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The tubular forms are the most commonly used photobioreactors in developed countries, since they
are most suitable for the outdoor microalgae cultivation. The susceptibility of the oil to oxidation or
oxidative rancidity is a concern when considering the shelf-life or stability of biodiesel produced
from microalgae oil. The end result should be neutral pH7 or just below neutral. It is evident that
microalgae oil has physicochemical properties that qualifies it for the production of biodiesel, with
fuel properties that meet ASTM and EN standards. International Journal of Turbomachinery,
Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). High-density algal cultures can be concentrated by chemical
flocculation or centrifugation using aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride etc to coagulate and
precipitate the cells to settle down at the bottom or to float to the surface. This paper reviews the
Performance by using biodiesel blends from different oils jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua, animal fat,
Cottonseed oil, soybean, crude oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, waste cooking oil, sunflower, neem oil, etc.
Developing or simplifying the currently used approaches to make them affordable in low-income
countries is still challenging for researchers. The vegetable oil and their bio- diesel with high content
of oleic acid are the most suit- able biofuel due to their greater stability and better fuel
characteristics. Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel
Carousel Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. However, there are certain challenges hampering
the successful use of algae oil for the production of biodiesel in developing countries. Energy powers
the machines and equipment around us in order to make life more convenient and. Microalgae are
known to serve as a food source for the larvae of fish and crustaceans. Thus, 1973 is considered as
the year of the first oil shock. Lipid content of some selected species of microalgae. Analysis of the
performance results revealed that most of the biodiesel generally give higher brake thermal efficiency
and lower brake-specific fuel consumption. However, factors such as microalgae processing, poor
enlightenment on biotechnology, economic feasibility, government policy, business strategy, high
poverty rates, and poor research funding have been identified as factors limiting the production of
biodiesel from microalgae oil in developing countries. Next Article in Special Issue Microalgae to
Bioenergy: Optimization of Aurantiochytrium sp. These factors vary from one developing country to
another. The second thing we did was reading the laboratory manual in which we learned how to
cope with the instruments in the laboratory. These primitive organisms with simple cellular structure
and large surface to volume ratio are able to uptake large amount of nutrients. Gout, Urate, and
Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD). For example, legal control of trade in nontimber forest
products has had very negative effect on the industry and in turn on the Corporations in general.
However, the production of biofuel from microalgae requires more energy consumption than other
biomass feedstock. The mass production of oil is focused mainly on mi- croalgae of 0.4 mm dia of
diatoms and cyanobacteria rather than macroalgae e.g. Seaweed and is preferred for biodiesel
production due to its less complex structure, fast growth and high oil content. The processes filtration
of oil, mixing of catalyst, transesterification, washing and drying of biodiesel was successfully
conducted in the machine. Furthermore, about 39 billion liters of algae oil can be generated using
123 billion liters of water. It is necessary to create more awareness regarding the environmental
danger associated with the long-term use of fossil fuel energy. Countries such as China and India are
at the receiving end, where the pH and salinity of environmental water sources change due to the
level of dissolved gases from the environment. This demand promoted the emergence of biofuels
among which biodiesel is considered to be the most accepted and best alternative for the depleting
energy resources.
Apparently, several other forms of biofuels can be obtained from algae, which makes it a
multisource for different forms of biofuel. The cultivation of microalgae in open ponds may include
the use of natural and artificial pond systems. One major advantage of this method in developing
countries is the simplicity and low-cost of production. Using food and cash crops as feedstock for
biodiesel production is more challenging in developing countries battling poverty and other
socioeconomic difficulties. Conflicts of Interest The author declares no conflict of interest. Journal of
Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). The application of biodiesel has shown a positive
impact in resolving these issues. Raw oils of five biodiesels are esterified (methyl esters) before
blending with each other. It is necessary to create more awareness regarding the environmental
danger associated with the long-term use of fossil fuel energy. In order to replace fossil fuel usage
entirely, huge amounts of land and fresh water would be required to manufacture sufficient oil.
Other methods previously proposed for algae oil extraction include pyrolysis, sonication,
autoclaving, and microwaving. Institutional Review Board Statement Not applicable. This paper
introduces some species of non-edible vegetables whose oils are potential sources of biodiesel.
