Summing up Chemistry 1 - Midterms

Element: a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Compound: a mixture of 2 or more elements

Latin names:
★ Use “SPACS TILG” to remember all of them
★ Latin names correspond to the symbol

Name of element (Symbol) Latin name

Sodium (Na) Natrium

Potassium (K) Kalium

Antimony (Sb) Stibium

Copper (Cu) Cuprum

Silver (Ag) Argentum (like Argentina)

Tin (Sn) Stannum

Iron (Fe) Ferrum

Lead (Pb) Plumbum

Gold (Au) Aurum

Simple things to remember:
- Periods: horizontal
- Groups: vertical

★ Atomic number: protons #

★ Atomic mass: p+ + n0

Group 3-12: Transition Metals

➔ Group number determines number of valence electrons

➔ Period number determines number of energy levels

A neutral atom has the same # of protons and electrons, but different # of neutrons (cause it
has no charge)

Who was the most successful at arranging elements? Dimitri Mendeleev

How is the periodic table arranged? By increasing atomic number

Isotope: atoms with the same atomic number, but different mass number
(protons # cannot change since that changes the element as a whole, only neutron # changes)

What determines the mass of different isotopes? Mass spectrometer

Isotope Notation →

Isotopes to remember Carbon

Hydrogen
Isotopic Abundance (%): a fixed fraction of the mixture

Average Atomic Mass

★ Formula will not be given, memorize it
★ Don’t forget to convert % to decimals by dividing by 100
★ Don’t forget to put the unit!! (amu or u)

𝐴𝐴𝑀 (𝑢) = (%1 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠1) + (%2 × 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠2)

Example:
 Groups Description

Alkali Metals [group 1] SSR (soft, silver, reactive)

Alkaline Earth Metals [group 2] DHS (dense, hard, strong)

- Reactive, but less than alkali
metals

Halogens [group 17] Most reactive nonmetals

Noble Gases [group 18] - Completely filled outer energy

level
- Chemically inert

What is valency? The number of electrons an element needs to gain, lose, or share, to achieve
noble gas stability (the octet rule)

What is electron configuration? The arrangement of electrons in the atom

- 1st energy level: 2 e-
- 2st energy level: 8 e-
- 3st energy level: 18 e-

Diagonal rule
Noble Gas Configuration
→ same as electron configuration, just use a noble gas
in order to condense what you have to write

Three rules used in electron configuration

1) Aufbau Principle
- Electrons occupy lower energy orbitals first
2) Pauli Exclusion Principle:
- Orbital only holds 2 electrons
- Electrons must have opposite spins

3) Hund’s Rule
- Parallel spins
Lewis Structure
→ model that shows # of valence electrons
★ Valence electrons are the only electrons involved in chemical bonding
Why the Lewis Dot Diagram specifically? Because it helps predict the arrangement of
valence electrons since it is difficult to see inside an atom
★ Start with the right side
★ Put brackets for isotopes, then the charge on the right corner

Couper Structure
→ use dashes instead of dots to represent electrons

Periodic Table Trends

1) Atomic size
- The radius of an atom/ion is the distance from the valence energy level to the
nucleus
- Why does the atomic size decrease as you go across a period? Because the
number of protons and electrons increase, making the attraction and pull stronger and
reducing the size

2) Ionic size
- What are ions? An atom/group of atoms that has a charge
● Cations are positive (smaller radius)
● Anions are negative (larger radius)
- How do ions form? When electrons are transferred between atoms
- Metals: lose electrons (bc they’re cations)
- Nonmetals: gain electrons (bc they’re anions)

3) Ionization energy
- It is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom of an element
- How is it measured? In Joules

4) Electronegativity
- It is the attraction an atom has for the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond
- Fluorine has the highest electronegativity
- Noble gases do not have electronegativity since they have a full valence
electrons orbital
What are chemical bonds? Electrostatic forces of attaraction that holds atoms/ions together
1) Ionic
- The complete transfer of valence electrons between a metal and nonmetal
- Generates oppositely charged ions
- Metal loses (cation), nonmetal accepts (anion)

2) Covalent
- The sharing of electron pairs between nonmetals
- What is bond order? The number of chemical bonds between pair of atoms
● What does it indicate? The stability of a bond

- Hydrogen
● Can act as a metal or nonmetal because it only has 1 proton and 1
electron
● Can donate it’s electron (cation), can gain an electron (anion), and can
share electrons
- The 7 diatomic molecules: H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (C, I HF NO)

3) Metallic
- Metals are arranged in a crystal lattice structure
- Contains metals (positive) and electrons (negative)
What does naming compounds depend on? If it’s ionic or covalent
- Covalent: nonmetals only
- Ionic: metal and nonmetal

Binary Covalent
→ use prefix (greek) and suffix (-ide)
- Don’t use “mono” for first element

← For
Covalent

Ionic
- Metal goes first, always
- Nonmetal last with suffix -ide
- Steps:
1) Identify metal and nonmetal
2) Identify charges
3) If net charge is 0, stay the same
4) If not, cross multiply the numbers of the charge,
Not the element number
★ Roman numerals in transition metals tell us it’s charge

What are polyatomic ions? Charged entites composed of several atoms

- Ammonium is the only positively charged one