39
39
38
38
37
37
36
36
35
35
EKSPERIMEN 4.4
Perhatikan perbezaan saiz gelombang udara yang dibebaskan oleh seekorSB-19
ikan semasa
ia naik ke atas permukaan air.
bser e the change in theSB-18
air bubbles released by a fish as they rise towards the surface of the
water.
Inferens: Isi padu gas mempengaruhi tekanan gas

olume of gas in uences pressure of gas
Inference: SB-22
SB-21
Hipotesis: SemakinSB-20
berkurang isi padu gas, semakin bertambah tekanan gas
The lower the volume of gas, the higher the pressure of gas
ot e i :
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara isi padu gas dengan tekanan gas pada suhu malar
To study the relationship between volume and pressure of gas at constant temperature
Aim:

SB-24
SB-23

Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Isi padu gas

Volume of gas
Manipulated variable:
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tekanan gas

Pressure of gas
Responding variable:
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Suhu

Temperature
Constant variable:
Radas: Picagari 100 ml, tiub getah, tolok tekanan dan kaki retort.
Apparatus: Syringe of 100 ml, rubber tube, pressure gauge and retort stand
(i) Tolak omboh supaya isi padu udara, V = 50 ml terperangkap di dalam picagari.
Push the piston so that volume, V = 50 ml of air is trapped inside the syringe.
(ii) Tekanan, P udara di dalam picagari diberikan oleh bacaan tolok tekanan.
The pressure, P of the air inside the syringe is given by the reading on the pressure gauge.
(iii) Eksperimen diulang dengan mengurangkan isi padu udara terperangkap, V = 40 ml, 30 ml, 20 ml dan
10 ml.
The experiment is repeated by reducing the volume of the trapped air, V = 40 ml, 30 ml, 20 ml and 10 ml.
Daya
Force
Omboh
Piston
Picagari
Syringe
Tolok tekanan
Pressure gauge
Tiub getah
Rubber tube
Keputusan/ Result:
(i) Jadualkan nilai- nilai berikut.
Tabulate the following values.
Isi padu, V/ ml 1 Tekanan, P/ kPa

/ ml–1
Volume V Pressure
10 0.100 1.35
20 0.050 0.65
30 0.033 0.50
40 0.025 0.30
50 0.020 0.15

SB-15 SB-15
(ii) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, lakarkan graf berikut.

Based on the table above, sketch the following graphs.
°c
°c
°c
°c
42
42
42
42
P
41
41
41
41
P
40
40
40
40
39
39
39
39
38
38
38
38
37
37
37
37
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
1
V
V
SB-19 SB-19
Kesimpulan: Isi padu berkadar songsang dengan tekanan
Volume is inversely proportional to pressure
Conclusion: SB-18 SB-18
(a) Hukum Boyle menyatakan bahawa isi padu gas berkadar songsang dengan tekanan bagi suatu gas
tetap pada suhu malar .
the volume of the gas is inversely proportional to gas pressure if its mass and temperature are
Boyle’s law states that
constant SB-21 SB-21
.
SB-20 SB-20
P
V
V
(b) Ungkapan matematik bagi hukum Boyle:

SB-24 SB-24
P1V1 = P2V2
he mathematical e pression for oyle s law
(c) Sebuah belon kaji cuaca diisi dengan gas helium sehingga isi padu 30 liter dan tekanan 1.0 atm. Belon
itu kemudiannya dilepaskan. Semasa belon itu naik ke atas langit, isi padunya bertambah.
Berapakah tekanan gas helium apabila isi padu belon itu bertambah sehingga 120 liter. TP 3 OP4
A weather balloon is filled with helium gas to a olume of 30 litres of 1.0 atm pressure. The balloon is then release.
As the balloon rises up to the sky, its volume increases.
What is the pressure of the helium gas when the volume of the balloon increases to 120 litres?
Mengikut Hukum Boyle/ According to oyle s law
P1V1 = P2V2 SB-25 SB-25
1 × 30 = P2 × 120
SB-26 SB-26
P2 = 0.25 atm