Microalgae are known to serve as a food source for the larvae of fish and crustaceans. In 1973 OPEC
(Organization of Petrol Exporting Countries, founded in 1960) put an embargo on oil production and
started an oil pricing control strategy. One significant advantage in developing countries is that the
cost of labor per capita is cheap, which helps keep production costs to a minimum. In this present
review, the importance, history, properties, sources and techniques for production of biodiesel are
described. The most commonly used system includes shallow big ponds, tanks circular and raceway
ponds. Bio diesels were obtained from different oils such as Pongamia, mahua, jatropha and
eucalyptus oil through the process of transesterification. For developing countries like India, which
imports over 75% of its crude oil, fossil fuels pose two risks — global warming pollution and
negative economic impacts of oil price hikes. There are some emerging new techniques that can be
used for production of biodiesel or for improving the quality of biodiesel being produced or to lower
its cost, for ex. They include inexpensive with simple production designs for the optimum utilization
of sunlight. The pretreatment given to the water resource is an additional measure that increases
production costs. Embed Host your publication on your website or blog with just a few clicks.
Among the microalgae found in developing countries are Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Prymnesium
parvum, Tetraselmis chuii, Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, Tetraselmis suecica, Chlorella
stigmatophora, Nanochloropsis gaditana, Nanochloropsis oculate, Euglena gracilis, Botryococcus
braunii, Neochloris oleoabundans, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Dunaliella tertiolecta. The
provision of electrical energy is always disrupted in low-income countries. Sugar based fuel alcohol
produc- tion is not feasible unless methods are developed to con- vert lingo-cellulosic biomass into
ethanol and there is no competition with food supplies. Alternative energy sources were given
serious consideration and huge funds were allocated for the development of these resources. This
resulted in spiraling price rise of various commercial energy sources leading to global inflation. The
most commonly used method is transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. Governments in
developing countries are expected to be more committed to enacting policies that will drive the
course of microalgae oil production and eventually, its biodiesel production.
Country like Brazil has achieved many mile stones in this area and become the guiding factor for rest
of the world. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits
and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. They include inexpensive with simple
production designs for the optimum utilization of sunlight. Among the developing countries, China
is playing a significant role in microalgae cultivation projects. Please let us know what you think of
our products and services. With the new wave of biotechnological development in developing
countries, attention is shifting towards the use of algae as an alternative source of lipids required as
a feedstock for biodiesel production. Table 7 gives the fatty acid profile of some of the vegetable oil
used for biodiesel production. Some selected species of microalgae for biodiesel production are
presented in Table 1. The cultivation of microalgae in open ponds may include the use of natural and
artificial pond systems. One major advantage of this method in developing countries is the simplicity
and low-cost of production. The mechanical press generall y requires drying of th e algae, which is
an energy intensive step. ? The use of chemical solvents poses safety and health issues. ?
Supercritical extraction requires high pressure equip- ment that is both expensive and energy
intensive. It became apparent that the production of biofuel from microalgae will consume a
significant amount of energy. The low production cost must be maintained to effectively
commercialize the creation of biodiesel from microalgae oil. It is a biomass sourced fuel with superb
properties that make is superior to fossil fuel. The contamination with bacterial strains and
maintenance of optimum temperature are the main difficulty in large pond area. 5.2. Closed Ponds
Control of environment in closed ponds is much better but there are costlier and less efficient than
open pond system. Despite the global progress made in biogenetic engineering to drive gene
modification, there is still an underrepresentation of skill acquisition in this field in developing
countries. In Nigeria, the government pays subsidies on petroleum from fossil fuels, whereas this is
not the case for biofuel. The world took this shock very seriously and for the first time a need for
developing of alternative sources of energy was felt. The parameter values describe that the 1st, 3rd,
5th and 7th reaction rates are very fast. Optimisation and Kinetics of Rubber Seed Oil Biodiesel
Production.pdf Abdulrazak J Otaru Download Free PDF View PDF TSCI1004957G GAURANG
LAKSHANE Download Free PDF View PDF A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha
curcas L. Microalgae thrive in wastewater, saline, and brackish water environments. Production of
Biodiesel from Underutilized Algae Oil: Prospects and Current Challenges Encountered in
Developing Countries. Biology. 2022; 11(10):1418. The difficulty in efficient bio- diesel production
from algae lies not only in the extrac- tion of the oil, but also developing an algal strain with a high
lipid content and fast growth rate. Statistics Make data-driven decisions to drive reader engagement,
subscriptions, and campaigns. The attack by predators and other fast growing hetero- trophs restricts
the commercial production of algae in these systems. The biomass productivities are lower due to
lack of proper stirri ng. Based on obtained results, salinity was the variable with the greatest
influence on the harvesting process. It cannot be emphasized enough that genomics can play an
important role in boosting the profile of microalgae for biofuel production. The titration results
determine the proportion of lye to combine with the methanol or ethanol to form a catalytic agent
that will complete the reaction fully. Lipid content of some selected species of microalgae. Economic
instability and lack of technological infrastructure in developing countries are serious drawbacks to
the production of biodiesel from microalgae oil. A PBR can be operated in “batch mode”, but with a
continuous stream of sterilized water containing nutrients, air and carbon dioxide.
Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. In Nigeria, the government pays subsidies
on petroleum from fossil fuels, whereas this is not the case for biofuel. During the tests, the specific
fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, combustion and exhaust emissions of the CRDI diesel
engine were measured. This study considers the prospects and current challenges encountered in
developing countries regarding the use of microalgae oil as a resource for biodiesel production.
Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. A short growth
period, coupled with their high lipid yield, makes algae—either microalgae or macroalgae—a
suitable candidate for a feedstock for biodiesel production. These are encouraging factors that
promote the use of microalgae in developing countries. Overexpression of malonyl-CoA: ACP
transacylase (MAT) in Schizochytrium. The use of biomass such as algae as a source of feedstock for
biofuel is undoubtedly sustainable and green. The vegetable oil and their bio- diesel with high
content of oleic acid are the most suit- able biofuel due to their greater stability and better fuel
characteristics. There is a need to further investigate the different steps involved in the cultivation
and harvesting process in order to help reduce production costs. In order to be human-readable,
please install an RSS reader. The experimental set up used by different researchers for the
investigations and their findings regarding performance and emissions with respect to mineral diesel
have been presented in short for a large number of studies. It is a biomass sourced fuel with superb
properties that make is superior to fossil fuel. Countries such as China and India are at the receiving
end, where the pH and salinity of environmental water sources change due to the level of dissolved
gases from the environment. Conflicts of Interest The author declares no conflict of interest. The
closed system allows more species to grow, control the temp., increase the CO 2 resu lting in
increased algae growth. 5.3. Photo Bioreactor Photobioreactor (PBR) is a translucent closed
container making use of light source. High-density algal cultures can be concentrated by chemical
flocculation or centrifugation using aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride etc to coagulate and
precipitate the cells to settle down at the bottom or to float to the surface. The attack by predators
and other fast growing hetero- trophs restricts the commercial production of algae in these systems.
The biomass productivities are lower due to lack of proper stirri ng. Biodiesel can be produced from
different sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats and oil wastes using four methods, including
direct and mixing application, pyrolysis, microemulsion and transesterification among which
transesterification is known as the most common method. Production of Biodiesel from
Underutilized Algae Oil: Prospects and Current Challenges Encountered in Developing Countries. It
was reported that a diesel engine could be successfully run and could give excellent performance
and the study revealed the most effective regulated emissions on the application of karanja, mahua,
rubber seed, and tobacco biodiesel and their blends as fuel in a CI engine. Description of biodiesel
production from microalgae in developing countries. Unfortunately, the use of algae oil for biodiesel
production is underutilized in developing countries. Genetic and Phylogenetic Characterization of
Microalgae Strains in View of Their Exploitation for CO2 Capture and Biofuel Production. If similar
support is given to biofuel sales, it will go a long way towards promoting biofuel and a green
environment. It ranges from unicellular to multicellular forms, growing up to 50 m in length. It is
also known that some green gases may be released into the environment during the processing of
microalgae for biofuel. Therefore, the provision and supply of a stable source of electricity come at
an extra price, increasing process costs.