3 Hubungan antara isi padu dengan suhu bagi suatu gas.
Relationship between volume and temperature of a gas.
EKSPERIMEN 4.5
Sebiji belon dihembuskan udara dan dipasangkan pada mulut botol. Apabila botol diletakkan dalam bikar
berisi air panas, ia akan lebih mengembang.
A balloon is in ated and fi onto the bottle s mouth. hen the bottle is placed in a bea er of hot water the balloon is
in ated further.
Inferens: Suhu gas mempengaruhi isi padu gas

emperature of gas in uences olume of gas
Inference:
Hipotesis: Semakin tinggi suhu gas, semakin besar isi padu gas
The higher the temperature of gas, the higher the volume of gas
ot e i :
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara suhu gas dengan isi padu gas pada tekanan malar
To study the relationship between temperature of gas and volume of gas at constant pressure
Aim:
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Suhu gas

Temperature of gas
Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Isi padu gas// Panjang turus udara di dalam tiub kapilari
olume of gas ength of air column in capillary tube
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Tekanan

Pressure
Constant variable:
Radas: Termometer, tiub kapilari yang mengandungi udara terperangkap oleh merkuri, bikar 500 ml,
termometer, pembaris, penunu Bunsen, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, pengacau, kaki retort, air, ais
dan gelang getah.
Apparatus: hermometer, capillary tube, bea er, retort stand, unsen burner, tripod stand, wire gau e, ruler, sulphuric
acid, water and ice.
Minyak parafin
ara n oil
(i) Ais diletakkan ke dalam air dan berterusan dikacau. Termometer
51
41
Thermometer
Ice is placed into the water and continuously stirred.
31
21
11
(ii) Rekodkan suhu awal air, = 20 . Tiub kapilari

01
9
Record the initial temperature of the water, = 20 . Capillary tube Pembaris

8
7
Ruler
6
(iii) Rekodkan panjang turus udara, L. Ais

5
4
Record the length of air column, L. Ice Pengacau

3
2
Stirrer
1 mc 0
(iv) Ulang eksperimen dengan = 30 , 40 , 50 , Air Bikar

60°C dan 70°C. Water Beaker
The experiment is repeated = 30 , 40 , 50 , 60
and 70°C.

Keputusan/ Result:
(i) Jadualkan nilai- nilai berikut.
u u Panjang turus udara, L / cm

Temperature Length of air column
20 6.6
30 6.9
40 7.1
50 7.4
60 7.6
70 7.8
(ii) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, lakarkan graf V melawan (Kelvin).

Based on the table above, sketch the graphs graph of V against (Kelvin).
V/cm3 V/cm3
– 273 0 /°C 0 /K
(iii) Suhu –273°C, ialah suhu paling rendah yang mungkin dan dikenali sebagai sifar mutlak .
absolute ero
Temperature of –273°C is the possible lowest temperature and known as .
Kesimpulan: Isi padu gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak

Volume of gas is directly proportional to absolute temperature
Conclusion:
(a) Hukum Charles menyatakan bahawa isi padu berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak bagi suatu gas berjisim
tetap pada tekanan dimalarkan .
the olume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature for a fi ed mass of gas at
Charles’ law states that
constant pressure
.

SB-21 SB-21
SB-24
SB-23
T V
V
SB-25
B-24
SB-26
(b) Ungkapan matematik bagi hukum Charles: SB-23 V1 SB-23
V2
he mathematical e pression for harles law =
T1 T2
(c) Satu silinder mengandungi 200 cm3 gas pada suhu 27°C. Gas itu dipanaskan sehingga suhunya meningkat
sebanyak 30°C.
Jika omboh silinder mengembang di bawah tekanan yang malar, berapakah isi padu akhir gas? TP 3 OP4
A cylinder contains 200 cm3 of gas at a temperature of 27°C. The gas is heated until its temperature increases by 30°C.
f the piston of theSB-25
SB-25 cylinder e pands under constant pressure, what is the final olume of the gas
T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K; T2 = 30 + 273 = 303 K
Mengikut hukum Charles/ According to harles law
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
200 V2
=
300 303
V2 = 202 cm3
4 Hubungan antara tekanan dengan suhu bagi suatu gas.

Relationship between pressure and temperature of gas.
EKSPERIMEN 4.6 MODEL ZON UTARA FIZIK aw by zaidee
Sebelum membuat suatu perjalanan yang jauh, tekanan udara dalam tayar diukur.
Selepas perjalanan jauh, didapati bahawa tekanan udara dalam tayar bertambah.
efore going on a long ourney, the air pressure in the tyre of a car is measured. After the
ourney, it is found that the air pressure in the tyre had increased.
Inferens: Suhu gas mempengaruhi tekanan gas s - aw08
emperature of gas in uences pressure of gas

Inference:
s - aw09
Hipotesis: Semakin tinggi suhu gas, semakin bertambah tekanan gas

The higher the temperature of gas, the higher the pressure of gas
ot e i :
Tujuan: Mengkaji hubungan antara suhu gas dengan tekanan gas pada isi padu malar
To study the relationship between temperature and pressure of gas at constant volume
Aim:
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasi: Suhu gas

Temperature of gas

Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas: Tekanan gas

Pressure of gas
Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan: Isi padu gas

Volume of gas
Constant variable:
Radas: Termometer, kelalang dasar bulat, bikar besar, termometer, tolok tekanan, penunu Bunsen, tungku
kaki tiga, pangacau, kaki retort, air dan ais.
Apparatus: hermometer, round bottom as , bea er, retort stand, unsen burner, tripod stand, wire gau e, stirrer,
pressure gauge, retort stand, water and ice.
(i) Ais diletakkan ke dalam air dan dikacau berterusan.
Ice is placed into the water and these are continuously stirred.
(ii) Rekodkan suhu awal air, = 20 .
Record the initial temperature of the water, = 20 .
(iii) Rekodkan bacaan tolok tekanan.
Record the reading of pressure gauge.
(iv) Ulang eksperimen dengan = 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 dan 70 .
The experiment is repeated with = 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°and 70°C.
Termometer
Thermometer
Pengacau Tiub getah
Stirrer Tolok tekanan
Rubber tube
Pressure gauge
Kelalang dasar
bulat
Round bottom
as
Penunu Bunsen
Bunsen burner Blok kayu
Wooden block
Keputusan/ Result:
(i) Jadualkan nilai-nilai berikut.
Suhu, Tekanan gas, P / kPa

Temperature Gas pressure
20 109.0
30 112.5
40 116.0
50 119.5
60 122.5
70 126.5

38
38
38
38
38
38
37
37
37
37
37
37
36
36
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
(ii) Berdasarkan jadual di atas, lakarkan graf P melawan (Kelvin).
Based on the table above, sketch the graph of P against (Kelvin). SB-19 SB-19 SB-19
P/kPa P/kPa
SB-18 SB-18 SB-18
SB-22
– 273 0 /°C 0 SB-21 /K SB-21 SB-21
SB-20 SB-20 SB-20
Tekanan gas berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak
Kesimpulan:
Gas pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature
Conclusion:
(a) Hukum Gay-Lussac menyatakan bahawa tekanan berkadar terus dengan suhu mutlak bagi suatu gas
berjisim tetap pada isi padu dimalarkan .
the pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature for a fi ed mass of
Gay Lussac’s law states that
gas at constant volume
SB-24 SB-24 . SB-24
SB-23 SB
T T
SB-25 SB-25 SB-25

SB-26 SB-26 SB-26
(b) Ungkapan matematik bagi hukum Gay-Lussac: P1 P2
he mathematical e pression for ay ussac s law =
T1 T2
(c) Satu tayar motosikal didapati mempunyai tekanan 3.2 atm apabia ia diuji dalam garaj pada suhu
27°C. Dengan andaian isi padu udara dalam tayar adalah malar, berapakah suhu sekeliling jika tayar itu
mempunyai tekanan 2.8 atm? TP 3 OP4
A motorcycle tyre has a pressure of 3.2 atm when it was tested in a garage at a temperature of 27 °C. By assuming that
the olume of the air in the tyre is fi ed, what is the surrounding temperature if the tyre has a pressure of 2.8 atm?
T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
Mengikut hukum Gay-Lussac/ According to ay ussac s law
P1 P2
=
T1 T2
3.2 2.8
=
300 T2
T2 = 262.5 K
= 262.5 – 273
= –10.5°C

Praktis Sumatif
KERTAS 1
1 Apakah konsep yang digunakan dalam pengukuran D Aluminium memerlukan 900 J tenaga haba
OP2 suhu badan manusia menggunakan termometer? untuk menaikkan suhunya sebanyak 1°C.
What is the concept used in the measurement of human Aluminium requires 900 J of heat energy to
body temperature using a thermometer? increase its temperature by 1°C.
A Muatan haba tentu
Specific heat capacity 4 P, Q, R dan S adalah empat pepejal berlainan
B Haba pendam tentu OP4 dengan jisim yang sama. Jadual 1 menunjukkan
Specific latent heat KBAT muatan haba tentu dan takat lebur bagi setiap
C Keseimbangan terma pepejal.
Thermal equilibrium P, Q, R and S are four di erent solids with the same
D Perolakan haba mass. Table 1 shows the specific heat capacity and the
Heat convection melting point of each solid.
2 Panjang turus merkuri dalam termometer pada Pepejal Muatan haba tentu Takat lebur
OP3 takat ais dan takat stim adalah 5 cm dan 25 cm. Solid e ifi e t it Melting point
Apabila termometer diletakkan di dalam satu
cecair, panjang turus merkuri ialah 12 cm. P 800 J kg–1 °C–1 200°C
Berapakah suhu cecair itu? Q 600 J kg °C–1 –1
230°C
The lengths of the mercury column in a thermometer at
the ice point and the steam point are 5 cm and R 700 J kg–1 °C–1 400°C
25 cm respectively. When the thermometer is placed in
a liquid, the length of the mercury column is 12 cm. S 400 J kg–1 °C–1 300°C
What is the temperature of the liquid? Jadual 1
A 30°C C 55°C Table 1
B 35°C D 70°C
Jika haba dibekalkan dengan kadar yang sama,
3 Muatan haba tentu bagi aluminium ialah pepejal yang manakah akan lebur dahulu?
OP3 900 J kg–1 °C–1. If heat is supplied at the same rate which solid will be
Pernyataan manakah yang menerangkan tentang the first to melt
muatan haba tentu bagi aluminium dengan betul? A P C R
he specific heat capacity of aluminium is 900 J kg–1 –1. B Q D S
hich statement e plains the specific heat capacity of
aluminium correctly? 5 Satu blok logam dijatuhkan dari ketinggian 82 m.
A 1 kg aluminium menyerap 900 J tenaga haba OP3 Berapakah kenaikan suhu blok logam selepas ia
semasa pemanasan. mengenai tanah?
1 kg of aluminium absorbs 900 J of heat energy A metal block is dropped from a height of 82 m.
during heating. What is the rise in the temperature of the metal block
B Suhu 1 kg aluminium akan meningkat 1°C after it hits the ground?
apabila ia menyerap 900 J tenaga haba. [Muatan haba tentu blok logam = 410 J kg–1 °C–1]
The temperature of 1 kg of aluminium will rise by [Specific heat capacity of the metal bloc
1°C when it absorbs 900 J of heat energy. = 410 J kg–1 °C–1]
C Suhu 1 kg aluminium akan turun 1°C apabila A 0.5°C
ia menyerap 900 J tenaga haba. B 1.0°C
The temperature of 1 kg of aluminium will drop by C 2.0°C
1°C when it absorbs 900 J of heat energy.
D 4.0°C

6 Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf suhu melawan masa 9 Rajah 2(a) menunjukkan satu silinder
OP5 bagi satu bahan Y yang dipanaskan. OP4 mengandungi gas pada suhu 30°C. Ketinggian
KBAT Diagram 1 shows a graph of temperature against time KBAT silinder ialah P. Rajah 2(b) menunjukkan gas
for a substance Y which is heated. di dalam silinder yang dipanaskan supaya ia
Suhu
mengembang ke sehingga ketinggian menjadi 3P.
Temperature Diagram 2 (a) shows a cylinder containing gas at
temperature 30°C. The height of the cylinder is P.
Diagram 2 (b) shows the gas in the cylinder is heated
U so that it expands to a height of 3P.
S
T
Q
R
P
Masa Gas
Time P
Gas
(30° C)
Rajah 1 (a)
Diagram 1
Apakah yang berlaku di QR?

What is happening at QR?
A Bahan Y sedang dipanaskan
Substance Y is being heated up
B Bahan Y mendidih pada takat didihnya
Gas 3P
Substance Y is boiling at its boiling point
Gas
C Bahan Y sedang cair pada takat leburnya
Substance Y is melting at its melting point
D Bahan Y mengalami perubahan kimia (b)
Substance Y undergoes chemical changes
Rajah 2
7 Haba pendam tentu pelakuran ialah haba yang Diagram 2
OP2 diperlukan untuk Berapakah suhu akhir gas itu?
he specific latent heat of fusion is the heat required to hat is the final temperature of the gas
A mengubah 1 kg ais kepada air pada 0°C. A 90°C
change 1 kg of ice into water at 0°C. B 180°C
B mengubah 1 kg air kepada stim pada 100°C. C 303°C
change 1 kg of water steam at 100°C.
D 636°C
C mengubah suhu 1 kg ais sebanyak 1°C.
change the temperature of 1 kg of ice by 1°C.
10 Suatu gas berjisim tetap di dalam sebuah bekas
D mengubah suhu 1 kg air sebanyak 1°C.
change the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
OP3berisi padu tetap dipanaskan.
Pernyataan manakah yang betul?
A fi ed mass of gas in a container of fi ed olume is
8 Berapa banyak haba yang perlu dibekalkan untuk
heated.
OP3 mengubah 500 g blok ais pada 0°C kepada air Which statement is correct?
pada 0°C? A Tekanan gas adalah malar.
How much heat is needed to be supplied to change The pressure of the gas is constant.
500 g of ice block at 0 C to water at 0 °C?
B Molekul gas bergerak lebih jauh antara satu
[Haba pendam tentu pelakuran ais
sama lain.
= 3.36 × 105 J kg–1] The gas molecules move further apart.
[Specific latent heat of fusion of ice
C Tenaga kinetik molekul gas adalah malar.
= 3.36 × 105 J kg –1]
The kinetic energy of the gas molecules is
A 6.72 × 102 J constant.
B 1.68 × 105 J D Molekul gas bergerak dengan halaju yang
C 6.72 × 105 J lebih tinggi.
D 1.68 × 108 J The gas molecules move with higher velocity.

11 Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu picagari Bacaan pada tolok tekanan ialah 1.0 × 105 Pa
OP3 disambungkan kepada tolok tekanan.
apabila isi padu udara di dalam picagari ialah
Diagram 3 shows a syringe connected to pressure gauge. 40 cm3.
Berapakah bacaan baharu apabila isi padu udara
Omboh
Piston
ialah 10 cm3?
The reading on the Pressure gauge is 1.0 × 105 Pa
Picagari
when the volume of air in the syringe is 40 cm3.
Syringe
What is the new reading on the pressure gauge when
Udara the volume of air is 10 cm3?
Tolok tekanan
Air Pressure gauge A 4.0 × 105 Pa
B 2.5 × 105 Pa
C 1.0 × 10-5 Pa
Rajah 3 D 4.0 × 10-5 Pa
Diagram 3
KERTAS 2
Bahagian A
1 Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menyiasat satu hukum gas. Satu
turus udara diperangkap dalam tiub kapilari dan dipanaskan untuk beberapa ketika.
Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show an experiment is carried out to investigate a law of gas. A column of air is trapped
in the capillary tube and is heated for a period of time.
Termometer
Thermometer
Tiub kapilari
Capillary tube
Air
Water
Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid
Udara terperangkap
Trapped air
Penunu bunsen
Bunsen burner
Rajah 1.1 Rajah 1.2

Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2
(a) Apakah maksud haba? OP2

What is the meaning of heat?
Satu bentuk tenaga/ A form of energy
[1 markah/mark]
(b) (i) Bandingkan panjang turus udara terperangkap di dalam tiub kapilari dalam Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2.
Compare the length of the air trapped in the capillary tube in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2. OP3
Panjang turus udara terperangkap di dalam tiub kapilari dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih panjang daripada
Rajah 1.1.
The length of air trapped in the capillary tube in Diagram 1.2 is longer than in Diagram 1.1.
[1 markah/mark]

(ii) Bandingkan suhu udara terperangkap dalam tiub kapilari dalam Rajah 1.1 dan Rajah 1.2. OP3
Compare the temperature of air trapped in the capillary tube in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2.
Suhu udara terperangkap di dalam tiub kapilari dalam Rajah 1.2 lebih tinggi daripada Rajah 1.1
The temperature of air trapped in the capillary tube in Diagram 1.2 is higher than Diagram 1.1
[1 markah/mark]
(iii) Namakan kuantiti fizik yang diwakili oleh panjang turus udara terperangkap. OP2
Name physical quantity represented by the length of air trapped.
Isi padu/ Volume
[1 markah/mark]
(iv) Apakah hubungan antara kuantiti fizik di 1(b)(iii) dengan suhu? OP3
What is the relationship between the physical quantity in 1(b)(iii) with temperature?
Berkadar terus/ Directly proportional
[1 markah/mark]
(c) Namakan hukum fizik yang terlibat di 1(b)(iv). OP2

Name a physics law involved in 1(b)(iv).
Hukum Charles/ Charles’ law
[1 markah/mark]
(d) Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan graf yang didapati daripada eksperimen. Suhu, ialah –273°C apabila
diekstrapolasi dan memotong paksi x.
Diagram 1.3 shows a graph obtained from the experiment. The temperature, is –273°C when it is extrapolated
and intersect x-axis.
V/ cm3
– 273°C 0 / °C
Rajah 1.3
Diagram 1.3
(i) Apakah nama yang diberikan kepada suhu = –273°C? OP2

hat is the name gi en to the temperature = –273°C?
Sifar mutlak/ Absolute ero
[1 markah/mark]
(ii) Nyatakan satu ciri gas pada suhu = –273°C. OP2

State a characteristic of gas at temperature = –273°C.
Molekul gas pegun/ Gas molecules stationary
[1 markah/mark]

Bahagian B
2 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan satu bongkah logam, M berjisim 500 g dipanaskan dengan cepat ke dalam air yang
mendidih bersuhu 100°C dalam jangka masa yang lama. Bongkah logam M kemudiannya dipindahkan
dengan cepat ke dalam cawan polistirena yang berisi 200 g air bersuhu 30°C. Air itu dikacau sehingga
keseimbangan terma tercapai.
Diagram 2.1 shows a metal block, M, of mass 500 g heated in boiling water of temperature 100°C for a long time. The
metal block M is then quickly transferred into 200 g of water at 30°C in a polystyrene cup. The water is stirred until
thermal equilibrium is achieved.
Air mendidih
Boiling water M
Cawan polistirena
Polystyrene cup
Air pada 30°C

Water at 30°C
Rajah 2.1
Diagram 2.1
(a) (i) Apakah maksud keseimbangan terma? OP2

What is the meaning of thermal equilibrium?
[1 markah/mark]
(ii) Terangkan dalam konteks keseimbangan terma, bagaimana termometer yang diletakkan ke dalam
air mendidih memberikan bacaan suhu 100°C. OP3
Explain, in terms of thermal equilibrium, how a thermometer which is placed into the boiling water reads at
the temperature of 100 °C.
[4 markah/marks]
(b) (i) Hitung suhu akhir air di dalam cawan polistirena itu. OP3
alculate the final temperature of the water in the polystyrene cup.
[Muatan haba tentu M = 800 J kg–1 °C–1 , muatan haba tentu air = 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1]
[Specific heat capacity of M = 800 J kg–1 °C–1, specific heat capacity of water = 4 200 J kg–1 °C–1]
[4 markah/marks]
(ii) Nyatakan satu andaian yang anda buat di 2(b)(i). OP4

State one assumption that you have made in 2(b)(i).
[1 markah/mark]

(c) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan sebuah kelalang termos digunakan unuk mengekalkan suhu minuman panas
untuk jangka masa yang lama. OP6 KBAT
Diagram 2.2 shows a thermos as used to maintain the temperature of a hot drin for a long time.
Penutup
Stopper
Ruang P
Space P
Tiub dinding dua lapis

Double walled tube
Minuman panas
Hot drink
Rajah 2.2
Diagram 2.2
Jadual 1 menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat kelalang termos yang berlainan.

Table 1 shows characteristics for four di erent thermos as s.
Tiub dinding dua lapis

Kelalang Double walled tube
Penutup Ruang P
termos
Stopper Space P
e o Dibuat Disalut oleh
Made of o te
Plastik berongga Vakum Kaca Cat berkilat

W
Hollow plastic Vacuum Glass Shiny paint
Plastik berongga Vakum Kuprum Cat hitam

X
Hollow plastic Vacuum Copper Black paint
Plastik pepejal Udara Kaca Cat hitam

Y
Solid plastic Air Glass Black paint
Plastik pepejal Udara Kuprum Cat berkilat

Z
Solid plastic Air Copper Shiny paint
Maklumat tambahan/ Additional information:

Muatan haba tentu kaca/ Specific heat capacity of glass = 840 J kg–1 °C–1
Muatan haba tentu kuprum Specific heat capacity of copper = 387 J kg–1 °C–1
Jadual 1
e 1
Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri kelalang termos dan tentukan kelalang termos yang paling sesuai untuk
digunakan bagi tujuan mengekalkan suhu minumann panas. Beri sebab bagi pilihan anda.
plain the suitability of each characteristic of the thermos as s and determine the most suitable thermos as
to be used for the purpose of maintaining the temperature of the hot drink. Give reasons for your choice.
[10 markah/marks]

Modul Superb Ting 4 Bab 4

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Modul Superb Ting 4 Bab 4

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Fizik Tingkatan 4 Bab 4

Hukum Gas/ Gas Laws

Hukum Boyle Hukum Charles Hukum Gay-Lussac

59 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 4)6th 9/2/23.indd 59 09/02/2023 4:20 PM

Selepas 10 minit, bacaan kedua-dua termometer A dan B adalah sama.

(b) Bagaimanakah pemindahan haba berlaku dalam rajah di atas?

water to the hot water in the beaker with low rate.

(d) Nyatakan nama bagi keadaan di 1 (c). TP 1 OP2

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 60

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Fizik Tingkatan 4 Bab 4

here is no net ow of heat between two ob ects he net ow of heat is ero

Suhu badan akan turut berkurang.

will reduce. The body temperature also will reduce.

(c) Makanan disimpan di dalam peti sejuk.

tempoh yang lama.

61 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 4)6th 9/2/23.indd 61 09/02/2023 4:20 PM

(i) Takat lebur ais (ii) Takat didih air

5 Rajah menunjukkan sebuah termometer yang menunjukkan bacaan.

Berapakah nilai suhu T? TP 3 OP4

4.2 Muatan Haba Tentu

Buku Teks: m.s 125-136

Q Q = Kuantiti haba/ Heat quantity

Unit bagi muatan haba adalah J °C–1 .

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 62

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 4)6th 9/2/23.indd 62 09/02/2023 4:20 PM

1 liter air 2 liter air

(a) Cerek manakah mendidih lebih lama? SB-20

(b) Cerek manakah mempunyai muatan haba yang lebih tinggi?

3 Jelaskan bagaimana muatan haba diaplikasikan dalam aktiviti harian. TP 5 OP6

lebih tinggi berbanding kusyen fabrik.

muatan haba yang tinggi dan lambat menjadi panas.

63 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 4)6th 9/2/23.indd 63 09/02/2023 4:20 PM

Q Q = Kuantiti haba/ Heat quantity

Tujuan: Menentukan muatan haba tentu air

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 64

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Take the reading of the highest temperature as the

Kuasa pemanas rendam, P

Haba dibekalkan oleh pemanas rendam, Q = Pt = 36 × 300 = 10 800 J

(ii) Mengapakah suhu air akhir, 2

65 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 4)6th 9/2/23.indd 65 09/02/2023 4:20 PM

Tujuan: Menentukan muatan haba tentu aluminium

time start the stopwatch. block

Jisim blok aluminium, m

Haba dibekalkan oleh pemanas rendam, Q = Pt = 50 × 300 = 15 000 J

Haba diserap oleh blok aluminium, Q = mc 15 000 J

© Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P) 66

Fizik Tg 4 (Bab 4)6th 9/2/23.indd 66 09/02/2023 4:20 PM

7 Aplikasi Muatan Haba Tentu TP 5 OP6

(a) Periuk memasak

Bahagian periuk Bahan Muatan haba tentu Alasan

(i) Tapak Kuprum Rendah Cepat panas

(ii) Badan Aluminium Rendah Cepat panas

(iii) Pemegang Plastik Tinggi Konduktor haba lemah

(i) Takat didih tinggi Tidak mudah menjadi gas

(ii) Muatan haba tentu tinggi Menyerap lebih banyak haba

(iii) Mudah didapati Murah dan jimat

67 © Penerbit Mahir Sdn. Bhd. (183897-P)

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